HandWiki - Recent changes [en]

Hierarchology and Hierarchography

2026-08-21T20:17:18Z

Hierarchology and Hierarchography

2026-08-21T18:27:05Z

Created by maintenance script

New page

{{Short description|short description (<40 characters)}}

Here your article begins ....




==References==
{{reflist}}

{{Sourceattribution|Article|1}}

Template:Taxonomy/Amerianna

2026-08-21T11:48:35Z

Created page with "{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}} |rank=genus |link=Amerianna |parent=Miratestinae |refs={{cite WoRMS |year=2026 |title=''Amerianna'' Strand, 1928 |id=818110 |access-date=11 March 2026 |db=MolluscaBase}} }}"

New page

{{Don't edit this line {{{machine code|}}}
|rank=genus
|link=Amerianna
|parent=Miratestinae
|refs={{cite WoRMS |year=2026 |title=''Amerianna'' Strand, 1928 |id=818110 |access-date=11 March 2026 |db=MolluscaBase}}
}}

Engineering:Compressed air requirements in down-the-hole drilling

2026-08-21T10:25:15Z

update ref

← Older revision		Revision as of 05:25, 21 August 2026
Line 72:		Line 72:
	== Free air delivery ==		== Free air delivery ==

	'''Free air delivery''' (FAD) is commonly used to describe the delivered capacity of an air compressor. It expresses compressor output in relation to defined inlet or reference conditions and is useful for comparing compressor capacity.<ref>[https://www.~~atlascopco~~.com/en-~~in/compressors/wiki/compressed~~-air-~~articles/physics~~-~~physicalunits2~~ Atlas Copco: Understanding air compressor measurements – work, power and flow].</ref>		'''Free air delivery''' (FAD) is commonly used to describe the delivered capacity of an air compressor. It expresses compressor output in relation to defined inlet or reference conditions and is useful for comparing compressor capacity.<ref>[https://www.mobileaircompressors.com/compressor/atlas-copco-xas-400-11-6-m3-min-7-bar-single-stage-portable-air-compressor-for-drilling-mining Atlas Copco: Understanding air compressor measurements – work, power and flow].</ref>

	For DTH applications, FAD is generally more useful than theoretical compressor displacement.		For DTH applications, FAD is generally more useful than theoretical compressor displacement.

Biology:Reverse transfection

2026-08-19T22:02:39Z

link

Biology:Tyriozela

2026-08-19T21:55:34Z

add

@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-#REDIRECT [[Biology:Tyriozela porphyrogona|Tyriozela porphyrogona]]
+'''''Tyriozela porphyrogona''''' is a [[Biology:Moth|moth]] of the family [[Biology:Heliozelidae|Heliozelidae]]. It is the only species in the genus '''''Tyriozela'''''.<ref>{{Catalogue of Life|id=92Q2V|title=''Tyriozela'' Meyrick, 1931|access-date=12 June 2026}}</ref> It was described by Edward Meyrick in 1931. It is found in [[Earth:Japan|Japan]]<ref>{{LepIndex |id=135679 |name=Tyriozela}}</ref> and Russia.
-[[Category:Adeloidea genera]]
+The [[Wingspan|wingspan]] is 8-8.5&nbsp;mm.<ref>[http://www.jpmoth.org/Heliozelidae/Tyriozela_porphyrogona.html Japanese Moths]</ref>
 [[Category:Monotypic moth genera]]

Biology:Quagga mussel

2026-08-19T21:48:33Z

simplify

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:48, 19 August 2026
Line 64:		Line 64:
	The ability of ''Dreissena'' to colonise hard surfaces rapidly causes serious economic problems. These major [[Earth:Biofouling\|biofouling]] organisms can clog water-intake structures, such as pipes and screens, therefore reducing pumping capabilities for power and water-treatment plants, costing industries, companies, and communities. Recreation-based industries and activities have also been impacted; [[Engineering:Dock (maritime)\|dock]]s, breakwalls, [[Earth:Buoy\|buoy]]s, [[Engineering:Boat\|boat]]s, and [[Earth:Beach\|beach]]es have all been colonised heavily. Many of the potential impacts of ''Dreissena'' in North America are unclear due to the limited time scale of colonisation. Nonetheless, the genus ''Dreissena'' clearly is highly polymorphic and has a high potential for rapid adaptation to extreme environmental conditions, possibly leading to significant long-term impacts on North American waters. Also, the colonisation of deeper water exposes the quagga mussel to a new range of environmental conditions and new habitats.{{cn\|date=March 2026}}		The ability of ''Dreissena'' to colonise hard surfaces rapidly causes serious economic problems. These major [[Earth:Biofouling\|biofouling]] organisms can clog water-intake structures, such as pipes and screens, therefore reducing pumping capabilities for power and water-treatment plants, costing industries, companies, and communities. Recreation-based industries and activities have also been impacted; [[Engineering:Dock (maritime)\|dock]]s, breakwalls, [[Earth:Buoy\|buoy]]s, [[Engineering:Boat\|boat]]s, and [[Earth:Beach\|beach]]es have all been colonised heavily. Many of the potential impacts of ''Dreissena'' in North America are unclear due to the limited time scale of colonisation. Nonetheless, the genus ''Dreissena'' clearly is highly polymorphic and has a high potential for rapid adaptation to extreme environmental conditions, possibly leading to significant long-term impacts on North American waters. Also, the colonisation of deeper water exposes the quagga mussel to a new range of environmental conditions and new habitats.{{cn\|date=March 2026}}

	It causes many of the same problems of stripping life-supporting algae,<ref name=sc2011>{{cite news \| title=Invasive mussels causing massive ecological change in Great Lake \| work=ScienceDaily \| publisher=ScienceDaily, LLC \| date=17 April 2011 }}</ref> damaging boats, power plants, and harbours and destroying the native mussel population, as the equally invasive zebra mussel of Russia. It is also displacing native burrowing amphipod (''Diporeia hoyi'') from the deep waters of Lake Erie.{{cn\|date=~~March~~ 2026}}		It causes many of the same problems of stripping life-supporting algae,<ref name=sc2011>{{cite news \| title=Invasive mussels causing massive ecological change in Great Lake \| work=ScienceDaily \| publisher=ScienceDaily, LLC \| date=17 April 2011 }}</ref> damaging boats, power plants, and harbours and destroying the native mussel population, as the equally invasive zebra mussel of Russia. It is also displacing native burrowing amphipod (''Diporeia hoyi'') from the deep waters of Lake Erie.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Karatayev \|first=Alexander Y. \|last2=Burlakova \|first2=Lyubov E. \|last3=Watkins \|first3=James \|last4=Karatayev \|first4=Vadim \|last5=Barulin \|first5=Nikolai \|last6=Rudstam \|first6=Lars \|date=2026-05-04 \|title=The Impacts of Invasive Zebra and Quagga Mussels on North American (Diporeia) and European (Monoporeia) Amphipods \|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/23308249.2026.2663276 \|journal=Reviews in Fisheries Science & Aquaculture \|volume=0 \|issue=0 \|pages=1–35 \|doi=10.1080/23308249.2026.2663276 \|issn=2330-8249}}</ref>

	===Quagga mussels as prey===		===Quagga mussels as prey===

Biology:Australyichthys

2026-08-19T21:41:46Z

fixing

New page

'''''Australyichthys''''', with a proposed [[Biology:Common name|common name]] of "sea muppets", is a genus of [[Biology:Pipefish|pipefish]] of the tribe Haliichthyini in the family [[Biology:Syngnathidae|Syngnathidae]]. It exhibits a similar morphology to seahorses, thought to be the result of [[Biology:Convergent evolution|convergent evolution]].<ref>{{cite journal |title=Australyichthys gen. nov. (Teleostei, Syngnathidae), a lost mesophotic lineage from southern Australia, with description of A. aegis sp. nov. and reclassification of Hippocampus minotaur and H. paradoxus |journal=Lost Species |date=29 July 2026 |volume=1 |doi=10.66264/y1ffbcwb |url=https://journaloflostspecies.org/index.php/jls/article/view/31/25 |access-date=5 August 2026}}</ref>

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Taxonbar}}

[[Category:Syngnathidae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Australyichthys}}

Biology:Dichaetomyia longiseta

2026-08-19T21:34:22Z

change

New page

{{Short description|Species of fly}}
{{Use Australian English|date=July 2026}}
{{Speciesbox
| genus = Dichaetomyia
| species = longiseta
| authority = Pont, 1967
}}

'''''Dichaetomyia longiseta''''' is a species of [[Biology:Diptera|fly]] in the family [[Biology:Muscidae|Muscidae]] that is native to Australia. Described in 1967 by Adrian Charles Pont,<ref name=AFD>{{Cite web |title=Species ''Dichaetomyia longiseta'' Pont, 1967 |url=https://www.biodiversity.org.au/afd/taxa/Dichaetomyia_longiseta |website=[[Biology:Australian Faunal Directory|Australian Faunal Directory]] |publisher=Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water |access-date=17 July 2026}}</ref> it is an uncommon species known from the [[Earth:Rainforest|rainforest]]s and [[Earth:Sclerophyll|wet sclerophyll forests]] of New South Wales, Queensland, and the Northern Territory.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pont |first1=Adrian C. |year=1969 |title=Studies on Australian Muscidae (Diptera) II. A revision of the tribe Dichaetomyiini Emden |journal=Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Entomology |volume=23 |issue=6 |pages=212–213 |doi=10.5962/bhl.part.15134 |doi-access=free |url=http://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2313860 |via=[[Social:Biodiversity Heritage Library|Biodiversity Heritage Library]]}}</ref>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q14501591}}

[[Category:Muscidae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Dichaetomyia longiseta}}

Biology:Cryptocarya meisneriana

2026-08-19T21:25:59Z

linkage

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:25, 19 August 2026
Line 14:		Line 14:
	[[Image:Cryptocarya meissneriana small 136.JPG\|thumb\|Flowers]]		[[Image:Cryptocarya meissneriana small 136.JPG\|thumb\|Flowers]]

	'''''Cryptocarya meisneriana''''', commonly known as '''northern rivers laurel''', '''thick-leaved cryptocarya''', '''Meisner's laurel''' or '''thick-leaved laurel''',<ref name="FoA">{{cite web \|last1=Le Cussan \|first1=J. \|last2=Hyland \|first2=Bernard P.M. \|title=''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' \|url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cryptocarya%20meisneriana\|publisher=Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. \|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Biology:Lauraceae\|Lauraceae]] and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a tree or shrub with lance-shaped leaves, creamy and pale green, perfumed flowers, and elliptic to oval black [[Biology:Drupe\|drupe]]s.		'''''Cryptocarya meisneriana''''', commonly known as '''northern rivers laurel''', '''thick-leaved cryptocarya''', '''Meisner's laurel''' or '''thick-leaved laurel''',<ref name="FoA">{{cite web \|last1=Le Cussan \|first1=J. \|last2=Hyland \|first2=Bernard P.M. \|title=''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' \|url=https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cryptocarya%20meisneriana \|publisher=Flora of Australia. Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water: Canberra. \|access-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731080135/https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Cryptocarya%20meisneriana \|url-status=live }}</ref> is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Biology:Lauraceae\|Lauraceae]] and is endemic to eastern Australia. It is a tree or shrub with lance-shaped leaves, creamy and pale green, perfumed flowers, and elliptic to oval black [[Biology:Drupe\|drupe]]s.

	Its habitat is [[Earth:Rainforest\|rainforest]] on poorer sedimentary soils. The natural range of distribution is from the Wangat River (32° S) in the Barrington Tops to the Logan River (27° S) in southeastern Queensland. This tree was named after Carl Meissner, a Swiss botanist.		Its habitat is [[Earth:Rainforest\|rainforest]] on poorer sedimentary soils. The natural range of distribution is from the Wangat River (32° S) in the Barrington Tops, New South Wales. to the Logan River (27° S) in southeastern Queensland. This tree was named after Carl Meissner, a Swiss botanist.

	==Description==		==Description==
	''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' is a tree or shrub that typically grows to a height of up to {{cvt\|10\|m}}, its stems not [[Biology:Buttress root\|buttressed]]. Its leaves are lance-shaped, {{cvt\|65–85\|mm}} long, {{cvt\|19–26\|mm\|1}} wide, green and more or less [[Glaucous\|glaucous]], on a [[Biology:Petiole (botany)\|petiole]] {{cvt\|6–7\|mm\|2}} long. The flowers are arranged in small [[Biology:Panicle\|panicle]]s or [[Biology:Raceme\|raceme]]s in leaf axils about the same length as the petioles. They are cream to pale green and pleasantly perfumed. The [[Biology:Perianth\|perianth]] tube is {{cvt\|1.1–1.7\|mm\|2}} long, {{cvt\|1.1–1.4\|mm\|2}} wide. The outer [[Biology:Stamen#Morphology and terminology\|anthers]] are {{cvt\|0.4–0.6\|mm\|2}} long and {{cvt\|0.4–0.5\|mm\|2}} wide, the inner anthers {{cvt\|0.4–0.6\|mm\|2}} long and {{cvt\|0.4–0.5\|mm\|2}} wide. Flowering occurs from October to January, and the fruit is an elliptical to oval black drupe, {{cvt\|14–17\|mm\|1}} long and about {{cvt\|12\|mm}} wide.<ref name="FoA" /><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web \|last1=Harden \|first1=Gwen J. \|title=''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' \|url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Cryptocarya~meisneriana \|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney \|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Telopea">{{cite journal \|last1=Frodin \|first1=David G. \|title=Studies in ''Cryptocarya'' (Lauraceae) I. \|journal=Telopea \|date=1976 \|volume=1 \|issue=3 \|pages=223–224 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/264394#page/89/mode/1up \|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>		''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' is a tree or shrub that typically grows to a height of up to {{cvt\|10\|m}}, its stems not [[Biology:Buttress root\|buttressed]]. Its leaves are lance-shaped, {{cvt\|65–85\|mm}} long, {{cvt\|19–26\|mm\|1}} wide, green and more or less [[Glaucous\|glaucous]], on a [[Biology:Petiole (botany)\|petiole]] {{cvt\|6–7\|mm\|2}} long. The flowers are arranged in small [[Biology:Panicle\|panicle]]s or [[Biology:Raceme\|raceme]]s in leaf axils about the same length as the petioles. They are cream to pale green and pleasantly perfumed. The [[Biology:Perianth\|perianth]] tube is {{cvt\|1.1–1.7\|mm\|2}} long, {{cvt\|1.1–1.4\|mm\|2}} wide. The outer [[Biology:Stamen#Morphology and terminology\|anthers]] are {{cvt\|0.4–0.6\|mm\|2}} long and {{cvt\|0.4–0.5\|mm\|2}} wide, the inner anthers {{cvt\|0.4–0.6\|mm\|2}} long and {{cvt\|0.4–0.5\|mm\|2}} wide. Flowering occurs from October to January, and the fruit is an elliptical to oval black drupe, {{cvt\|14–17\|mm\|1}} long and about {{cvt\|12\|mm}} wide.<ref name="FoA" /><ref name="RBGS">{{cite web \|last1=Harden \|first1=Gwen J. \|title=''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' \|url=https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Cryptocarya~meisneriana \|publisher=Royal Botanic Garden Sydney \|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref><ref name="Telopea">{{cite journal \|last1=Frodin \|first1=David G. \|title=Studies in ''Cryptocarya'' (Lauraceae) I. \|journal=Telopea \|date=1976 \|volume=1 \|issue=3 \|pages=223–224 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/264394#page/89/mode/1up \|access-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731080135/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/264394#page/89/mode/1up \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
Line 28:		Line 28:

	==Conservation status==		==Conservation status==
	''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' is listed as of "least concern" by the Queensland Government Department of Education and Science.<ref name="DES">{{cite web \|title=Species profile—''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' \|url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=14701 \|publisher=Queensland Government Department of Education and Science \|access-date=31 July 2024}}</ref>		''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' is listed as of "least concern" by the Queensland Government Department of Education and Science.<ref name="DES">{{cite web \|title=Species profile—''Cryptocarya meisneriana'' \|url=https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=14701 \|publisher=Queensland Government Department of Education and Science \|access-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-date=31 July 2024 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240731080136/https://apps.des.qld.gov.au/species-search/details/?id=14701 \|url-status=live }}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Biology:Dasymetopa

2026-08-19T21:18:53Z

update

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:18, 19 August 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:

	==Species==		==Species==
	* ''Dasymetopa fenestrata''		{{linked species list
	* ''Dasymetopa ~~fuscicosta''~~		\|Dasymetopa fenestrata \|Hendel, 1909
	* ''Dasymetopa lutulenta''		\|Dasymetopa fumipennis \|Hendel, 1909
	* ''Dasymetopa ~~luteipennis''~~		\|Dasymetopa luteipennis \|Hendel, 1909
	* ''Dasymetopa ochracea''		\|Dasymetopa lutulenta \|Loew, 1868
	* ''Dasymetopa quinquepunctata''		\|Dasymetopa nigropunctata \|Hendel, 1909
	* ''Dasymetopa septempunctata''		\|Dasymetopa ochracea \|Hendel, 1909
	* ''Dasymetopa sordida''		\|Dasymetopa quinquepunctata \|Hendel, 1911
			\|Dasymetopa septempunctata \|Hendel, 1909
			\|Dasymetopa sordida \|Hendel, 1909}}

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}
			{{cite GBIF \|id= 1523165 \|taxon=Dasymetopa \|access-date=22 July 2026}}

	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q14667539}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q14667539}}

Biology:Ophiorrhiza

2026-08-19T21:11:43Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:11, 19 August 2026
Line 5:		Line 5:
	*''Ophiorrhiza australiana''<ref name = powo/>		*''Ophiorrhiza australiana''<ref name = powo/>
	*''Ophiorrhiza gajureliana''		*''Ophiorrhiza gajureliana''
			*''Ophiorrhiza biflora''<ref>[https://www.gmanetwork.com/news/scitech/science/993379/philippine-plant-ophiorrhiza-biflora-mount-apo-denr-davao-region/story/ Rare plant rediscovered on Mount Apo after 122 years — DENR Davao Region : GMA News Online]</ref>
	*''Ophiorrhiza blumeana''<ref name=arb>{{cite journal \| doi=10.1039/A803547D \| title=Unusual indole alkaloids from Ophiorrhiza blumeana Korth \| date=1998 \| last1=Arbain \| first1=Dayar \| last2=Dachriyanus \| last3=Firmansyah \| last4=Sargent \| first4=Melvyn V. \| last5=Skelton \| first5=Brian W. \| last6=White \| first6=Allan H. \| journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 \| issue=16 \| pages=2537-2540 }}</ref>		*''Ophiorrhiza blumeana''<ref name=arb>{{cite journal \| doi=10.1039/A803547D \| title=Unusual indole alkaloids from Ophiorrhiza blumeana Korth \| date=1998 \| last1=Arbain \| first1=Dayar \| last2=Dachriyanus \| last3=Firmansyah \| last4=Sargent \| first4=Melvyn V. \| last5=Skelton \| first5=Brian W. \| last6=White \| first6=Allan H. \| journal=Journal of the Chemical Society, Perkin Transactions 1 \| issue=16 \| pages=2537-2540 }}</ref>
	*''Ophiorrhiza bracteata''<ref name=arb/>		*''Ophiorrhiza bracteata''<ref name=arb/>
Line 13:		Line 14:
	*''Ophiorrhiza filistipula''		*''Ophiorrhiza filistipula''
	*''Ophiorrhiza japonica''		*''Ophiorrhiza japonica''
	*''Ophiorrhiza jomyi''<ref name=Joy2026>{{cite journal \|last1=Joy \|first1=Ebin Padiyara \|last2=Nair \|first2=Sreehari Sivan \|last3=Paul \|first3=Joby \|year=2026 \|title=Ophiorrhiza jomyi (Rubiaceae) sp. nov. from the Vagamon Hills, southern Western Ghats, India \|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany \|doi=10.1002/njb.05085}}</ref>		*''Ophiorrhiza jomyi''<ref name=Joy2026>{{cite journal \|last1=Joy \|first1=Ebin Padiyara \|last2=Nair \|first2=Sreehari Sivan \|last3=Paul \|first3=Joby \|year=2026 \|title=Ophiorrhiza jomyi (Rubiaceae) sp. nov. from the Vagamon Hills, southern Western Ghats, India \|journal=Nordic Journal of Botany \|doi=10.1002/njb.05085\|doi-access=free }}</ref>
	*''Ophiorrhiza kuroiwai''<ref>Asano, T., et al. (2004). [http://www.wdc-jp.biz/pdf_store/jspcmb/pdf/pb21_4/21_275.pdf Camptothecin production by ''in vitro'' cultures of ''Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis'' and ''O. kuroiwai''.] ''Plant Biotechnology'' 21:4 275.</ref>		*''Ophiorrhiza kuroiwai''<ref>Asano, T., et al. (2004). [http://www.wdc-jp.biz/pdf_store/jspcmb/pdf/pb21_4/21_275.pdf Camptothecin production by ''in vitro'' cultures of ''Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis'' and ''O. kuroiwai''.] ''Plant Biotechnology'' 21:4 275.</ref>
	*''Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis''<ref name=siri/>		*''Ophiorrhiza liukiuensis''<ref name=siri/>

Biology:Cupressus gigantea

2026-08-19T21:03:38Z

update

← Older revision		Revision as of 16:03, 19 August 2026
Line 4:		Line 4:
	\| status = VU		\| status = VU
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=Zhang, D. \|author2=Qin, H.-n. \|author3=Christian, T. \|author4=Rushforth, K. \|date=2013 \|title=''Cupressus gigantea'' \|volume=2013 \|~~page~~=e.T32336A2815433 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32336A2815433.en \|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 15 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=Zhang, D. \|author2=Qin, H.-n. \|author3=Christian, T. \|author4=Rushforth, K. \|date=2013 \|title=''Cupressus gigantea'' \|volume=2013 \|article-number=e.T32336A2815433 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2013-1.RLTS.T32336A2815433.en \|access-date=15 November 2021}}</ref>
	\| genus = Cupressus		\| genus = Cupressus
	\| species = gigantea		\| species = gigantea
Line 12:		Line 12:
	}}		}}

	'''''Cupressus gigantea''''', the '''Tibetan cypress''', is a species of [[Biology:Conifer\|conifer]] in the family [[Biology:Cupressaceae\|Cupressaceae]] in [[~~Earth~~:~~Asia~~\|~~Asia~~]]. ''C. gigantea'' ~~was previously~~ classified as a ~~subspecies~~ of ''[[Biology:Cupressus torulosa\|Cupressus torulosa]]'' ~~because~~ of ~~their~~ similar morphological characteristics and ~~close distribution~~, ~~but~~ have since ~~been genetically distinguished as~~ separate species.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Fu\|first1=Yaru\|last2=Li\|first2=Shaoke\|last3=Guo\|first3=Qiqiang\|last4=Zheng\|first4=Weilie\|last5=Yang\|first5=Rui\|last6=Li\|first6=Huie\|date=2019-02-21\|title=Genetic diversity and population structure of two endemic Cupressus (Cupressaceae) species on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau\|journal=Journal of Genetics\|language=en\|volume=98\|issue=1\|~~pages~~=14\|doi=10.1007/s12041-019-1059-4\|pmid=30945670\|s2cid=67790943\|issn=0973-7731}}</ref>		'''''Cupressus gigantea''''', the '''Tibetan cypress''', is a species of [[Biology:Conifer\|conifer]] in the family [[Biology:Cupressaceae\|Cupressaceae]] native to southeastern [[Place:Tibet\|Tibet]] (Xizang).<ref name="FoC">{{cite web \|title=''Cupressus gigantea'' in Flora of China @ efloras.org \|website=eFloras.org Home \|url=http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200005417 \|access-date=2026-07-26}}</ref> It has sometimes been classified as a [[Biology:Variety (botany)\|variety]] of the western Himalayan ''[[Biology:Cupressus torulosa\|Cupressus torulosa]]'' on the grounds of somewhat similar morphological characteristics,<ref name="Farjon">{{cite book \|last1=Farjon \|first1=Aljos \|title=A Monograph of Cupressaceae and Sciadopitys \|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew \|publication-place=Kew \|date=2005 \|isbn=1-84246-068-4 \|pages=224–226}}</ref> despite its geographical remoteness of over 1,000 km from that species. Recent [[Biology:Genetics\|genetic]] studies have since confirmed its original status a separate species.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Fu\|first1=Yaru\|last2=Li\|first2=Shaoke\|last3=Guo\|first3=Qiqiang\|last4=Zheng\|first4=Weilie\|last5=Yang\|first5=Rui\|last6=Li\|first6=Huie\|date=2019-02-21\|title=Genetic diversity and population structure of two endemic ''Cupressus'' (Cupressaceae) species on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau\|journal=Journal of Genetics\|language=en\|volume=98\|issue=1\|page=14\|doi=10.1007/s12041-019-1059-4\|pmid=30945670\|s2cid=67790943\|issn=0973-7731}}</ref>

	==Distribution==		==Distribution==
	It is [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to ~~Southeast~~ [[Place:Tibet\|Tibet]] ~~- {{wipe\|~~China}} on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, particularly in the ~~dry~~ valleys of Nyang River and Yarlung Tsangpo River.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Shaoke\|last2=Qian\|first2=Zengqiang\|last3=Fu\|first3=Yaru\|last4=Zheng\|first4=Weilie\|last5=Li\|first5=Huie\|date=2014\|title=Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the Tibetan cypress Cupressus gigantea using paired-end Illumina shotgun sequencing\|journal=Conservation Genetics Resources\|language=en\|volume=6\|issue=3\|pages=795–797\|doi=10.1007/s12686-014-0222-8\|s2cid=14927898\|issn=1877-7252}}</ref> ''Cupressus gigantea'' is the ~~biggest~~ of all ''Cupressus'' species.		It is [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to the Nyingchi area in southeast [[Place:Tibet\|Tibet]] in China on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, particularly in the valleys of the Nyang River and Yarlung Tsangpo River in the dry [[Earth:Rain shadow\|rain shadow]] of the northern side of the Himalaya.<ref name="Farjon"/><ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Li\|first1=Shaoke\|last2=Qian\|first2=Zengqiang\|last3=Fu\|first3=Yaru\|last4=Zheng\|first4=Weilie\|last5=Li\|first5=Huie\|date=2014\|title=Isolation and characterization of polymorphic microsatellites in the Tibetan cypress ''Cupressus gigantea'' using paired-end Illumina shotgun sequencing\|journal=Conservation Genetics Resources\|language=en\|volume=6\|issue=3\|pages=795–797\|doi=10.1007/s12686-014-0222-8\|s2cid=14927898\|issn=1877-7252}}</ref> With its very stout trunk, ''Cupressus gigantea'' is the largest, though not the tallest, of all ''Cupressus'' species; the latter status goes to the 100 m tall ''[[Biology:Cupressus austrotibetica\|Cupressus austrotibetica]]'' in the wetter [[Biology:Temperate rainforest\|temperate rainforest]] regions of the Tsangpo drainage further southeast with greater [[Earth:Monsoon\|monsoon]] influence.

	==~~King~~ cypress==		==Description==
	The biggest known specimen is the famous King Cypress, about 50 ~~meters~~ high~~, 5.8 meters in diameter~~, {{~~convert~~\|0.~~165\|acre~~\|~~m2\|adj=on~~}} ~~of crown-projection-area;~~ and ~~calculated~~ age of 2,600 years.		Tibetan cypress is a large tree, typically growing to {{convert\|45\|m}}, sometimes {{cvt\|50\|m}} tall and typically {{cvt\|3\|m}} or more trunk diameter, with thick, stringy-furrowed, grey-brown bark. The foliage is glaucous greyish-green, with shoots 1.5-2 mm diameter covered in scale-leaves arranged in opposite decussate pairs. The [[Conifer cone\|cones]] are 15-20 mm long and 13-16 mm diameter, usually with 12 scales.<ref name="FoC"/><ref name="Farjon"/>

			===Notable specimens===
			The biggest known specimen is the famous King Cypress, about {{cvt\|50\|m}} high, {{cvt\|5.8\|m}} diameter, and with an estimated age of 2,600 years.<ref>[http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/english/200102/16/eng20010216_62601.html "King of Cypress in World" Garden Opens in Tibet]</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			{{Cupressaceae}}
	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q1890300}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q1890300}}

	[[Category:Cupressus\|gigantea]]		[[Category:Cupressus\|gigantea]]



	{{Sourceattribution\|Cupressus gigantea}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Cupressus gigantea}}

Biology:Staudtia

2026-08-19T20:55:13Z

link

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:55, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{~~Short description~~\|~~Genus~~ of ~~plants~~}}		'''''Staudtia''''' is a genus of [[Biology:Flowering plant\|flowering plant]]s in family [[Biology:Myristicaceae\|Myristicaceae]]. It contains two species native to central Africa:<ref name = powo>{{cite web \|title=''Staudtia'' Warb. \|url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:27254-1 \|website=[[Biology:Plants of the World Online\|Plants of the World Online]] \|publisher=[[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew\|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] \|access-date=14 June 2026}}</ref>
	{{~~automatic taxobox~~		*''[[Biology:Staudtia kamerunensis\|Staudtia kamerunensis]]'' {{small\|Warb.}}
	\|~~taxon =~~ Staudtia		*''[[Biology:Staudtia pterocarpa\|Staudtia pterocarpa]]'' {{small\|(Warb.) Warb.}}
	\|~~authority =~~ Warb.
	}}

	~~'''''Staudtia''''' is a~~ genus ~~of [[Biology:Plant\|plant]]~~ in ~~family [[Biology:Myristicaceae\|Myristicaceae]]. It contains the following species (but this list may be incomplete):~~		The genus was named by Otto Warburg in 1897.<ref name = powo/>
	*''[[Biology:Staudtia pterocarpa\|Staudtia pterocarpa]]'' (Warb.) Warb.
	*''[[Biology:Staudtia stipitata\|Staudtia stipitata]]'' (Warb.) Warb.

