View source for Organization:Syriac Orthodox Church

{{short description|Oriental Orthodox church}}
{{Infobox Christian denomination
| icon                = Patriarchal Emblem of Syriac Orthodox Church.svg
| icon_width          = 35px
| name                = Syriac Orthodox Church
| native_name         = {{lang-syc|ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘ̣ܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܗܰܝܡܳܢܽܘܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ ܫܽܘ̣ܒ̣ܚܳܐ}}
| native_name_lang    = syc
| image               = Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate 2k18.jpg
| imagewidth          = 250
| alt                 = Cathedral of Saint George
| caption             = Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria
| type                = Antiochian
| main_classification = [[Religion:Eastern Christianity|Eastern Christian]]
| orientation         = Oriental Orthodox
| scripture           = [[Religion:Peshitta|Peshitta]]
| theology            = [[Religion:Miaphysitism|Miaphysitism]]
| polity              = [[Religion:Episcopal polity|Episcopal]]
| structure           = [[Religion:Koinonia|Communion]]
| leader_title        = [[Religion:Patriarch|Patriarch]]
| leader_name         = Ignatius Aphrem II Patriarch
| fellowships_type    = Catholicate of India
| fellowships         = Jacobite Syrian Christian Church
| associations        = World Council of Churches
| area                = Middle East, India, and diaspora
| language            = Classical Syriac
| liturgy             = [[Religion:West Syriac Rite|West Syriac]]: [[Religion:Divine Liturgy of Saint James|Liturgy of Saint James]]
| headquarters        = Cathedral of Saint George, [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]], Syria (since 1959)
| founded_date        = [[Religion:Christianity in the 1st century|1st century]] *{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|pp=21–22}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Beggiani |first1=Seely J. |title=Early Syriac Theology |date=2014 |publisher=CUA Press |isbn=978-0-8132-2701-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q32aBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=q32aBAAAQBAJ&q=The+Syrian+Orthodox+Church+of+Antioch+and+All+the+East#v=snippet&q=The%20Syrian%20Orthodox%20Church%20of%20Antioch%20and%20All%20the%20East&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Simon |first1=Thomas Collins |title=The Mission and Martyrdom of St. Peter: Or, Did St. Peter Ever Leave the East? Containing the Original Text of All the Passages in Ancient Writers Supposed to Imply a Journey Into Europe, with Translations and Roman-catholic Comments ... by Thomas Collyns Simon |url=https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5wZj8uP7EYIC |page=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_5wZj8uP7EYIC/page/n95 70] |publisher=Rivingtons |date=1862}}</ref>
| founded_place       = Antioch, Roman Empire<ref>{{cite web|title=Cave Church of St. Peter – Antioch, Turkey|url=http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/antioch-cave-church-of-peter|website=www.sacred-destinations.com|access-date=22 March 2018|archive-date=20 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180520032538/http://www.sacred-destinations.com/turkey/antioch-cave-church-of-peter|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=BBC – Religions – Christianity: Eastern Orthodox Church |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml |work=www.bbc.co.uk |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510092158/http://www.bbc.co.uk/religion/religions/christianity/subdivisions/easternorthodox_1.shtml |url-status=live }}</ref>
| independence        = 512 A.D.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Bowersock |first1=Glen Warren |title=Late Antiquity: A Guide to the Postclassical World |date=1999 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-51173-6 |pages=587 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c788wWR_bLwC |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Rassam |first1=Suha |title=Christianity in Iraq: Its Origins and Development to the Present Day |date=2005 |publisher=Gracewing Publishing |isbn=978-0-85244-633-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+518+independence&pg=PA63 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=GYC93sfHXAEC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+518+independence&pg=PA63#v=onepage&q=syrian%20orthodox%20church%20518%20independence&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeppesen |first1=Knud |last2=Nielsen |first2=Kirsten |last3=Rosendal |first3=Bent |title=In the Last Days: On Jewish and Christian Apocalyptic and Its Period |date=1994 |publisher=Aarhus University Press |isbn=978-87-7288-471-4 |pages=72 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rc7YAAAAMAAJ&q=miaphysite |language=en}}</ref>
| branched_from       = Church of Antioch<ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Church of Antioch |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/01567a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=16 December 2018 |archive-date=26 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181226060652/http://newadvent.org/cathen/01567a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| merger=
| absorbed=
| congregations_type=
| congregations=
| members=Approximately 14 million<ref>{{cite journal |title=CNEWA – The Syrian Orthodox Church |website=cnewa.org |url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3 |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160319235109/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=3 |archive-date=19 March 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East – World Council of Churches |website=oikoumene.org |date=January 1960 |url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east |access-date=12 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308122540/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east |archive-date=8 March 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| ministers_type=
| ministers=
| missionaries=
| churches=
| aid                 = EPDC St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee<ref>{{cite web |title=St. Ephrem Patriarchal Development Committee |url=https://www.hart-uk.org/st-ephrem-patriarchal-development-committee/ |website=Humanitarian Aid Relief Trust |date=17 February 2023 |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018171327/https://www.hart-uk.org/what-we-do/livelihoods/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| website             = [https://www.syriacpatriarchate.org/ Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate]
| website_title1 = Digital Library
| website1 = [https://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/?lang=en Department of Syriac Studies]
| logo=
| footnotes           = <nowiki>*</nowiki><small>Origin is according to [[Religion:Sacred tradition|Sacred tradition]].</small> <br />
West Syriac Cross [[Unicode]] (U+2670) : '''♰'''
}}