	==References==		==References==
Line 16:		Line 12:
	[[Category:Myristicaceae]]		[[Category:Myristicaceae]]
	[[Category:Myristicaceae genera]]		[[Category:Myristicaceae genera]]



	{{Sourceattribution\|Staudtia}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Staudtia}}

Biology:Eremophila laanii

2026-08-19T20:48:12Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:48, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Species of plant endemic to Western Australia}}		{{Short description\|Species of plant endemic to Western Australia}}
	{{~~use~~ Australian English\|date=February 2016}}		{{Use Australian English\|date=February 2016}}
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\|image = Eremophila laanii.jpg		\|image = Eremophila laanii.jpg
Line 6:		Line 6:
	\|genus = Eremophila (plant)		\|genus = Eremophila (plant)
	\|species = laanii		\|species = laanii
	\|authority = [[Biography:Ferdinand von Mueller\|F.Muell.]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web\|title=''Eremophila laanii''\|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/114088\|publisher=Australian Plant Census\|~~accessdate~~=9 September 2020}}</ref>		\|authority = [[Biography:Ferdinand von Mueller\|F.Muell.]]<ref name=APC>{{cite web\|title=''Eremophila laanii''\|url= https://biodiversity.org.au/nsl/services/apc-format/display/114088\|publisher=Australian Plant Census\|access-date=9 September 2020}}</ref>
	\|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />		\|synonyms_ref = <ref name="APC" />
	\|synonyms = ''Pholidia laanii'' <small>([[Biography:Ferdinand von Mueller\|F.Muell]]) Kraenzl.</small>		\|synonyms = ''Pholidia laanii'' <small>([[Biography:Ferdinand von Mueller\|F.Muell]]) Kraenzl.</small>
Line 16:		Line 16:
	''Eremophila laanii'' is a shrub or small tree usually growing to a height of {{convert\|1-3\|m\|ft\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}}, sometimes twice as high which sometimes produces [[Biology:Basal shoot\|suckers]]. Its branches are spreading or drooping and are covered with a dense layer of fine hairs. The leaves are linear to elliptic in shape, mostly {{convert\|26-40\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long, {{convert\|2-7\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} wide, sometimes [[Biology:Glabrousness\|glabrous]], sometimes covered with fine hairs.<ref name=Chinnock>{{cite book\|last1=Chinnock\|first1=R.J. (Bob)\|title=Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae\|date=2007\|publisher=Rosenberg\|location=Dural, NSW\|isbn=9781877058165\|pages=550–553\|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite book\|last1=Brown\|first1=Andrew\|last2=Buirchell\|first2=Bevan\|title=A field guide to the eremophilas of Western Australia\|date=2011\|publisher=Simon Nevill Publications\|location=Hamilton Hill, W.A.\|isbn=9780980348156\|page=156\|edition=1st}}</ref>		''Eremophila laanii'' is a shrub or small tree usually growing to a height of {{convert\|1-3\|m\|ft\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}}, sometimes twice as high which sometimes produces [[Biology:Basal shoot\|suckers]]. Its branches are spreading or drooping and are covered with a dense layer of fine hairs. The leaves are linear to elliptic in shape, mostly {{convert\|26-40\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long, {{convert\|2-7\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} wide, sometimes [[Biology:Glabrousness\|glabrous]], sometimes covered with fine hairs.<ref name=Chinnock>{{cite book\|last1=Chinnock\|first1=R.J. (Bob)\|title=Eremophila and allied genera : a monograph of the plant family Myoporaceae\|date=2007\|publisher=Rosenberg\|location=Dural, NSW\|isbn=9781877058165\|pages=550–553\|edition=1st}}</ref><ref name=Brown>{{cite book\|last1=Brown\|first1=Andrew\|last2=Buirchell\|first2=Bevan\|title=A field guide to the eremophilas of Western Australia\|date=2011\|publisher=Simon Nevill Publications\|location=Hamilton Hill, W.A.\|isbn=9780980348156\|page=156\|edition=1st}}</ref>

	The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a hairy stalk {{convert\|3-6\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long and are usually clustered near the ends of the branches. There are 5 green, egg-shaped, tapering [[Biology:Sepal\|sepal]]s which are mostly {{convert\|7.~~5-10~~.5\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long, glabrous on the outer surface but hairy on the inside. The [[Biology:Petal\|petal]]s are {{convert\|20-30\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is sometimes pink to red with pink spots on a light colour inside the tube, or cream and without spots. The petal tube is mostly glabrous except that the inside of the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs from June to December and is followed by woody, oval-shaped to top-shaped fruits with a pointed end and which are {{convert\|8-10\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long and have a thin, papery covering.<ref name="Chinnock" /><ref name="Brown" />		The flowers are borne singly in leaf axils on a hairy stalk {{convert\|3-6\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long and are usually clustered near the ends of the branches. There are 5 green, egg-shaped, tapering [[Biology:Sepal\|sepal]]s which are mostly {{convert\|7.5–10.5\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long, glabrous on the outer surface but hairy on the inside. The [[Biology:Petal\|petal]]s are {{convert\|20-30\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long and are joined at their lower end to form a tube. The petal tube is sometimes pink to red with pink spots on a light colour inside the tube, or cream and without spots. The petal tube is mostly glabrous except that the inside of the tube is filled with long, soft hairs. The 4 stamens extend beyond the end of the petal tube. Flowering occurs from June to December and is followed by woody, oval-shaped to top-shaped fruits with a pointed end and which are {{convert\|8-10\|mm\|in\|sigfig=1\|abbr=on}} long and have a thin, papery covering.<ref name="Chinnock" /><ref name="Brown" />

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	The species was first formally described in 1884 by botanist [[Biography:Ferdinand von Mueller\|Ferdinand von Mueller]] and the description was published in ''Australasian Chemist and Druggist''.The type specimen was collected on the Upper Murchison River, near Mount Hale, by Charles Crossland.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web\|title=''Eremophila laanii''\|url= http://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/114088\|publisher=APNI\|~~accessdate~~=7 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Biology:Botanical name\|specific epithet]] (''laanii'') honours Dr van der Laan, a 19th-century Dutch promoter of scientific research.<ref name="Chinnock" /><ref name="Brown" />		The species was first formally described in 1884 by botanist [[Biography:Ferdinand von Mueller\|Ferdinand von Mueller]] and the description was published in ''Australasian Chemist and Druggist''.The type specimen was collected on the Upper Murchison River, near Mount Hale, by Charles Crossland.<ref name=APNI>{{cite web\|title=''Eremophila laanii''\|url= http://id.biodiversity.org.au/name/apni/114088\|publisher=APNI\|access-date=7 February 2016}}</ref> The [[Biology:Botanical name\|specific epithet]] (''laanii'') honours Dr van der Laan, a 19th-century Dutch promoter of scientific research.<ref name="Chinnock" /><ref name="Brown" />

	==Distribution and habitat==		==Distribution and habitat==
Line 25:		Line 25:

	==Conservation status==		==Conservation status==
	This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government Department of Parks and Wildlife.<ref name="FloraBase" />		This species is classified as "not threatened" by the Western Australian Government [[Organization:Department of Parks and Wildlife (Western Australia)\|Department of Parks and Wildlife]].<ref name="FloraBase" />

	==Use in horticulture==		==Use in horticulture==

Biology:BZIP intron candida

2026-08-19T20:40:16Z

url

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:40, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	[[File:BZIPintron candida.svg\|thumb\|Consensus ~~[[Biology:Secondary structure\|~~secondary structure]] and sequence conservation of bZIP intron in some ''Candida'' sp.]]		[[File:BZIPintron candida.svg\|thumb\|Consensus secondary structure and sequence conservation of bZIP intron in some ''Candida'' sp.]]

	The '''bZIP intron candida''' is an unconventional [[Biology:BZIP intron RNA motif\|bZIP intron]] located in the HAC1 mRNA in a subgroup of fungi from [[Biology:Saccharomycetales\|Saccharomycetales]] order. So far all species with this type of structure belong to [[Biology:Metschnikowiaceae\|Metschnikowiaceae]] or [[Biology:Debaryomycetaceae\|Debaryomycetaceae]] families. However, some of the best known representatives of Debaryomycetaceae - ''[[Biology:Candida albicans\|Candida albicans]]'' and its closest relatives - contain the shorter RNA structure instead (bZIP intron ascomycota-like).<ref name="Hooks">{{cite journal \|doi= 10.4161/rna.8.4.15396\|vauthors=Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S \|title=Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron \|journal=RNA Biol \|volume=8 \|issue=4 \|pages=552–556 \|year=2011 \|pmid=21593604 \|pmc=3225973}}</ref> The consensus structure consists of two well conserved hairpins with loop regions defining the unconventional splice sites. The hairpins are separated by a long insertion with conserved motifs and a predicted secondary structure. Splicing performed by Ire1 results in excision of a very long [[Biology:Intron\|intron]] that was first described in ''[[Biology:Candida parapsilosis\|Candida parapsilosis]]''.<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Iracane\|first1=Elise\|last2=Donovan\|first2=Paul D.\|last3=Ola\|first3=Mihaela\|last4=Butler\|first4=Geraldine\|last5=Holland\|first5=Linda M.\|year=2018\|editor-last=Mitchell\|editor-first=Aaron P.\|title=Identification of an Exceptionally Long Intron in the HAC1 Gene of Candida parapsilosis\|journal=mSphere\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=6\|doi=10.1128/mSphere.00532-18\|pmid=30404939 \|issn=2379-5042\|doi-access=free\|pmc=6222058}}</ref>		The '''bZIP intron candida''' is an unconventional [[Biology:BZIP intron RNA motif\|bZIP intron]] located in the HAC1 mRNA in a subgroup of fungi from [[Biology:Saccharomycetales\|Saccharomycetales]] order. So far all species with this type of structure belong to [[Biology:Metschnikowiaceae\|Metschnikowiaceae]] or [[Biology:Debaryomycetaceae\|Debaryomycetaceae]] families. However, some of the best known representatives of Debaryomycetaceae - ''[[Biology:Candida albicans\|Candida albicans]]'' and its closest relatives - contain the shorter RNA structure instead (bZIP intron ascomycota-like).<ref name="Hooks">{{cite journal \|doi= 10.4161/rna.8.4.15396\|vauthors=Hooks KB, Griffiths-Jones S \|title=Conserved RNA structures in the non-canonical Hac1/Xbp1 intron \|journal=RNA Biol \|volume=8 \|issue=4 \|pages=552–556 \|year=2011 \|pmid=21593604 \|pmc=3225973}}</ref> The consensus structure consists of two well conserved hairpins with loop regions defining the unconventional splice sites. The hairpins are separated by a long insertion with conserved motifs and a predicted secondary structure. Splicing performed by Ire1 results in excision of a very long [[Biology:Intron\|intron]] that was first described in ''[[Biology:Candida parapsilosis\|Candida parapsilosis]]''.<ref name="Iracane2018">{{Cite journal\|last1=Iracane\|first1=Elise\|last2=Donovan\|first2=Paul D.\|last3=Ola\|first3=Mihaela\|last4=Butler\|first4=Geraldine\|last5=Holland\|first5=Linda M.\|year=2018\|editor-last=Mitchell\|editor-first=Aaron P.\|title=Identification of an Exceptionally Long Intron in the HAC1 Gene of Candida parapsilosis\|journal=mSphere\|language=en\|volume=3\|issue=6\|article-number=e00532-18 \|doi=10.1128/mSphere.00532-18\|pmid=30404939 \|issn=2379-5042\|doi-access=free\|pmc=6222058}}</ref>

			== Diversity and structure ==
			The 'Candida-type' bZIP intron is defined by a symmetric hairpin architecture (H2 and H3) flanking an internal sequence, distinct from the asymmetric 'Ascomycota-type' found in ''[[Biology:Candida albicans\|Candida albicans]]''.<ref name="Hooks" /> These introns can reach extreme lengths, such as 626 [[Biology:Nucleotide\|nt]] in ''[[Biology:Candida parapsilosis\|Candida parapsilosis]]'' and 848 nt in ''Lodderomyces elongisporus'', while maintaining the conserved core hairpins.<ref name="Iracane2018" />

	==References==		==References==

Biology:Lactarius tabidus

2026-08-19T20:28:12Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:28, 19 August 2026
Line 20:		Line 20:

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	The original description of ''L. tabidus'' has been various ascribed to [[Biography:Elias Magnus Fries\|Elias Magnus Fries]],<ref name="Rea"/> and to Pierre Bulliard,<ref name="Roody"/> while the synonymous specific name ''L. theiogalus'' is variously credited to Fries<ref name="Rea"/> and Samuel Frederick Gray.<ref name="Roody">{{cite book \|title= Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians\|last= Roody\|first= William C.\|year= 2003\|publisher= University Press of Kentucky\|isbn= 978-0-8131-9039-6\|page= 106\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&q=%22Lactarius+theiogalus%22&pg=PA106}}</ref> The name ''theiogalus'' is from the [[Social:Ancient Greek\|Ancient Greek]] for "brimstone" (sulphur) and "[[Chemistry:Latex\|milk]]".<ref name="Rea">{{cite book \|title= British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi\|year= 1922\|last= Rea\|first= Carleton\|publisher= ~~{{wipe\|~~Cambridge University Press}}\|page= [https://archive.org/details/britishbasidiomy00reac/page/489 489]\|url= https://archive.org/details/britishbasidiomy00reac\|quote= Lactarius hepaticus.}}</ref><ref name="Roody"/> The mushroom has also been named ''L. chrysorrheus'' by Lucien Quélet, based on Fries's description,<ref name="Rea"/> and ''Lactarius hepaticus'', with the authority cited to Charles Bagge Plowright of the [[Organization:British Mycological Society\|British Mycological Society]] and Jean Louis Émile Boudier.<ref name="Rea"/> Due to reclassification, ''Lactarius theiogalus'' is now considered to be a synonym of ''Lactarius tabidus'', and the binomials ''Lactarius hepaticus'' and ''[[Biology:Lactarius chrysorrheus\|Lactarius chrysorrheus]]'' have been assigned to different ''Lactarius'' species.<ref name="P2006">{{cite book \|author1=Reid, Derek \|author2=Phillips, Roger \|title=Mushrooms \|publisher=Macmillan \|location=New York \|year=2006 \|isbn=0-330-44237-6 }}</ref>		The original description of ''L. tabidus'' has been various ascribed to [[Biography:Elias Magnus Fries\|Elias Magnus Fries]],<ref name="Rea"/> and to Pierre Bulliard,<ref name="Roody"/> while the synonymous specific name ''L. theiogalus'' is variously credited to Fries<ref name="Rea"/> and Samuel Frederick Gray.<ref name="Roody">{{cite book \|title= Mushrooms of West Virginia and the Central Appalachians\|last= Roody\|first= William C.\|year= 2003\|publisher= University Press of Kentucky\|isbn= 978-0-8131-9039-6\|page= 106\|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=5HGMPEiy4ykC&q=%22Lactarius+theiogalus%22&pg=PA106}}</ref> The name ''theiogalus'' is from the [[Social:Ancient Greek\|Ancient Greek]] for "brimstone" (sulphur) and "[[Chemistry:Latex\|milk]]".<ref name="Rea">{{cite book \|title= British Basidiomycetae: A Handbook to the Larger British Fungi\|year= 1922\|last= Rea\|first= Carleton\|publisher= Cambridge University Press\|page= [https://archive.org/details/britishbasidiomy00reac/page/489 489]\|url= https://archive.org/details/britishbasidiomy00reac\|quote= Lactarius hepaticus.}}</ref><ref name="Roody"/> The mushroom has also been named ''L. chrysorrheus'' by Lucien Quélet, based on Fries's description,<ref name="Rea"/> and ''Lactarius hepaticus'', with the authority cited to Charles Bagge Plowright of the [[Organization:British Mycological Society\|British Mycological Society]] and Jean Louis Émile Boudier.<ref name="Rea"/> Due to reclassification, ''Lactarius theiogalus'' is now considered to be a synonym of ''Lactarius tabidus'', and the binomials ''Lactarius hepaticus'' and ''[[Biology:Lactarius chrysorrheus\|Lactarius chrysorrheus]]'' have been assigned to different ''Lactarius'' species.<ref name="P2006">{{cite book \|author1=Reid, Derek \|author2=Phillips, Roger \|title=Mushrooms \|publisher=Macmillan \|location=New York \|year=2006 \|isbn=0-330-44237-6 }}</ref>

	==Description==		==Description==
Line 30:		Line 30:
	The fruit bodies of ''L. tabidus'' are considered inedible. The milk has bitter and acrid taste, with a slightly hot aftertaste.<ref name="Phillips"/> The fact that the white milk dries yellow is an indicator that it may be poisonous.<ref name="Roody"/>		The fruit bodies of ''L. tabidus'' are considered inedible. The milk has bitter and acrid taste, with a slightly hot aftertaste.<ref name="Phillips"/> The fact that the white milk dries yellow is an indicator that it may be poisonous.<ref name="Roody"/>

	==Distribution==		==Distribution and ecology==
	''Lactarius tabidus'' can be found under pine or birch in autumn. It is common in southern Britain, becoming rarer northwards.<ref name="Phillips"/> It can also be found in North America.<ref name="Roody"/> It grows best in leaf litter or ''[[Biology:Sphagnum\|Sphagnum]]'' moss.<ref name="Roody"/>		''Lactarius tabidus'' can be found under pine or birch in autumn. It is common in southern Britain, becoming rarer northwards.<ref name="Phillips"/> It can also be found in North America.<ref name="Roody"/> It grows best in leaf litter or ''[[Biology:Sphagnum\|Sphagnum]]'' moss.<ref name="Roody"/>

			Adults of the pleasing fungus beetle ''[[Biology:Tritoma angulata\|Tritoma angulata]]'' have been recorded from this mushroom, but it does not seem to be a regular food source for them.<ref name = goodrich&skelley1994>Goodrich, Michael A. & Skelley, Paul E. (1994): Fungal host records for species of ''Tritoma'' (Coleoptera: Erotylidae) of America North of Mexico. ''Entomol. News'' '''105''': 289-294. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/20581 PDF fulltext]</ref>

	==See also==		==See also==

Biology:Quercus centenaria

2026-08-19T20:20:15Z

change

New page

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image =
|status = DD
|status_system = IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name = iucn>{{cite iucn |author=Carrero, C. |year=2021 |title=''Quercus centenaria'' |volume=2021 |article-number=e.T187939728A187939732 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T187939728A187939732.en |language=en |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref>
|parent = Quercus sect. Quercus
|display_parents = 2
|genus = Quercus
|species = centenaria
|authority = L.M.González
}}

'''''Quercus centenaria''''' is a species of [[Biology:Oak|oak]]. It is a tree native to the states of [[Place:Jalisco|Jalisco]] and Nayarit in western Mexico.<ref name = powo>{{cite web |title=''Quercus centenaria'' L.M.González |url=https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:77302914-1 |website=[[Biology:Plants of the World Online|Plants of the World Online]] |publisher=[[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] |access-date=23 July 2026}}</ref> It grows in humid montane pine-oak forests and pine forests, often in ravines and along streams, from 1,000 to 2,000 meters elevation in the western [[Earth:Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt|Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt]] and Sierra Madre del Sur, including the Sierra de Manantlán.<ref name = iucn/>

The species was described by Luz Maria González in 2018.<ref name = powo/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q123746187}}

[[Category:Quercus|centenaria]]

{{Sourceattribution|Quercus centenaria}}

Biology:Barbarea vulgaris

2026-08-19T20:12:44Z

simplify

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 19 August 2026
Line 18:		Line 18:

	==Description==		==Description==
	~~[[File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-1.JPG\|thumb\|240px\|right\|Close-up on flowers of ''Barbarea vulgaris'']]~~		The plant grows to {{convert\|80\|cm\|abbr=on}} high and {{convert\|25\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=2}} wide.<ref name="tfb">{{Cite book \|last=Francis-Baker \|first=Tiffany \|title=Concise Foraging Guide \|date=2021 \|publisher=[[Company:Bloomsbury Publishing\|Bloomsbury]] \|isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 \|series=The Wildlife Trusts \|location=London \|page=62}}</ref> The stem is ribbed and hairless, branched at the base. It has basal [[Biology:Rosette (botany)\|rosette]]s of shiny, dark green leaves. The basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are smaller, ovate, toothed, or lobed. The flowers are borne in spring in dense terminal clusters above the [[Biology:Leaf\|foliage]]. They are {{convert\|7\|-\|9\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}} long, with four bright yellow petals. The flowering period extends from about April through July. The fruits are a [[Biology:Silique\|silique]]s (seed capsules) of length {{convert\|15\|-\|30\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}}.<ref name="SIG:2023">{{cite web \|title=Barbarea W. T. Aiton spp. \|url=https://seedidguide.idseed.org/fact_sheets/barbarea-spp-4/ \|website=seedidguide.idseed.org \|publisher=International Seed Morphology Association \|access-date=19 July 2026 \|date=March 27, 2023 \|ISBN=978-1-7753419-0-1}}</ref>
	~~[[File:Melitaea athalia - Keila.jpg\|thumb\|240px\|Flowers with heath fritillary]]~~
	The plant grows to {{convert\|80\|cm\|abbr=on}} high and {{convert\|25\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=2}} wide.<ref name="tfb">{{Cite book \|last=Francis-Baker \|first=Tiffany \|title=Concise Foraging Guide \|date=2021 \|publisher=[[Company:Bloomsbury Publishing\|Bloomsbury]] \|isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 \|series=The Wildlife Trusts \|location=London \|page=62}}</ref> The stem is ribbed and hairless, branched at the base. It has basal [[Biology:Rosette (botany)\|rosette]]s of shiny, dark green leaves. The basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are smaller, ovate, toothed, or lobed. The flowers are borne in spring in dense terminal clusters above the [[Biology:Leaf\|foliage]]. They are {{convert\|7\|-\|9\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}} long, with four bright yellow petals. The flowering period extends from about April through July. The ~~fruit is~~ a ~~pod around~~ {{convert\|15\|-\|30\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}}.		A single ''B. vulgaris'' plant can produce up to 88,000 seeds per year, its seeds long lived, remaining viable for 10–20 years. Wintercress is also known to reproduce [[Biology:Vegetative reproduction\|vegetatively]] from roots or buds near its base, presenting as ''cauline rosettes''.<ref name="SIG:2023" /><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Aarssen \|first1=Lonnie W. \|title=THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 50. Hypochoeris radicata L. \|journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science \|date=April 1981 \|volume=61 \|issue=2 \|page=374 \|doi=10.4141/cjps81-051 \|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/epdf/10.4141/cjps81-051 \|access-date=2 July 2026 \|publisher=Canadian Science Publishing \|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada}}</ref>

	Chemical substances in this species include [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=V. \|last2=Ekstrom \|first2=C. T. \|last3=Andersen \|first3=S. B. \|last4=Nielsen \|first4=J. K. \|last5=Olsen \|first5=C. E. \|last6=Bak \|first6=S. \|year=2009 \|title=Identification of Defense Compounds in Barbarea vulgaris against the Herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' by an Ecometabolomic Approach \|journal=Plant Physiology \|volume=151 \|issue=4 \|pages=1977–90 \|doi=10.1104/pp.109.136952 \|pmc=2785962 \|pmid=19819983}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=Vera \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=Jens Kvist \|last3=Augustin \|first3=Jörg Manfred \|last4=Torp \|first4=Anna Maria \|last5=Bak \|first5=Søren \|last6=Andersen \|first6=Sven Bode \|year=2011 \|title=Barbarea vulgaris linkage map and quantitative trait loci for saponins, glucosinolates, hairiness and resistance to the herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' \|journal=Phytochemistry \|volume=72 \|issue=2–3 \|pages=188–98 \|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.007 \|pmid=21130479\|bibcode=2011PChem..72..188K }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal \|last1=Nielsen \|first1=Nikoline J. \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=John \|last3=Staerk \|first3=Dan \|year=2010 \|title=New Resistance-Correlated Saponins from the Insect-Resistant CruciferBarbarea vulgaris \|url=https://figshare.com/articles/New_Resistance_Correlated_Saponins_from_the_Insect_Resistant_Crucifer_i_Barbarea_vulgaris_i_/2770123 \|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \|volume=58 \|issue=9 \|pages=5509–14 \|doi=10.1021/jf903988f \|pmid=20387830\|bibcode=2010JAFC...58.5509N \|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal \|last1=Shinoda \|first1=Tetsuro \|last2=Nagao \|first2=Tsuneatsu \|last3=Nakayama \|first3=Masayoshi \|last4=Serizawa \|first4=Hiroaki \|last5=Koshioka \|first5=Masaji \|last6=Okabe \|first6=Hikaru \|last7=Kawai \|first7=Akira \|year=2002 \|title=Identification of a triterpenoid saponin from a crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris, as a feeding deterrent to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella \|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology \|volume=28 \|issue=3 \|pages=587–99 \|doi=10.1023/A:1014500330510 \|pmid=11944835 \|bibcode=2002JCEco..28..587S \|s2cid=1539329}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Flavonoid\|flavonoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1021/jf200412c \| title = Polymorphism for Novel Tetraglycosylated Flavonols in an Eco-model Crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Dalby-Brown \| first1 = Lea \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| last4 = Agerbirk \| first4 = Niels \| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \| volume = 59 \| issue = 13 \| pages = 6947–56 \| pmid = 21615154\| bibcode = 2011JAFC...59.6947D }}</ref> and [[Biology:Glucosinolate\|glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.034 \| title = Isoferuloyl derivatives of five seed glucosinolates in the crucifer genus Barbarea \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 72 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 610–23 \| pmid = 21354584\| bibcode = 2011PChem..72..610A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00750-1 \| title = Glucosinolates, flea beetle resistance, and leaf pubescence as taxonomic characters in the genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) \| year = 2003 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Ørgaard \| first2 = Marian \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 63 \| pages = 69–80 \| pmid = 12657300 \| issue = 1\| bibcode = 2003PChem..63...69A }}</ref> It usually has a peppery taste.<ref name="tfb" />		Chemical substances in this species include [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=V. \|last2=Ekstrom \|first2=C. T. \|last3=Andersen \|first3=S. B. \|last4=Nielsen \|first4=J. K. \|last5=Olsen \|first5=C. E. \|last6=Bak \|first6=S. \|year=2009 \|title=Identification of Defense Compounds in Barbarea vulgaris against the Herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' by an Ecometabolomic Approach \|journal=Plant Physiology \|volume=151 \|issue=4 \|pages=1977–90 \|doi=10.1104/pp.109.136952 \|pmc=2785962 \|pmid=19819983}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=Vera \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=Jens Kvist \|last3=Augustin \|first3=Jörg Manfred \|last4=Torp \|first4=Anna Maria \|last5=Bak \|first5=Søren \|last6=Andersen \|first6=Sven Bode \|year=2011 \|title=Barbarea vulgaris linkage map and quantitative trait loci for saponins, glucosinolates, hairiness and resistance to the herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' \|journal=Phytochemistry \|volume=72 \|issue=2–3 \|pages=188–98 \|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.007 \|pmid=21130479\|bibcode=2011PChem..72..188K }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal \|last1=Nielsen \|first1=Nikoline J. \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=John \|last3=Staerk \|first3=Dan \|year=2010 \|title=New Resistance-Correlated Saponins from the Insect-Resistant CruciferBarbarea vulgaris \|url=https://figshare.com/articles/New_Resistance_Correlated_Saponins_from_the_Insect_Resistant_Crucifer_i_Barbarea_vulgaris_i_/2770123 \|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \|volume=58 \|issue=9 \|pages=5509–14 \|doi=10.1021/jf903988f \|pmid=20387830\|bibcode=2010JAFC...58.5509N \|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal \|last1=Shinoda \|first1=Tetsuro \|last2=Nagao \|first2=Tsuneatsu \|last3=Nakayama \|first3=Masayoshi \|last4=Serizawa \|first4=Hiroaki \|last5=Koshioka \|first5=Masaji \|last6=Okabe \|first6=Hikaru \|last7=Kawai \|first7=Akira \|year=2002 \|title=Identification of a triterpenoid saponin from a crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris, as a feeding deterrent to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella \|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology \|volume=28 \|issue=3 \|pages=587–99 \|doi=10.1023/A:1014500330510 \|pmid=11944835 \|bibcode=2002JCEco..28..587S \|s2cid=1539329}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Flavonoid\|flavonoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1021/jf200412c \| title = Polymorphism for Novel Tetraglycosylated Flavonols in an Eco-model Crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Dalby-Brown \| first1 = Lea \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| last4 = Agerbirk \| first4 = Niels \| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \| volume = 59 \| issue = 13 \| pages = 6947–56 \| pmid = 21615154\| bibcode = 2011JAFC...59.6947D }}</ref> and [[Biology:Glucosinolate\|glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.034 \| title = Isoferuloyl derivatives of five seed glucosinolates in the crucifer genus Barbarea \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 72 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 610–23 \| pmid = 21354584\| bibcode = 2011PChem..72..610A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00750-1 \| title = Glucosinolates, flea beetle resistance, and leaf pubescence as taxonomic characters in the genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) \| year = 2003 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Ørgaard \| first2 = Marian \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 63 \| pages = 69–80 \| pmid = 12657300 \| issue = 1\| bibcode = 2003PChem..63...69A }}</ref> It usually has a peppery taste.<ref name="tfb" />
Line 57:		Line 57:
	=== Natural insect resistance ===		=== Natural insect resistance ===
	Most ''B. vulgaris'' genotypes are naturally resistant to some insect species that are otherwise specialized on the crucifer family. In the case of diamondback moth (''Plutella xylostella'') and the flea beetle ''[[Biology:Phyllotreta nemorum\|Phyllotreta nemorum]]'', the resistance is caused by [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Glucosinolates such as glucobarbarin and [[Chemistry:Glucobrassicin\|glucobrassicin]] are used as a cue for egg-laying by female cabbage white butterflies such as ''[[Biology:Pieris rapae\|Pieris rapae]]''. Indeed, the larvae of this butterfly thrive well on this plant. Diamondback moth females are also stimulated by these chemicals, but the larvae die due to the content of saponins which are apparently not sensed by the moths. This phenomenon has been tested for biological insect control: ''B. vulgaris'' plants are placed in a field and attract much of the diamondback moth egg load. As the larvae die shortly after hatching, this kind of insect control has been named "dead-end trap cropping".<ref>Shelton, A. M. and B. A. Nault (2004) "Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth," ''Crop Protection'' '''23''': 497-503.</ref><!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->		Most ''B. vulgaris'' genotypes are naturally resistant to some insect species that are otherwise specialized on the crucifer family. In the case of diamondback moth (''Plutella xylostella'') and the flea beetle ''[[Biology:Phyllotreta nemorum\|Phyllotreta nemorum]]'', the resistance is caused by [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Glucosinolates such as glucobarbarin and [[Chemistry:Glucobrassicin\|glucobrassicin]] are used as a cue for egg-laying by female cabbage white butterflies such as ''[[Biology:Pieris rapae\|Pieris rapae]]''. Indeed, the larvae of this butterfly thrive well on this plant. Diamondback moth females are also stimulated by these chemicals, but the larvae die due to the content of saponins which are apparently not sensed by the moths. This phenomenon has been tested for biological insect control: ''B. vulgaris'' plants are placed in a field and attract much of the diamondback moth egg load. As the larvae die shortly after hatching, this kind of insect control has been named "dead-end trap cropping".<ref>Shelton, A. M. and B. A. Nault (2004) "Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth," ''Crop Protection'' '''23''': 497-503.</ref><!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->

			===Ecological impact ===
			''B. vulgaris'' is listed as a ''Class 3: Secondary Noxious Weed'' by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency due to difficulties preventing its small seed, {{convert\|1.2\|-\|1.5\|mm\|abbr=on}} long by {{convert\|1.0\|-\|1.2\|mm\|abbr=on}} wide, from contaminating seed stocks of other small-seeded crops, e.g. grain, hay and vegetables.<ref name="SIG:2023" />

	== Uses ==		== Uses ==
	The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Niering \|first1=William A. \| last2=Olmstead \|first2=Nancy C. \|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region \|year=1985 \|orig-date=1979\|publisher=Knopf \|isbn=0-394-50432-1 \|page=425}}</ref> The buds and flowers are also edible,<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Elias\|first1=Thomas S.\|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods\|last2=Dykeman\|first2=Peter A.\|publisher=Sterling\|year=2009\|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9\|location=New York\|page=99\|oclc=244766414\|orig-date=1982}}</ref> as are the flower shoots after cooking.<ref name="tfb" /> It can also be used as a dead-end [[Biology:Trap crop\|trap crop]] for diamondback moth, the caterpillar of which is a pest on cruciferous plants like [[Biology:Cabbage\|cabbage]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Badenes-Perez\|first1=Francisco R.\|last2=Reichelt\|first2=Michael\|last3=Gershenzon\|first3=Jonathan\|last4=Heckel\|first4=David G.\|date=February 2014\|title=Using plant chemistry and insect preference to study the potential of Barbarea (Brassicaceae) as a dead-end trap crop for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)\|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942213004445\|journal=Phytochemistry\|language=en\|volume=98\|pages=137–144\|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.009\|pmid=24342111\|bibcode=2014PChem..98..137B \|url-access=subscription}}</ref>		The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Niering \|first1=William A. \| last2=Olmstead \|first2=Nancy C. \|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region \|year=1985 \|orig-date=1979\|publisher=Knopf \|isbn=0-394-50432-1 \|page=425}}</ref> The buds and flowers are also edible,<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Elias\|first1=Thomas S.\|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods\|last2=Dykeman\|first2=Peter A.\|publisher=Sterling\|year=2009\|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9\|location=New York\|page=99\|oclc=244766414\|orig-date=1982}}</ref> as are the flower shoots after cooking.<ref name="tfb" /> It can also be used as a dead-end [[Biology:Trap crop\|trap crop]] for [[Biology:Diamondback moth\|diamondback moth]], the caterpillar of which is a pest on cruciferous plants like [[Biology:Cabbage\|cabbage]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Badenes-Perez\|first1=Francisco R.\|last2=Reichelt\|first2=Michael\|last3=Gershenzon\|first3=Jonathan\|last4=Heckel\|first4=David G.\|date=February 2014\|title=Using plant chemistry and insect preference to study the potential of Barbarea (Brassicaceae) as a dead-end trap crop for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)\|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942213004445\|journal=Phytochemistry\|language=en\|volume=98\|pages=137–144\|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.009\|pmid=24342111\|bibcode=2014PChem..98..137B \|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

	==Subspecies==		==Subspecies==
Line 70:		Line 73:
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:31 Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.jpg\|Illustration of ''B. vulgaris'' from Atlas des plantes de France. 1891		File:31 Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.jpg\|Illustration of ''B. vulgaris'' from Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
			File:Barbarea vulgaris 15-p.bot-barba.vulga-39.jpg\|''B. vulgaris''' maturing [[Biology:Silique\|siliques]] (seed capsules)
			File:Barbarea vulgaris.jpg\|''B. vulgaris'' seeds
			File:Barbarea vulgaris kz03.jpg\|''B. vulgaris'' seedling
			File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris.JPG\|The lyre-pinnatifid leaf of ''B. vulgaris''
	File:Barbarea vulgaris ENBLA06.jpg\|Plant of ''B. vulgaris''		File:Barbarea vulgaris ENBLA06.jpg\|Plant of ''B. vulgaris''
	File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-2 (2).JPG\|Flowers of ''B. vulgaris''		File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-2 (2).JPG\|Flowers of ''B. vulgaris''
	File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris.JPG\|~~The lyre~~-~~pinnatifid leaf~~ of ''B. vulgaris''		File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-1.JPG\|Close-up on flowers of ''Barbarea vulgaris''
			File:Melitaea athalia - Keila.jpg\|Flowers with a heath fritillary in Keila, Estonia
	</gallery>		</gallery>

Biology:Hygrochloa cravenii

2026-08-19T20:04:52Z

link

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:04, 19 August 2026
Line 7:		Line 7:
	}}		}}

	'''''Hygrochloa cravenii''''' is a species of [[Biology:Poaceae\|Poaceae]] found in the Northern Territory of ~~{{wipe\|~~Australia}}, as well as in northwestern Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2893071\|title=Hygrochloa cravenii\|last=Australia\|first=Atlas of Living\|website=bie.ala.org.au\|language=en-AU\|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref> In Queensland, the species is of least concern under the Nature Conservation Act.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/components/species/?hygrochloa-cravenii\|title=Hygrochloa cravenii\|website=wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au\|language=en-AU\|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>		'''''Hygrochloa cravenii''''' is a species of [[Biology:Poaceae\|Poaceae]] found in the Northern Territory of Australia, as well as in northwestern Queensland.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2893071\|title=Hygrochloa cravenii\|last=Australia\|first=Atlas of Living\|website=bie.ala.org.au\|language=en-AU\|access-date=2019-10-23\|archive-date=2019-10-23\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023175438/https://bie.ala.org.au/species/http://id.biodiversity.org.au/node/apni/2893071\|url-status=live}}</ref> In Queensland, the species is of least concern under the Nature Conservation Act.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=https://wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au/wetlands/ecology/components/species/?hygrochloa-cravenii\|title=Hygrochloa cravenii\|website=wetlandinfo.des.qld.gov.au\|language=en-AU\|access-date=2019-10-23}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==

Biology:Sabatia angularis

2026-08-19T19:57:17Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:57, 19 August 2026
Line 16:		Line 16:
	}}		}}

	'''''Sabatia angularis''''', commonly called '''rosepink''',<ref>{{PLANTS\|id=SAAN\|taxon=Sabatia angularis\|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> '''rose pink''',<ref name="ANPS">{{cite web \|title=Know Your Natives – Rose Pink \|url=https://anps.org/2015/06/24/know-your-natives-rose-pink/ \|website=Arkansas Native Plant Society \|language=en \|date=24 June 2015}}</ref> '''square-stem rose pink'''<ref name=natureserve/> or '''rose ~~gentain~~'''<ref name="M">{{cite web \|title=Sabatia angularis - Plant Finder \|url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280815 \|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> is a [[Biology:Biennial plant\|biennial]] [[Biology:Flowering plant\|flowering plant]] in the [[Biology:Gentianaceae\|Gentianaceae]] (gentain) family. It is native to central and eastern North America.		'''''Sabatia angularis''''', commonly called '''rosepink''',<ref>{{PLANTS\|id=SAAN\|taxon=Sabatia angularis\|accessdate=26 October 2015}}</ref> '''rose pink''',<ref name="ANPS">{{cite web \|title=Know Your Natives – Rose Pink \|url=https://anps.org/2015/06/24/know-your-natives-rose-pink/ \|website=Arkansas Native Plant Society \|language=en \|date=24 June 2015}}</ref> '''square-stem rose pink'''<ref name=natureserve/> or '''rose gentian''',<ref name="M">{{cite web \|title=Sabatia angularis - Plant Finder \|url=https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?taxonid=280815 \|website=www.missouribotanicalgarden.org}}</ref> is a [[Biology:Biennial plant\|biennial]] [[Biology:Flowering plant\|flowering plant]] in the [[Biology:Gentianaceae\|Gentianaceae]] (gentain) family. It is native to central and eastern North America.

	==Description==		==Description==
Line 25:		Line 25:

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
	The genus name honors Liberato Sabbati, an 18th century Italian botanist. The specific epithet is Latin for "angular", referring to the square stems.<ref name="MO"/>		The genus name honors Liberato Sabbati, an 18th-century Italian botanist. The specific epithet is Latin for "angular", referring to the square stems.<ref name="MO"/>

	==Distribution and habitat==		==Distribution and habitat==
Line 31:		Line 31:

	''S. angularis'' is found in a variety of habitats, in glades, along roadsides, in fields, and along the margins of woods.<ref name="MO"/>		''S. angularis'' is found in a variety of habitats, in glades, along roadsides, in fields, and along the margins of woods.<ref name="MO"/>

			==Ecology==

			''Sabatia angularis'' is insect pollinated and is recorded to have been visited in northern Florida by ''[[Biology:Lasioglossum reticulatum\|Lasioglossum reticulatum]]'' and ''[[Biology:Megachile mendica\|Megachile mendica]]''. <ref>Ulyshen, M. D., K. Robertson, S. Horn, and C. Dixon. 2024. Characterization of the bee community and pollination network in a southeastern U.S. pine savanna. Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution 12:1403602.</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{Commons\|Sabatia angularis\|''Sabatia angularis''}}		{{Commons\|Sabatia angularis\|''Sabatia angularis''}}
			{{Wikispecies\|Sabatia angularis\|''Sabatia angularis''}}
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

Biology:Iraq babbler

2026-08-19T19:49:38Z

fix

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:49, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Species of bird}}		{{Short description\|Species of bird}}
	{{speciesbox		{{speciesbox
	\| image =~~Common~~ Babbler ~~(Turdoides caudatus) in Hodal, Haryana W IMG 6246~~.jpg		\| image =Turdoides altirostris - Iraq Babbler 01.jpg
	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
Line 10:		Line 10:
	}}		}}

	The '''Iraq babbler''' ('''''Argya altirostris''''') is a species of [[Biology:Bird\|bird]] in the family [[Biology:Leiothrichidae\|Leiothrichidae]], native to ~~reed beds~~ of ~~the Tigris-Euphrates Valley~~. It is found in Iraq, southwestern [[Religion:Iran\|Iran]], [[Place:Syria\|Syria]], and southeastern [[Place:Turkey\|Turkey]].		The '''Iraq babbler''' ('''''Argya altirostris''''') is a species of [[Biology:Bird\|bird]] in the family [[Biology:Leiothrichidae\|Leiothrichidae]], native to the reedbeds of [[Place:Mesopotamia\|Mesopotamia]]. It is found in Iraq, southwestern [[Religion:Iran\|Iran]], [[Place:Syria\|Syria]], and southeastern [[Place:Turkey\|Turkey]]. Its range overlaps with that of the [[Biology:Afghan babbler\|Afghan babbler]] ''Argya huttoni'', from which it is distinguished by its smaller size and use of wetland habitats.<ref name="Shirihai">{{cite book \| last1=Shirihai \| first1=Hadoram \| last2=Svensson \| first2=Lars \| title=Handbook of Western Palearctic birds. Volume 2: Passerines: flycatchers to buntings \| publisher=Helm \| publication-place=London Oxford New York New Delhi Sydney \| date=2019 \| isbn=978-1-4729-3737-7 \| pages=64–65}}</ref>

			Originally confined to the lower [[Place:Euphrates\|Euphrates]] and [[Place:Tigris\|Tigris]] valleys in southern Iraq and adjacent western Iran,<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Heinzel \|first1=Hermann \|last2=Fitter \|first2=Richard \|last3=Parslow \|first3=John \|title=The Birds of Britain and Europe with North Africa and the Middle East \|date=1972 \|publisher=Collins \|page=262}}</ref> in recent decades it has spread north along the Euphrates through Syria, reaching the Birecik area of southeastern Turkey in 2006.<ref name="Shirihai"/><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Donaghy \|first1=N. \|title=Iraq Babbler — a new breeding bird for Turkey \|journal=Birding World \|date=2006 \|volume=19 \|pages=283-284}}</ref>

			==Taxonomy==
	This species was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Biology:Turdoides\|Turdoides]]'' but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Biology:Argya\|Argya]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal \| last1=Cibois \| first1=A. \| last2=Gelang \| first2=M. \| last3=Alström \| first3=P. \| last4=Pasquet \| first4=E. \| last5=Fjeldså \| first5=J. \| last6=Ericson \| first6=P.G.P. \| last7=Olsson \| first7=U. \| year=2018 \| title=Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy \| journal=Zoologica Scripta \| volume=47 \| issue=4 \| pages=428–440 \| doi=10.1111/zsc.12296 \| s2cid=51883434 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web\| editor1-last=Gill \| editor1-first=Frank \| editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) \| editor2-last=Donsker \| editor2-first=David \| year=2019 \| title=Laughingthrushes and allies \| work=World Bird List Version 9.1 \| url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/laughingthrushes/ \| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union \| access-date=20 January 2019 }}</ref>		This species was formerly placed in the genus ''[[Biology:Turdoides\|Turdoides]]'' but following the publication of a comprehensive molecular phylogenetic study in 2018, it was moved to the resurrected genus ''[[Biology:Argya\|Argya]]''.<ref>{{ cite journal \| last1=Cibois \| first1=A. \| last2=Gelang \| first2=M. \| last3=Alström \| first3=P. \| last4=Pasquet \| first4=E. \| last5=Fjeldså \| first5=J. \| last6=Ericson \| first6=P.G.P. \| last7=Olsson \| first7=U. \| year=2018 \| title=Comprehensive phylogeny of the laughingthrushes and allies (Aves, Leiothrichidae) and a proposal for a revised taxonomy \| journal=Zoologica Scripta \| volume=47 \| issue=4 \| pages=428–440 \| doi=10.1111/zsc.12296 \| s2cid=51883434 }}</ref><ref name=ioc>{{cite web\| editor1-last=Gill \| editor1-first=Frank \| editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) \| editor2-last=Donsker \| editor2-first=David \| year=2019 \| title=Laughingthrushes and allies \| work=World Bird List Version 9.1 \| url=http://www.worldbirdnames.org/bow/laughingthrushes/ \| publisher=International Ornithologists' Union \| access-date=20 January 2019 }}</ref>

			Birds in the southeast of its range in the [[Place:Basra\|Basra]] area are slightly smaller, shorter-tailed, and darker than in the rest of the range, but are not currently considered distinct enough to be named as a separate subspecies.<ref name="Shirihai"/>

			==Description==
			The Iraq babbler is similar to other ''[[Biology:Argya\|Argya]]'' babblers, though at 20–23 cm long, it is smaller than most. It is buffy brown to greyish brown above, and paler below, with a distinct whitish throat. The plumage is plainer than the Afghan babbler, only slightly rather than conspicuously streaked darker on the crown and breast. The tail is long, and the wings short. The bill is blackish, and slightly downcurved. The eyes are dark, and the legs dark brown.<ref name="Svensson">{{cite book \| last1=Svensson \| first1=Lars \| last2=Mullarney \| first2=Killian \| last3=Zetterstroem \| first3=Dan \| title=Collins Bird Guide \| publisher=William Collins \| date=2023-03-16 \| isbn=978-0-00-854746-2 \| pages=374–375}}</ref><ref name="Shirihai"/>

			==Ecology and behaviour==
			It is largely restricted to riverside reedbeds, also using adjacent trees and shrubs. Otherwise, its behaviour is very similar to that of other ''Argya'' babblers, living in noisy flocks of 10–20 or more birds, the group making short flights 'follow my leader' style with weak flight.<ref name="Shirihai"/>

	==References==		==References==

Biology:Bityla defigurata

2026-08-19T19:34:30Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 14:34, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Species of moth}}		{{Short description\|Species of moth}}
			{{Use New Zealand English\|date=July 2024}}
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\| image = Bityla defigurata female.jpg		\| image = Bityla defigurata female.jpg
Line 18:		Line 19:

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	This species was first described by Francis Walker in 1865 using specimens collected by T. R. Oxley in [[Place:Nelson, New Zealand\|Nelson]] and originally named ''Xylina defigurata''.<ref name="Walker1865">{{~~CiteQ~~\|Q113265208}}</ref> Edward Meyrick placed this species in the genus ''Bityla'' and synonymised ''Bityla thoracica'' with this species.<ref name="Meyrick1887">{{~~CiteQ~~\|Q104048034\|pages=31}}</ref> The female [[Biology:Holotype\|holotype]] is held at the [[Biology:Natural History Museum, London\|Natural History Museum, London]].<ref name="Dugdale1988">{{~~CiteQ~~\|Q45083134\|pages=195}}</ref>		This species was first described by Francis Walker in 1865 using specimens collected by T. R. Oxley in [[Place:Nelson, New Zealand\|Nelson]] and originally named ''Xylina defigurata''.<ref name="Walker1865">{{Cite Q\|Q113265208}}</ref> Edward Meyrick placed this species in the genus ''Bityla'' and synonymised ''Bityla thoracica'' with this species.<ref name="Meyrick1887">{{Cite Q\|Q104048034\|pages=31}}</ref> The female [[Biology:Holotype\|holotype]] is held at the [[Biology:Natural History Museum, London\|Natural History Museum, London]].<ref name="Dugdale1988">{{Cite Q\|Q45083134\|pages=195}}</ref>

	==Description==		==Description==
	Walker described this species as follows:		Walker described this species as follows:
	{{~~Quote~~\|Female. Cinereous-brown. Head and fore tegulae of the thorax dark brown. Palpi dull ochraceous, fringed beneath, obliquely ascending, rising a little higher than the vertex ; second joint mostly black on the outer side ; third elongate-conical, about one-third of the length of the second. Abdomen brownish-cinereous, extending rather beyond, the hind wings; apical tuft ochraceous. Wings shining, tinged with aeneous. Fore wings with some indistinct brown lines composed of lunules ; orbicular and reniform marks indistinctly brown-bordered. Hind wings a little more cinereous than the fore wings. Length of the body 10 lines ; of the wings 22 lines.<ref name="Walker1865" />}}		{{Blockquote\|Female. Cinereous-brown. Head and fore tegulae of the thorax dark brown. Palpi dull ochraceous, fringed beneath, obliquely ascending, rising a little higher than the vertex; second joint mostly black on the outer side; third elongate-conical, about one-third of the length of the second. Abdomen brownish-cinereous, extending rather beyond, the hind wings; apical tuft ochraceous. Wings shining, tinged with aeneous. Fore wings with some indistinct brown lines composed of lunules; orbicular and reniform marks indistinctly brown-bordered. Hind wings a little more cinereous than the fore wings. Length of the body 10 lines; of the wings 22 lines.<ref name="Walker1865" />}}

	==Distribution==		==Distribution==
Line 28:		Line 29:

	==Behaviour==		==Behaviour==
	The adults of this species are on the wing from January to March and is attracted to light.<ref name="Hudson1898">{{~~CiteQ~~\|Q19073637\|pages=29}}</ref>		The adults of this species are on the wing from January to March and is attracted to light.<ref name="Hudson1898">{{Cite Q\|Q19073637\|pages=29}}</ref> They have been collected via a mercury vapour light trap.<ref>{{CiteQ\|Q105740584}}</ref>

	==Host species==		==Host species==
Line 34:		Line 35:

	==References==		==References==
			{{Commons}}
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

Line 39:		Line 41:

	[[Category:Hadeninae]]		[[Category:Hadeninae]]



	{{Sourceattribution\|Bityla defigurata}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Bityla defigurata}}

Biology:Haplogroup R1

2026-08-19T19:16:58Z

add

Show changes

Biology:Underground stem

2026-08-19T18:55:05Z

link

Show changes

Prevalence effect

2026-08-19T18:47:38Z

add

Biology:Magnolia biondii

2026-08-19T18:40:12Z

url

@@ Line 9: / Line 9: @@
 | parent = Magnolia subsect. Yulania
 | species = biondii
-| authority = Pampanini|
+| authority = Pamp.
 }}
-'''''Magnolia biondii''''', or '''Biondi's magnolia''', is a [[Biology:Deciduous|deciduous]] tree that flowers in late winter to early spring before leaf growth. Its early flowering nature gives it the name of the '''''Hope for Spring Flower'''''.
+'''''Magnolia biondii''''', or '''Biondi's magnolia''', is a [[Biology:Deciduous|deciduous]] tree that flowers in late winter to early spring before leaf growth. Its early flowering nature gives it the name of the '''''Hope for Spring Flower'''''. It is endemic to China.
 ''M. biondii'' is a member of the family [[Biology:Magnoliaceae|Magnoliaceae]], which consists of more than 210 species. It is widely found in Northern China. It produces small white flowers every few years. Flower buds and petals of the plant are used to alleviate nasal obstruction and coughing in some parts of China.
@@ Line 40: / Line 69: @@
 ==Similar species==
-''Magnolia biondii'' is closely related to the Japanese Willow-Leaf Magnolia, ''[[Biology:Magnolia salicifolia|Magnolia salicifolia]]'', which has aromatic foliage and shoots. Resemblance is also observed in ''Magnolia dendata''. ''Magnolia biondii'' is generally distinguished by its smaller size, narrower leaves, and smaller flowers.<ref name="allen"/>
+''Magnolia biondii'' is closely related to the Japanese Willow-Leaf Magnolia, ''[[Biology:Magnolia salicifolia|Magnolia salicifolia]]'', which has aromatic foliage and shoots. Resemblance is also observed in ''[[Biology:Magnolia denudata|Magnolia dendata]]''. ''Magnolia biondii'' is generally distinguished by its smaller size, narrower leaves, and smaller flowers.<ref name="allen"/>
 ==References==

Biology:Avalithoxus

2026-08-19T18:29:07Z

change

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:29, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''''Avalithoxus ~~jantjae~~''''' is a ~~species~~ of [[Biology:Loricariidae\|~~armored catfish~~]] [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to Venezuela where it occurs in the Ventuari River above the Tencua Falls.<ref name="Lujan">{{cite journal\|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology\|volume=6\|issue=3\|pages=413–418\|year=2008\|title=Description of a new ''Lithoxus'' (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Guayana Highlands with a discussion of Guiana Shield biogeography\|first=Nathan K.\|last=Lujan\|doi=10.1590/S1679-62252008000300014\|doi-access=free}}</ref> This species grows to a length of {{convert\|3.8\|cm\|in}} [[Biology:Fish measurement\|SL]]~~. It is the only species in its genus~~.<ref>{{FishBase genus\|genus=Avalithoxus \|month=February\|year=2024}}</ref>		'''''Avalithoxus''''' is a monospecific genus of freshwater [[Biology:Actinopterygii\|ray-finned fish]] belonging to the family [[Biology:Loricariidae\|Loricariidae]], the suckermouth armoured catfishes, and the [[Biology:Subfamily\|subfamily]] [[Biology:Hypostominae\|Hypostominae]], the suckermouth catfishes. The only species in this genus is '''''Avalithoxus jantjae''''' which is [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to Venezuela where it occurs in the Ventuari River above the Tencua Falls.<ref name="Lujan">{{cite journal\|journal=Neotropical Ichthyology\|volume=6\|issue=3\|pages=413–418\|year=2008\|title=Description of a new ''Lithoxus'' (Siluriformes: Loricariidae) from the Guayana Highlands with a discussion of Guiana Shield biogeography\|first=Nathan K.\|last=Lujan\|doi=10.1590/S1679-62252008000300014\|doi-access=free}}</ref> This species grows to a length of {{convert\|3.8\|cm\|in}} [[Biology:Fish measurement\|SL]].<ref>{{FishBase genus\|genus=Avalithoxus \|month=February\|year=2024}}</ref>

	== Etymology ==		== Etymology ==
	The generic name derives from {{lang\|la\|ava}} meaning "grandmother" and ''[[Biology:Lithoxus\|Lithoxus]]'', the genus where it was formerly placed, as an allusion to its basal position. The specific name honours Lujan's mother Jeanne, known as {{lang\|nl\|Jantje}}.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web \| url = https://etyfish.org/~~siluriformes4~~/ \| title = ~~Order SILURIFORMES:~~ Family LORICARIIDAE: ~~Subfamilies~~ HYPOSTOMINAE~~, RHINELEPINAE and DELTURINAE~~ \| access-date = ~~26 February 2024~~ \| ~~publisher~~ = Christopher Scharpf ~~and Kenneth J. Lazara~~ \| work = The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database \| ~~date~~ = ~~23 January 2024 \| version= v. 40.0~~}}</ref>		The generic name derives from {{lang\|la\|ava}} meaning "grandmother" and ''[[Biology:Lithoxus\|Lithoxus]]'', the genus where it was formerly placed, as an allusion to its basal position, and to the author's mother's nickname in the [[Biology:Specific name (zoology)\|specific name]], as she is grandmother to his children. The specific name honours Lujan's mother Jeanne, known as {{lang\|nl\|Jantje}} before she emigrated from the Netherlands.<ref name = ETYFish>{{cite web \|url=https://etyfish.org/hypostominae/ \|title=Family LORICARIIDAE: Subfamily HYPOSTOMINAE Kner 1853 (Suckermouth Catfishes or Plecos) \|date=13 June 2026 \|access-date=22 July 2026 \|author=Christopher Scharpf \|work=The ETYFish Project Fish Name Etymology Database \|publisher=Christopher Scharpf}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	* {{FishBase species \|genus= Avalithoxus\|species= jantjae\| month = December\| year = 2011}}
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q59204167\|from2=Q57906614\|from3=Q6648228}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q59204167\|from2=Q57906614\|from3=Q6648228}}

	[[Category:~~Ancistrini]]~~		[[Category:Hypostominae]]
	~~[[Category:Monotypic ray-finned fish genera~~]]
	[[Category:Monotypic freshwater fish genera]]		[[Category:Monotypic freshwater fish genera]]

Biology:Simulium balteatum

2026-08-19T18:19:58Z

add

New page

{{Short description|Species of fly}}
{{speciesbox
|taxon = Simulium balteatum
|authority = Adler, Currie & Wood, 2004
|synonyms = ''Simulium (Boreosimulium) balteatum'' {{small|Adler, Currie & Wood, 2004}}
|synonyms ref = <ref name=checklist/>
}}

'''''Simulium balteatum''''' (common name - belted black fly)<ref>{{Cite web |title=NatureServe Explorer 2.0: ''Simulium balteatum'' Adler, Currie & Wood, 2004 |url=https://explorer.natureserve.org/Taxon/ELEMENT_GLOBAL.2.824945/Simulium_balteatum |access-date=2026-07-17 |website=explorer.natureserve.org}}</ref> is a species of [[Biology:Black fly|black fly]], first described in 2004 by Adler, Currie & Wood.<ref name=checklist>{{Cite web |date=2025-11-16 |title=ChecklistBank: ''Simulium balteatum'' Adler, Currie & Wood, 2004 |url=https://www.checklistbank.org/dataset/313100/taxon/8DZBZ?__goaway_challenge=cookie&__goaway_id=f4a8dcbef5f308457eebbac123705cd3 |access-date=2026-07-22 |website=www.checklistbank.org |language=en}}</ref><ref name="GBIF">{{Cite web |title=GBIF: ''Simulium balteatum'' Adler, Currie & Wood, 2004 |url=https://www.gbif.org/species/1644166 |access-date=2026-07-18 |website=gbif.org}}</ref><ref>Adler, P.H., Currie, D.C. & Wood, D.M. (2004) The black flies (Simuliidae) of North America. Comstock Publ. Assoc., Ithaca. xv + 941 pp</ref>

== References ==
{{reflist}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q14658068}}

[[Category:Simulium|balteatum]]

{{Sourceattribution|Simulium balteatum}}

Biology:Micrurus bocourti

2026-08-19T18:12:41Z

over-write

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:12, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Species of snake}}		{{Short description\|Species of snake}}
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\| image =		\| image = David Salazar-Valenzuela Micrurusbocourti CerroBlancoGuayas2.jpg
	\| image_caption =		\| image_caption =
	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref name=iucn>{{cite iucn \|author=Cisneros-Heredia, D.F. \|year=2019 \|title=''Micrurus bocourti'' \|volume=2019 \|page=e.T44581931A44581940 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2019-3.RLTS.T44581931A44581940.en \|access-date=20 August 2023}}</ref>
	\| genus = Micrurus		\| genus = Micrurus
	\| species = bocourti		\| species = bocourti
	\| authority = (Jan, 1872)		\| authority = (Jan, 1872)
	\| range_map =		\| range_map = Micrurus bocourti Map.jpg
	\| range_map_caption =		\| range_map_caption =
			\| synonyms = *''Elaps bocourti'' <br />{{small\|Jan, 1872}}
			*''Micrurus ecuadorianus'' <br />{{small\|Schmidt, 1936}}
			*''Micrurus catamayensis'' <br />{{small\|Roze, 1989}}
			\| synonyms_ref = <ref name=RDB/>
	}}		}}

	'''''Micrurus bocourti''''', the '''false triad coral snake''' or '''~~Ecuador~~ coral ~~snake~~''', is a species of snake of the family [[Biology:Elapidae\|Elapidae]].<ref name=~~"ReptileDB"~~>{{cite web \|title=Micrurus bocourti\|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Micrurus&species=bocourti\|website=The Reptile Database \|access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref>		'''''Micrurus bocourti''''', also known [[Biology:Common name\|commonly]] as the '''Ecuador coral snake''', the '''Ecuadorian coral snake''', the '''false triad coral snake''', and '''''coral de tríadas falsas''''' in South American Spanish, is a [[Species\|species]] of venomous snake in the family [[Biology:Elapidae\|Elapidae]]. The species is native to northwestern South America.<ref name=RDB>{{cite web \|title=''Micrurus bocourti ''\|url=http://reptile-database.reptarium.cz/species?genus=Micrurus&species=bocourti\|website=The Reptile Database \|access-date=10 December 2021}}</ref>

	The ~~snake~~ [[~~Earth~~:~~Species distribution~~\|~~is found~~]] in ~~Ecuador and Peru~~.<ref ~~name=ReptileDB~~/>		==Etymology==
			The [[Biology:Specific name (zoology)\|specific name]], ''bocourti'', is in honor of French zoologist Marie Firmin Bocourt.<ref>{{EponymDictionaryReptiles}}</ref>{{rp\|28}}

	== References ==		==Geographic distribution==
			''Micrurus bocourti'' [[Earth:Species distribution\|is found]] in Ecuador and Peru.<ref name=iucn/><ref name=RDB/>

			==Habitat==
			The preferred natural [[Earth:Habitat\|habitat]] of ''Micrurus bocourti'' is [[Earth:Forest\|forest]], at elevations from sea level to {{cvt\|1,456\|m\|ft}}.<ref name=iucn/>

			==Behavior==
			''Micrurus bocourti'' is [[Biology:Terrestrial locomotion\|terrestrial]].<ref name=iucn/>

			==Reproduction==
			''Micrurus bocourti'' is [[Biology:Oviparity\|oviparous]].<ref name=RDB/>

			==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			==Further reading==
			{{refbegin}}
			*{{cite book \|last1=Freiberg \|first1=M. \|title=Snakes of South America \|date=1982 \|publisher=T.F.H. Publications \|location=Hong Kong \|isbn=0-87666-912-7}} 189 pp. (''Micrurus bocourti'', p. 114).
			*Jan, G. (1872). '''''In'':''' {{cite book \|last1=Jan \|first1=G. \|last2=Sordelli \|first2=F. \|title=Iconographie générale des Ophidiens, Quarante-deuxième livraison \|date=1872 \|publisher=J.B. Baillière et fils \|location=Paris}} Index + Plates I–VI. (''Elaps Bocourti'', new species, Plate VI, figure 2). (in French).
			*{{cite journal \|last1=Roze \|first1=J.A. \|title=New Species and Subspecies of Coral Snakes, Genus ''Micrurus'' (Elapidae), with Notes on Type Specimens of Several Species \|journal=American Museum Novitates \|date=1989 \|issue=2932 \|pages=1–15}} (''Micrurus catamayensis'', new species, pp. 3–5, Figure 1). (in English, with an abstract in Spanish).
			*{{cite book \|last1=Roze \|first1=J.A. \|title=Coral Snakes of the Americas: Biology, Identification, and Venoms \|date=1996 \|publisher=Krieger Publishing Company \|location=Malabar, Florida \|isbn=0-89464-847-0}} xii + 328 pp., 38 maps, 63 color photographs, 49 color pattern drawings. (''Micrurus bocourti'', pp. 145–146 + Map 5 + Color 10; ''M. catamayensis'', pp. 148–149 + Map 11 + Color 11).
			*{{cite journal \|last1=Schmidt \|first1=K.P. \|title=Preliminary Account of Coral Snakes of South America \|journal=Zoological Series of Field Museum of Natural History \|date=1936 \|volume=20 \|issue=19 \|pages=189–203}} (''Micrurus ecuadorianus'', new species, p. 196).
			{{refend}}

	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q3312505}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q3312505}}

	[[Category:Micrurus\|bocourti]]		[[Category:Micrurus\|bocourti]]


	{{Sourceattribution\|Micrurus bocourti}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Micrurus bocourti}}

Biology:Mesocetus

2026-08-19T18:05:18Z

over-write

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:05, 19 August 2026
Line 11:		Line 11:
	}}		}}

			[[File:Tranatocetus_argillarius.jpg \| thumb \| right]]
	'''''Mesocetus'''''<ref>{{Cite journal		'''''Mesocetus'''''<ref>{{Cite journal
	\| last = Steeman \| first = M. E.		\| last = Steeman \| first = M. E.
	\| title = The extinct baleen whale fauna from the Miocene-Pliocene of Belgium and the diagnostic cetacean ear bones		\| title = The extinct baleen whale fauna from the Miocene-Pliocene of Belgium and the diagnostic cetacean ear bones
	\| year = 2010 \| journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology \| volume = 8 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 63–80		\| year = 2010 \| journal = Journal of Systematic Palaeontology \| volume = 8 \| issue = 1 \| pages = 63–80
	\| doi = 10.1080/14772011003594961 \| oclc = 694418047\| doi-access = free }}</ref>		\| doi = 10.1080/14772011003594961 \| oclc = 694418047\| doi-access = free \| bibcode = 2010JSPal...8...63S
			}}</ref>
	is an extinct genus of [[Biology:Baleen whale\|baleen whale]] from the Miocene of [[Earth:Europe\|Europe]] and [[Earth:North America\|North America]].		is an extinct genus of [[Biology:Baleen whale\|baleen whale]] from the Miocene of [[Earth:Europe\|Europe]] and [[Earth:North America\|North America]].

Line 23:		Line 25:
	==Species==		==Species==
	* ''Mesocetus agrami'' Van Beneden, 1886;<ref>P. J. Van Beneden. 1886. Une baleine fossile de Croatie, appartenant au genre Mesocete. Memoires de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 45:1-29</ref> late Miocene ([[Earth:Serravallian\|Serravallian]]) of Croatia.		* ''Mesocetus agrami'' Van Beneden, 1886;<ref>P. J. Van Beneden. 1886. Une baleine fossile de Croatie, appartenant au genre Mesocete. Memoires de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 45:1-29</ref> late Miocene ([[Earth:Serravallian\|Serravallian]]) of Croatia.
	* ''Mesocetus aquitanicus'' Flot, 1896;<ref>L. Flot. 1896. Note sur les Cétacés fossiles de l'Aquitaine. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 24(3):270-282</ref> ~~{{wipe\|~~France}}.		* ''Mesocetus aquitanicus'' Flot, 1896;<ref>L. Flot. 1896. Note sur les Cétacés fossiles de l'Aquitaine. Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France 24(3):270-282</ref> France.
	* ''Mesocetus hungaricus'' Kadic, 1907;<ref>O. Kadic. 1907. Mesocetus hungaricus Kadic, Eine neue balaenopteridenart aus dem Miozan von Borbolya in Ungarn. Sonderabdruck aus den Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der Kgl. Ungarischen Geologiscen Anstalt 16:21-92</ref> Austria.		* ''Mesocetus hungaricus'' Kadic, 1907;<ref>O. Kadic. 1907. Mesocetus hungaricus Kadic, Eine neue balaenopteridenart aus dem Miozan von Borbolya in Ungarn. Sonderabdruck aus den Mitteilungen aus dem Jahrbuche der Kgl. Ungarischen Geologiscen Anstalt 16:21-92</ref> Austria.
	* ''Mesocetus longirostris'' van Beneden, 1880 ([[Biology:Type species\|type]]);<ref name=vanbeneden1880/> Belgium.		* ''Mesocetus longirostris'' van Beneden, 1880 ([[Biology:Type species\|type]]);<ref name=vanbeneden1880/> Belgium.
	* ''Mesocetus pinguis'' van Beneden, 1880 ''(nomen dubium)'';<ref name=vanbeneden1880>P. J. Van Beneden. 1880. Les mysticetes a courts fanons des sables des environs d'anvers. Bulletins de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 1880:11-27</ref> Belgium.		* ''Mesocetus pinguis'' van Beneden, 1880 ''(nomen dubium)'';<ref name=vanbeneden1880>P. J. Van Beneden. 1880. Les mysticetes a courts fanons des sables des environs d'anvers. Bulletins de L'Academie Royale des Sciences, des Lettres et des Beaux-Arts de Belgique 1880:11-27</ref> Belgium.
	* ''Mesocetus siphunculus'' Cope, 1895;<ref>E. D. Cope. 1895. Fourth contribution to the marine fauna of the Miocene period of the United States. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 34:135-155</ref> ~~{{wipe\|~~United States}}.		* ''Mesocetus siphunculus'' Cope, 1895;<ref>E. D. Cope. 1895. Fourth contribution to the marine fauna of the Miocene period of the United States. Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 34:135-155</ref> [[United States]].