The '''Syriac Orthodox Church''' ({{lang-syc|ܥܺܕܬܳܐ ܣܽܘܪܝܳܝܬܳܐ ܬܪܺܝܨܰܬ݂ ܫܽܘܒܚܳܐ|ʿIdto Sūryoyto Trīṣath Shubḥo}};<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://sfarmele.de/?eingabe=Syrisch+Orthodoxe+Kirche+von+Antiochien&deviceDesktop=&radio=sfarmele&page=main&schriftart=suryoyo|title=Sfar Mele - Deutsch Aramäisch Online Wörterbuch Übersetzer - Targmono|website=sfarmele.de|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171000/https://sfarmele.de/?eingabe=Syrisch+Orthodoxe+Kirche+von+Antiochien&deviceDesktop=&radio=sfarmele&page=main&schriftart=suryoyo|url-status=live}}</ref> {{lang-ar|الكنيسة السريانية الأرثوذكسية}}, {{Lang-ml|സുറിയാനി ഓർത്തഡോക്സ് സഭ|translit=Suriyāni ōrtḥdōx Sabḥa}}),<ref>{{cite web |script-title=ar:السريانية الأرثوذكسية |website=Reverso Context |url=https://context.reverso.net/translation/arabic-english/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9 |access-date=29 November 2020 |archive-date=15 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231015023911/https://context.reverso.net/translation/arabic-english/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%8A%D8%A9+%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A3%D8%B1%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B0%D9%83%D8%B3%D9%8A%D8%A9 |url-status=live }}</ref> also known as '''West Syriac Church''' or '''West Syrian Church''',<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |date=February 14, 2018 |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. |location=Chicago |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East |access-date=April 13, 2023 |archive-date=22 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010522/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East |url-status=live }}</ref> officially known as the '''Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East''',<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East|access-date=30 January 2021|website=World Council of Churches|date=January 1960|archive-date=6 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210206025945/https://www.oikoumene.org/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|url-status=live}}</ref> and informally as the '''Jacobite Church''',{{sfn|Seleznyov|2013|pp=382–398}} is an Oriental Orthodox church that branched from the Church of Antioch. The [[Religion:Bishop|bishop]] of Antioch, known as the patriarch, heads the church and possesses [[Religion:Apostolic succession|apostolic succession]] through Saint Peter ({{lang-syc|ܫܡܥܘܢ ܟܐܦܐ|Šemʿōn Kēp̄ā}}), according to [[Religion:Sacred tradition|sacred tradition]].<ref>{{cite book|last1=Gregorios|first1=Paulos|title=Introducing the Orthodox Churches|date=1999|publisher=ISPCK|isbn=978-81-7214-487-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H6z756fq1LMC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+antioch+St.+Peter&pg=PA35|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=H6z756fq1LMC&q=syrian+orthodox+church+antioch+St.+Peter&pg=PA35#v=snippet&q=syrian%20orthodox%20church%20antioch%20St.%20Peter&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia|title=Saint Peter the Apostle|year=2019|author=O'Connor, Daniel William|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle|page=5|access-date=27 October 2019|archive-date=29 April 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429064736/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/453832/Saint-Peter-the-Apostle/5630/Incidents-important-in-interpretations-of-Peter|url-status=live}}</ref> The church upholds [[Religion:Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] doctrine in [[Religion:Christology|Christology]], and employs the [[Religion:Liturgy of Saint James|Liturgy of Saint James]], associated with [[Biography:James, brother of Jesus|James the Just]] (also called James the Less and James, son of Alphaeus).<ref>{{cite web|title=Saint James apostle, the Lord's brother|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-the-Lords-brother|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|date=16 June 2023|access-date=30 March 2018|archive-date=13 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190513134345/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-James-the-Lords-brother|url-status=live}}</ref> Classical Syriac is the official and liturgical language of the church.

The church gained its hierarchical distinctiveness in 512, when pro-[[Religion:Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by [[Place:Byzantine Empire|Byzantine]] emperor Anastasius I Dicorus,{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=202–206}} and a synod was held at Laodicea in Syria in order to choose his successor,<ref name="Witakowski">{{cite book|last1=Witakowski|first1=Witold|chapter=Severus of Antioch in Ethiopian Tradition|title=Studia Aethiopica|publisher=Harrassowitz Verlag|date=2004|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mUppV49qw6AC&q=severus+of+antioch|isbn=978-3-447-04891-0|pages=115–116|access-date=17 September 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=mUppV49qw6AC&q=severus+of+antioch#v=snippet&q=severus%20of%20antioch&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> a prominent [[Religion:Miaphysitism|Miaphysite]] theologian Severus the Great (d. 538).<ref name="Allen">{{cite book|last1=Allen|first1=Pauline|first2=C.T.R|last2=Hayward|title=Severus of Antioch|publisher=Routledge|date=2004|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w92AAgAAQBAJ&q=epiphanius+bishop+severus&pg=PA195|isbn=978-1-134-56780-5|page=12|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163643/https://books.google.com/books?id=w92AAgAAQBAJ&q=epiphanius+bishop+severus&pg=PA195#v=snippet&q=epiphanius%20bishop%20severus&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref> His later deposition (in 518) was not recognized by the Miaphisite party, and thus a distinctive ([[Religion:Autocephaly|autocephalous]]) Miaphysite patriarchate was established, headed by Severus and his successors. During the sixth century, Miaphysite hierarchical structure in the region was further straightened by Jacob Baradaeus (d. 578),<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East|title=Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East &#124; Christianity|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=18 October 2019|archive-date=22 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181122010522/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Syriac-Orthodox-Patriarchate-of-Antioch-and-All-the-East|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Hilliard |first1=Alison |last2=Bailey |first2=Betty |title=Living Stones Pilgrimage |date=1999 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=978-0-8264-2249-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rqjf-HN41UC&pg=PA8 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163634/https://books.google.com/books?id=-Rqjf-HN41UC&pg=PA8 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=67}} while the pro-Chalcedonian faction would form to become the Greek Orthodox Church of Antioch (part of the wider [[Religion:Eastern Orthodox Church|Eastern Orthodox Church]]) and the Maronite church (an Eastern Catholic church).

In 1662, the vacant Syriac Patriarchate of Antioch was filled by individuals who aligned themselves with the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]]. Andrew Akijan was elected in that year, and was succeeded by another Catholic in Gregory Peter VI Shahbaddin. The non-Catholic Syriac party elected the rival Abdulmasih I, Shahbaddin's uncle, as a competing patriarch. Upon Shahbaddin's death in 1702, the Catholic line died out for several decades until the Holy Synod in 1782 elected Michael III Jarweh, who again aligned the Syriacs with the pope. Following a period of violence and intrigue, the non-Catholic party was again recognized with their own patriarch and the Catholic line continued independently as the Syriac Catholic Church).

Mor Hananyo Monastery was the headquarters of the church from {{circa|1160}} until 1932.<ref name="Markessini 2012 31">{{harvnb|Markessini|2012|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=eVkphDtrW3AC&pg=PA31 31]}}</ref> The patriarchate was transferred to Homs due to the Sayfo genocide and the effects of [[Social:World War I|World War I]]. The current see of the church is the Cathedral of Saint George, Bab Tuma, [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]], Syria, since 1959.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJrSwAACAAJ|title=The Hidden Pearl: The Syrian Orthodox Church and Its Ancient Aramaic Heritage|date=19 March 2018|publisher=Trans World Film Italia|access-date=19 March 2018|via=Google Books|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163635/https://books.google.com/books?id=8HJrSwAACAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Lukenbill|first1=W. Bernard|title=Research in Information Studies: A Cultural and Social Approach|date=2012|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4691-7961-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae5NAAAAQBAJ&q=the+da+vinci+code+bloodlines+syriac+orthodox+church&pg=PA70|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018163734/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ae5NAAAAQBAJ&q=the+da+vinci+code+bloodlines+syriac+orthodox+church&pg=PA70#v=snippet&q=the%20da%20vinci%20code%20bloodlines%20syriac%20orthodox%20church&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Atiya |first1=Aziz Suryal |title=A History of Eastern Christianity |date=1968 |publisher=Methuen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Atiya%2C%20Aziz%20S.%20A%20History%20of%20Eastern%20Christianity.%20London%2C%201968. |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164136/https://books.google.com/books?id=bS3ZAAAAMAAJ&q=Atiya%2C%20Aziz%20S.%20A%20History%20of%20Eastern%20Christianity.%20London%2C%201968. |url-status=live }}</ref> Since 2014, Ignatius Aphrem II is the current Patriarch of Antioch. The church has archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates in countries covering six continents. Being an active member of the World Council of Churches, the church participates in various ecumenical dialogues with other churches.{{sfn|Brock|1999|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004|pp=44–65}}

==Name and identity==
[[File:St-stephanus-gt-vorhang.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|right|Interior of St. Stephen Church, Gütersloh.]]