	===Formerly assigned to ''Mesocetus''===		===Formerly assigned to ''Mesocetus''===
Line 42:		Line 44:
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			{{Mysticeti Genera\|M.\|state=collapsed}}
	{{Taxonbar\|from=Q6821424}}		{{Taxonbar\|from=Q6821424}}

Biology:Flabellophyton

2026-08-19T17:57:21Z

add

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:57, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''''Flabellophyton''''' is an extinct [[Philosophy:Genus\|genus]] of enigmatic marine organisms that lived during the [[Earth:Ediacaran\|Ediacaran]] period. It was discovered in China in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Wan \|first=Bin \|last2=Chen \|first2=Zhe \|last3=Yuan \|first3=Xunlai \|last4=Pang \|first4=Ke \|last5=Tang \|first5=Qing \|last6=Guan \|first6=Chengguo \|last7=Wang \|first7=Xiaopeng \|last8=Pandey \|first8=S. K. \|last9=Droser \|first9=Mary L. \|last10=Xiao \|first10=Shuhai \|date=2020-08-01 \|title=A tale of three taphonomic modes: The Ediacaran fossil ''Flabellophyton'' preserved in limestone, black shale, and sandstone \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X20301271 \|journal=Gondwana Research \|volume=84 \|pages=296–314 \|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2020.04.003 \|issn=1342-937X\|url-access=subscription }}</ref>		'''''Flabellophyton''''' is an extinct [[Philosophy:Genus\|genus]] of enigmatic marine organisms that lived during the [[Earth:Ediacaran\|Ediacaran]] period. It was discovered in China in 2020.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Wan \|first=Bin \|last2=Chen \|first2=Zhe \|last3=Yuan \|first3=Xunlai \|last4=Pang \|first4=Ke \|last5=Tang \|first5=Qing \|last6=Guan \|first6=Chengguo \|last7=Wang \|first7=Xiaopeng \|last8=Pandey \|first8=S. K. \|last9=Droser \|first9=Mary L. \|last10=Xiao \|first10=Shuhai \|date=2020-08-01 \|title=A tale of three taphonomic modes: The Ediacaran fossil ''Flabellophyton'' preserved in limestone, black shale, and sandstone \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1342937X20301271 \|journal=Gondwana Research \|volume=84 \|pages=296–314 \|doi=10.1016/j.gr.2020.04.003 \|issn=1342-937X\|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
			A number of Ediacara-type macro-organisms (e.g., Arborea, [[Biology:Eoandromeda\|Eoandromeda]], [[Biology:Hiemalora\|Hiemalora]], [[Biology:Pteridinium\|Pteridinium]], and [[Biology:Rangea\|Rangea]]) are known to have remarkable stratigraphic, environmental, ecological and taphonomic ranges, which allow comparative ecological and taphonomic analyses.<ref name="Gondwana Research">{{cite web \|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/journal/gondwana-research/vol/25/issue/3}}</ref>

	== References ==		== References ==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

			{{Taxonbar\|from=Q139972341}}

	[[Category:Ediacaran life]]		[[Category:Ediacaran life]]

Biology:Mentzelia veatchiana

2026-08-19T17:49:43Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:49, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|~~Species of flowering plant~~}}		{{Short description\|Plant species in the stickleaf family}}
	{{~~speciesbox~~		{{Speciesbox
	\|image = Mentzelia_veatchiana_8111.JPG		\| image = Mentzelia_veatchiana_8111.JPG
	\|genus = Mentzelia		\| status = {{TNCStatus}}
	\|species = veatchiana		\| status_system = TNC
	\|authority = Kellogg		\| status_ref = <ref name="NatureServe">{{Cite NatureServe \|date=1 May 2026 \|id=2.134223 \|title=''Mentzelia veatchiana'' \|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref>
			\| genus = Mentzelia
			\| species = veatchiana
			\| authority = Kellogg
			\| synonyms_ref = <ref name="POWO" />
			\| synonyms = {{Species list
			\| Acrolasia veatchiana \|
			\| Mentzelia albicaulis var. veatchiana \|
			\| Mentzelia gracilenta var. veatchiana \|
			}}
	}}		}}

	'''''Mentzelia veatchiana''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Biology:Loasaceae\|Loasaceae]] known by the common name '''Veatch's blazingstar'''.		'''''Mentzelia veatchiana''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Biology:Loasaceae\|Loasaceae]] known by the common name '''Veatch's blazingstar'''.

	It is native to the western United States from Oregon and southern Idaho, south through ~~{{wipe\|~~California}} and Arizona, to northwestern Mexico in Baja California and [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]]. It grows in many types of habitat, from [[Earth:Grassland\|grassland]] to [[Biology:Chaparral\|chaparral]] scrub, woodland, and deserts, mostly below {{Convert\|8000\|feet\|-2}} elevation.<ref name="Sullivan2018">{{cite web \| url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Mentzelia+veatchiana \| last= Sullivan \| first= Steven. K. \| date= 2018 \| title= ''Mentzelia veatchiana'' \| website= Wildflower Search \| accessdate= 2018-07-06 }}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web \| url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Mentzelia%20veatchiana \| date= 2018 \| title= Mentzelia veatchiana \| website= in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora \| publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley \| accessdate= 2018-07-06}}</ref>		It is native to the western United States from Oregon and southern Idaho, south through California and Arizona, to northwestern Mexico in Baja California and [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]]. It grows in many types of habitat, from [[Earth:Grassland\|grassland]] to [[Biology:Chaparral\|chaparral]] scrub, woodland, and deserts, mostly below {{Convert\|8000\|feet\|-2}} elevation.<ref name="Sullivan2018">{{cite web \| url= http://www.wildflowersearch.com/search?&PlantName=Mentzelia+veatchiana \| last= Sullivan \| first= Steven. K. \| date= 2018 \| title= ''Mentzelia veatchiana'' \| website= Wildflower Search \| accessdate= 2018-07-06 }}</ref><ref name="Jepson">{{cite web \| url= http://ucjeps.berkeley.edu/cgi-bin/get_IJM.pl?tid=Mentzelia%20veatchiana \| date= 2018 \| title= Mentzelia veatchiana \| website= in Jepson Flora Project (eds.) Jepson eFlora \| publisher= Jepson Herbarium; University of California, Berkeley \| accessdate= 2018-07-06}}</ref>

	==Description==		==Description==
Line 17:		Line 26:

	The fruit is a utricle roughly 1 to 3 centimeters long which contains many tiny angular seeds.		The fruit is a utricle roughly 1 to 3 centimeters long which contains many tiny angular seeds.

			==Taxonomy==
			In 1861 Albert Kellogg described a new species in the ''[[Biology:Mentzelia\|Mentzelia]]'' genus which he named ''Mentzelia veatchiana''. Together with its genus it is classified in the [[Biology:Loasaceae\|Loasaceae]] family and has three homotypic synonyms.<ref name="POWO">{{cite POWO \|id=545505-1 \|title=''Mentzelia veatchiana'' Kellogg \|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref>

			{\|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" id="Synonyms"
			\|+ class="nowrap" \| Table of Synonyms
			! Name
			! Year
			! Rank
			\|-
			\| ''Acrolasia veatchiana'' {{small\|(Kellogg) Rydb.}}
			\| 1903
			\|data-sort-value=A \| species
			\|-
			\| ''Mentzelia albicaulis'' var. ''veatchiana'' {{small\|(Kellogg) Urb. & Gilg}}
			\| 1900
			\|data-sort-value=D \| variety
			\|-
			\| ''Mentzelia gracilenta'' var. ''veatchiana'' {{small\|(Kellogg) Jeps.}}
			\| 1925
			\|data-sort-value=D \| variety
			\|}

			==Range==
			Veatch's blazingstar is native to the far western United States and northwestern Mexico.<ref name="POWO" /> In the US it grows in Oregon, California, Nevada, and Arizona. In Mexico the species is found in just Baja California and [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]].<ref>{{Cite web \|last1=Hassler \|first1=Michael \|date=20 May 2026 \|title=''Mentzelia veatchiana'' in the Synonymic Checklist and Distribution of the World Flora. Version 26.05 \|url=http://www.worldplants.de?name=Mentzelia-veatchiana \|website=World Plants \|language=en \|access-date=16 June 2026}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
Line 29:		Line 63:

	[[Category:Mentzelia\|veatchiana]]		[[Category:Mentzelia\|veatchiana]]



	{{Sourceattribution\|Mentzelia veatchiana}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Mentzelia veatchiana}}

Biology:Histone deacetylase

2026-08-19T17:42:39Z

url

Show changes

Biology:Greater hoopoe-lark

2026-08-19T17:35:31Z

url

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:35, 19 August 2026
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2017 \|title=''Alaemon alaudipes'' \|volume=2017 \|~~page~~=e.T22717262A118704240 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717262A118704240.en \|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 11 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2017 \|title=''Alaemon alaudipes'' \|volume=2017 \|article-number=e.T22717262A118704240 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T22717262A118704240.en \|access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref>
	\| genus = Alaemon		\| genus = Alaemon
	\| species = alaudipes		\| species = alaudipes
Line 17:		Line 17:
	}}		}}

	The '''greater hoopoe-lark''' ('''''Alaemon alaudipes''''') is a [[Biology:Passeriformes\|passerine]] [[Biology:Bird\|bird]] which is a breeding resident of arid, desert and semi-desert regions from the Cape Verde Islands across much of northern Africa, through the Arabian ~~peninsula~~, Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It was formerly known as the '''bifasciated lark''' and sometimes as the '''large desert lark'''.<ref name="Alaemon alaudipes - Avibase">{{Cite web\|url=~~http~~://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3E4513D9B079B399\|title=Alaemon alaudipes - Avibase\|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org\|access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref>		The '''greater hoopoe-lark''' ('''''Alaemon alaudipes''''') is a [[Biology:Passeriformes\|passerine]] [[Biology:Bird\|bird]] which is a breeding resident of arid, desert and semi-desert regions from the Cape Verde Islands across much of northern Africa, through the [[Place:Arabian Peninsula\|Arabian Peninsula]], Syria, Afghanistan, Pakistan and India. It was formerly known as the '''bifasciated lark''' and sometimes as the '''large desert lark'''.<ref name="Alaemon alaudipes - Avibase">{{Cite web\|url=https://avibase.bsc-eoc.org/species.jsp?avibaseid=3E4513D9B079B399\|title=Alaemon alaudipes - Avibase\|website=avibase.bsc-eoc.org\|access-date=2016-12-09}}</ref>

	==Taxonomy and systematics==		==Taxonomy and systematics==
Line 23:		Line 23:

	===Subspecies===		===Subspecies===
	Four [[Biology:Subspecies\|subspecies]] are recognized:<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=IOC World Bird List 6.4\|url=~~http~~://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/crossref\|journal=IOC World Bird List Datasets\|doi=10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4\|doi-access=free}}</ref>		Four [[Biology:Subspecies\|subspecies]] are recognized:<ref>{{Cite journal\|title=IOC World Bird List 6.4\|url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/ioc-lists/crossref\|journal=IOC World Bird List Datasets\|doi=10.14344/ioc.ml.6.4\|doi-access=free}}</ref>
	* '''Cape Verde greater hoopoe-lark''' (''A. a. boavistae'') - <small>Hartert, 1917</small>: Found on the Cape Verde Islands		* '''Cape Verde greater hoopoe-lark''' (''A. a. boavistae'') - <small>Hartert, 1917</small>: Found on the Cape Verde Islands
	* '''North African greater hoopoe-lark''' (''A. a. alaudipes'') - <small>(Desfontaines, 1789)</small>: Found in northern Africa from southern Morocco and Mauritania to the [[Place:Sinai Peninsula\|Sinai Peninsula]]		* '''North African greater hoopoe-lark''' (''A. a. alaudipes'') - <small>(Desfontaines, 1789)</small>: Found in northern Africa from southern Morocco and Mauritania to the [[Place:Sinai Peninsula\|Sinai Peninsula]]
Line 36:		Line 36:
	Birds are seen singly or in pairs as they forage by running or walking in spurts, probing and digging the ground. They have been recorded to feed on the fruiting bodies of certain fungi.<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=Alsheikh, A.M. \|author2=Trappe, J.M.\|year=1983\|title= Taxonomy of ''Phaeangium lefebvrei'', a desert truffle eaten by birds\|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany\|volume= 61\|issue=7\|pages=1919–1925\|doi=10.1139/b83-204}}</ref> The breeding season is mainly after the first rains, in India most records are from March to July. Late records in August when the rains were delayed have been noted in India.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bulkley, H \|year=1902\|title= Nidification of the Desert Sand Lark ''Alaemon desertorum''\|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. \|volume=14\|issue=1\|pages=179–180\|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30157818}}</ref> The courtship display of the male consists of rising with fluttering wing-strokes and then diving down with closed wings to a perch. The slow flappy start to the song flight recall a [[Biology:Hoopoe\|hoopoe]] for which this species is named. The striking wing pattern of black wing feathers with a white base and trailing edge; and a white tail with black outer feathers are displayed in flight. The male also sings with rising and falling notes consisting of trilled whistles and clicks that have been transcribed as a ''tee-tee-tee'' followed by a prolonged ''tee-hoo'' while nosediving. The typical call is a rolling ''zreee'' or ''too''. The nest is a cup made up of small sticks and placed on a low bush or on the ground, sometimes at the base of a bush.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal\|journal=The Condor\|year=2008\| volume=110\|issue=1\| pages=116–124\| doi=10.1525/cond.2008.110.1.116\| title=Nest site selection in a hot desert: trade-off between microclimate and predation risk?\|author1=Tieleman BI \|author2=H J Van Noordwijk \|author3=JB Williams \|s2cid=15080004\|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6717602/2008CondorTieleman.pdf\|hdl=11370/943c7a73-2f49-4aea-80e2-4ad317fa3f94\|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The nest is prominent and often placed on an isolated bush.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Betham, RM \|year=1920\|title= The Desert Lark (''Alaemon desertorum'')\|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. \|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=400–401\|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30359025}}</ref> Two or three eggs are laid and both sexes take turns in incubation. They feed on insects and other invertebrates, small lizards and seeds. Young birds are capable of swift running even before they can fly. The female may perform [[Biology:Distraction display\|distraction display]]s when the young or nest are threatened.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book\|author1=Ali S \|author2=SD Ripley \| pages=16–19\|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1986}}</ref>		Birds are seen singly or in pairs as they forage by running or walking in spurts, probing and digging the ground. They have been recorded to feed on the fruiting bodies of certain fungi.<ref>{{cite journal\|author1=Alsheikh, A.M. \|author2=Trappe, J.M.\|year=1983\|title= Taxonomy of ''Phaeangium lefebvrei'', a desert truffle eaten by birds\|journal=Canadian Journal of Botany\|volume= 61\|issue=7\|pages=1919–1925\|doi=10.1139/b83-204}}</ref> The breeding season is mainly after the first rains, in India most records are from March to July. Late records in August when the rains were delayed have been noted in India.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Bulkley, H \|year=1902\|title= Nidification of the Desert Sand Lark ''Alaemon desertorum''\|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. \|volume=14\|issue=1\|pages=179–180\|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30157818}}</ref> The courtship display of the male consists of rising with fluttering wing-strokes and then diving down with closed wings to a perch. The slow flappy start to the song flight recall a [[Biology:Hoopoe\|hoopoe]] for which this species is named. The striking wing pattern of black wing feathers with a white base and trailing edge; and a white tail with black outer feathers are displayed in flight. The male also sings with rising and falling notes consisting of trilled whistles and clicks that have been transcribed as a ''tee-tee-tee'' followed by a prolonged ''tee-hoo'' while nosediving. The typical call is a rolling ''zreee'' or ''too''. The nest is a cup made up of small sticks and placed on a low bush or on the ground, sometimes at the base of a bush.<ref name=pcr/><ref>{{cite journal\|journal=The Condor\|year=2008\| volume=110\|issue=1\| pages=116–124\| doi=10.1525/cond.2008.110.1.116\| title=Nest site selection in a hot desert: trade-off between microclimate and predation risk?\|author1=Tieleman BI \|author2=H J Van Noordwijk \|author3=JB Williams \|s2cid=15080004\|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/6717602/2008CondorTieleman.pdf\|hdl=11370/943c7a73-2f49-4aea-80e2-4ad317fa3f94\|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The nest is prominent and often placed on an isolated bush.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Betham, RM \|year=1920\|title= The Desert Lark (''Alaemon desertorum'')\|journal= J. Bombay Nat. Hist. Soc. \|volume=27\|issue=2\|pages=400–401\|url=https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30359025}}</ref> Two or three eggs are laid and both sexes take turns in incubation. They feed on insects and other invertebrates, small lizards and seeds. Young birds are capable of swift running even before they can fly. The female may perform [[Biology:Distraction display\|distraction display]]s when the young or nest are threatened.<ref name=hbk>{{cite book\|author1=Ali S \|author2=SD Ripley \| pages=16–19\|title=Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan. Volume 5\|edition=2nd\|publisher=Oxford University Press\|year=1986}}</ref>

	During the heat of the day, they may shelter in the burrows of ''[[Biology:Uromastyx\|Uromastyx]]'' lizards.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Cunningham P L\|year=2000\|title=The use of burrows by Hoopoe Lark (''Alaemon alaudipes'')\|journal=Tribulus\|volume=10\|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Williams, J. B.\|author2=Tieleman, B. I.\|author3=Shobrak, M.\|name-list-style=amp \|year=1999\|title= Lizard burrows provide thermal refugia for larks in the Arabian desert\| journal=Condor \|volume=101\|issue=3\|pages=714–717\|doi=10.2307/1370208\|jstor=1370208\|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/66803334/1370208.pdf\|hdl=11370/724460c3-824d-4eba-ac1d-fca57cc5fae8\|s2cid=85220234 \|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The water loss through their skin varies with temperature and they are able to live in very arid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal\|author= Haugen, Michael J.\|author2= Tieleman, B. Irene\|author3= Williams, Joseph B.\|title=Phenotypic flexibility in cutaneous water loss and lipids of the stratum corneum\| journal=J. Exp. Biol.\|year= 2003 \|volume=206\|issue= 20\|pages=3581–3588 \|doi=10.1242/jeb.00596 \|pmid= 12966049\|doi-access= free}}</ref> Their breeding is dependent on the rains and in very dry years they may not breed.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Effects of food supplementation on behavioural decisions of hoopoe-larks in the Arabian Desert: balancing water, energy and thermoregulation\|author1=Tieleman BI\|author2=JB Williams\|journal=Animal Behaviour\|year=2002\|volume=63\|issue=3\|pages=519–529\|doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1927\|s2cid=16483894\|url=http://tielemani.fmns.rug.nl/TielemanWilliams2002a.pdf\|access-date=2010-09-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724164631/http://tielemani.fmns.rug.nl/TielemanWilliams2002a.pdf\|archive-date=2011-07-24~~\|url-status=dead~~}}</ref>		During the heat of the day, they may shelter in the burrows of ''[[Biology:Uromastyx\|Uromastyx]]'' lizards.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Cunningham P L\|year=2000\|title=The use of burrows by Hoopoe Lark (''Alaemon alaudipes'')\|journal=Tribulus\|volume=10\|page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Williams, J. B.\|author2=Tieleman, B. I.\|author3=Shobrak, M.\|name-list-style=amp \|year=1999\|title= Lizard burrows provide thermal refugia for larks in the Arabian desert\| journal=Condor \|volume=101\|issue=3\|pages=714–717\|doi=10.2307/1370208\|jstor=1370208\|url=https://pure.rug.nl/ws/files/66803334/1370208.pdf\|hdl=11370/724460c3-824d-4eba-ac1d-fca57cc5fae8\|s2cid=85220234 \|hdl-access=free}}</ref> The water loss through their skin varies with temperature and they are able to live in very arid conditions.<ref>{{cite journal\|author= Haugen, Michael J.\|author2= Tieleman, B. Irene\|author3= Williams, Joseph B.\|title=Phenotypic flexibility in cutaneous water loss and lipids of the stratum corneum\| journal=J. Exp. Biol.\|year= 2003 \|volume=206\|issue= 20\|pages=3581–3588 \|doi=10.1242/jeb.00596 \|pmid= 12966049\|doi-access= free\|hdl= 11370/0634f53e-f459-4ef4-a00b-35f005b199ba\|hdl-access= free}}</ref> Their breeding is dependent on the rains and in very dry years they may not breed.<ref>{{cite journal\|title=Effects of food supplementation on behavioural decisions of hoopoe-larks in the Arabian Desert: balancing water, energy and thermoregulation\|author1=Tieleman BI\|author2=JB Williams\|journal=Animal Behaviour\|year=2002\|volume=63\|issue=3\|pages=519–529\|doi=10.1006/anbe.2001.1927\|s2cid=16483894\|url=http://tielemani.fmns.rug.nl/TielemanWilliams2002a.pdf\|access-date=2010-09-26\|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724164631/http://tielemani.fmns.rug.nl/TielemanWilliams2002a.pdf\|archive-date=2011-07-24}}</ref>

	==Distribution and populations==		==Distribution and populations==
	The wide distribution consists of several populations that have been designated as subspecies. These include ''boavistae'' of the Cape Verde Islands, the nominate ''alaudipes'' of the north African Sahara region and northern Arabia. Subspecies ''desertorum'' has been assigned to the populations along the Red Sea coast while the eastern population of Iraq, Pakistan and north-western India are assigned to ''doriae''. Forms like ''pallida'' and variety ''cinerea'' are included in ''doriae''.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Dickinson, E.C.\|author2=R.W.R.J. Dekker\|author3=S. Eck\|author4=S. Somadikarta\|name-list-style=amp\|title= Systematic notes on Asian birds. 12. Types of the Alaudidae\|journal=Zool. Verh. Leiden \|volume=335\|year=2001\|pages=85–126\|url=~~http~~://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46432}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Vaurie, C \|year=1951\|title= A study of Asiatic larks\| journal= Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. \|volume=97\|pages=431–526\|hdl=2246/952}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url =https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds91960pete#page/39/mode/1up/\|page=39\| title=Check-list of birds of the World. Volume 9\|editor=Mayr E\|editor2=JC Greenway Jr\|editor2-link=James Greenway\|year=1960\|publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>		The wide distribution consists of several populations that have been designated as subspecies. These include ''boavistae'' of the Cape Verde Islands, the nominate ''alaudipes'' of the north African Sahara region and northern Arabia. Subspecies ''desertorum'' has been assigned to the populations along the Red Sea coast while the eastern population of Iraq, Pakistan and north-western India are assigned to ''doriae''. Forms like ''pallida'' and variety ''cinerea'' are included in ''doriae''.<ref>{{cite journal\|author=Dickinson, E.C.\|author2=R.W.R.J. Dekker\|author3=S. Eck\|author4=S. Somadikarta\|name-list-style=amp\|title= Systematic notes on Asian birds. 12. Types of the Alaudidae\|journal=Zool. Verh. Leiden \|volume=335\|year=2001\|pages=85–126\|url=https://www.repository.naturalis.nl/document/46432}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|author=Vaurie, C \|year=1951\|title= A study of Asiatic larks\| journal= Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist. \|volume=97\|pages=431–526\|hdl=2246/952}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|url =https://archive.org/stream/checklistofbirds91960pete#page/39/mode/1up/\|page=39\| title=Check-list of birds of the World. Volume 9\|editor=Mayr E\|editor2=JC Greenway Jr\|editor2-link=James Greenway\|year=1960\|publisher=Museum of Comparative Zoology, Cambridge, Massachusetts}}</ref>

	==Gallery==		==Gallery==
Line 58:		Line 58:

	==External links==		==External links==
			{{Wikispecies\|Alaemon alaudipes}}
	*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/greater-hoopoe-lark-alaemon-alaudipes Photographs and videos] - The Internet Bird Collection		*[http://ibc.lynxeds.com/species/greater-hoopoe-lark-alaemon-alaudipes Photographs and videos] - The Internet Bird Collection

Biology:Notholithocarpus

2026-08-19T17:27:39Z

update

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:27, 19 August 2026
Line 10:		Line 10:
	The [[Biology:Seed\|seed]] is an [[Acorn\|acorn]] {{convert\|2-3.5\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long<ref name="tktimb">{{Cite book \|last1=Turner \|first1=Mark \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLbAAwAAQBAJ \|title=Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest \|last2=Kuhlmann \|first2=Ellen \|date=2014 \|publisher=Timber Press \|isbn=978-1-60469-263-1 \|edition=1st \|location=Portland, OR \|page=189}}</ref> and 2 cm in diameter, very similar to an [[Biology:Oak\|oak]] [[Acorn\|acorn]], but with a very hard, woody nut shell more like a [[Biology:Hazel\|hazel]] nut. The nut sits in a cup during its 18-month maturation; the outside surface of the cup is rough with short spines.<ref name=":02" /> The nuts are produced in clusters of a few together on a single stem. Tanoak acorns have distinguishing caps that are hairy, rather than scaly.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Tanoak Genus: Common Trees of the Pacific Northwest \|url=https://treespnw.forestry.oregonstate.edu/broadleaf_genera/tanoak.htm#:~:text=Tanoak%20Genus:%20Common%20Trees%20of%20the%20Pacific%20Northwest&text=Fruit%20is%20an%20acorn%20with,are%20allergic%20to%20these%20hairs. \|access-date=2024-12-21 \|website=treespnw.forestry.oregonstate.edu}}</ref>		The [[Biology:Seed\|seed]] is an [[Acorn\|acorn]] {{convert\|2-3.5\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long<ref name="tktimb">{{Cite book \|last1=Turner \|first1=Mark \|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VLbAAwAAQBAJ \|title=Trees & Shrubs of the Pacific Northwest \|last2=Kuhlmann \|first2=Ellen \|date=2014 \|publisher=Timber Press \|isbn=978-1-60469-263-1 \|edition=1st \|location=Portland, OR \|page=189}}</ref> and 2 cm in diameter, very similar to an [[Biology:Oak\|oak]] [[Acorn\|acorn]], but with a very hard, woody nut shell more like a [[Biology:Hazel\|hazel]] nut. The nut sits in a cup during its 18-month maturation; the outside surface of the cup is rough with short spines.<ref name=":02" /> The nuts are produced in clusters of a few together on a single stem. Tanoak acorns have distinguishing caps that are hairy, rather than scaly.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Tanoak Genus: Common Trees of the Pacific Northwest \|url=https://treespnw.forestry.oregonstate.edu/broadleaf_genera/tanoak.htm#:~:text=Tanoak%20Genus:%20Common%20Trees%20of%20the%20Pacific%20Northwest&text=Fruit%20is%20an%20acorn%20with,are%20allergic%20to%20these%20hairs. \|access-date=2024-12-21 \|website=treespnw.forestry.oregonstate.edu}}</ref>

	Currently, the largest known tanoak specimen is on private timberland near the town of Ophir, Oregon. It has a circumference of {{convert\|26\|ft\|m\|order=flip\|abbr=on}}, is about {{convert\|2.51\|m\|abbr=on}} in [[Diameter at breast height\|diameter at breast height]], and is {{convert\|121\|ft\|m\|abbr=on\|order=flip}} tall with an average crown spread of {{convert\|56\|ft\|m\|abbr=on\|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus \|url=http://americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=3424 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213122318/http://americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=3424 \|archive-date=2010-12-13 \|access-date=2022-03-24 \|website=[[Organization:American Forests\|American Forests]]}}</ref>		Currently, the largest known tanoak specimen is on private timberland near the town of Ophir, Oregon. It has a circumference of {{convert\|26\|ft\|m\|order=flip\|abbr=on}}, is about {{convert\|2.51\|m\|abbr=on}} in [[Diameter at breast height\|diameter at breast height]], and is {{convert\|121\|ft\|m\|abbr=on\|order=flip}} tall with an average crown spread of {{convert\|56\|ft\|m\|abbr=on\|order=flip}}.<ref>{{Cite web \|title=Tanoak Lithocarpus densiflorus \|url=http://americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=3424 \|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101213122318/http://americanforests.org/resources/bigtrees/register.php?details=3424 \|archive-date=2010-12-13 \|access-date=2022-03-24 \|website=[[Organization:American Forests\|American Forests]]}}</ref><gallery>
			File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus catkins Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park 2.jpg\|The catkins
	{{gallery ~~\|mode=packed~~		File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus acorn Pfeiffer Big Sur State Park 5.jpg\|The acorn
	\|File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus ~~var~~. ~~echinoides - Regional Parks Botanic Garden, Berkeley, CA - DSC04274.JPG~~\|~~''N.~~ densiflorus~~'' var~~. ~~''echinoides''~~		File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus bark Nisene Marks 8.jpg\|Mature bark
	\|File:~~Lithocarpus~~ densiflorus ~~acorns~~.jpg\|~~Acorn}}~~		</gallery>

	===''Notholithocarpus densiflorus'' var. ''echinoides''===		===''Notholithocarpus densiflorus'' var. ''echinoides''===
	Members of populations in interior California (in the northern Sierra Nevada) and the Klamath Mountains in southwest Oregon are smaller, rarely exceeding {{convert\|3\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} in height and often shrubby, with smaller leaves, {{convert\|4\|-\|7\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long; these are separated as "dwarf tanoak", ''Notholithocarpus densiflorus'' var. ''echinoides''. The variety [[Biology:Intergradation\|intergrades]] with the type in northwest California and southwest Oregon. Tanoak grows as a shrub on [[Earth:Serpentine soil\|serpentine soil]]s. This mutant is used in horticulture, due in part to its rarity.<ref name=":1" />		Members of populations in interior California (in the northern Sierra Nevada) and the Klamath Mountains in southwest Oregon are smaller, rarely exceeding {{convert\|3\|m\|ftin\|abbr=on}} in height and often shrubby, with smaller leaves, {{convert\|4\|-\|7\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=4}} long; these are separated as "dwarf tanoak", ''Notholithocarpus densiflorus'' var. ''echinoides''. The variety [[Biology:Intergradation\|intergrades]] with the type in northwest California and southwest Oregon. Tanoak grows as a shrub on [[Earth:Serpentine soil\|serpentine soil]]s. This mutant is used in horticulture, due in part to its rarity.<ref name=":1" /><gallery mode="nolines" heights="170">
			File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides - Regional Parks Botanic Garden, Berkeley, CA - DSC04274.JPG\|Notholithocarpus densiflorus var. echinoides
			</gallery>

	=== Similar species ===		=== Similar species ===
Line 35:		Line 37:
	Tanoak is shade tolerant and benefits from [[Earth:Disturbance (ecology)\|disturbances]]. It is susceptible to wildfire and wounds that are exploited by rot fungi.<ref name=":02" /> It is one of the species most seriously affected by the disease "sudden oak death" (''[[Biology:Phytophthora ramorum\|Phytophthora ramorum]]''), with high mortality reported over much of the species' range.<ref>http://cisr.ucr.edu/sudden_oak_death.html Sudden Oak Death at University of California, Riverside, Center for Invasive Species Research</ref>		Tanoak is shade tolerant and benefits from [[Earth:Disturbance (ecology)\|disturbances]]. It is susceptible to wildfire and wounds that are exploited by rot fungi.<ref name=":02" /> It is one of the species most seriously affected by the disease "sudden oak death" (''[[Biology:Phytophthora ramorum\|Phytophthora ramorum]]''), with high mortality reported over much of the species' range.<ref>http://cisr.ucr.edu/sudden_oak_death.html Sudden Oak Death at University of California, Riverside, Center for Invasive Species Research</ref>

	Fine hairs on the young leaves and twigs discourage deer from eating them.<ref name=":02" /> Various wildlife species depend on the large, oil-rich nuts for fattening up for the winter, including: band-tailed pigeons, squirrels, deer, elk, and bears.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" />		Fine hairs on the young leaves and twigs discourage deer from eating them.<ref name=":02" /> Various wildlife species depend on the large, oil-rich nuts for fattening up for the winter, including: band-tailed pigeons, squirrels, deer, elk, and bears.<ref name=":02" /><ref name=":0" /><gallery>
			File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus understory Nisene Marks 1.jpg\|Typical growth in the understory of a redwood forest at The Forest of Nisene Marks in Santa Cruz
	Tanoaks reduce erosion through their interwoven network of roots that quickly become established after disturbances, like logging. The leaf litter of tanoak moderates soil temperature, restores soil texture, and increases microbial activity including nitrogen-fixing bacteria that improve soil fertility damaged by disturbance. Its deep roots move subsoil nutrients closer to the surface where the shallower rooted conifers can access them.<ref name=":0" />		File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus understory Nisene Marks 2.jpg\|Young growth covered with dense pale hairs
			File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus seedlings Nisene Marks 4.jpg\|The plant's leaf litter creates many habitats including for its own seedlings
			</gallery>Tanoaks reduce erosion through their interwoven network of roots that quickly become established after disturbances, like logging. The leaf litter of tanoak moderates soil temperature, restores soil texture, and increases microbial activity including nitrogen-fixing bacteria that improve soil fertility damaged by disturbance. Its deep roots move subsoil nutrients closer to the surface where the shallower rooted conifers can access them.<ref name=":0" />

	Additionally, tanoak helps reduce threats to economically important conifers. Douglas-fir is impeded by laminated root rot, which tanoak and other hardwoods are immune to; through periods of tanoak dominance in the forest, disease problems of softwoods are reduced.<ref name=":0" />		Additionally, tanoak helps reduce threats to economically important conifers. Douglas-fir is impeded by laminated root rot, which tanoak and other hardwoods are immune to; through periods of tanoak dominance in the forest, disease problems of softwoods are reduced.<ref name=":0" />