Syriac-speaking Christians have referred to themselves as "''Ārāmāyē/Āṯūrāyē/Sūryāyē''" in native Aramaic terms based on their ethnic identity.{{sfn|Minahan|2002 |pp=205–209}} In most languages besides English, a unique name has long been used to distinguish the church from the polity of [[Place:Syria|Syria]]. In [[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]] (the official language of Syria), the church is known as the "Kenissa Suryaniya" as the term "''Suryani''" identifies the Syriac language and people. Chalcedonians referred to the church as "Jacobite" (after Jacob Baradaeus) since the schism that followed the 451 [[Organization:Council of Chalcedon|Council of Chalcedon]].{{sfn | Grabar | Bowersock | Brown | Brown | 2001 | p=227}} English-speaking historians identified the church as the "Syrian Church". The English term "Syrian" was used to describe the community of Syriacs in ancient [[Place:Syria (region)|Syria]]. In the 15th century, the term "[[Religion:Orthodoxy|Orthodox]]" (from [[Social:Greek language|Greek]]: "''orthodoxía''"; "correct opinion") was used to identify churches that practiced the set of doctrines believed by the early Christians. Since 1922, the term "Syrian" started being used for things named after the Syrian Federation. Hence, in 2000, the Holy Synod ruled that the church be named as "Syriac Orthodox Church" after the Syriac language, the official liturgical language of the church.<ref>{{cite web |title=Syrian Orthodox Church – Full record view – Libraries Australia Search |website=librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au |url=https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=49787667 |access-date=19 October 2019 |archive-date=20 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200720114220/https://librariesaustralia.nla.gov.au/search/display?dbid=auth&id=49787667 |url-status=live }}</ref>

The church is not ethnically exclusive, but two main ethnic groups in the community contest their ethnic identification as "Assyrians" and "Arameans".{{sfn|Donabed|Mako|2009|p=90}} "Suryoye" is the term used to identify the Syriacs in the diaspora.<ref name=HM-Suryoye>{{harvnb|Hämmerli|Mayer|2016|loc="Suryoye as a Social Category in the Homeland"}}</ref> The Syriac Orthodox identity included auxiliary cultural traditions of the [[Place:Assyria|Assyrian Empire]] and Aramean kingdoms.{{sfn|Hengel|2004|p=331}} Church traditions crystallized into [[Social:Ethnogenesis|ethnogenesis]] through the preservation of their stories and customs by the 12th century. Since the 1910s, the identity of Syriac Orthodoxy in the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] was principally religious and linguistic.{{sfn|Haar Romeny|2005|pp=377–399}}{{sfn|Donabed|Mako|2009|p=77}}{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=201}}

In recent works, Assyrian-American historian Sargon Donabed has pointed out that parishes in the US were originally using ''Assyrian'' designations in their official English names, also noting that in some cases those designations were later changed to ''Syrian'', and then to ''Syriac'', while several other parishes still continue to use ''Assyrian'' designations.{{sfn|Donabed|Donabed|2006|pp=77–78}}{{sfn|Donabed|Mako|2009|p=81}}{{sfn|Donabed|2015|p=232|ps=: "By the early 1960s, all the Jacobite churches in the United States, previously bearing the official name 'Assyrian Apostolic Church of Antioch', had changed their names to 'Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch'"}}{{sfn|Donabed|2015|p=3|ps=: "the Syrian Orthodox Church (referred to as Jacobite and originally in English as Assyrian Apostolic)"}}

==History==
{{multiple image
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| caption1 = A sixth-century encaustic icon from Saint Catherine's Monastery, Mount Sinai, Egypt
| image2 = Tomb of Joseph of Arimathea.jpg
| caption2 = Syriac Orthodox Chapel of Saints Joseph of Arimathea and Nicodemus, Church of the Holy Sepulchre, Jerusalem
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}}

===Early history===
The church claims apostolic succession through the pre-Chalcedonian Patriarchate of Antioch to the Early Christian communities from [[Place:Jerusalem|Jerusalem]] led by Saint Barnabas and Saint Paul in Antioch, during the Apostolic era, as described in the Acts of the Apostles; "''The disciples were first called Christians in Antioch''" ([[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]], {{bibleverse||Acts|11:26|NKJV}}). Saint Peter was selected by Jesus Christ ([[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]], {{bibleverse||Matthew |16:18|NKJV}}) and is venerated as the first bishop of Antioch in {{circa|37 A.D.}} after the [[Religion:Incident at Antioch|Incident at Antioch]].{{sfn | Smith | 1863 | p=73}}<ref>{{cite book|last1=Barratt|first1=Peter J. H.|title=Absentis: St Peter, the Disputed Site of His Burial Place and the Apostolic Succession|date=2014|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4931-6839-2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=B50kAwAAQBAJ&q=Patriarchate+of+Antioch+in+AD+37&pg=PA31|access-date=24 October 2020|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164137/https://books.google.com/books?id=B50kAwAAQBAJ&q=Patriarchate+of+Antioch+in+AD+37&pg=PA31#v=snippet&q=Patriarchate%20of%20Antioch%20in%20AD%2037&f=false|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Gould|first1=Sabine Baring|title=The lives of the saints. 12 vols. [in 15].|date=1872 |url=https://archive.org/details/livessaintsvols05goulgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/livessaintsvols05goulgoog/page/n391 365]|quote=Patriarchate of Antioch in AD 37.}}</ref>

Saint Evodius was Bishop of Antioch until 66 AD and was succeeded by Saint Ignatius of Antioch.<ref>{{cite web |title=CATHOLIC ENCYCLOPEDIA: Evodius |url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05653a.htm |website=www.newadvent.org |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=15 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180915070605/http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/05653a.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The earliest recorded use of the term "Christianity" ({{Lang-el|Χριστιανισμός|links=no}}) was by Ignatius of Antioch, in around 100&nbsp;AD.{{sfn|Elwell|Comfort|2001|pp=266, 828}} In A.D 169, Theophilus of Antioch wrote three apologetic tracts to Autolycus.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/theophilus-book1.html|title=Theophilus of Antioch (Roberts-Donaldson)|website=www.earlychristianwritings.com|access-date=16 September 2018|archive-date=28 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181228102120/http://www.earlychristianwritings.com/text/theophilus-book1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Patriarch Babylas of Antioch was considered the first saint recorded as having had his remains moved or "[[Religion:Translation (relic)|translated]]" for religious purposes—a practice that was to become extremely common in later centuries.<ref>Eduard Syndicus; ''Early Christian Art''; p. 73; Burns & Oates, London, 1962</ref> Eustathius of Antioch supported [[Biography:Athanasius of Alexandria|Athanasius of Alexandria]] who opposed the followers of the condemned doctrine of [[Biography:Arius|Arius]] (Arian controversy) at the [[Religion:First Council of Nicaea|First Council of Nicaea]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Sellers |first1=Robert Victor |title=Eustathius of Antioch and His Place in the History of Early Christian Doctrine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0WosswEACAAJ&q=Eustathius+of+Antioch |date=1927 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164138/https://books.google.com/books?id=0WosswEACAAJ&q=Eustathius+of+Antioch |url-status=live }}</ref> During the time of Meletius of Antioch the church split due to his being deposed for [[Religion:Homoiousian|Homoiousian]] leanings—which became known as the Meletian Schism and saw several groups and several claimants to the See of Antioch.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Stillingfleet |first1=Edward |title=Origines Britannicæ [i.e., Britannicae], Or, The Antiquities of the British Churches: With a Preface Concerning Some Pretended Antiquities Relating to Britain, in Vindication of the Bishop of St. Asaph |date=1685 |publisher=M. Flesher |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj07AQAAMAAJ&q=Meletian+Schism&pg=PA96 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164139/https://books.google.com/books?id=Fj07AQAAMAAJ&q=Meletian+Schism&pg=PA96#v=snippet&q=Meletian%20Schism&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Gardner |first1=Rev James |title=The Faiths of the World: An Account of All Religions and Religious Sects, Their Doctrines, Rites, Ceremonies, and Customs |date=1858 |publisher=A. Fullarton & Company |url= https://archive.org/details/cu31924022993798 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cu31924022993798/page/n426 403]}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=General History of the Christian Religion and Church |date=1855 |publisher=Crocker & Brewster |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220 |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164140/https://books.google.com/books?id=QtNKAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA220#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=}}

====Patriarchate of Antioch====

Given the antiquity of the Bishopric of Antioch and the importance of the Christian community in the city of Antioch, a commercially significant city in the eastern parts of the Roman Empire, the [[Religion:First Council of Nicaea|First Council of Nicaea]] (325) recognized the Bishopric as one of main regional primacies in Christendom, with jurisdiction over the administrative Diocese of the Orient, thus laying the foundation for the creation of the "Patriarchate of Antioch and All of the East".{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=54–59}} Because of the significance attributed to Ignatius of Antioch in the church, most of the Syriac Orthodox patriarchs since 1293 have used the name of Ignatius in the title of the Patriarch preceding their own Patriarchal name.{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|p=}}