	=== Pests and diseases ===		=== Pests and diseases ===
	Sudden oak death, or ''[[Biology:Phytophthora ramorum\|Phytophthora ramorum]],'' was first noticed as a killer of tanoaks in the mid 1990s. The horticultural trade accidentally introduced ''P. ramorum'' to North America and the pathogen spread quickly from Marin County and Santa Cruz Mountains. This disease has killed millions of tanoaks and it continues to spread despite the efforts of landowners, scientists, and government agencies. Currently, no cure exists for infected trees, and thus far tanoak exhibits little genetic resistance to the exotic water mold that causes the disease. Fortunately, large areas with extensive tanoak stands remain uninfected.<ref name=":1" />		Sudden oak death, or ''[[Biology:Phytophthora ramorum\|Phytophthora ramorum]],'' was first noticed as a killer of tanoaks in the mid 1990s. The horticultural trade accidentally introduced ''P. ramorum'' to North America and the pathogen spread quickly from Marin County and Santa Cruz Mountains. This disease has killed millions of tanoaks and it continues to spread despite the efforts of landowners, scientists, and government agencies. Currently, no cure exists for infected trees, and thus far tanoak exhibits little genetic resistance to the exotic water mold that causes the disease. Fortunately, large areas with extensive tanoak stands remain uninfected.<ref name=":1" /><gallery mode="nolines" widths="200">
			File:Tan oaks killed by blight.jpg\|Tanoaks killed by Phytophthora ramorum in Sonoma county
			</gallery>

	== Conservation ==		== Conservation ==
Line 55:		Line 61:

	=== Tanning ===		=== Tanning ===
	The name ''tanoak'' refers to its tannin-rich bark, a type of tanbark, used in the past for tanning leather before the use of modern synthetic tannins. Tanoak bark enabled a lucrative American tanning industry on the Pacific Coast between the 1840s and the 1920s. The high concentration of [[Chemistry:Tannin\|tannins]] in the bark of tanoak enabled tanneries to produce heavy leathers, which were used to make items such as saddles, bridles, and luggage, which were in high demand.<ref name=":0" /> By 1907, the use of tanoak for tannin was subsiding due to the scarcity of large tanoak trees. Despite years of warnings about overharvesting, the tanning industry depleted tanoaks and there were not enough trees around for a worthwhile economic return. By the early 1960s, there were only a few natural tannin operations left in California. The industry was beginning to switch to a synthetic alternative.<ref>University of California Oak Woodland Management: Home Url = ucanr.edu [http://ucanr.edu/sites/oak_range/Oak_Articles_On_Line/Oak_Woodland_Products_Range_Management_Livestock/Does_It_Make_Cents_to_Process_Tanoak_to_Lumber/ Reference page = Does It Make Cents to Process Tanoak to Lumber]</ref>		The name ''tanoak'' refers to its tannin-rich bark, a type of tanbark, used in the past for tanning leather before the use of modern synthetic tannins. Tanoak bark enabled a lucrative American tanning industry on the Pacific Coast between the 1840s and the 1920s. The high concentration of [[Chemistry:Tannin\|tannins]] in the bark of tanoak enabled tanneries to produce heavy leathers, which were used to make items such as saddles, bridles, and luggage, which were in high demand.<ref name=":0" /> By 1907, the use of tanoak for tannin was subsiding due to the scarcity of large tanoak trees. Despite years of warnings about overharvesting, the tanning industry depleted tanoaks and there were not enough trees around for a worthwhile economic return. By the early 1960s, there were only a few natural tannin operations left in California. The industry was beginning to switch to a synthetic alternative.<ref>University of California Oak Woodland Management: Home Url = ucanr.edu [http://ucanr.edu/sites/oak_range/Oak_Articles_On_Line/Oak_Woodland_Products_Range_Management_Livestock/Does_It_Make_Cents_to_Process_Tanoak_to_Lumber/ Reference page = Does It Make Cents to Process Tanoak to Lumber]</ref><gallery mode="nolines" widths="200">
			File:A car of tan-oak bark (Lithocarpus densiflora) being shipped out from 10-mile River to Fort Bragg, Union Lumber Company operation. Fall, 1922.png\|A railcar loaded with tanoak bark for shipment to Fort Bragg in 1922.
			</gallery>

	=== Timber ===		=== Timber ===
Line 76:		Line 84:
	Today, many indigenous people still favor tanoak acorns as an important food. Traditional dishes made with the acorns are still served at tribal gatherings and celebrations, and as a healing food for the sick and elderly.<ref name=":0" />		Today, many indigenous people still favor tanoak acorns as an important food. Traditional dishes made with the acorns are still served at tribal gatherings and celebrations, and as a healing food for the sick and elderly.<ref name=":0" />

	~~== Gallery ==~~		== References ==
	~~<gallery>~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus understory Nisene Marks 1.jpg\|Typical growth in the understory of a redwood forest at The Forest of Nisene Marks in Santa Cruz.~~
	~~File:H20120712-5273--Notholithocarpus densiflorus var echinoides--RPBG (9295132567).jpg\|[[Biology:Catkin\|Catkins]]~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus understory Nisene Marks 2.jpg\|Detail of new growth~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus understory Nisene Marks 10.jpg\|Broader understory leaves~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus seedlings Nisene Marks 4.jpg\|Seedlings among tanoak leaflitter~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus leaflitter Nisene Marks 5.jpg\|Dead leaves and acorns~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus acorn and acorn cups.jpg\|The acorns~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus bark Nisene Marks 8.jpg\|Bark on an older tree~~
	~~File:Notholithocarpus densiflorus understory Nisene Marks 9.jpg\|Smoother, younger [[Biology:Bark (botany)\|bark]]~~
	~~</gallery>~~

	==References==
	{{Reflist}}		{{Reflist}}

Biology:Penstemon procerus

2026-08-19T17:20:50Z

change

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:20, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|~~Species of flowering plant~~}}		{{Short description\|Plant species in the veronica family}}
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\|image = Penstemon_procerus_5690.JPG		\| image = Penstemon_procerus_5690.JPG
	\|status = {{TNCStatus}}		\| status = {{TNCStatus}}
	\|status_system = TNC		\| status_system = TNC
	\|genus = Penstemon		\| genus = Penstemon
	\|species = procerus		\| species = procerus
	\|authority = [[Biography:David Douglas (botanist)\|~~Dougl.~~]] ex Graham		\| authority = [[Biography:David Douglas (botanist)\|Douglas]] ex Graham
			\| subdivision_ranks = Varieties
			\| subdivision_ref = {{sfn\|POWO\|2026a}}
			\| subdivision = {{Species list \|abbreviated=yes
			\| Penstemon procerus var. aberrans
			\| Penstemon procerus var. brachyanthus \|
			\| Penstemon procerus var. formosus \|
			\| Penstemon procerus var. modestus \|
			\| Penstemon procerus var. procerus \|
			\| Penstemon procerus var. tolmiei \|
			}}
	}}		}}

Line 14:		Line 24:
	Littleflower penstemons have a wide range of heights when mature, typically {{Convert\|3\|to(-)\|40\|cm\|0\|sp=us}}, but occasionally as tall as {{Cvt\|70\|cm}}. Its stems can be hairless or be more or less covered in backwards pointing stiff hairs, but are never [[Glaucous\|glaucous]].{{sfn\|Freeman 2020}} The flowering stems can either grow straight upwards or lean outwards from the base of the plant before growing upwards,{{sfn\|Freeman 2020}} occasionally they may grow along the ground.{{sfn\|Cronquist et al. 1984\|p=393}} The non-flowering stems are often numerous enough for form a mat at the base of the plant.{{sfn\|Cronquist et al. 1984\|p=393}}		Littleflower penstemons have a wide range of heights when mature, typically {{Convert\|3\|to(-)\|40\|cm\|0\|sp=us}}, but occasionally as tall as {{Cvt\|70\|cm}}. Its stems can be hairless or be more or less covered in backwards pointing stiff hairs, but are never [[Glaucous\|glaucous]].{{sfn\|Freeman 2020}} The flowering stems can either grow straight upwards or lean outwards from the base of the plant before growing upwards,{{sfn\|Freeman 2020}} occasionally they may grow along the ground.{{sfn\|Cronquist et al. 1984\|p=393}} The non-flowering stems are often numerous enough for form a mat at the base of the plant.{{sfn\|Cronquist et al. 1984\|p=393}}

	Plants can have both basal leaves, springing directly from the base of the plant, and leaves attached to the stems, but in some plants the basal leaves are not well developed. They might have a somewhat leathery texture and can have rough backwards pointing hairs, be simply hairy, or hairless. Basal leaves and the ones lowest on the stems range ~~fro~~ 0.9 to 9 cm long, only occasionally reaching 11.5 cm.{{sfn\|Freeman 2020}}		Plants can have both basal leaves, springing directly from the base of the plant, and leaves attached to the stems, but in some plants the basal leaves are not well developed. They might have a somewhat leathery texture and can have rough backwards pointing hairs, be simply hairy, or hairless. Basal leaves and the ones lowest on the stems range from 0.9 to 9 cm long, only occasionally reaching 11.5 cm.{{sfn\|Freeman 2020}}

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
Line 26:		Line 36:
	* '''''Penstemon procerus'' var. ''tolmiei'''''<br>Native to eastern central British Columbia and eastern Washington.{{sfn\|POWO\|2026g}}		* '''''Penstemon procerus'' var. ''tolmiei'''''<br>Native to eastern central British Columbia and eastern Washington.{{sfn\|POWO\|2026g}}

	''Penstemon procerus''has {{table row counter\|id=Synonyms}} synonyms of the species or one of its subspecies.{{sfnm\|1a1=POWO\|1y=~~2025a~~\|2a1=POWO\|2y=~~2025b~~\|3a1=POWO\|3y=~~2025c~~\|4a1=POWO\|4y=~~2025d~~\|5a1=POWO\|5y=~~2025e~~\|6a1=POWO\|6y=~~2025f~~\|7a1=POWO\|7y=~~2025g~~}}		''Penstemon procerus'' has {{table row counter\|id=Synonyms}} synonyms of the species or one of its subspecies.{{sfnm\|1a1=POWO\|1y=2026a\|2a1=POWO\|2y=2026b\|3a1=POWO\|3y=2026c\|4a1=POWO\|4y=2026d\|5a1=POWO\|5y=2026e\|6a1=POWO\|6y=2026f\|7a1=POWO\|7y=2026g}}

	{\|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" id="Synonyms"		{\|class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible" id="Synonyms"

Biology:RNA helicase

2026-08-19T17:13:28Z

over-write

New page

{{Update|reason=Is missing COVID-19 virus-related research|date=July 2026}}
{{Infobox enzyme
| Name = RNA helicase
| EC_number = 3.6.4.13
| image = 8ohm.jpg
| width = 270
| caption = RNA helicase dimer, Hepatitis C virus
}}
An '''RNA helicase''' is an enzyme that unwinds RNA. The unwinding is powered by the helicase's hydrolysis of ATP. RNA helicases are involved holistically in the metabolism of RNA, which is found in all facets of life on Earth.<ref name="Roayl">Jankowsky, Eckhard. RNA Helicases. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2010. Print.</ref>{{efn|[[Biology:List of enzymes|systematic name]]: ''ATP phosphohydrolase (RNA helix unwinding)'', ({{EC number|3.6.4.13}}, ''CSFV NS3 helicase'', ''DBP2'', ''DbpA'', ''DDX17'', ''DDX25'', ''DDX3'', ''DDX3X'', ''DDX3Y'', ''DDX4'', ''[[Biology:DDX5|DDX5]]'', ''DEAD-box protein DED1'', ''DEAD-box RNA helicase'', ''DEAD-box protein 2'', ''DEAH-box RNA helicase'', ''DED1'', ''Dex(H/D) RNA helicase'', ''EhDEAD1'', ''EhDEAD1 RNA helicase'', ''eIF4A helicase'', ''KOKV helicase'', ''Mtr4p'', ''nonstructural protein 3 helicase'', ''NPH-II'', ''RHA'', ''RNA helicase A'', ''RNA helicase DDX3'', ''RNA helicase Hera'', ''RNA-dependent ATPase'', ''TGBp1 NTPase/helicase domain'', ''VRH1'', ''GRTH/DDX25'').<ref>{{cite journal | title = The newly discovered Q motif of DEAD-box RNA helicases regulates RNA-binding and helicase activity |author1 = Cordin, O. |author2 =Tanner, N.K. |author3 =Doere, M. |author4 =Linder, P. |author5 =Banroques, J. |journal = EMBO J. |date = 2004 |volume = 23 |pages = 2478–2487 |pmid = 15201868 |doi=10.1038/sj.emboj.7600272|pmc = 449782 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Expression, purification, crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of the DDX3 RNA helicase domain |author1 = Rodamilans, B. |author2 =Montoya, G. |journal = Acta Crystallogr. Sect. F Struct. Biol. Cryst. Commun. |date = 2007 |volume = 63 |pages = 283–286 |pmid = 17401195 |doi=10.1107/s1744309107006434|pmc = 2330201 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = A new RNA helicase isolated from HeLa cells that catalytically translocates in the 3′ to 5′ direction |author1 = Lee, C.G. |author2 =Hurwitz, J. |journal = J. Biol. Chem. |date = 1992 |volume = 267 |pages = 4398–4407 |pmid = 1537828}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Cloning and characterization of a DEAD box RNA helicase from the viable seedlings of aged mung bean |author1 = Li, S.C. |author2 =Chung, M.C. |author3 =Chen, C.S. |journal = Plant Mol. Biol. |date = 2001 |volume = 47 |pages = 761–770 |pmid = 11785937 | doi = 10.1023/A:1013687412020}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Structure of the Flavivirus helicase: implications for catalytic activity, protein interactions, and proteolytic processing |author1 = Wu, J. |author2 =Bera, A.K. |author3 =Kuhn, R.J. |author4 =Smith, J.L. |journal = J. Virol. |date = 2005 |volume = 79 |pages = 10268–10277 |pmid = 16051820 |doi=10.1128/jvi.79.16.10268-10277.2005}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = The nucleoside triphosphatase and helicase activities of vaccinia virus NPH-II are essential for virus replication |author1 = Gross, C.H. |author2 =Shuman, S. |journal = J. Virol. |date = 1998 |volume = 72 |pages = 4729–4736 |pmid = 9573237}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = The hepatitis C virus NS3 protein: a model RNA helicase and potential drug target |author = Frick, D.N. |journal = Curr. Issues Mol. Biol. |date = 2007 |volume = 9 |pages = 1–20 |pmid = 17263143}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | title = Human coronavirus 229E nonstructural protein 13: characterization of duplex-unwinding, nucleoside triphosphatase, and RNA 5′-triphosphatase activities |author1 = Ivanov, K.A. |author2 =Ziebuhr, J. |journal = J. Virol. |date = 2004 |volume = 78 |pages = 7833–7838 |pmid = 15220459 |doi=10.1128/jvi.78.14.7833-7838.2004|pmc = 434081 }}</ref>}}

== Structure and superfamilies ==
RNA helicases are split into two main categories based on their ability to form oligomeric structures. Of the six superfamilies (SFs) that exist, SFs 1 and 2 do not form rings, whereas SFs 3, 4, 5, and 6 do.

The first two superfamilies, usually found in eukaryotes, are composed of a structurally conserved core that is usually surrounded by large N- and C- terminal domains that function as [[Biology:RNA|RNA]] and DNA binding domains, protein binding domains, and other molecular specific functions. The function of these domains is extremely significant in cellular interaction by increasing specificity of recruitment of proteins by using structurally specific complexes and sequences within families. These two helicases are also made up of at least 12 structural motifs are positioned in specific sequences that vary between families but are usually highly conserved within the same family.<ref name = "Trends" >Jankowsky, Eckhard. "RNA Helicases at Work: Binding and Rearranging." Trends in Biochemical Sciences 36.1 (2011): 19-29. Web.</ref>

SFs 3 through 6 form hexameric rings and are usually found in [[Biology:Bacteria|bacteria]] and viruses.<ref name="Trends"/> [[Biology:Proteins|Proteins]] of the superfamilies 3 and 4 are most similar to each other. However, SF4 contains a packaging motor named P4 that plays a role of packaging the [[Biology:RNA|RNA]] into a phage by first unwinding the structure and translocating the information into capsids. SF5 contains a Bacterial [[Biology:Rho factor|Rho factor]] that works to regulate transcription termination as well as removing [[Biology:RNA polymerase|RNA polymerase]]. SF6 contains a structure that works similarly to the Bacterial [[Biology:Rho factor|Rho factor]] but is different structurally.<ref name="Roayl"/>

== Mechanisms ==
There are two known mechanisms for RNA helicase unwinding: canonical duplex unwinding and unwinding by local strand separation.

During canonical duplex unwinding, the [[Biology:Helicase|helicase]] first binds to the single stranded region, then uses [[Biology:ATP hydrolysis|ATP hydrolysis]] as a power stroke in order to [[Biology:Chromosomal translocation|translocate]] the helicase across the strand. As the helicase slides down one strand, it is dissociating the two strands and removing the complementary. Finally, the helicase is removed.
[[File:Helicase Unwinding With ATP.png|thumb|center|the mechanism in which RNA Helicase unwinds. The Helicase is represented by the green box. The blue circle represents the ATP, which drives the RNA Helicase down the strand in order to separate the two from one another. Once the two strands are completely separated, the RNA Helicase dissociates.]]

The second unwinding mechanism is dependent on specific sequences called [[Biology:DEAD box|DEAD box]] helicases. As opposed to the canonical unwinding, local strand separation loads the helicase directly on the duplex region. [[Biology:DEAD box|DEAD box]] proteins, which are part of SF2, catalyze ATP-driven structural changes in RNA by unwinding substrates with the help of promoter sequences and accessory domains.<ref>Yang, Quansheng, Mark Del Campo, Alan M. Lambowitz, and Eckhard Jankowsky. "DEAD-Box Proteins Unwind Duplexes by Local Strand Separation." Molecular Cell 28.2 (2007): 253-63. Web.</ref> Although both mechanisms require [[Chemistry:Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]], local strand separation does not need to hydrolyze [[Chemistry:Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] as long as the [[Chemistry:Adenosine triphosphate|ATP]] binds to the duplex strands.<ref name="Roayl"/>
[[File:DEAD box Accessory Domains.png|thumb|center|the different promoter sequences and accessory domains that aid in RNA unwinding. The regions in red are ATP binding domains and the regions in yellow are RNA interaction domains. Specific sequences termed DEAD box proteins are also present that help catalyze reactions in which ATP does not need to be directly hydrolyzed, as long as it binds to the domains on the strand.]]

== Related diseases ==
Most viruses are RNA viruses, usually containing an RNA helicase of their own (except in the case of retroviruses). These viruses depend on RNA helicase in order to replicate in the host, and helicase aids in transcription, [[Translation|translation]], [[Biology:RNA splicing|splicing]], assembly, etc. in infectious diseases such as [[Medicine:Hepatitis C|Hepatitis C]].<ref name = "Nature" >Kwong, Ann D., Govinda B. Rao, and Kuan-Teh Jeang. "Viral and Cellular RNA Helicases as Antiviral Targets." Nature.com. Nature Publishing Group, Oct. 2005. Web. 15 Oct. 2014.</ref> RNA processing has also played in a role in neurological disorders such as [[Medicine:Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis|Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis]] ([[Medicine:ALS|ALS]], Lou Gehrig’s disease) and Alzheimer disease (AD). [[Biology:Alternative splicing|Alternative splicing]] that is carried out by the RNA helicase plays a central role in the [[Biology:Nervous system|nervous system]], so defects in spliced [[Biology:MRNA|mRNA]] may lead to serious [[Biology:Degenerative disease|degenerative]] effects in the [[Biology:Spinal cord|spinal cord]] and [[Biology:Brain|brain]]. Especially at a young age, it is crucial for the transcription of [[Biology:MRNA|mRNA]] to be responsive to binding factors for RNA helicase because these signals are essential for proper growth. It has also been shown that there are several RNA helicases that have altered [[Biology:Gene expression|gene expression]] in [[Medicine:Cancer|cancer]] cells. A specific helicase DDX1 is involved in [[Biology:MRNA|mRNA]] processing and translation that affects cellular proliferation and tumor development. During the progression of cancer, tumor cells are growing at an increased rate by maintaining higher mRNA processing functions because of defects in DDX1. It is known that RNA helicases are extremely important for RNA metabolism, so problems in their function can be detrimental to human life. [[Biology:Antiviral drug|Antiviral]] and anti-cancer therapies have been targeting defects in RNA helicase and the results have been promising thus far.<ref name = "Disease" >Steimer, Lenz, and Dagmar Klostermeier. "RNA Helicases in Infection and Disease."RNA Biology 9.6 (2012): 751-71. Web.</ref>

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{MeshName|RNA+helicase}}

{{Acid anhydride hydrolases}}
{{Enzymes}}

[[Category:EC 3.6.4]]

{{Sourceattribution|RNA helicase}}

Biology:Myriopteris pringlei

2026-08-19T17:06:12Z

fix

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 19 August 2026
Line 7:		Line 7:
	\| status = G4		\| status = G4
	\| status_system = TNC		\| status_system = TNC
	\| status_ref = {{sfn\|NatureServe\|~~2025~~}}		\| status_ref = {{sfn\|NatureServe\|2026}}
	\| genus = Myriopteris		\| genus = Myriopteris
	\| species = pringlei		\| species = pringlei
Line 37:		Line 37:

	===Varieties===		===Varieties===
	The typical variety, ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''pringlei'', has abundant, overlapping scales on the leaf, with inconspicuous hairs on the stipe and deltate leaf blades. The more widely distributed ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' has fewer scales, more conspicuous hairs, and may have more oblong leaf blades.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}		The typical [[Biology:Variety (botany)\|variety]], ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''pringlei'', has abundant, overlapping scales on the leaf, with inconspicuous hairs on the stipe and deltate leaf blades. The more widely distributed ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' has fewer scales, more conspicuous hairs, and may have more oblong leaf blades.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	The species was first [[Biology:Species description\|described]] by George Edward Davenport in 1883 as ''Cheilanthes pringlei'', based on material collected by Cyrus Pringle in Arizona, for whom Davenport named it.{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=61}} The type specimen is ''Pringle s.n.'', collected May 2, 1883, at the Gray Herbarium.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}		The species was first [[Biology:Species description\|described]] by George Edward Davenport in 1883 as ''Cheilanthes pringlei'', based on material collected by Cyrus Pringle in Arizona, for whom Davenport named it.{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=61}} The type specimen is ''Pringle s.n.'', collected May 2, 1883, at the Gray Herbarium.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}

	John Gilbert Baker described a similar fern, ''Cheilanthes moncloviensis'', in 1891, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila.{{sfn\|Baker\|1891\|p=210}} The type specimen is ''Palmer 1378'' at the [[Organization:Kew Herbarium\|Kew Herbarium]]. John T. Mickel and Alan R. Smith subsequently reduced this to ''C. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' in 2004 in ''Pteridophytes of Mexico''.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=2007}}		John Gilbert Baker described a similar fern, ''Cheilanthes moncloviensis'', in 1891, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila,{{sfn\|Baker\|1891\|p=210}} near Monclova. The type specimen is ''Palmer 1378'' at the [[Organization:Kew Herbarium\|Kew Herbarium]]. John T. Mickel and Alan R. Smith subsequently reduced this to ''C. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' in 2004 in ''Pteridophytes of Mexico''.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=2007}}

	In 1912, Leslie Newton Goodding described a new fern, ''Cheilanthes sonorensis'', from material he collected in [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]].{{sfn\|Goodding\|1912\|p=93}} However, [[Biography:William Ralph Maxon\|William Ralph Maxon]] examined the type specimen, ''Goodding 942'', and concluded that it was a synonym of typical ''C. pringlei''.{{sfn\|Whitehead\|1937\|p=43}}		In 1912, Leslie Newton Goodding described a new fern, ''Cheilanthes sonorensis'', from material he collected in [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]].{{sfn\|Goodding\|1912\|p=93}} However, [[Biography:William Ralph Maxon\|William Ralph Maxon]] examined the type specimen, ''Goodding 942'', and concluded that it was a synonym of typical ''C. pringlei''.{{sfn\|Whitehead\|1937\|p=43}}

	The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of ''Cheilanthes''~~, including that used by Davenport,~~ is polyphyletic. [[Biology:Convergent evolution\|Convergent evolution]] in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus ''[[Biology:Myriopteris\|Myriopteris]]'' in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in ''Cheilanthes''. One of these was ''C. pringlei'', which thus became ''Myriopteris pringlei''. They also transferred the variety as ''M. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis''.{{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|2013}}		The development of [[Biology:Molecular phylogenetics\|molecular phylogenetic]] methods showed that the traditional [[Philosophy:Circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] of ''Cheilanthes'' is polyphyletic. [[Biology:Convergent evolution\|Convergent evolution]] in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread [[Biology:Homoplasy\|homoplasy]] in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus ''[[Biology:Myriopteris\|Myriopteris]]'' in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in ''Cheilanthes''. One of these was ''C. pringlei'', which thus became ''Myriopteris pringlei''. They also transferred the variety as ''M. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis''.{{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|2013}}

	In 2018, [[Biography:Maarten J. M. Christenhusz\|Maarten J. M. Christenhusz]] transferred the species to ''[[Biology:Hemionitis\|Hemionitis]]'' as ''H. pringlei'' and again elevated the variety to species level as ''H. moncloviensis'' as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.{{sfn\|Christenhusz\|Fay\|Byng\|2018\|p=19}}		In 2018, [[Biography:Maarten J. M. Christenhusz\|Maarten J. M. Christenhusz]] transferred the species to ''[[Biology:Hemionitis\|Hemionitis]]'' as ''H. pringlei'' and again elevated the variety to species level as ''H. moncloviensis'' as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.{{sfn\|Christenhusz\|Fay\|Byng\|2018\|p=19}}
Line 52:		Line 52:
	Members of the genus ''Cheilanthes'' as historically defined (which includes ''Myriopteris'') are commonly known as "lip ferns" due to the lip-like (false) indusium formed by the leaf margins curling over the sori.{{sfn\|Clute\|1901\|pp=237,242}} The common name '''Pringle's lip fern'''{{sfn\|Windham\|Rabe\|1993}}{{sfn\|Lellinger\|1985\|p=141}} refers to the collector honored by the epithet.		Members of the genus ''Cheilanthes'' as historically defined (which includes ''Myriopteris'') are commonly known as "lip ferns" due to the lip-like (false) indusium formed by the leaf margins curling over the sori.{{sfn\|Clute\|1901\|pp=237,242}} The common name '''Pringle's lip fern'''{{sfn\|Windham\|Rabe\|1993}}{{sfn\|Lellinger\|1985\|p=141}} refers to the collector honored by the epithet.

	Further molecular studies in ''Myriopteris'' demonstrated the existence of three well-supported ~~clades~~ within the genus. ''M. pringlei'' belongs to what Grusz ''et al.'' informally named the ''alabamensis'' clade. It is sister to ''M. peninsularis'', and both are part of a well-supported clade that includes ''[[Biology:Myriopteris mickelii\|M. mickelii]]'' and ''[[Biology:Myriopteris allosuroides\|M. allosuroides]]''. {{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|Yatskievych\|Huiet\|2014\|p=704}}		Further molecular studies in ''Myriopteris'' demonstrated the existence of three well-supported [[Biology:Clade\|clade]]s within the genus. ''M. pringlei'' belongs to what Grusz ''et al.'' informally named the ''alabamensis'' clade. It is sister to ''M. peninsularis'', and both are part of a well-supported clade that includes ''[[Biology:Myriopteris mickelii\|M. mickelii]]'' and ''[[Biology:Myriopteris allosuroides\|M. allosuroides]]''. {{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|Yatskievych\|Huiet\|2014\|p=704}}

	==Distribution and habitat==		==Distribution and habitat==
Line 60:		Line 60:

	==Ecology and conservation==		==Ecology and conservation==
	While globally secure (G4), ''M. pringlei'' is considered by [[Organization:NatureServe\|NatureServe]] to be vulnerable (S3) in Arizona.{{sfn\|NatureServe\|~~2025~~}} The type specimen was found to be the host of a new rust fungus, ''Caeoma cheilanthis''{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=62}} (now ''Hyalopsora neocheilanthis'').		While globally secure (G4), ''M. pringlei'' is considered by [[Organization:NatureServe\|NatureServe]] to be vulnerable (S3) in Arizona.{{sfn\|NatureServe\|2026}} The type specimen was found to be the host of a new rust fungus, ''Caeoma cheilanthis''{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=62}} (now ''Hyalopsora neocheilanthis'').

	==Citations==		==Citations==
Line 73:		Line 73:
	*{{cite journal \|last=Goodding \|first=Leslie N. \|title=New Southwestern ferns \|year=1912 \|journal=Muhlenbergia \|volume=8 \|issue=8 \|pages=92–94 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32092267}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Goodding \|first=Leslie N. \|title=New Southwestern ferns \|year=1912 \|journal=Muhlenbergia \|volume=8 \|issue=8 \|pages=92–94 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32092267}}
	*{{cite journal \|title=Toward a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|journal=PhytoKeys \|year=2013 \|issue=32 \|pages=49–64 \|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.32.6733 \|pmid=24399906 \|doi-access=free \|pmc=3881352 }}		*{{cite journal \|title=Toward a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|journal=PhytoKeys \|year=2013 \|issue=32 \|pages=49–64 \|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.32.6733 \|pmid=24399906 \|doi-access=free \|pmc=3881352 }}
	*{{cite journal \|title=Patterns of Diversification in the Xeric-adapted Fern Genus Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|last3=Yatskievych \|first3=George \|last4=Huiet \|first4=~~Lane~~ \|last5=Gastony \|first5=Gerald J. \|author-link5=Gerald J. Gastony \|last6=Pryer \|first6=Kathleen M. \|author-link6=Kathleen M. Pryer \|journal=Systematic Botany \|year=2014 \|volume=39 \|issue=3 \|pages=698–714 \|doi=10.1600/036364414X681518 }}		*{{cite journal \|title=Patterns of Diversification in the Xeric-adapted Fern Genus Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|last3=Yatskievych \|first3=George \|last4=Huiet \|first4=Layne \|last5=Gastony \|first5=Gerald J. \|author-link5=Gerald J. Gastony \|last6=Pryer \|first6=Kathleen M. \|author-link6=Kathleen M. Pryer \|journal=Systematic Botany \|year=2014 \|volume=39 \|issue=3 \|pages=698–714 \|url=https://sites.duke.edu/pryerlab/files/2017/12/grusz-et-al-2014-syst-bot.original.pdf \|doi=10.1600/036364414X681518 \|jstor=24546228 \|s2cid=16969741}}
	*{{cite web \|first=John T. \|last=Kartesz \|title=''Myriopteris'' \|work=Biota of North America Program \|year=2014 \|url=http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Myriopteris}}		*{{cite web \|first=John T. \|last=Kartesz \|title=''Myriopteris'' \|work=Biota of North America Program \|year=2014 \|url=http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Myriopteris}}
	*{{cite book \|first=David B. \|last=Lellinger \|title=A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington, DC \|year=1985 \|isbn=0-87474-603-5}}		*{{cite book \|first=David B. \|last=Lellinger \|title=A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington, DC \|year=1985 \|isbn=0-87474-603-5}}
	*{{cite book \|last1=Mickel \|first1=John T. \|last2=Smith \|first2=Alan R. \|title=The Pteridophytes of Mexico \|publisher=New York Botanical Garden \|location=Bronx, New York \|year=2004 \|series=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden \|volume=88 \|isbn=978-0-89327-488-7}}		*{{cite book \|last1=Mickel \|first1=John T. \|last2=Smith \|first2=Alan R. \|title=The Pteridophytes of Mexico \|publisher=New York Botanical Garden \|location=Bronx, New York \|year=2004 \|series=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden \|volume=88 \|isbn=978-0-89327-488-7}}
	*{{cite NatureServe ~~\|date=July 3, 2025~~ \|id=2.161534 \|title=''~~Cheilanthes~~ pringlei'' \|access-date=~~July 13~~, ~~2025~~}}		*{{cite NatureServe \|id=2.161534 \|title=''Myriopteris pringlei'' \|date=June 28, 2026 \|access-date=June 5, 2026}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Whitehead \|first=Jack \|title=Some Arizona ferns collected in Sonora, Mexico \|year=1937 \|journal=American Fern Journal \|volume=27 \|issue=2 \|pages=43–50 \|doi=10.2307/1544123 \|jstor=1544123 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32262499}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Whitehead \|first=Jack \|title=Some Arizona ferns collected in Sonora, Mexico \|year=1937 \|journal=American Fern Journal \|volume=27 \|issue=2 \|pages=43–50 \|doi=10.2307/1544123 \|jstor=1544123 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32262499}}
	*{{cite encyclopedia \|year=1993 \|title=''Cheilanthes pringlei'' \|editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee \|last1=Windham \|first1=Michael D. \|last2=Rabe \|first2=Eric W. \|encyclopedia=Flora of North America North of Mexico \|volume=2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York and Oxford \|url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500364\|accessdate=February 4, 2019}}		*{{cite encyclopedia \|year=1993 \|title=''Cheilanthes pringlei'' \|editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee \|last1=Windham \|first1=Michael D. \|last2=Rabe \|first2=Eric W. \|encyclopedia=Flora of North America North of Mexico \|volume=2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York and Oxford \|url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500364\|accessdate=February 4, 2019}}