Christological controversies that followed the [[Organization:Council of Chalcedon|Council of Chalcedon]] (451) resulted in a long struggle for the Patriarchate between those who accepted and those who rejected the council. In 512, pro-Chalcedonian patriarch Flavian II of Antioch was deposed by Emperor Anastasius I (d. 518), and new patriarch Severus of Antioch (d. 538) was chosen to succeed him. On 6 November 512, at the synod of Laodicea in Syria, a prominent miapyhsite theologian Severus the Great was elected, and consecrated on 16 November at the Great Church of Antioch.{{sfn|Meyendorff|1989|pp=202–206}} In 518, he was exiled from Antioch,{{sfn|Brock|2017|pp=25–50}} by new emperor Justin I (d. 527), who tried to enforce a uniform [[Religion:Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonian]] orthodoxy throughout the empire.{{sfn|Menze|2008|p=18}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Severus of Antioch Greek theologian |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Severus-of-Antioch |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916210711/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Severus-of-Antioch |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Honigmann |first1=Ernest |title=THE PATRIARCHATE OF ANTIOCH: A Revision of Le Quien and the Notitia Antiochena |journal=Traditio |volume=5 |pages=135–161 |date=1947|jstor=27830138 |doi=10.1017/S0362152900013544 |s2cid=151905022 }}</ref> Those who belonged to the pro-Chalcedonian party accepted newly appointed patriarch Paul, who took over the see of Antioch. The miaphisite patriarchate was thus forced to move from Antioch with Severus the Great who took refuge in [[Place:Alexandria|Alexandria]]. The non-Chalcedonian community was divided between "Severians" (followers of Severus), and [[Religion:Aphthartodocetae|aphthartodocetae]], and that division remained unresolved until 527.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Jugie |first1=Martin |title=J. Lebon. Le monophysisme sévérien. Étude historique, littéraire et théologique de la résistance monophysite au concile de Chalcédoine jusqu'à la constitution de l'Église jacobite. |journal=Revue des Études Byzantines |date=1910 |volume=13 |issue=85 |pages=368–369 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1910_num_13_85_3882_t1_0368_0000_2 |access-date=18 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018125559/https://www.persee.fr/doc/rebyz_1146-9447_1910_num_13_85_3882_t1_0368_0000_2 |url-status=live }}</ref> Severians continued to recognize Severus as the legitimate miaphysite Patriarch of Antioch until his death in 538, and then proceeded to follow his successors.{{sfn|Menze|2008|p=150}}<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jeremie |first1=James Amiraux |last2=Lyall |first2=Alfred |title=Christianity in the Middle Ages ... |date=1857 |publisher=Richard Griffin |pages=129 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lqQYAAAAYAAJ&dq=Severians,+the+followers+of+Severus+of+Antioch&pg=PA129 |language=en}}</ref>

Bishop Jacob Baradaeus (died 578) is credited for ordaining most of the miaphysite hierarchy while facing heavy persecution in the sixth century. In 544, Jacob Baradeus ordained Sergius of Tella continuing the non-Chalcedonian succession of patriarchs of the Church of Antioch.{{sfn | Loetscher | 1977 | p=82}} That was done in opposition to the government-backed Patriarchate of Antioch held by the pro-Chalcedonian believers leading to the Syriac Orthodox Church being known popularly as the "Jacobite" Church, while the Chalcedonian believers were known popularly as ''Melkites—c''oming from the Syriac word for king (malka), an implication of the Chalcedonian Church's relationship to the Roman Emperor (later emphasised by the Melkite Greek Catholic Church).{{sfn|Thomas|2001|p=47}} Because of many historical upheavals and consequent hardships that the Syriac Orthodox Church had to undergo, the patriarchate was transferred to different monasteries in [[Place:Mesopotamia|Mesopotamia]] for centuries. John III of the Sedre was elected and consecrated Patriarch after the death of Athanasius I Gammolo in 631 A.D., followed by the fall of Roman Syria and the [[History:Muslim conquest of the Levant|Muslim conquest of the Levant]]. John and several bishops were summoned before [[Religion:Emir|Emir]] Umayr ibn Sad al-Ansari of Hims to engage in open debate regarding Christianity and represent the entire Christian community, including non-Syriac Orthodox communities, such as Greek Orthodox Syrians.{{sfn|Griffith|2005|p=98}} The Emir demanded translations of the Gospels into [[Social:Arabic language|Arabic]] to confirm John's beliefs, which according to the Chronicle of [[Biography:Michael the Syrian|Michael the Syrian]] was the first translation of the Gospels into Arabic.

'''Transfer to new locations'''

During 1160,<ref name="Markessini 2012 31"/> the patriarchate was transferred from Antioch to Mor Hananyo Monastery (Deir al. Zaʿfarān) in southeastern [[Earth:Anatolia|Anatolia]] near Mardin, where it remained until 1933 and re-established in Homs, Syria, due to the adverse political situation in Turkey. In 1959, the patriarchate was transferred to [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]]. The [[Religion:Mother church|mother church]] and official seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church are now situated in Bab Tuma, [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]], capital of Syria.

===Middle Ages===
[[File:Dioceses of the Syrian Orthodox Church.svg|thumb|upright=1.8|[[Syriac Orthodox dioceses]] in the medieval period.{{legend|#d45500|Palestine}}
{{legend|#800000|Syria}}
{{legend|#a05a2c|Lebanon and Cyprus}}
{{legend|#217821|Cilicia}}
{{legend|#00aa88|Cappadocia}}
{{legend|#892ca0|Amid and Arzun}}
{{legend|#44aa00|Commagene}}
{{legend|#892ca0|Osrhoene}}
{{legend|#d400aa|Mardin and Tur Abdin}}
{{legend|#668000|Iraq}}]]

The 8th century hagiography ''Life of Jacob Baradaeus'' is evidence of a definite denominational and social differentiation between the [[Religion:Chalcedonian Christianity|Chalcedonians]] and Miaphysites (Syriac Orthodox).{{sfn|Saint-Laurent|2015|p=131}} The longer hagiography shows that the Syriac Orthodox (called "Syriac Jacobites" in the work: ''suryoye yaquboye'') self-identified with Jacob's story more than those of other saints.{{sfn|Saint-Laurent|2015|p=103, 106}} Coptic historian and miaphysite bishop Severus ibn al-Muqaffa (ca. 897) speaks of Jacobite origins, and on the veneration of Jacob Baradaeus. He claimed that unlike the Chalcedonian Christians (who were labeled as "Melkites"), Miaphysite Jacobites never traded their Orthodoxy to win the favor of the Byzantine emperors, as the Melkites had done (''malko'' is derived from "ruler, king, emperor").{{sfn|Trimingham|1979|p=}}{{sfn|Griffith|2002|p=}}{{sfn|Saint-Laurent|2015|p=136}}

In Antioch, after the 11th-century persecutions, the Syriac Orthodox population was almost extinguished. Only one Jacobite church is attested in Antioch in the first half of the 12th century, while a second and third are attested in the second half of the century, perhaps due to refugee influx. Dorothea Weltecke concluded that the Syriac Orthodox population was very low in this period in Antioch and its surroundings.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|p=108}}

In the 12th century, several Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs visited Antioch and some established temporary residences.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|p=123}} In the 13th century, the Syriac Orthodox hierarchy in Antioch was prepared to accept Latin supervision.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|pp=123–124}} In Adana, an anonymous 1137 report speaks of the entire population consisting of Syriac Orthodox.{{sfn|Weltecke|2006b|p=108}} Before the advent of the [[Religion:Crusades|Crusades]], the Syriacs occupied most of the hill country of Jazirah ([[Place:Upper Mesopotamia|Upper Mesopotamia]]).{{sfn | Masters | 2004 | p=45}}

===Early modern period===
====16th century====

Among the preeminent churchmen of the period, Moses of Mardin (fl. 1549–d. 1592), was a diplomat of the Syriac Orthodox Church in Rome in the 16th century.{{sfn|Borbone|2017|pp=277–287}}

====17th century====
[[File:Diyarbakır Evangelical Church 7760.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mary Church, Diyarbakır.]]
By the early 1660s, 75% of the 5,000 Syriac Orthodox of Aleppo had converted to Catholicism following the arrival of mendicant missionaries.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=40}} The Catholic missionaries had sought to place a Catholic Patriarch among the Jacobites and consecrated Andrew Akhijan as the Patriarch of the newly founded Syriac Catholic Church.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=40}} The Propaganda Fide and foreign diplomats pushed for Akhijan to be recognized as the Jacobite Patriarch, and the Porte then consented and warned the Syriac Orthodox that they would be considered an enemy if they did not recognize him.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=41}} Despite the warning and gifts to priests, frequent conflicts and violent arguments continued between the Catholic and Orthodox Syriacs.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=41}} Around 1665, many Saint Thomas Christians of Kerala, India, committed themselves in allegiance to the Syriac Orthodox Church, which established the Malankara Syrian Church. The Malankara Church consolidated under Mar Thoma I welcomed Gregorios Abdal Jaleel, who regularised the canonical ordination of Mar Thoma I as a native democratically elected Bishop of the Malabar Syrian Christians.{{sfn|Neill|2004|pp=327–331}}

=== Late modern period ===
In the 19th century, the various Syriac Christian denominations did not view themselves as part of one ethnic group.{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=21}} During the ''Tanzimat'' reforms (1839–78), the Syriac Orthodox was granted independent status by gaining recognition as their own millet in 1873, apart from Armenians and Greeks.{{sfn|Taylor|2013|p=87}}

In the late 19th century, the Syriac Orthodox community of the Middle East, primarily from the cities of Adana and Harput, began the process of creating the Syriac diaspora, with the United States being one of their first destinations in the 1890s.{{sfn|Donabed|Donabed|2006|pp=1–38}} Later, in Worcester, the first Syriac Orthodox Church in the United States was built.{{sfn|Donabed|Donabed|2006|pp=77–78}}

Also in the late 1800s, the reformation faction of the Saint Thomas Christians in India left to form the Mar Thoma Syrian Church.