Biology:Yellowtail amberjack

2026-08-19T16:58:11Z

change

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:58, 19 August 2026
Line 9:		Line 9:
	\| taxon = Seriola lalandi		\| taxon = Seriola lalandi
	\| authority = Valenciennes, 1833		\| authority = Valenciennes, 1833
	\| synonyms = *''Seriola aureovittata'' <small>Temminck & Schlegel, 1845</small>		\| synonyms =
	*''Lichia pappei'' <small>[[Biography:Pieter Bleeker\|Bleeker]],1859</small>		*''Lichia pappei'' <small>[[Biography:Pieter Bleeker\|Bleeker]],1859</small>
	*''Seriola pappei'' <small>(Bleeker, 1859)</small>		*''Seriola pappei'' <small>(Bleeker, 1859)</small>
	*''Halatractus dorsalis'' <small>Gill, 1863</small>
	*''Seriola dorsalis'' <small>(Gill, 1863)</small>
	*''Seriola grandis'' <small>Castelnau, 1872</small>		*''Seriola grandis'' <small>Castelnau, 1872</small>
	*''Seriola mazatlana'' <small>[[Biography:Franz Steindachner\|Steindachner]], 1876</small>
	*''Seriola foncki'' <small>Delfin, 1903</small>		*''Seriola foncki'' <small>Delfin, 1903</small>
	*''Seriola banisteri'' <small>J.L.B. Smith, 1959</small>		*''Seriola banisteri'' <small>J. L. B. Smith, 1959</small>
	\| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase\|Seriola\|lalandi\|month=August\|year=2019}}</ref>		\| synonyms_ref = <ref name = Fishbase>{{FishBase\|Seriola\|lalandi\|month=August\|year=2019}}</ref>
	}}		}}

	The '''yellowtail amberjack''', '''yellowtail kingfish, hiramasa''' or '''great amberjack''' ('''''Seriola lalandi''''') is a large fish found in the oceans of the [[Earth:Southern Hemisphere\|Southern Hemisphere]]. Although previously thought to be found in all oceans and seas, recent genetic analysis restricts ''S. lalandi'' proper to the Southern Hemisphere waters.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Martinez-Takeshita\|first1=N.\|first2=D. M.\|last2=Purcell\|first3=C. L.\|last3=Chabot\|first4=M. T.\|last4=Craig\|first5=C. N.\|last5=Paterson\|first6=J. R.\|last6=Hyde\|first7=L. G.\|last7=Allen\|year=2015\|title=A tale of three tails: cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus ''Seriola''\|journal=Copeia\|volume=103\|issue=2\|pages=357–368\|doi=10.1643/CI-124-224}}</ref> However, they are found in Northern Hemisphere waters during certain times of the year. The fish was given its name by ~~Monsieur de Lalande~~, a naturalist who first informed zoologist Achille Valenciennes of the existence of this species. His reason for the use of the word ''Seriola'' (feminine diminutive form of ''seria'', a large earthenware pot) to name the fish is uncertain, but the ~~second word~~ ''lalandi'' was derived from his surname.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/yellowtail-kingfish-seriola-lalandi/\|title=Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833\| author=Australian Museum \| date=2020-03-09\|website=The Australian Museum\|language=en\|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref>		The '''yellowtail amberjack''', '''yellowtail kingfish, hiramasa''' or '''great amberjack''' ('''''Seriola lalandi''''') is a large fish found in the oceans of the [[Earth:Southern Hemisphere\|Southern Hemisphere]]. Although previously thought to be found in all oceans and seas, recent genetic analysis restricts ''S. lalandi'' proper to the Southern Hemisphere waters.<ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Martinez-Takeshita\|first1=N.\|first2=D. M.\|last2=Purcell\|first3=C. L.\|last3=Chabot\|first4=M. T.\|last4=Craig\|first5=C. N.\|last5=Paterson\|first6=J. R.\|last6=Hyde\|first7=L. G.\|last7=Allen\|year=2015\|title=A tale of three tails: cryptic speciation in a globally distributed marine fish of the genus ''Seriola''\|journal=Copeia\|volume=103\|issue=2\|pages=357–368\|doi=10.1643/CI-124-224 \|bibcode=2015Copei.103..357M }}</ref> However, they are found in Northern Hemisphere waters during certain times of the year. The fish was given its name by Pierre Antoine Delalande, a naturalist who first informed zoologist Achille Valenciennes of the existence of this species. His reason for the use of the word ''Seriola'' (feminine diminutive form of ''seria'', a large earthenware pot) to name the fish is uncertain, but the [[Biology:Specific name (zoology)\|epithet]] ''lalandi'' was derived from his surname.<ref>{{Cite web\|url=http://australianmuseum.net.au/learn/animals/fishes/yellowtail-kingfish-seriola-lalandi/\|title=Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi Valenciennes in Cuvier & Valenciennes, 1833\| author=Australian Museum \| date=2020-03-09\|website=The Australian Museum\|language=en\|access-date=2020-03-09}}</ref>

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
Line 33:		Line 30:
	The yellowtail amberjack (or yellowtail kingfish as it is known in Australia) is a highly mobile pelagic species, and tends to either form single-species schools, or combine with southern bluefin tuna (''Thunnus maccoyii'') and silver trevally (''Pseudocaranx dentex''). They prefer water temperatures of 17‒24 °C.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Roelofs \|first1=Anthony \|last2=Lewis \|first2=Paul \|last3=Rogers \|first3=Paul \|last4=Georgeson \|first4=Lee \|last5=Tracey \|first5=Sean \|last6=Victorian Fisheries \|first6=Authority \|title=Yellowtail Kingfish 2020 \|url=https://www.fish.gov.au/report/348-Yellowtail-Kingfish-2020 \|website=Fisheries Research and Development Corporation \|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref>		The yellowtail amberjack (or yellowtail kingfish as it is known in Australia) is a highly mobile pelagic species, and tends to either form single-species schools, or combine with southern bluefin tuna (''Thunnus maccoyii'') and silver trevally (''Pseudocaranx dentex''). They prefer water temperatures of 17‒24 °C.<ref>{{cite web \|last1=Roelofs \|first1=Anthony \|last2=Lewis \|first2=Paul \|last3=Rogers \|first3=Paul \|last4=Georgeson \|first4=Lee \|last5=Tracey \|first5=Sean \|last6=Victorian Fisheries \|first6=Authority \|title=Yellowtail Kingfish 2020 \|url=https://www.fish.gov.au/report/348-Yellowtail-Kingfish-2020 \|website=Fisheries Research and Development Corporation \|access-date=2 August 2021}}</ref>

	In general, they inhabit rocky reefs and adjacent sandy areas in coastal waters and occasionally enter estuaries. They are found from shallow water down to depths around 50 m, although have been caught from over 300 m.		In general, they inhabit rocky reefs and adjacent sandy areas in coastal waters and occasionally enter estuaries. They are found from shallow water down to depths around {{cvt\|50\|m\|-1}}, although have been caught from over {{cvt\|300\|m\|-1}}.

	Young fish up to 7~~ ~~kg are known to form shoals of several hundred fish. They are generally found close to the coast, while larger fish are more common around deep reefs and offshore islands. Juvenile yellowtail amberjack are rarely seen, as they are often found far from land associated with floating debris or weed which provide camouflage. Juveniles are yellow with black bands. This colouration fades as the fish ages, and by about 30~~ ~~cm in length, the fish has assumed its adult colouration.		Young fish up to {{cvt\|7\|kg}} are known to form shoals of several hundred fish. They are generally found close to the coast, while larger fish are more common around deep reefs and offshore islands. Juvenile yellowtail amberjack are rarely seen, as they are often found far from land associated with floating debris or weed which provide camouflage. Juveniles are yellow with black bands. This colouration fades as the fish ages, and by about {{cvt\|30\|cm}} in length, the fish has assumed its adult colouration.

	==Biology==		==Biology==
	Very little is known of the yellowtail amberjack's biology, including its habitat preferences throughout juvenile life stages, migration patterns, and wild reproductive behaviour. Adults live around rocky reefs, rocky outcrops, and drop-offs in coastal waters, and around pinnacles and offshore islands.<ref>Dianne J Bray, 2011, Yellowtail Kingfish, Seriola lalandi~~, in~~ Fishes of Australia~~, accessed~~ 26 ~~Aug~~ 2014~~, https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1662 {{Webarchive~~\|url=https~~://web.archive.org/web/20191218231306/http~~://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1662 ~~\|date=18 December 2019~~ }}</ref> Maximum length is often reported to reach up to 180~~ ~~cm. Large kingfish caught near Port Augusta in South Australia have been recorded at weights of between 40 and 50 ~~kilograms~~. Recreational fishers have reported that kingfish catches near Port Augusta were more reliable when the Playford Power Stations were discharging hot water into the upper Spencer Gulf. The power stations have been decommissioned, but kingfish still migrate to upper Spencer Gulf as the southern gulf water cools.<ref>{{Cite ~~journal~~\|last=Pittaway\|first=Daniel\|date=2017\|title=Port Augusta winter warriors\|~~journal~~=FishingSA\|volume=53\|pages=62–66}}</ref>		Very little is known of the yellowtail amberjack's biology, including its habitat preferences throughout juvenile life stages, migration patterns, and wild reproductive behaviour. Adults live around rocky reefs, rocky outcrops, and drop-offs in coastal waters, and around pinnacles and offshore islands.<ref>{{cite web \|author=Dianne J Bray\|year= 2011\|title= Yellowtail Kingfish, ''Seriola lalandi''\|website= Fishes of Australia \|access-date= 26 August 2014\|url= https://fishesofaustralia.net.au/home/species/1662 }}</ref> Maximum length is often reported to reach up to {{cvt\|180\|cm}}. Large kingfish caught near Port Augusta in South Australia have been recorded at weights of between {{convert\|40\|and\|50\|kg}}. Recreational fishers have reported that kingfish catches near Port Augusta were more reliable when the Playford Power Stations were discharging hot water into the upper Spencer Gulf. The power stations have been decommissioned, but kingfish still migrate to upper Spencer Gulf as the southern gulf water cools.<ref>{{Cite magazine \|last=Pittaway\|first=Daniel\|date=2017\|title=Port Augusta winter warriors\|magazine=FishingSA\|volume=53\|pages=62–66}}</ref>

	=== Sydney Harbour ===		=== Sydney Harbour ===
Line 50:		Line 47:
	Being a [[Biology:Pelagic fish\|pelagic fish]], yellowtail amberjack are highly active [[Biology:Predatory fish\|predators]], usually in [[Social:Social behavior\|schools or in pairs]]. Their main diet consists of [[Biology:Forage fish\|baitfish]] including yellowtail [[Biology:Mackerel\|mackerel]], [[Software:Squid\|squid]], prawns, [[Biology:Needlefish\|garfish]], pilchards and kahawai.<ref>{{cite web \|title=How to catch kingfish \|url=https://www.fishing.net.nz/how-to-catch/kingfish/ \|website=The fishing website \|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Yellowtail amberjacks are one of the major predator species in New Zealand waters, and have been recorded eating seabirds.<ref name="Secrets"/>		Being a [[Biology:Pelagic fish\|pelagic fish]], yellowtail amberjack are highly active [[Biology:Predatory fish\|predators]], usually in [[Social:Social behavior\|schools or in pairs]]. Their main diet consists of [[Biology:Forage fish\|baitfish]] including yellowtail [[Biology:Mackerel\|mackerel]], [[Software:Squid\|squid]], prawns, [[Biology:Needlefish\|garfish]], pilchards and kahawai.<ref>{{cite web \|title=How to catch kingfish \|url=https://www.fishing.net.nz/how-to-catch/kingfish/ \|website=The fishing website \|access-date=19 July 2021}}</ref> Yellowtail amberjacks are one of the major predator species in New Zealand waters, and have been recorded eating seabirds.<ref name="Secrets"/>

	==~~In a human context~~==		==Use==
	[[File:Sashimi-dish Yellow tail amberijack01.jpg\|thumb\|Yellowtail amberjack sashimi]]		[[File:Sashimi-dish Yellow tail amberijack01.jpg\|thumb\|Yellowtail amberjack sashimi]]
	In New Zealand, yellowtail amberjacks are a traditional food of Māori, who call the fish {{lang\|mi\|haku}}. The fish was often caught using hooks that incorporated iridescent [[Biology:Pāua\|pāua]] shell, or by capturing schools of fish in large nets. The fish is traditionally associated with qualities of warriors and leaders, and some iwi associate the fish with the end of life. Early European settlers to New Zealand disliked the fish (known as kingfish), believing the taste to be flavourless and coarse. However, this perception changed over time and it has since become one of the most popular sporting species of fish.<ref name="Secrets"/>

	===~~Uses~~ and aquaculture===		Early European settlers to New Zealand disliked the fish (known as kingfish), believing the taste to be flavourless and coarse. However, this perception changed over time and it has since become one of the most popular sporting species of fish,<ref name="Secrets"/> and is both fish commercially and raised through aquaculture.

			Yellowtail is found on restaurant menus throughout the world, and, known as "hamachi", is a popular fish as sashimi.<ref>{{cite web\|url=https://wdfw.wa.gov/species-habitats/species/seriola-dorsalis-previously-s-lalandi \|title=Yellowtail amberjack (''Seriola dorsalis (previously S. lalandi))''\|publisher= Washington Department of Fish and wildlife}}</ref><ref>{{cite web\|url=https://umaine.edu/cooperative-aquaculture/yellowtail/ \|title=Yellowtail\|publisher= University of Maine Center for Cooperative Aquaculture Research}}</ref>

			===In Māori culture===
			In New Zealand, yellowtail amberjacks are a traditional food of Māori, who call the fish {{lang\|mi\|haku}}. The fish was often caught using hooks that incorporated iridescent [[Biology:Pāua\|pāua]] shell, or by capturing schools of fish in large nets. The fish is traditionally associated with qualities of warriors and leaders, and some iwi associate the fish with the end of life.

			===Aquaculture===
	''S. lalandi'' has been established as a suitable candidate for marine aquaculture. In contrast to the culture of the [[Biology:Japanese amberjack\|Japanese amberjack]] (''S. quinqueradiata''), which has long been cultured extensively in [[Earth:Japan\|Japan]], juveniles of ''S. lalandi'' are not easily available from the wild, and juveniles are produced in hatcheries from captive-breeding stock. In 2010, the Stehr Group in South Australia was the largest producer of cultured ''S. lalandi'' in the world. Trials elsewhere in Australia have been undertaken and in some cases abandoned after stock losses.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Page\|first=Donna\|date=2019-02-05\|title=Controversial Port Stephens kingfish farm scrapped\|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/5888530/controversial-port-stephens-kingfish-farm-scrapped/\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=Newcastle Herald\|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2016-08-31\|title=Yellowtail kingfish farmed at Geraldton die\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2016-08-31/kingfish-die-in-geraldton-trial/7801756\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=www.abc.net.au\|language=en-AU}}</ref> Water quality concerns were raised following farmed kingfish mortalities in upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia, in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2011-09-23\|title=Concerns about kingfish deaths in upper spencer gulf\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2011-09-23/concerns-about-kingfish-deaths-in-upper-spencer/6318206\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=www.abc.net.au\|language=en-AU}}</ref> In the late 2010s, yellowtail kingfish farms were established near Geraldton and the Abrolhos Islands in Western Australia by Indian Ocean Fresh Australia and Huon Aquaculture, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2017-08-03\|title=Jobs to be created after aquaculture zone approved\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-03/wa-aquaculture-zone-gets-environmental-approval/8772272\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=www.abc.net.au\|language=en-AU}}</ref>		''S. lalandi'' has been established as a suitable candidate for marine aquaculture. In contrast to the culture of the [[Biology:Japanese amberjack\|Japanese amberjack]] (''S. quinqueradiata''), which has long been cultured extensively in [[Earth:Japan\|Japan]], juveniles of ''S. lalandi'' are not easily available from the wild, and juveniles are produced in hatcheries from captive-breeding stock. In 2010, the Stehr Group in South Australia was the largest producer of cultured ''S. lalandi'' in the world. Trials elsewhere in Australia have been undertaken and in some cases abandoned after stock losses.<ref>{{Cite web\|last=Page\|first=Donna\|date=2019-02-05\|title=Controversial Port Stephens kingfish farm scrapped\|url=https://www.newcastleherald.com.au/story/5888530/controversial-port-stephens-kingfish-farm-scrapped/\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=Newcastle Herald\|language=en-AU}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web\|date=2016-08-31\|title=Yellowtail kingfish farmed at Geraldton die\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2016-08-31/kingfish-die-in-geraldton-trial/7801756\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=www.abc.net.au\|language=en-AU}}</ref> Water quality concerns were raised following farmed kingfish mortalities in upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia, in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2011-09-23\|title=Concerns about kingfish deaths in upper spencer gulf\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/rural/2011-09-23/concerns-about-kingfish-deaths-in-upper-spencer/6318206\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=www.abc.net.au\|language=en-AU}}</ref> In the late 2010s, yellowtail kingfish farms were established near Geraldton and the Abrolhos Islands in Western Australia by Indian Ocean Fresh Australia and Huon Aquaculture, respectively.<ref>{{Cite web\|date=2017-08-03\|title=Jobs to be created after aquaculture zone approved\|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-08-03/wa-aquaculture-zone-gets-environmental-approval/8772272\|access-date=2021-05-04\|website=www.abc.net.au\|language=en-AU}}</ref>

Line 67:		Line 70:
	*{{cite web\| title=Cape yellowtail (Giant yellowtail \| url=https://www.aquarium.co.za/animals/giant-yellowtail-cape-yellowtail }}		*{{cite web\| title=Cape yellowtail (Giant yellowtail \| url=https://www.aquarium.co.za/animals/giant-yellowtail-cape-yellowtail }}
	*{{cite web\| url=http://www.picture-worl.org/actinopterygien-nouvelle-caledonie-3-seriola-lalandi-valenciennes-1833.html \| title=SERIOLA LALANDI from New Caledonia (En/Fr) }}		*{{cite web\| url=http://www.picture-worl.org/actinopterygien-nouvelle-caledonie-3-seriola-lalandi-valenciennes-1833.html \| title=SERIOLA LALANDI from New Caledonia (En/Fr) }}
	*{{cite web\| title=How to catch Sydney Harbour Kingfish \| url=https://www.fishaboutsydney.com.au/how-to-catch-sydney-harbour-kingfish/ \| website=www.fishaboutsydney.com.au \| location=Australia }}		*{{cite web\| title=How to catch Sydney Harbour Kingfish \| url=https://www.fishaboutsydney.com.au/how-to-catch-sydney-harbour-kingfish/ \| website=www.fishaboutsydney.com.au \| date=13 December 2017 \| location=Australia }}

	==External links==		==External links==

Biology:Hylodesmum leptopus

2026-08-19T16:50:22Z

simplify

New page

{{Short description|Species of plant}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Hylodesmum leptopus flower in Sakieda, Ishigaki, Okinawa.jpg
| taxon = Hylodesmum leptopus
| authority = (A.Gray ex Benth.) H.Ohashi & R.R.Mill
}}
'''''Hylodesmum leptopus''''' is a [[Species|species]] of tick-trefoil in the family [[Biology:Fabaceae|Fabaceae]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Hylodesmum leptopus {{!}} International Plant Names Index |url=https://www.ipni.org/n/1014616-1 |access-date=2026-07-10 |website=www.ipni.org}}</ref>
==References==
{{Reflist}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q15245006}}
[[Category:Desmodieae]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hylodesmum leptopus}}

Biology:Carelia cochlea

2026-08-19T16:42:30Z

change

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:42, 19 August 2026
Line 2:		Line 2:
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\| image = Carelia cochlea (5126873778).jpg		\| image = Carelia cochlea (5126873778).jpg
	\| image_caption = Carelia cochlea shells.		\| image_caption = ''Carelia cochlea'' shells
	\| status = EX		\| status = EX
	\| status_system = IUCN2.3		\| status_system = IUCN2.3
	\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=Mollusc Specialist Group \|date=1996 \|title=''Carelia cochlea'' \|volume=1996 \|article-number=e.T3877A10148536 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3877A10148536.en \|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 16 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=Mollusc Specialist Group \|date=1996 \|title=''Carelia cochlea'' \|volume=1996 \|article-number=e.T3877A10148536 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.1996.RLTS.T3877A10148536.en \|access-date=16 November 2021}}</ref>
			\| status2 = GH
			\| status2_system = TNC
			\| status2_ref = <ref name=NS>{{cite NatureServe \|id=2.108125 \|title=''Carelia cochlea'' \|access-date=3 May 2026}}</ref>
	\| genus = Carelia		\| genus = Carelia
	\| species = cochlea		\| species = cochlea
Line 12:		Line 15:
	}}		}}

	'''''Carelia cochlea''''' was a [[Species\|species]] of small, air-breathing, [[Biology:Land snail\|land snail]], [[Biology:Terrestrial animal\|terrestrial]] pulmonate gastropod [[Biology:Mollusc\|mollusc]] in the family [[Biology:Amastridae\|Amastridae]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carelia cochlea (Reeve, 1849) \|url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1505697 \|access-date=2024-09-28 \|website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref>		'''''Carelia cochlea''''' was a [[Species\|species]] of small, air-breathing, [[Biology:Land snail\|land snail]], [[Biology:Terrestrial animal\|terrestrial]] pulmonate [[Biology:Gastropod\|gastropod]] [[Biology:Mollusc\|mollusc]] in the family [[Biology:Amastridae\|Amastridae]].<ref>{{Cite web \|title=WoRMS - World Register of Marine Species - Carelia cochlea (Reeve, 1849) \|url=https://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=1505697 \|access-date=2024-09-28 \|website=www.marinespecies.org}}</ref>

	This species was [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to the [[Earth:Hawaiian Islands\|Hawaiian Islands]].		This species was [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to the [[Earth:Hawaiian Islands\|Hawaiian Islands]].
Line 23:		Line 26:
	[[Category:Carelia (gastropod)\|cochlea]]		[[Category:Carelia (gastropod)\|cochlea]]
	[[Category:Extinct gastropods]]		[[Category:Extinct gastropods]]



	{{Sourceattribution\|Carelia cochlea}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Carelia cochlea}}

Biology:Rhinophis fergusonianus

2026-08-19T16:33:49Z

linkage

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:33, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Species of snake}}		{{Short description\|Species of snake}}
	~~{{Italic title}}~~
	{{Speciesbox		{{Speciesbox
	\| image = Rhinophis fergusonianus Boulenger 1896.jpg		\| image = Rhinophis fergusonianus Boulenger 1896.jpg
Line 9:		Line 8:
	}}		}}

	'''''Rhinophis fergusonianus''''', commonly known as the '''Cardamom Hills earth snake''', is a [[~~Biology:~~Species\|species]] of [[Biology:Uropeltidae\|uropeltid]] [[Biology:Snake\|snake]] [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to the Western Ghats, ~~{{wipe~~\|India}}.<ref name=RDB/><ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />		'''''Rhinophis fergusonianus''''', commonly known as the '''Cardamom Hills earth snake''', is a [[Species\|species]] of [[Biology:Uropeltidae\|uropeltid]] [[Biology:Snake\|snake]] [[Biology:Endemism\|endemic]] to the Western Ghats, [[Place:India\|India]].<ref name=RDB/><ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />

	==Etymology==		==Etymology==
Line 15:		Line 14:

	==Geographic range==		==Geographic range==
	''R. fergusonianus'' is only known from the type specimen collected in the Cardamom Hills in [[History:Travancore\|Travancore]], a part of the southern Western Ghats in modern Kerala, southeastern India.<ref name=RDB/><ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" />		''R. fergusonianus'' is only known from the type specimen collected in the Cardamom Hills in [[History:Travancore\|Travancore]], a part of the southern Western Ghats in modern Kerala, southeastern India.<ref name=RDB/><ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021" /> Recent studies<ref>{{Cite journal \|last=Gower \|first=David J. \|last2=Narayanan \|first2=Surya \|last3=Deepak \|first3=V. \|last4=Y \|first4=Muhammed Anvar \|last5=Das \|first5=Sandeep \|date=2023-11-15 \|title=Rediscovery and systematics of Rhinophis fergusonianus Boulenger, 1896 (Serpentes: Uropeltidae) from India’s Western Ghats \|url=https://www.mapress.com/zt/article/view/zootaxa.5374.1.4 \|journal=Zootaxa \|language=en \|volume=5374 \|issue=1 \|pages=74–92 \|doi=10.11646/zootaxa.5374.1.4 \|issn=1175-5334}}</ref> found their occurrence in the districts of Malappuram, Palakkad, Thrissur, Ernakulam districts of Kerala, from both side of palghat gap.

	==Description==		==Description==

Biology:Sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase

2026-08-19T16:26:01Z

simplify

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:26, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|Class of enzymes}}		{{Short description\|Class of enzymes}}
	{{infobox enzyme		{{infobox enzyme
	\| Name = ~~sucrose~~ 6F-alpha-galactotransferase		\| Name = Sucrose 6F-alpha-galactotransferase
	\| EC_number = 2.4.1.167		\| EC_number = 2.4.1.167
	\| CAS_number = 92480-04-1		\| CAS_number = 92480-04-1
Line 9:		Line 9:
	\| caption =		\| caption =
	}}		}}
	~~In [[Biology:Enzymology\|enzymology]], a~~ '''~~sucrose~~ 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase''' ({{EC number\|2.4.1.167}}) is an [[Biology:Enzyme\|enzyme]] that [[Chemistry:Catalysis\|catalyzes]] the [[Chemistry:Chemical reaction\|chemical reaction]]		'''Sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase''' ({{EC number\|2.4.1.167}}) is an [[Biology:Enzyme\|enzyme]] that [[Chemistry:Catalysis\|catalyzes]] the [[Chemistry:Chemical reaction\|chemical reaction]]

	:UDP-galactose ~~+ sucrose <math>\rightleftharpoons<~~/~~math>~~ UDP ~~+ 6F-alpha-D-galactosylsucrose~~		{{chemrxn\|width=75%\|
			{{chemrxn/cpd\|sucrose }}
			{{chemrxn/txt\|+ UDP-galactose }}
			{{chemrxn/arw\|fwd_out=[[Chemistry:Uridine diphosphate\|UDP]] }}
			{{chemrxn/cpd\|qid=Q27102324\|caption=planteose\|upright=1.4 }}
			}}

	~~Thus, the~~ two [[Biology:Substrate (biochemistry)\|substrates]] of this enzyme ~~are UDP-galactose and~~ [[~~Chemistry~~:~~Sucrose~~\|~~sucrose~~]]~~, whereas its two~~ [[Chemistry:Product\|products]] are [[Chemistry:Uridine diphosphate\|~~UDP~~]] ~~and 6F~~-~~alpha~~-~~D-galactosylsucrose.~~		The two [[Biology:Substrate (biochemistry)\|substrates]] of this enzyme characterised from [[Biology:Sesame\|sesame]] are sucrose and UDP-galactose. Its [[Chemistry:Product\|products]] are planteose and [[Chemistry:Uridine diphosphate\|uridine diphosphate]] (UDP).<ref>{{cite journal \| vauthors = Hopf H, Spanfelner M, Kandler O \| date = 1984 \| title = Planteose synthesis in seeds of ''Sesamum indicum'' L \| journal = Z. Pflanzenphysiol. \| volume = 114 \| issue = 5 \| pages = 485–492 \| doi = 10.1016/S0044-328X(84)80068-9 }}</ref>

	This enzyme belongs to the family of [[Biology:Glycosyltransferase\|glycosyltransferase]]s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The [[Biology:List of enzymes\|systematic name]] of this enzyme class is '''UDP-galactose:sucrose 6F-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase'''. Other names in common use include '''uridine diphosphogalactose-sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase''', '''UDPgalactose:sucrose 6fru-alpha-galactosyltransferase''', and '''sucrose 6F-alpha-galactotransferase'''.		This enzyme belongs to the family of [[Biology:Glycosyltransferase\|glycosyltransferase]]s, specifically the hexosyltransferases. The [[Biology:List of enzymes\|systematic name]] of this enzyme class is '''UDP-galactose:sucrose 6F-alpha-D-galactosyltransferase'''. Other names in common use include '''uridine diphosphogalactose-sucrose 6F-alpha-galactosyltransferase''', '''UDPgalactose:sucrose 6fru-alpha-galactosyltransferase''', and '''sucrose 6F-alpha-galactotransferase'''.<ref>{{KEGG enzyme\|2.4.1.167}}</ref>

	==References==		==References==
	{{reflist~~\|1}}~~		{{reflist}}
	* {{cite journal \| vauthors = Hopf H, Spanfelner M, Kandler O \| date = 1984 \| title = Planteose synthesis in seeds of Sesamum indicum L \| journal = Z. Pflanzenphysiol. \| volume = 114 \| pages = 485–492 }}

	{{Glycosyltransferases}}		{{Glycosyltransferases}}

Biology:Metamorphosis of Plants

2026-08-19T16:18:56Z

link

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:18, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	{{Short description\|1790 work by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe}}		{{Short description\|1790 work by Johann Wolfgang von Goethe}}
	{{Multiple issues\|		{{Multiple issues\|
	~~{{Unref\|date=March 2026}}~~
	{{confusing\|date=January 2017}}		{{confusing\|date=January 2017}}
	{{Expand German}}		{{Expand German\|date=June 2026}}
	}}		}}
	{{italic title}}		{{italic title}}
	[[File:ResizeImage.jpg\|thumb\|Edition from 1790]]		[[File:ResizeImage.jpg\|thumb\|Edition from 1790]]
	'''''Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären''''', known in English as '''''Metamorphosis of Plants''''', was published by German poet and [[Biography:Philosopher\|philosopher]] [[Biography:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in 1790. In this work, Goethe essentially discovered the [[Biology:Serial homology\|(serially) homologous]] nature of leaf organs in plants, from cotyledons, to photosynthetic leaves, to the petals of a [[Biology:Flower\|flower]]. Although Sir Richard Owen, the British vertebrate anatomist, is generally credited with first articulating a definition of the word "[[Homology\|homology]]" (in 1843), it is clear that Goethe had already arrived at a sophisticated view of homology and transformation (within an idealist morphological perspective) more than fifty years earlier.		'''''Versuch die Metamorphose der Pflanzen zu erklären''''', known in English as '''''Metamorphosis of Plants''''', was published by German poet and [[Biography:Philosopher\|philosopher]] [[Biography:Johann Wolfgang von Goethe\|Johann Wolfgang von Goethe]] in 1790.<ref>{{cite book \|last=Wellmann \|first=Janina \|date=2017 \|title=The Form of Becoming: Embryology and the Epistemology of Rhythm, 1760–1830 \|publisher=Zone Books \|isbn=9781935408765 \|pages=122-126 \|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/_/iPLCDgAAQBAJ \|access-date=June 30, 2026}}</ref> In this work, Goethe essentially discovered the [[Biology:Serial homology\|(serially) homologous]] nature of leaf organs in plants, from cotyledons, to photosynthetic leaves, to the petals of a [[Biology:Flower\|flower]]. Although Sir Richard Owen, the British vertebrate anatomist, is generally credited with first articulating a definition of the word "[[Homology\|homology]]" (in 1843), it is clear that Goethe had already arrived at a sophisticated view of homology and transformation (within an idealist morphological perspective) more than fifty years earlier.

	==See also==		==See also==
Line 13:		Line 12:
	*[[Biology:Phyllody\|Phyllody]]		*[[Biology:Phyllody\|Phyllody]]
	*[[Biology:Teratology\|Teratology]]		*[[Biology:Teratology\|Teratology]]

			==References==
			{{reflist}}

	==External links==		==External links==

Biology:Millerettidae

2026-08-19T16:11:17Z

fix

Show changes

Biology:Southern variable pitohui

2026-08-19T16:03:58Z

link

← Older revision		Revision as of 11:03, 19 August 2026
Line 5:		Line 5:
	\| status = LC		\| status = LC
	\| status_system = IUCN3.1		\| status_system = IUCN3.1
	\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2016 \|title=''Pitohui uropygialis'' \|volume=2016 \|~~page~~=e.T103691602A104067842 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103691602A104067842.en \|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>		\| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 20 November 2021">{{cite iucn \|author=BirdLife International \|date=2016 \|title=''Pitohui uropygialis'' \|volume=2016 \|article-number=e.T103691602A104067842 \|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T103691602A104067842.en \|access-date=20 November 2021}}</ref>
	\| genus = Pitohui		\| genus = Pitohui
	\| species = uropygialis		\| species = uropygialis
Line 13:		Line 13:

	The '''southern variable pitohui''' ('''''Pitohui uropygialis''''') is a species of [[Biology:Pitohui\|pitohui]] in the family [[Biology:Oriolidae\|Oriolidae]]. It is found on New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Its natural [[Earth:Habitat\|habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[Earth:Forest\|forest]]s. It is also one of the few known poisonous birds, it carries the toxic compound homobatrachotoxins in its feathers and skin.		The '''southern variable pitohui''' ('''''Pitohui uropygialis''''') is a species of [[Biology:Pitohui\|pitohui]] in the family [[Biology:Oriolidae\|Oriolidae]]. It is found on New Guinea and neighbouring islands. Its natural [[Earth:Habitat\|habitat]] is subtropical or tropical moist lowland [[Earth:Forest\|forest]]s. It is also one of the few known poisonous birds, it carries the toxic compound homobatrachotoxins in its feathers and skin.
			[[File:Pitohui uropygialis - avocat - 706894378.jpeg\|left\|thumb\|In Papua New Guinea]]

	==Taxonomy and systematics==		==Taxonomy and systematics==

Biology:Basselinia eriostachys

2026-08-19T15:49:09Z

linkage

New page

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant}}
{{Speciesbox
|image= Basselinia eriostachys 6zz.jpg
|image_alt= Two palm trees with thin trunks
|status= LC
|status_system= IUCN3.1
|status_ref = <ref name="IUCN">{{Cite IUCN|title=''Basselinia eriostachys''|article-number=e.T115733830A115777697|year=2017|access-date=2026-06-10|doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T115733830A115777697.en|last=Amice|first=R.|last2=Canel|first2=J.|last3=Ugolini|first3=D.|last4=Butin|first4=J.-P|last5=Fleurot|first5=D.|last6=Garnier|first6=D.|last7=Goxe|first7=J.|last8=Henry|first8=B.}}</ref>
|genus= Basselinia
|species= eriostachys
|authority= Becc.
|synonyms_ref= <ref name="POWO">{{Cite POWO|id=urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:664833-1|title=''Basselinia eriostachys''|access-date=2026-06-10}}</ref>
|synonyms= *''Cyphokentia eriostachys'' {{small|Brongn.}}
*''Microkentia eriostachys'' {{small|(Brongn.) H.Wendl. ex Salomon}}
}}
'''''Basselinia eriostachys''''' is a species of flowering plant in the family [[Biology:Arecaceae|Arecaceae]]. It is a palm tree endemic to [[Earth:New Caledonia|New Caledonia]].

''Basselinia eriostachys'' was described in 1873, and was moved to the genus ''[[Biology:Basselinia|Basselinia]]'' in 1920. The species has been assessed as Least Concern by the IUCN. The seeds are collected for horticulture.

==Taxonomy==
The species was first described in 1873, by Adolphe-Théodore Brongniart, as ''Cyphokentia eriostachys''. The species was moved from ''[[Biology:Cyphokentia|Cyphokentia]]'' to ''Microkentia'' in 1887. In 1920, [[Biography:Odoardo Beccari|Odoardo Beccari]] moved the species to ''Basselinia''.<ref name="POWO"/>

==Distribution==
''Basselinia eriostachys'' is native to the wet tropical biome of New Caledonia.<ref name="POWO"/> The species grows throughout Grande Terre. Its estimated extent of occurrence is {{Convert|5687|km2|sqmi}}.<ref name="IUCN"/>

The species grows on [[Chemistry:Schist|schist]] soils, or [[Chemistry:Ultramafic rock#Soil, regolith, and biology|ultramafic]] substrate, at elevations of up to {{Convert|1200|m|ft}}.<ref name="IUCN"/>

==Description==
''Basselinia eriostachys'' is a shrubby palm tree. It grows in the understory, or emerges from the canopy.<ref name="IUCN"/>

==Uses==
''Basselinia eriostachys'' seeds are collected, and sold in international horticultural trade.<ref name="IUCN"/>

==Conservation==
In 2016, the IUCN listed ''Basselinia eriostachys'' as of Least Concern. It is abundant in its native range, and faces no major threats.<ref name="IUCN"/>

Some subpopulations may be affected by wild pigs, rats, and fire.<ref name="IUCN"/>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*{{Wikispecies-inline|Basselinia eriostachys|''Basselinia eriostachys''}}

{{Taxonbar|from=Q28806624}}

[[Category:Basselinia|eriostachys]]

{{Sourceattribution|Basselinia eriostachys}}

Biology:Clostridium methoxybenzovorans

2026-08-19T15:41:52Z

fixing

← Older revision		Revision as of 10:41, 19 August 2026
Line 10:		Line 10:
	}}		}}

	'''''Clostridium methoxybenzovorans''''' is a strictly [[Biology:Anaerobic organism\|anaerobic]] and spore-forming bacterium from the genus ''[[Biology:Clostridium\|Clostridium]]'' which has been isolated from olive mill wastewater from Sfax in Tunisia.<ref name=Clostridium-methoxybenzovorans/><ref>{{cite journal\|title=[Clostridium] methoxybenzovorans\|website=www.uniprot.org\|url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/81424\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Parker\|first1=Charles Thomas\|last2=Taylor\|first2=Dorothea\|last3=Garrity\|first3=George M\|editor1-first=Charles Thomas\|editor1-last=Parker\|editor2-first=George M\|editor2-last=Garrity\|title=Nomenclature Abstract for Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999.\|journal=The NamesforLife Abstracts\|year=2010\|doi=10.1601/nm.3974\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Mechichi\|first1=T\|last2=Labat\|first2=M\|last3=Patel\|first3=BK\|last4=Woo\|first4=TH\|last5=Thomas\|first5=P\|last6=Garcia\|first6=JL\|title=Clostridium methoxybenzovorans sp. nov., a new aromatic o-demethylating homoacetogen from an olive mill wastewater treatment digester.\|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology\|date=July 1999\|volume=49 Pt 3\|issue=3\|pages=1201–9\|doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1201\|pmid=10425780\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Vos\|first1=Paul\|last2=Garrity\|first2=George\|last3=Jones\|first3=Dorothy\|last4=Krieg\|first4=Noel R.\|last5=Ludwig\|first5=Wolfgang\|last6=Rainey\|first6=Fred A.\|last7=Schleifer\|first7=Karl-Heinz\|last8=Whitman\|first8=William B.\|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes\|date=2011\|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media\|isbn=9780387684895\|language=en}}</ref>		'''''Clostridium methoxybenzovorans''''' is a species of [[Biology:Gram-positive bacteria\|gram-positive]], strictly [[Biology:Anaerobic organism\|anaerobic]] and spore-forming bacterium from the genus ''[[Biology:Clostridium\|Clostridium]]'' which has been isolated from olive mill wastewater from Sfax in Tunisia.<ref name=Clostridium-methoxybenzovorans/><ref>{{cite journal\|title=[Clostridium] methoxybenzovorans\|website=www.uniprot.org\|url=https://www.uniprot.org/taxonomy/81424\|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal\|last1=Parker\|first1=Charles Thomas\|last2=Taylor\|first2=Dorothea\|last3=Garrity\|first3=George M\|editor1-first=Charles Thomas\|editor1-last=Parker\|editor2-first=George M\|editor2-last=Garrity\|title=Nomenclature Abstract for Clostridium methoxybenzovorans Mechichi et al. 1999.\|journal=The NamesforLife Abstracts\|year=2010\|doi=10.1601/nm.3974\|language=en}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{cite journal\|last1=Mechichi\|first1=T\|last2=Labat\|first2=M\|last3=Patel\|first3=BK\|last4=Woo\|first4=TH\|last5=Thomas\|first5=P\|last6=Garcia\|first6=JL\|title=Clostridium methoxybenzovorans sp. nov., a new aromatic o-demethylating homoacetogen from an olive mill wastewater treatment digester.\|journal=International Journal of Systematic Bacteriology\|date=July 1999\|volume=49 Pt 3\|issue=3\|pages=1201–9\|doi=10.1099/00207713-49-3-1201\|pmid=10425780\|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite book\|last1=Vos\|first1=Paul\|last2=Garrity\|first2=George\|last3=Jones\|first3=Dorothy\|last4=Krieg\|first4=Noel R.\|last5=Ludwig\|first5=Wolfgang\|last6=Rainey\|first6=Fred A.\|last7=Schleifer\|first7=Karl-Heinz\|last8=Whitman\|first8=William B.\|title=Bergey's Manual of Systematic Bacteriology: Volume 3: The Firmicutes\|date=2011\|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media\|isbn=9780387684895\|language=en}}</ref> ''C. methoxybenzovorans'' is able to grow on a variety of carbon sources including carbohydrates, organic compounds, and alcohol (methanol).<ref name=":0" />

	==References==		==References==
Line 19:		Line 19:
	[[Category:Clostridium\|luticellarii]]		[[Category:Clostridium\|luticellarii]]

			[[Category:Gram-positive bacteria]]
			[[Category:Anaerobes]]

	{{Sourceattribution\|Clostridium methoxybenzovorans}}		{{Sourceattribution\|Clostridium methoxybenzovorans}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 15:12, 19 August 2026
Line 18:		Line 18:

	==Description==		==Description==
	~~[[File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-1.JPG\|thumb\|240px\|right\|Close-up on flowers of ''Barbarea vulgaris'']]~~		The plant grows to {{convert\|80\|cm\|abbr=on}} high and {{convert\|25\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=2}} wide.<ref name="tfb">{{Cite book \|last=Francis-Baker \|first=Tiffany \|title=Concise Foraging Guide \|date=2021 \|publisher=[[Company:Bloomsbury Publishing\|Bloomsbury]] \|isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 \|series=The Wildlife Trusts \|location=London \|page=62}}</ref> The stem is ribbed and hairless, branched at the base. It has basal [[Biology:Rosette (botany)\|rosette]]s of shiny, dark green leaves. The basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are smaller, ovate, toothed, or lobed. The flowers are borne in spring in dense terminal clusters above the [[Biology:Leaf\|foliage]]. They are {{convert\|7\|-\|9\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}} long, with four bright yellow petals. The flowering period extends from about April through July. The fruits are a [[Biology:Silique\|silique]]s (seed capsules) of length {{convert\|15\|-\|30\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}}.<ref name="SIG:2023">{{cite web \|title=Barbarea W. T. Aiton spp. \|url=https://seedidguide.idseed.org/fact_sheets/barbarea-spp-4/ \|website=seedidguide.idseed.org \|publisher=International Seed Morphology Association \|access-date=19 July 2026 \|date=March 27, 2023 \|ISBN=978-1-7753419-0-1}}</ref>
	~~[[File:Melitaea athalia - Keila.jpg\|thumb\|240px\|Flowers with heath fritillary]]~~
	The plant grows to {{convert\|80\|cm\|abbr=on}} high and {{convert\|25\|cm\|abbr=on\|frac=2}} wide.<ref name="tfb">{{Cite book \|last=Francis-Baker \|first=Tiffany \|title=Concise Foraging Guide \|date=2021 \|publisher=[[Company:Bloomsbury Publishing\|Bloomsbury]] \|isbn=978-1-4729-8474-6 \|series=The Wildlife Trusts \|location=London \|page=62}}</ref> The stem is ribbed and hairless, branched at the base. It has basal [[Biology:Rosette (botany)\|rosette]]s of shiny, dark green leaves. The basal leaves are stalked and lyre-pinnatifid, that is with a large terminal lobe and smaller lower lobes. The cauline leaves are smaller, ovate, toothed, or lobed. The flowers are borne in spring in dense terminal clusters above the [[Biology:Leaf\|foliage]]. They are {{convert\|7\|-\|9\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}} long, with four bright yellow petals. The flowering period extends from about April through July. The ~~fruit is~~ a ~~pod around~~ {{convert\|15\|-\|30\|mm\|abbr=on\|frac=8}}.		A single ''B. vulgaris'' plant can produce up to 88,000 seeds per year, its seeds long lived, remaining viable for 10–20 years. Wintercress is also known to reproduce [[Biology:Vegetative reproduction\|vegetatively]] from roots or buds near its base, presenting as ''cauline rosettes''.<ref name="SIG:2023" /><ref>{{cite journal \|last1=Aarssen \|first1=Lonnie W. \|title=THE BIOLOGY OF CANADIAN WEEDS: 50. Hypochoeris radicata L. \|journal=Canadian Journal of Plant Science \|date=April 1981 \|volume=61 \|issue=2 \|page=374 \|doi=10.4141/cjps81-051 \|url=https://cdnsciencepub.com/doi/epdf/10.4141/cjps81-051 \|access-date=2 July 2026 \|publisher=Canadian Science Publishing \|location=Ottawa, Ontario, Canada}}</ref>

	Chemical substances in this species include [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=V. \|last2=Ekstrom \|first2=C. T. \|last3=Andersen \|first3=S. B. \|last4=Nielsen \|first4=J. K. \|last5=Olsen \|first5=C. E. \|last6=Bak \|first6=S. \|year=2009 \|title=Identification of Defense Compounds in Barbarea vulgaris against the Herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' by an Ecometabolomic Approach \|journal=Plant Physiology \|volume=151 \|issue=4 \|pages=1977–90 \|doi=10.1104/pp.109.136952 \|pmc=2785962 \|pmid=19819983}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=Vera \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=Jens Kvist \|last3=Augustin \|first3=Jörg Manfred \|last4=Torp \|first4=Anna Maria \|last5=Bak \|first5=Søren \|last6=Andersen \|first6=Sven Bode \|year=2011 \|title=Barbarea vulgaris linkage map and quantitative trait loci for saponins, glucosinolates, hairiness and resistance to the herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' \|journal=Phytochemistry \|volume=72 \|issue=2–3 \|pages=188–98 \|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.007 \|pmid=21130479\|bibcode=2011PChem..72..188K }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal \|last1=Nielsen \|first1=Nikoline J. \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=John \|last3=Staerk \|first3=Dan \|year=2010 \|title=New Resistance-Correlated Saponins from the Insect-Resistant CruciferBarbarea vulgaris \|url=https://figshare.com/articles/New_Resistance_Correlated_Saponins_from_the_Insect_Resistant_Crucifer_i_Barbarea_vulgaris_i_/2770123 \|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \|volume=58 \|issue=9 \|pages=5509–14 \|doi=10.1021/jf903988f \|pmid=20387830\|bibcode=2010JAFC...58.5509N \|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal \|last1=Shinoda \|first1=Tetsuro \|last2=Nagao \|first2=Tsuneatsu \|last3=Nakayama \|first3=Masayoshi \|last4=Serizawa \|first4=Hiroaki \|last5=Koshioka \|first5=Masaji \|last6=Okabe \|first6=Hikaru \|last7=Kawai \|first7=Akira \|year=2002 \|title=Identification of a triterpenoid saponin from a crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris, as a feeding deterrent to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella \|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology \|volume=28 \|issue=3 \|pages=587–99 \|doi=10.1023/A:1014500330510 \|pmid=11944835 \|bibcode=2002JCEco..28..587S \|s2cid=1539329}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Flavonoid\|flavonoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1021/jf200412c \| title = Polymorphism for Novel Tetraglycosylated Flavonols in an Eco-model Crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Dalby-Brown \| first1 = Lea \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| last4 = Agerbirk \| first4 = Niels \| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \| volume = 59 \| issue = 13 \| pages = 6947–56 \| pmid = 21615154\| bibcode = 2011JAFC...59.6947D }}</ref> and [[Biology:Glucosinolate\|glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.034 \| title = Isoferuloyl derivatives of five seed glucosinolates in the crucifer genus Barbarea \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 72 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 610–23 \| pmid = 21354584\| bibcode = 2011PChem..72..610A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00750-1 \| title = Glucosinolates, flea beetle resistance, and leaf pubescence as taxonomic characters in the genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) \| year = 2003 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Ørgaard \| first2 = Marian \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 63 \| pages = 69–80 \| pmid = 12657300 \| issue = 1\| bibcode = 2003PChem..63...69A }}</ref> It usually has a peppery taste.<ref name="tfb" />		Chemical substances in this species include [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s,<ref name=":2">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=V. \|last2=Ekstrom \|first2=C. T. \|last3=Andersen \|first3=S. B. \|last4=Nielsen \|first4=J. K. \|last5=Olsen \|first5=C. E. \|last6=Bak \|first6=S. \|year=2009 \|title=Identification of Defense Compounds in Barbarea vulgaris against the Herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' by an Ecometabolomic Approach \|journal=Plant Physiology \|volume=151 \|issue=4 \|pages=1977–90 \|doi=10.1104/pp.109.136952 \|pmc=2785962 \|pmid=19819983}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{cite journal \|last1=Kuzina \|first1=Vera \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=Jens Kvist \|last3=Augustin \|first3=Jörg Manfred \|last4=Torp \|first4=Anna Maria \|last5=Bak \|first5=Søren \|last6=Andersen \|first6=Sven Bode \|year=2011 \|title=Barbarea vulgaris linkage map and quantitative trait loci for saponins, glucosinolates, hairiness and resistance to the herbivore ''Phyllotreta nemorum'' \|journal=Phytochemistry \|volume=72 \|issue=2–3 \|pages=188–98 \|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.11.007 \|pmid=21130479\|bibcode=2011PChem..72..188K }}</ref><ref name=":4">{{cite journal \|last1=Nielsen \|first1=Nikoline J. \|last2=Nielsen \|first2=John \|last3=Staerk \|first3=Dan \|year=2010 \|title=New Resistance-Correlated Saponins from the Insect-Resistant CruciferBarbarea vulgaris \|url=https://figshare.com/articles/New_Resistance_Correlated_Saponins_from_the_Insect_Resistant_Crucifer_i_Barbarea_vulgaris_i_/2770123 \|journal=Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \|volume=58 \|issue=9 \|pages=5509–14 \|doi=10.1021/jf903988f \|pmid=20387830\|bibcode=2010JAFC...58.5509N \|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite journal \|last1=Shinoda \|first1=Tetsuro \|last2=Nagao \|first2=Tsuneatsu \|last3=Nakayama \|first3=Masayoshi \|last4=Serizawa \|first4=Hiroaki \|last5=Koshioka \|first5=Masaji \|last6=Okabe \|first6=Hikaru \|last7=Kawai \|first7=Akira \|year=2002 \|title=Identification of a triterpenoid saponin from a crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris, as a feeding deterrent to the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella \|journal=Journal of Chemical Ecology \|volume=28 \|issue=3 \|pages=587–99 \|doi=10.1023/A:1014500330510 \|pmid=11944835 \|bibcode=2002JCEco..28..587S \|s2cid=1539329}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Flavonoid\|flavonoid]]s,<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1021/jf200412c \| title = Polymorphism for Novel Tetraglycosylated Flavonols in an Eco-model Crucifer, Barbarea vulgaris \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Dalby-Brown \| first1 = Lea \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| last4 = Agerbirk \| first4 = Niels \| journal = Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry \| volume = 59 \| issue = 13 \| pages = 6947–56 \| pmid = 21615154\| bibcode = 2011JAFC...59.6947D }}</ref> and [[Biology:Glucosinolate\|glucosinolate]]s.<ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/j.phytochem.2011.01.034 \| title = Isoferuloyl derivatives of five seed glucosinolates in the crucifer genus Barbarea \| year = 2011 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Olsen \| first2 = Carl Erik \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 72 \| issue = 7 \| pages = 610–23 \| pmid = 21354584\| bibcode = 2011PChem..72..610A }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal \| doi = 10.1016/S0031-9422(02)00750-1 \| title = Glucosinolates, flea beetle resistance, and leaf pubescence as taxonomic characters in the genus Barbarea (Brassicaceae) \| year = 2003 \| last1 = Agerbirk \| first1 = Niels \| last2 = Ørgaard \| first2 = Marian \| last3 = Nielsen \| first3 = Jens Kvist \| journal = Phytochemistry \| volume = 63 \| pages = 69–80 \| pmid = 12657300 \| issue = 1\| bibcode = 2003PChem..63...69A }}</ref> It usually has a peppery taste.<ref name="tfb" />
Line 57:		Line 57:
	=== Natural insect resistance ===		=== Natural insect resistance ===
	Most ''B. vulgaris'' genotypes are naturally resistant to some insect species that are otherwise specialized on the crucifer family. In the case of diamondback moth (''Plutella xylostella'') and the flea beetle ''[[Biology:Phyllotreta nemorum\|Phyllotreta nemorum]]'', the resistance is caused by [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Glucosinolates such as glucobarbarin and [[Chemistry:Glucobrassicin\|glucobrassicin]] are used as a cue for egg-laying by female cabbage white butterflies such as ''[[Biology:Pieris rapae\|Pieris rapae]]''. Indeed, the larvae of this butterfly thrive well on this plant. Diamondback moth females are also stimulated by these chemicals, but the larvae die due to the content of saponins which are apparently not sensed by the moths. This phenomenon has been tested for biological insect control: ''B. vulgaris'' plants are placed in a field and attract much of the diamondback moth egg load. As the larvae die shortly after hatching, this kind of insect control has been named "dead-end trap cropping".<ref>Shelton, A. M. and B. A. Nault (2004) "Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth," ''Crop Protection'' '''23''': 497-503.</ref><!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->		Most ''B. vulgaris'' genotypes are naturally resistant to some insect species that are otherwise specialized on the crucifer family. In the case of diamondback moth (''Plutella xylostella'') and the flea beetle ''[[Biology:Phyllotreta nemorum\|Phyllotreta nemorum]]'', the resistance is caused by [[Chemistry:Saponin\|saponin]]s.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" /><ref name=":4" /><ref name=":5" /> Glucosinolates such as glucobarbarin and [[Chemistry:Glucobrassicin\|glucobrassicin]] are used as a cue for egg-laying by female cabbage white butterflies such as ''[[Biology:Pieris rapae\|Pieris rapae]]''. Indeed, the larvae of this butterfly thrive well on this plant. Diamondback moth females are also stimulated by these chemicals, but the larvae die due to the content of saponins which are apparently not sensed by the moths. This phenomenon has been tested for biological insect control: ''B. vulgaris'' plants are placed in a field and attract much of the diamondback moth egg load. As the larvae die shortly after hatching, this kind of insect control has been named "dead-end trap cropping".<ref>Shelton, A. M. and B. A. Nault (2004) "Dead-end trap cropping: a technique to improve management of the diamondback moth," ''Crop Protection'' '''23''': 497-503.</ref><!-- BiolConserv137:248. -->

			===Ecological impact ===
			''B. vulgaris'' is listed as a ''Class 3: Secondary Noxious Weed'' by the Canadian Food Inspection Agency due to difficulties preventing its small seed, {{convert\|1.2\|-\|1.5\|mm\|abbr=on}} long by {{convert\|1.0\|-\|1.2\|mm\|abbr=on}} wide, from contaminating seed stocks of other small-seeded crops, e.g. grain, hay and vegetables.<ref name="SIG:2023" />

	== Uses ==		== Uses ==
	The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Niering \|first1=William A. \| last2=Olmstead \|first2=Nancy C. \|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region \|year=1985 \|orig-date=1979\|publisher=Knopf \|isbn=0-394-50432-1 \|page=425}}</ref> The buds and flowers are also edible,<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Elias\|first1=Thomas S.\|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods\|last2=Dykeman\|first2=Peter A.\|publisher=Sterling\|year=2009\|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9\|location=New York\|page=99\|oclc=244766414\|orig-date=1982}}</ref> as are the flower shoots after cooking.<ref name="tfb" /> It can also be used as a dead-end [[Biology:Trap crop\|trap crop]] for diamondback moth, the caterpillar of which is a pest on cruciferous plants like [[Biology:Cabbage\|cabbage]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Badenes-Perez\|first1=Francisco R.\|last2=Reichelt\|first2=Michael\|last3=Gershenzon\|first3=Jonathan\|last4=Heckel\|first4=David G.\|date=February 2014\|title=Using plant chemistry and insect preference to study the potential of Barbarea (Brassicaceae) as a dead-end trap crop for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)\|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942213004445\|journal=Phytochemistry\|language=en\|volume=98\|pages=137–144\|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.009\|pmid=24342111\|bibcode=2014PChem..98..137B \|url-access=subscription}}</ref>		The young leaves can be eaten raw or cooked.<ref>{{cite book \|last1=Niering \|first1=William A. \| last2=Olmstead \|first2=Nancy C. \|title=The Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers, Eastern Region \|year=1985 \|orig-date=1979\|publisher=Knopf \|isbn=0-394-50432-1 \|page=425}}</ref> The buds and flowers are also edible,<ref>{{Cite book\|last1=Elias\|first1=Thomas S.\|title=Edible Wild Plants: A North American Field Guide to Over 200 Natural Foods\|last2=Dykeman\|first2=Peter A.\|publisher=Sterling\|year=2009\|isbn=978-1-4027-6715-9\|location=New York\|page=99\|oclc=244766414\|orig-date=1982}}</ref> as are the flower shoots after cooking.<ref name="tfb" /> It can also be used as a dead-end [[Biology:Trap crop\|trap crop]] for [[Biology:Diamondback moth\|diamondback moth]], the caterpillar of which is a pest on cruciferous plants like [[Biology:Cabbage\|cabbage]].<ref>{{Cite journal\|last1=Badenes-Perez\|first1=Francisco R.\|last2=Reichelt\|first2=Michael\|last3=Gershenzon\|first3=Jonathan\|last4=Heckel\|first4=David G.\|date=February 2014\|title=Using plant chemistry and insect preference to study the potential of Barbarea (Brassicaceae) as a dead-end trap crop for diamondback moth (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae)\|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0031942213004445\|journal=Phytochemistry\|language=en\|volume=98\|pages=137–144\|doi=10.1016/j.phytochem.2013.11.009\|pmid=24342111\|bibcode=2014PChem..98..137B \|url-access=subscription}}</ref>

	==Subspecies==		==Subspecies==
Line 70:		Line 73:
	<gallery>		<gallery>
	File:31 Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.jpg\|Illustration of ''B. vulgaris'' from Atlas des plantes de France. 1891		File:31 Barbarea vulgaris R.Br.jpg\|Illustration of ''B. vulgaris'' from Atlas des plantes de France. 1891
			File:Barbarea vulgaris 15-p.bot-barba.vulga-39.jpg\|''B. vulgaris''' maturing [[Biology:Silique\|siliques]] (seed capsules)
			File:Barbarea vulgaris.jpg\|''B. vulgaris'' seeds
			File:Barbarea vulgaris kz03.jpg\|''B. vulgaris'' seedling
			File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris.JPG\|The lyre-pinnatifid leaf of ''B. vulgaris''
	File:Barbarea vulgaris ENBLA06.jpg\|Plant of ''B. vulgaris''		File:Barbarea vulgaris ENBLA06.jpg\|Plant of ''B. vulgaris''
	File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-2 (2).JPG\|Flowers of ''B. vulgaris''		File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-2 (2).JPG\|Flowers of ''B. vulgaris''
	File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris.JPG\|~~The lyre~~-~~pinnatifid leaf~~ of ''B. vulgaris''		File:Brassicaceae - Barbarea vulgaris-1.JPG\|Close-up on flowers of ''Barbarea vulgaris''
			File:Melitaea athalia - Keila.jpg\|Flowers with a heath fritillary in Keila, Estonia
	</gallery>		</gallery>

← Older revision		Revision as of 12:06, 19 August 2026
Line 7:		Line 7:
	\| status = G4		\| status = G4
	\| status_system = TNC		\| status_system = TNC
	\| status_ref = {{sfn\|NatureServe\|~~2025~~}}		\| status_ref = {{sfn\|NatureServe\|2026}}
	\| genus = Myriopteris		\| genus = Myriopteris
	\| species = pringlei		\| species = pringlei
Line 37:		Line 37:

	===Varieties===		===Varieties===
	The typical variety, ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''pringlei'', has abundant, overlapping scales on the leaf, with inconspicuous hairs on the stipe and deltate leaf blades. The more widely distributed ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' has fewer scales, more conspicuous hairs, and may have more oblong leaf blades.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}		The typical [[Biology:Variety (botany)\|variety]], ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''pringlei'', has abundant, overlapping scales on the leaf, with inconspicuous hairs on the stipe and deltate leaf blades. The more widely distributed ''Myriopteris pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' has fewer scales, more conspicuous hairs, and may have more oblong leaf blades.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}

	==Taxonomy==		==Taxonomy==
	The species was first [[Biology:Species description\|described]] by George Edward Davenport in 1883 as ''Cheilanthes pringlei'', based on material collected by Cyrus Pringle in Arizona, for whom Davenport named it.{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=61}} The type specimen is ''Pringle s.n.'', collected May 2, 1883, at the Gray Herbarium.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}		The species was first [[Biology:Species description\|described]] by George Edward Davenport in 1883 as ''Cheilanthes pringlei'', based on material collected by Cyrus Pringle in Arizona, for whom Davenport named it.{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=61}} The type specimen is ''Pringle s.n.'', collected May 2, 1883, at the Gray Herbarium.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=207}}

	John Gilbert Baker described a similar fern, ''Cheilanthes moncloviensis'', in 1891, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila.{{sfn\|Baker\|1891\|p=210}} The type specimen is ''Palmer 1378'' at the [[Organization:Kew Herbarium\|Kew Herbarium]]. John T. Mickel and Alan R. Smith subsequently reduced this to ''C. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' in 2004 in ''Pteridophytes of Mexico''.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=2007}}		John Gilbert Baker described a similar fern, ''Cheilanthes moncloviensis'', in 1891, based on material collected by Edward Palmer in Coahuila,{{sfn\|Baker\|1891\|p=210}} near Monclova. The type specimen is ''Palmer 1378'' at the [[Organization:Kew Herbarium\|Kew Herbarium]]. John T. Mickel and Alan R. Smith subsequently reduced this to ''C. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis'' in 2004 in ''Pteridophytes of Mexico''.{{sfn\|Mickel\|Smith\|2004\|p=2007}}

	In 1912, Leslie Newton Goodding described a new fern, ''Cheilanthes sonorensis'', from material he collected in [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]].{{sfn\|Goodding\|1912\|p=93}} However, [[Biography:William Ralph Maxon\|William Ralph Maxon]] examined the type specimen, ''Goodding 942'', and concluded that it was a synonym of typical ''C. pringlei''.{{sfn\|Whitehead\|1937\|p=43}}		In 1912, Leslie Newton Goodding described a new fern, ''Cheilanthes sonorensis'', from material he collected in [[Place:Sonora\|Sonora]].{{sfn\|Goodding\|1912\|p=93}} However, [[Biography:William Ralph Maxon\|William Ralph Maxon]] examined the type specimen, ''Goodding 942'', and concluded that it was a synonym of typical ''C. pringlei''.{{sfn\|Whitehead\|1937\|p=43}}

	The development of molecular phylogenetic methods showed that the traditional circumscription of ''Cheilanthes''~~, including that used by Davenport,~~ is polyphyletic. [[Biology:Convergent evolution\|Convergent evolution]] in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread homoplasy in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus ''[[Biology:Myriopteris\|Myriopteris]]'' in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in ''Cheilanthes''. One of these was ''C. pringlei'', which thus became ''Myriopteris pringlei''. They also transferred the variety as ''M. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis''.{{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|2013}}		The development of [[Biology:Molecular phylogenetics\|molecular phylogenetic]] methods showed that the traditional [[Philosophy:Circumscription (taxonomy)\|circumscription]] of ''Cheilanthes'' is polyphyletic. [[Biology:Convergent evolution\|Convergent evolution]] in arid environments is thought to be responsible for widespread [[Biology:Homoplasy\|homoplasy]] in the morphological characters traditionally used to classify it and the segregate genera that have sometimes been recognized. On the basis of molecular evidence, Amanda Grusz and Michael D. Windham revived the genus ''[[Biology:Myriopteris\|Myriopteris]]'' in 2013 for a group of species formerly placed in ''Cheilanthes''. One of these was ''C. pringlei'', which thus became ''Myriopteris pringlei''. They also transferred the variety as ''M. pringlei'' var. ''moncloviensis''.{{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|2013}}

	In 2018, [[Biography:Maarten J. M. Christenhusz\|Maarten J. M. Christenhusz]] transferred the species to ''[[Biology:Hemionitis\|Hemionitis]]'' as ''H. pringlei'' and again elevated the variety to species level as ''H. moncloviensis'' as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.{{sfn\|Christenhusz\|Fay\|Byng\|2018\|p=19}}		In 2018, [[Biography:Maarten J. M. Christenhusz\|Maarten J. M. Christenhusz]] transferred the species to ''[[Biology:Hemionitis\|Hemionitis]]'' as ''H. pringlei'' and again elevated the variety to species level as ''H. moncloviensis'' as part of a program to consolidate the cheilanthoid ferns into that genus.{{sfn\|Christenhusz\|Fay\|Byng\|2018\|p=19}}
Line 52:		Line 52:
	Members of the genus ''Cheilanthes'' as historically defined (which includes ''Myriopteris'') are commonly known as "lip ferns" due to the lip-like (false) indusium formed by the leaf margins curling over the sori.{{sfn\|Clute\|1901\|pp=237,242}} The common name '''Pringle's lip fern'''{{sfn\|Windham\|Rabe\|1993}}{{sfn\|Lellinger\|1985\|p=141}} refers to the collector honored by the epithet.		Members of the genus ''Cheilanthes'' as historically defined (which includes ''Myriopteris'') are commonly known as "lip ferns" due to the lip-like (false) indusium formed by the leaf margins curling over the sori.{{sfn\|Clute\|1901\|pp=237,242}} The common name '''Pringle's lip fern'''{{sfn\|Windham\|Rabe\|1993}}{{sfn\|Lellinger\|1985\|p=141}} refers to the collector honored by the epithet.

	Further molecular studies in ''Myriopteris'' demonstrated the existence of three well-supported ~~clades~~ within the genus. ''M. pringlei'' belongs to what Grusz ''et al.'' informally named the ''alabamensis'' clade. It is sister to ''M. peninsularis'', and both are part of a well-supported clade that includes ''[[Biology:Myriopteris mickelii\|M. mickelii]]'' and ''[[Biology:Myriopteris allosuroides\|M. allosuroides]]''. {{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|Yatskievych\|Huiet\|2014\|p=704}}		Further molecular studies in ''Myriopteris'' demonstrated the existence of three well-supported [[Biology:Clade\|clade]]s within the genus. ''M. pringlei'' belongs to what Grusz ''et al.'' informally named the ''alabamensis'' clade. It is sister to ''M. peninsularis'', and both are part of a well-supported clade that includes ''[[Biology:Myriopteris mickelii\|M. mickelii]]'' and ''[[Biology:Myriopteris allosuroides\|M. allosuroides]]''. {{sfn\|Grusz\|Windham\|Yatskievych\|Huiet\|2014\|p=704}}

	==Distribution and habitat==		==Distribution and habitat==
Line 60:		Line 60:

	==Ecology and conservation==		==Ecology and conservation==
	While globally secure (G4), ''M. pringlei'' is considered by [[Organization:NatureServe\|NatureServe]] to be vulnerable (S3) in Arizona.{{sfn\|NatureServe\|~~2025~~}} The type specimen was found to be the host of a new rust fungus, ''Caeoma cheilanthis''{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=62}} (now ''Hyalopsora neocheilanthis'').		While globally secure (G4), ''M. pringlei'' is considered by [[Organization:NatureServe\|NatureServe]] to be vulnerable (S3) in Arizona.{{sfn\|NatureServe\|2026}} The type specimen was found to be the host of a new rust fungus, ''Caeoma cheilanthis''{{sfn\|Davenport\|1883\|p=62}} (now ''Hyalopsora neocheilanthis'').

	==Citations==		==Citations==
Line 73:		Line 73:
	*{{cite journal \|last=Goodding \|first=Leslie N. \|title=New Southwestern ferns \|year=1912 \|journal=Muhlenbergia \|volume=8 \|issue=8 \|pages=92–94 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32092267}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Goodding \|first=Leslie N. \|title=New Southwestern ferns \|year=1912 \|journal=Muhlenbergia \|volume=8 \|issue=8 \|pages=92–94 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32092267}}
	*{{cite journal \|title=Toward a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|journal=PhytoKeys \|year=2013 \|issue=32 \|pages=49–64 \|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.32.6733 \|pmid=24399906 \|doi-access=free \|pmc=3881352 }}		*{{cite journal \|title=Toward a monophyletic Cheilanthes: The resurrection and recircumscription of Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|journal=PhytoKeys \|year=2013 \|issue=32 \|pages=49–64 \|doi=10.3897/phytokeys.32.6733 \|pmid=24399906 \|doi-access=free \|pmc=3881352 }}
	*{{cite journal \|title=Patterns of Diversification in the Xeric-adapted Fern Genus Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|last3=Yatskievych \|first3=George \|last4=Huiet \|first4=~~Lane~~ \|last5=Gastony \|first5=Gerald J. \|author-link5=Gerald J. Gastony \|last6=Pryer \|first6=Kathleen M. \|author-link6=Kathleen M. Pryer \|journal=Systematic Botany \|year=2014 \|volume=39 \|issue=3 \|pages=698–714 \|doi=10.1600/036364414X681518 }}		*{{cite journal \|title=Patterns of Diversification in the Xeric-adapted Fern Genus Myriopteris (Pteridaceae) \|last1=Grusz \|first1=Amanda L. \|last2=Windham \|first2=Michael D. \|last3=Yatskievych \|first3=George \|last4=Huiet \|first4=Layne \|last5=Gastony \|first5=Gerald J. \|author-link5=Gerald J. Gastony \|last6=Pryer \|first6=Kathleen M. \|author-link6=Kathleen M. Pryer \|journal=Systematic Botany \|year=2014 \|volume=39 \|issue=3 \|pages=698–714 \|url=https://sites.duke.edu/pryerlab/files/2017/12/grusz-et-al-2014-syst-bot.original.pdf \|doi=10.1600/036364414X681518 \|jstor=24546228 \|s2cid=16969741}}
	*{{cite web \|first=John T. \|last=Kartesz \|title=''Myriopteris'' \|work=Biota of North America Program \|year=2014 \|url=http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Myriopteris}}		*{{cite web \|first=John T. \|last=Kartesz \|title=''Myriopteris'' \|work=Biota of North America Program \|year=2014 \|url=http://bonap.net/NAPA/TaxonMaps/Genus/County/Myriopteris}}
	*{{cite book \|first=David B. \|last=Lellinger \|title=A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington, DC \|year=1985 \|isbn=0-87474-603-5}}		*{{cite book \|first=David B. \|last=Lellinger \|title=A Field Manual of the Ferns & Fern-Allies of the United States & Canada \|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press \|location=Washington, DC \|year=1985 \|isbn=0-87474-603-5}}
	*{{cite book \|last1=Mickel \|first1=John T. \|last2=Smith \|first2=Alan R. \|title=The Pteridophytes of Mexico \|publisher=New York Botanical Garden \|location=Bronx, New York \|year=2004 \|series=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden \|volume=88 \|isbn=978-0-89327-488-7}}		*{{cite book \|last1=Mickel \|first1=John T. \|last2=Smith \|first2=Alan R. \|title=The Pteridophytes of Mexico \|publisher=New York Botanical Garden \|location=Bronx, New York \|year=2004 \|series=Memoirs of the New York Botanical Garden \|volume=88 \|isbn=978-0-89327-488-7}}
	*{{cite NatureServe ~~\|date=July 3, 2025~~ \|id=2.161534 \|title=''~~Cheilanthes~~ pringlei'' \|access-date=~~July 13~~, ~~2025~~}}		*{{cite NatureServe \|id=2.161534 \|title=''Myriopteris pringlei'' \|date=June 28, 2026 \|access-date=June 5, 2026}}
	*{{cite journal \|last=Whitehead \|first=Jack \|title=Some Arizona ferns collected in Sonora, Mexico \|year=1937 \|journal=American Fern Journal \|volume=27 \|issue=2 \|pages=43–50 \|doi=10.2307/1544123 \|jstor=1544123 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32262499}}		*{{cite journal \|last=Whitehead \|first=Jack \|title=Some Arizona ferns collected in Sonora, Mexico \|year=1937 \|journal=American Fern Journal \|volume=27 \|issue=2 \|pages=43–50 \|doi=10.2307/1544123 \|jstor=1544123 \|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32262499}}
	*{{cite encyclopedia \|year=1993 \|title=''Cheilanthes pringlei'' \|editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee \|last1=Windham \|first1=Michael D. \|last2=Rabe \|first2=Eric W. \|encyclopedia=Flora of North America North of Mexico \|volume=2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York and Oxford \|url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500364\|accessdate=February 4, 2019}}		*{{cite encyclopedia \|year=1993 \|title=''Cheilanthes pringlei'' \|editor=Flora of North America Editorial Committee \|last1=Windham \|first1=Michael D. \|last2=Rabe \|first2=Eric W. \|encyclopedia=Flora of North America North of Mexico \|volume=2: Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms \|publisher=Oxford University Press \|location=New York and Oxford \|url=http://efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=1&taxon_id=233500364\|accessdate=February 4, 2019}}

← Older revision		Revision as of 17:02, 19 August 2026
Line 1:		Line 1:
	'''Reverse transfection''' is a technique for the transfer of [[Biology:Gene\|genetic material]] into [[Cell\|cells]]. As DNA is printed on a glass slide for the [[Biology:Transfection\|transfection]] process (the deliberate introduction of [[Biology:Nucleic acid\|nucleic acid]]s into cells) to occur before the addition of adherent cells, the order of addition of DNA and adherent cells is reverse that of conventional [[Biology:Transfection\|transfection]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Reverse Transfection\|url=http://www.cell-transfection.com/home-2/reverse-transfection/\|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref> Hence, the word “reverse” is used.		'''Reverse transfection''' is a technique for the transfer of [[Biology:Gene\|genetic material]] into [[Cell\|cells]]. As DNA is printed on a glass slide for the [[Biology:Transfection\|transfection]] process (the deliberate introduction of [[Biology:Nucleic acid\|nucleic acid]]s into cells) to occur before the addition of adherent cells, the order of addition of DNA and adherent cells is reverse that of conventional [[Biology:Transfection\|transfection]].<ref>{{cite web\|title=Reverse Transfection\|url=http://www.cell-transfection.com/home-2/reverse-transfection/\|access-date=24 August 2018}}</ref> Hence, the word “reverse” is used.

	== {{anchor\|Reverse Transfection Process}}Process ==		== <span class="anchor" id="Reverse Transfection Process"></span>Process ==
	=== {{anchor\|Preparation of transfection mix for printing onto a slide}}Transfection-mix preparation for slide printing ===		=== <span class="anchor" id="Preparation of transfection mix for printing onto a slide"></span>Transfection-mix preparation for slide printing ===
	A [[Biology:DNA\|DNA]]-gelatin mixture may be used for printing onto a slide. Gelatin powder is first dissolved in sterile Milli-Q water to form a 0.2% gelatin solution. Purified DNA [[Biology:Plasmid\|plasmid]] is then mixed with the gelatin solution, and the final gelatin concentration is kept greater than 0.17%. Besides gelatin, atelocollagen and fibronectin are also successful transfection vectors for introducing foreign DNA into the cell nucleus.		A [[Biology:DNA\|DNA]]-gelatin mixture may be used for printing onto a slide. Gelatin powder is first dissolved in sterile Milli-Q water to form a 0.2% gelatin solution. Purified DNA [[Biology:Plasmid\|plasmid]] is then mixed with the gelatin solution, and the final gelatin concentration is kept greater than 0.17%. Besides gelatin, atelocollagen and fibronectin are also successful transfection vectors for introducing foreign DNA into the cell nucleus.

	=== {{anchor\|Printing of DNA-gelatin mixture onto a slide}}Slide printing of DNA-gelatin mixture ===		=== <span class="anchor" id="Printing of DNA-gelatin mixture onto a slide"></span>Slide printing of DNA-gelatin mixture ===
	After the DNA-gelatin mixture preparation, the mixture is [[Engineering:Pipette\|pipette]]d onto a slide surface and the slide is placed in a covered petri dish. A [[Chemistry:Desiccant\|desiccant]] is added to the dish to dry up the solution. Finally, cultured cells are poured into the dish for plasmid uptake. However, with the invention of different types of microarray printing systems, hundreds of transfection mixes (containing different DNA of interest) may be printed on the same slide for cell uptake of plasmids.<ref>[http://staffa.wi.mit.edu/sabatini_public/reverse_transfection/frame.htm Reverse Transfection Homepage] Retrieved 2011-10-14.</ref> There are two major types of microarray printing systems manufactured by different companies: contact and non-contact printing systems.		After the DNA-gelatin mixture preparation, the mixture is [[Engineering:Pipette\|pipette]]d onto a slide surface and the slide is placed in a covered petri dish. A [[Chemistry:Desiccant\|desiccant]] is added to the dish to dry up the solution. Finally, cultured cells are poured into the dish for plasmid uptake. However, with the invention of different types of microarray printing systems, hundreds of transfection mixes (containing different DNA of interest) may be printed on the same slide for cell uptake of plasmids.<ref>[http://staffa.wi.mit.edu/sabatini_public/reverse_transfection/frame.htm Reverse Transfection Homepage] Retrieved 2011-10-14.</ref> There are two major types of microarray printing systems manufactured by different companies: contact and non-contact printing systems.

	An example of a non-contact printing system is the Piezorray Flexible Non-contact Microarraying System. It uses pressure control and a [[Physics:Piezoelectricity\|piezoelectric]] collar to squeeze out consistent drops of approximately 333 pL in volume. The PiezoTip dispensers do not contact the surface to which the sample is dispensed; thus, contamination potential is reduced and the risk of disrupting the target surface is eliminated. An example of a contact printing system is the SpotArray 72 (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences) contact-spotting system. Its printhead can accommodate up to 48 pins, and creates compact arrays by selectively raising and lowering subsets of pins during printing. After printing, the pins are washed with a powerful pressure-jet pin washer and vacuum-dried, eliminating carryover. Another example of a contact printing system is the Qarray system (Genetix). It has three types of printing systems: QArray Mini, QArray 2 and QArray Max. After printing, the solution is allowed to dry up and the DNA-gelatin is stuck tightly in position on the array.		An example of a non-contact printing system is the Piezorray Flexible Non-contact Microarraying System. It uses pressure control and a [[Physics:Piezoelectricity\|piezoelectric]] collar to squeeze out consistent drops of approximately 333 pL in volume. The PiezoTip dispensers do not contact the surface to which the sample is dispensed; thus, contamination potential is reduced and the risk of disrupting the target surface is eliminated. An example of a contact printing system is the SpotArray 72 (Perkin Elmer Life Sciences) contact-spotting system. Its printhead can accommodate up to 48 pins, and creates compact arrays by selectively raising and lowering subsets of pins during printing. After printing, the pins are washed with a powerful pressure-jet pin washer and vacuum-dried, eliminating carryover. Another example of a contact printing system is the Qarray system (Genetix). It has three types of printing systems: QArray Mini, QArray 2 and QArray Max. After printing, the solution is allowed to dry up and the DNA-gelatin is stuck tightly in position on the array.

	==={{anchor\|Use of HybridWell for reverse transfection of gelatin-DNA into cells on a slide}}HybriWell in reverse transfection===		===<span class="anchor" id="Use of HybridWell for reverse transfection of gelatin-DNA into cells on a slide"></span>HybriWell in reverse transfection===
	First, adhesive from the HybriWell is peeled off and the HybriWell is attached over the area of the slide printed with the gelatin-DNA solution. Second, 200ul of transfection mix is pipetted into one of the HybriWell ports; the mixture will distribute evenly over the array. The array is then incubated, with temperature and time dependent on the cell types used. Third, the transfection mix is pipetted away and the HybriWell removed with a thin-tipped [[Engineering:Forceps\|forceps]]. Fourth, the printed slide treated with transfection reagent is placed into a square dish with the printed side facing up. Fifth, the harvested cells are gently poured onto the slides (not on the printed areas). Finally, the dish is placed in a 37 °C, 5% CO<sub>2</sub> humidified [[Biology:Incubator (culture)\|incubator]] and incubated overnight.		First, adhesive from the HybriWell is peeled off and the HybriWell is attached over the area of the slide printed with the gelatin-DNA solution. Second, 200ul of transfection mix is pipetted into one of the HybriWell ports; the mixture will distribute evenly over the array. The array is then incubated, with temperature and time dependent on the cell types used. Third, the transfection mix is pipetted away and the HybriWell removed with a thin-tipped [[Engineering:Forceps\|forceps]]. Fourth, the printed slide treated with transfection reagent is placed into a square dish with the printed side facing up. Fifth, the harvested cells are gently poured onto the slides (not on the printed areas). Finally, the dish is placed in a 37 °C, 5% CO<sub>2</sub> humidified [[Biology:Incubator (culture)\|incubator]] and incubated overnight.

	=== {{anchor\|Other transfection reagents for reverse transfection}}Other reverse-transfection reagents ===		=== <span class="anchor" id="Other transfection reagents for reverse transfection"></span>Other reverse-transfection reagents ===
	Effectene Reagent is used in conjunction with the enhancer and the [[Biology:DNA condensation\|DNA condensation]] buffer (Buffer EC) to achieve high transfection efficiency. In the first step of Effectene–DNA [[Complex\|complex formation]], the DNA is condensed by interaction with the enhancer in a defined-buffer system. Effectene Reagent is then added to the condensed DNA to produce condensed Effectene–DNA complexes. The Effectene–DNA complexes are mixed with the medium and directly added to the cells.		Effectene Reagent is used in conjunction with the enhancer and the [[Biology:DNA condensation\|DNA condensation]] buffer (Buffer EC) to achieve high transfection efficiency. In the first step of Effectene–DNA [[Complex\|complex formation]], the DNA is condensed by interaction with the enhancer in a defined-buffer system. Effectene Reagent is then added to the condensed DNA to produce condensed Effectene–DNA complexes. The Effectene–DNA complexes are mixed with the medium and directly added to the cells.
	Effectene Reagent spontaneously forms [[Biology:Micelle\|micelle]] structures exhibiting no size or batch variation (as may be found with pre-formulated liposome reagents). This feature ensures reproducibility of transfection-complex formation. The process of highly condensing DNA molecules and then coating them with Effectene Reagent is an effective way to transfer DNA into [[Biology:Eukaryote\|eukaryotic cells]].		Effectene Reagent spontaneously forms [[Biology:Micelle\|micelle]] structures exhibiting no size or batch variation (as may be found with pre-formulated liposome reagents). This feature ensures reproducibility of transfection-complex formation. The process of highly condensing DNA molecules and then coating them with Effectene Reagent is an effective way to transfer DNA into [[Biology:Eukaryote\|eukaryotic cells]].

	=={{anchor\|Advantages and disadvantages of reverse transfection techniques}}Advantages and disadvantages ==		==<span class="anchor" id="Advantages and disadvantages of reverse transfection techniques"></span>Advantages and disadvantages ==

	The advantages of reverse transfection (over conventional transfection) are:		The advantages of reverse transfection (over conventional transfection) are:
	*The addition and attachment of target cells to the DNA-loaded surface can lead to a higher probability of cell-DNA contact, potentially leading to higher transfection efficiency.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Erfle \|first1=Holger \|last2=Neumann \|first2=Beate \|last3=Liebel \|first3=Urban \|last4=Rogers \|first4=Phill \|last5=Held \|first5=Michael \|last6=Walter \|first6=Thomas \|last7=Ellenberg \|first7=Jan \|last8=Pepperkok \|first8=Rainer \|date=February 2007 \|title=Reverse transfection on cell arrays for high content screening microscopy \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2006.483 \|journal=Nature Protocols \|language=en \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=392–399 \|doi=10.1038/nprot.2006.483 \|pmid=17406600 \|issn=1750-2799}}</ref>		*The addition and attachment of target cells to the DNA-loaded surface can lead to a higher probability of cell-DNA contact, potentially leading to higher transfection efficiency.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Erfle \|first1=Holger \|last2=Neumann \|first2=Beate \|last3=Liebel \|first3=Urban \|last4=Rogers \|first4=Phill \|last5=Held \|first5=Michael \|last6=Walter \|first6=Thomas \|last7=Ellenberg \|first7=Jan \|last8=Pepperkok \|first8=Rainer \|date=February 2007 \|title=Reverse transfection on cell arrays for high content screening microscopy \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nprot.2006.483 \|journal=Nature Protocols \|language=en \|volume=2 \|issue=2 \|pages=392–399 \|doi=10.1038/nprot.2006.483 \|pmid=17406600 \|issn=1750-2799\|url-access=subscription }}</ref>
	*Labour-saving materials (less DNA is required)		*Labour-saving materials (less DNA is required)
	*High-throughput screening; hundreds of genes may be expressed in cells on a single microarray for studying [[Biology:Gene expression\|gene expression]] and regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Neumann \|first1=Beate \|last2=Held \|first2=Michael \|last3=Liebel \|first3=Urban \|last4=Erfle \|first4=Holger \|last5=Rogers \|first5=Phill \|last6=Pepperkok \|first6=Rainer \|last7=Ellenberg \|first7=Jan \|date=May 2006 \|title=High-throughput RNAi screening by time-lapse imaging of live human cells \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth876 \|journal=Nature Methods \|language=en \|volume=3 \|issue=5 \|pages=385–390 \|doi=10.1038/nmeth876 \|pmid=16628209 \|issn=1548-7091\|url-access=subscription }}</ref>		*High-throughput screening; hundreds of genes may be expressed in cells on a single microarray for studying [[Biology:Gene expression\|gene expression]] and regulation.<ref>{{Cite journal \|last1=Neumann \|first1=Beate \|last2=Held \|first2=Michael \|last3=Liebel \|first3=Urban \|last4=Erfle \|first4=Holger \|last5=Rogers \|first5=Phill \|last6=Pepperkok \|first6=Rainer \|last7=Ellenberg \|first7=Jan \|date=May 2006 \|title=High-throughput RNAi screening by time-lapse imaging of live human cells \|url=https://www.nature.com/articles/nmeth876 \|journal=Nature Methods \|language=en \|volume=3 \|issue=5 \|pages=385–390 \|doi=10.1038/nmeth876 \|pmid=16628209 \|issn=1548-7091\|url-access=subscription }}</ref>

← Older revision		Revision as of 13:47, 19 August 2026
Line 13:		Line 13:
	Prevalence effects provide insight into how observers adjust their quitting criteria; according to research, observers require a threshold for quitting when no target has been found.<ref>Evans, K. K., Birdwell, R. L., & Wolfe, J. M. (2013). If you don’t find it often, you often don’t find it: Why some cancers are missed in breast cancer screening. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e64366.</ref> This threshold is fluid; observers may slow down after mistakes and speed up after success.<ref>Chun, M. M., & Wolfe, J. M. (1996). Just say no: How are visual searches terminated when there is no target present? Cognitive Psychology, 30, 39–78</ref> When targets are frequent (above 50-percent prevalence), fast "no" responses often lead to mistakes and "no" reaction times are slower than "yes" times in high-prevalence searches. With infrequent targets (low prevalence), searches can successfully say "no" nearly always and drive down the quitting threshold. When the observer is being asked to respond quickly, the absent response (i.e. no target) may sometimes be given inadvertently—producing miss errors.<ref>Rich, A., Hidalgo-Sotelo, B., Kunar, M., Van Wert, M., Wolfe, J. What happens during search for rare targets? Eye movements in low prevalence visual search. Paper presented at the Visual Sciences Society; Sarasota, FL. May 2006; 2006.</ref>		Prevalence effects provide insight into how observers adjust their quitting criteria; according to research, observers require a threshold for quitting when no target has been found.<ref>Evans, K. K., Birdwell, R. L., & Wolfe, J. M. (2013). If you don’t find it often, you often don’t find it: Why some cancers are missed in breast cancer screening. PLoS ONE, 8(5), e64366.</ref> This threshold is fluid; observers may slow down after mistakes and speed up after success.<ref>Chun, M. M., & Wolfe, J. M. (1996). Just say no: How are visual searches terminated when there is no target present? Cognitive Psychology, 30, 39–78</ref> When targets are frequent (above 50-percent prevalence), fast "no" responses often lead to mistakes and "no" reaction times are slower than "yes" times in high-prevalence searches. With infrequent targets (low prevalence), searches can successfully say "no" nearly always and drive down the quitting threshold. When the observer is being asked to respond quickly, the absent response (i.e. no target) may sometimes be given inadvertently—producing miss errors.<ref>Rich, A., Hidalgo-Sotelo, B., Kunar, M., Van Wert, M., Wolfe, J. What happens during search for rare targets? Eye movements in low prevalence visual search. Paper presented at the Visual Sciences Society; Sarasota, FL. May 2006; 2006.</ref>

	=== {{anchor\|Eye tracking experiments}}Eye-tracking experiments ===		=== <span class="anchor" id="Eye tracking experiments"></span>Eye-tracking experiments ===
	[[Eye tracking]] experiments demonstrate that a large prevalence effect can occur across a group of participants with targets of similar appearance. In the experiment, participants had to discriminate the letter T from several similar-looking Ls. With a low prevalence, participants missed about 40 percent of the rare targets and responded more rapidly to target-absent trails than they did in high-prevalence conditions. (Previous work generally used simple stimuli.) Researchers discovered that when a target is rare, participants spend less time searching before concluding that it is absent (regardless of stimuli complexity). Eye-tracking data suggests that many errors at low prevalence were attributable to participants terminating the search without finding the target. Although cues suggested a higher target probability, searchers took longer to respond "no" (suggesting that the prevalence effect is ingrained).<ref>Rich, A., Kunar, M., Hidalgo-Sotelo, B., Van Wert, M., Wolfe, J. Why do we miss rare targets? Exploring the boundaries of the low prevalence effect. Journal of Vision (2008) 8(15): 15, 1-17</ref>		[[Eye tracking]] experiments demonstrate that a large prevalence effect can occur across a group of participants with targets of similar appearance. In the experiment, participants had to discriminate the letter T from several similar-looking Ls. With a low prevalence, participants missed about 40 percent of the rare targets and responded more rapidly to target-absent trails than they did in high-prevalence conditions. (Previous work generally used simple stimuli.) Researchers discovered that when a target is rare, participants spend less time searching before concluding that it is absent (regardless of stimuli complexity). Eye-tracking data suggests that many errors at low prevalence were attributable to participants terminating the search without finding the target. Although cues suggested a higher target probability, searchers took longer to respond "no" (suggesting that the prevalence effect is ingrained).<ref>Rich, A., Kunar, M., Hidalgo-Sotelo, B., Van Wert, M., Wolfe, J. Why do we miss rare targets? Exploring the boundaries of the low prevalence effect. Journal of Vision (2008) 8(15): 15, 1-17</ref>

	=== {{anchor\|Does the nature of the prevalence effect genuinely affect perception or does it reflect a tendency to respond to early}}Effects on perception ===		=== <span class="anchor" id="Does the nature of the prevalence effect genuinely affect perception or does it reflect a tendency to respond to early"></span>Effects on perception ===
	The nature of the prevalence effect is debated, and its source may be attributed to motor error.<ref>Fleck, M. S., & Mitroff, S. R. (2007). Rare targets rarely missed in correctable search. Psychological Science, 18(11), 943–947.</ref> Researchers found that when observers repeatedly pressed the same key for target-absent trials in low-prevalence blocks, they tended to press the same key too fast even if they could see the target. When participants had a chance to correct their responses, their miss rates were reduced (demonstrating that if motor responses contribute to the prevalence effect, there is a perceptual effect if the task is difficult). [[Random mapping]] switched the response keys from trial to trial, preventing the motor responses from becoming automatic. Even with this difference, participants made more errors when the target prevalence was low and allowing observers to correct their decisions does not counteract a low prevalence effect.<ref>Wolfe, J. M., Horowitz, T. S., Van Wert, M. J., Kenner, N. M., Place, S. S., & Kibbi, N. (2007). Low target prevalence is a stubborn source of errors in visual search tasks. Journal of experimental Psychology: General, 136, 623-638.</ref> The prevalence effect disappeared when there was a great discrepancy between gain and loss for correct and incorrect responses, such as when observers competed for a prize.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>		The nature of the prevalence effect is debated, and its source may be attributed to motor error.<ref>Fleck, M. S., & Mitroff, S. R. (2007). Rare targets rarely missed in correctable search. Psychological Science, 18(11), 943–947.</ref> Researchers found that when observers repeatedly pressed the same key for target-absent trials in low-prevalence blocks, they tended to press the same key too fast even if they could see the target. When participants had a chance to correct their responses, their miss rates were reduced (demonstrating that if motor responses contribute to the prevalence effect, there is a perceptual effect if the task is difficult). [[Random mapping]] switched the response keys from trial to trial, preventing the motor responses from becoming automatic. Even with this difference, participants made more errors when the target prevalence was low and allowing observers to correct their decisions does not counteract a low prevalence effect.<ref>Wolfe, J. M., Horowitz, T. S., Van Wert, M. J., Kenner, N. M., Place, S. S., & Kibbi, N. (2007). Low target prevalence is a stubborn source of errors in visual search tasks. Journal of experimental Psychology: General, 136, 623-638.</ref> The prevalence effect disappeared when there was a great discrepancy between gain and loss for correct and incorrect responses, such as when observers competed for a prize.<ref name="autogenerated2"/>

	== {{anchor\|Real-life application}}Applications ==		== <span class="anchor" id="Real-life application"></span>Applications ==
	In typical laboratory visual-search tasks, observers look for a target item among distractor items. Factors modulating search difficulty are well understood:		In typical laboratory visual-search tasks, observers look for a target item among distractor items. Factors modulating search difficulty are well understood:
	# As the difference between the target and distractors gets smaller, the search becomes harder.<ref name="autogenerated2004">Wolfe, J., Horowitz, T., Kenner, N. M., Hyle, M., & Vasan, N. (2004). How fast can you change your mind? The speed of top-down guidance in visual search. Vision Research, 44(12), 1411–1426.</ref>		# As the difference between the target and distractors gets smaller, the search becomes harder.<ref name="autogenerated2004">Wolfe, J., Horowitz, T., Kenner, N. M., Hyle, M., & Vasan, N. (2004). How fast can you change your mind? The speed of top-down guidance in visual search. Vision Research, 44(12), 1411–1426.</ref>
Line 29:		Line 29:
	Breast-cancer detection is also a generally low-prevalence search task. Researchers who slipped positive images into the workflow of a breast-cancer screening facility found that low-prevalence error rate was over twice as high as that for the same images viewed in a high-prevalence setting. Similar results were found with expert readers of [[Engineering:Pap test\|Pap test]]s.<ref>Evans, K. K., Tambouret, R., Wilbur, D. C., Evered, A., & Wolfe, J. M. (2011). Prevalence of abnormalities influences cytologists’ error rates in screening for cervical cancer. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 135(12), 1557–1560,</ref>		Breast-cancer detection is also a generally low-prevalence search task. Researchers who slipped positive images into the workflow of a breast-cancer screening facility found that low-prevalence error rate was over twice as high as that for the same images viewed in a high-prevalence setting. Similar results were found with expert readers of [[Engineering:Pap test\|Pap test]]s.<ref>Evans, K. K., Tambouret, R., Wilbur, D. C., Evered, A., & Wolfe, J. M. (2011). Prevalence of abnormalities influences cytologists’ error rates in screening for cervical cancer. Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 135(12), 1557–1560,</ref>

	=== {{anchor\|Research on transport security officers in a real life scenario}}Transport security officers ===		=== <span class="anchor" id="Research on transport security officers in a real life scenario"></span>Transport security officers ===
	Recently trained transport security officers (TSOs) examined test images of bags with and without inserted threat images; threats were inserted at low and high prevalence rates. Research has found that a period of high-prevalence testing with good feedback to the observer reduces the miss rate for a subsequent period of low prevalence with poor feedback,<ref name="autogenerated2005"/> so a feedback task was introduced between both experiments.		Recently trained transport security officers (TSOs) examined test images of bags with and without inserted threat images; threats were inserted at low and high prevalence rates. Research has found that a period of high-prevalence testing with good feedback to the observer reduces the miss rate for a subsequent period of low prevalence with poor feedback,<ref name="autogenerated2005"/> so a feedback task was introduced between both experiments.
	Miss error rates were higher at low prevalence than at high, although they provided feedback for the high-prevalence task. The feedback, rather than the prevalence manipulation, may have changed the TSOs’ behavior in the final test. Feedback magnifies the effects of prevalence by giving the searcher information about prevalence. If prevalence alters the behavior of TSOs, it may be counteracted. In laboratory settings, the effect appears resistant to a number of attempted solutions. One solution would be to raise the prevalence rate to 50 percent by adding threat-image projections (TIP) to half of the bags. The time required to clear a bag with a TIP is greater than that required to clear a bag without one, and the bag would need to be re-scanned without the TIP to make sure it did not obscure a real target.<ref>Samuel, S., Kundel, H. L., Nodine, C. F., & Toto, L. C. (1995). Mechanism of satisfaction of search: eye position recordings in the reading of chest radiographs.</ref>		Miss error rates were higher at low prevalence than at high, although they provided feedback for the high-prevalence task. The feedback, rather than the prevalence manipulation, may have changed the TSOs’ behavior in the final test. Feedback magnifies the effects of prevalence by giving the searcher information about prevalence. If prevalence alters the behavior of TSOs, it may be counteracted. In laboratory settings, the effect appears resistant to a number of attempted solutions. One solution would be to raise the prevalence rate to 50 percent by adding threat-image projections (TIP) to half of the bags. The time required to clear a bag with a TIP is greater than that required to clear a bag without one, and the bag would need to be re-scanned without the TIP to make sure it did not obscure a real target.<ref>Samuel, S., Kundel, H. L., Nodine, C. F., & Toto, L. C. (1995). Mechanism of satisfaction of search: eye position recordings in the reading of chest radiographs.</ref>

	== {{anchor\|Similar phenomenon}}Prevalence and vigilance ==		== <span class="anchor" id="Similar phenomenon"></span>Prevalence and vigilance ==
	Knowledge of the probability of a target in the next bag does not suppress the prevalence effect, suggesting that low-prevalence search is similar to vigilance tasks in which observers await fleeting signals. This phenomenon has been observed in vigilance literature as "signal-probability effects". It has been demonstrated that low signal probability reduces hit rates in classical low-event-rate, low-cognitive-load vigilance tasks by shifting criteria rather than decreasing sensitivity,<ref>Davies, D. R., & Parasuraman, R. (1982). The psychology of vigilance. London: Academic Press.</ref> and these effects are accompanied by slowed "yes" reaction times and faster "no" reaction times.<ref>Parasuraman, R., & Davies, D. R. (1976). Decision theory analysis of response latencies in vigilance Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(4), 578–590.</ref>		Knowledge of the probability of a target in the next bag does not suppress the prevalence effect, suggesting that low-prevalence search is similar to vigilance tasks in which observers await fleeting signals. This phenomenon has been observed in vigilance literature as "signal-probability effects". It has been demonstrated that low signal probability reduces hit rates in classical low-event-rate, low-cognitive-load vigilance tasks by shifting criteria rather than decreasing sensitivity,<ref>Davies, D. R., & Parasuraman, R. (1982). The psychology of vigilance. London: Academic Press.</ref> and these effects are accompanied by slowed "yes" reaction times and faster "no" reaction times.<ref>Parasuraman, R., & Davies, D. R. (1976). Decision theory analysis of response latencies in vigilance Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2(4), 578–590.</ref>