The 1895–96 massacres in Turkey affected the Armenian and Syriac Orthodox communities when an estimated 105,000 Christians were killed.{{sfn|Farag|2011|p=251}} By the end of the 19th century, 200,000 Syriac Orthodox Christians remained in the Middle East, most concentrated around Saffron Monastery, the Patriarchal Seat.{{sfn|Dalrymple|2012|p=9}}

In 1870, there were 22 Syriac Orthodox settlements in the vicinity of [[Place:Diyarbakır|Diyarbakır]].{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=225}} In the 1870–71 Diyarbakır ''salnames'', there were 1,434 Orthodox Syriacs in that city.{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=222}}{{sfn|Jongerden|Verheij|2012|p=223}} On 10 December 1876, Ignatius Peter IV consecrated Geevarghese Gregorios of Parumala as metropolitan.{{sfn|Hage|2007|p=349}} Rivalry within the Syriac Orthodox Church in Tur Abdin resulted in many conversions to the Syriac Catholic Church (the Uniate branch).{{sfn|Hunter|2014|p=549}}

==== Genocide (1914–1918) ====
[[File:Syrianska seyfo monument hallunda.jpg|thumb|Sayfo Monument at St. Peters & St. Pauls Church, Hallunda.]]

The Ottoman authorities killed and deported Orthodox Syriacs, then looted and appropriated their properties.{{sfn|Kevorkian|2011}} During 1915–16, the number of Orthodox Syriacs in the Diyarbakır province was reduced by 72%, and in the Mardin province by 58%.{{sfn|Gaunt|Beṯ-Şawoce|Donef|2006|pp=433–436}}

==== Interwar period ====
In 1924, the patriarchate of the Church was transferred to Homs after Kemal Atatürk expelled the Syriac Orthodox Patriarch, who took the library of Deir el-Zaferan and settled in [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]].{{sfn|Parry|2010|p=259}}{{sfn|Atto|Barthoma|2017|pp=113–131}} The Syriac Orthodox villages in Tur Abdin suffered from the 1925–26 Kurdish rebellions and massive flight to Lebanon, northern Iraq and especially Syria ensued.{{sfn|O'Mahony|2006|p=513}}

In the early 1920s, the city of [[Place:Qamishli|Qamishli]] was built mainly by Syriac Orthodox refugees, escaping the Syriac genocide.

==== 1945–2000 ====

In 1959, the seat of the Syriac Orthodox Church was transferred to [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]] in Syria.{{sfn|Parry|2010|p=259}} In the mid-1970s, the estimate of Syriac Orthodox lived in Syria is 82,000.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=110}} In 1977, the number of Syriac Orthodox followers in diaspora dioceses was: 9,700 in the Diocese of Middle Europe; 10,750 in the Diocese of Sweden and surrounding countries.<ref>{{cite book|title=Sobornost|volume=28–30|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVAAQAAIAAJ|year=2006|page=21|access-date=30 April 2019|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164146/https://books.google.com/books?id=1KVAAQAAIAAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>

On 20 October 1987, Geevarghese Mar Gregorios of Parumala was declared a saint by Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, Patriarch permitting additions to the diptychs.<ref>{{cite web |title=Patriarchal Encyclical: Permitting additions to Diptychs in Malankara – Oct 20, 1987 |url=http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/PZakka1/19871020MalankaraTubden.html |website=sor.cua.edu |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=21 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321185212/http://sor.cua.edu/Personage/PZakka1/19871020MalankaraTubden.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Melkite :: Patriarch |url=http://www.melkitepat.org/patriarch/view/A-list-of-churches-and-monasteries-and-shrines-damaged-in-the-Syrian-crisis |website=www.melkitepat.org |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023093750/http://www.melkitepat.org/patriarch/view/A-list-of-churches-and-monasteries-and-shrines-damaged-in-the-Syrian-crisis |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:11-2015-05-08 كنيسة أم الزنار.jpg|thumb|Damage to exterior of St. Mary Church of the Holy Belt during the Syrian Civil War.]]

==Leadership==
[[File:Patriarch Ignatius Aphrem II seated color.JPG|thumb|upright|Ignatius Aphrem II, current Patriarch of Antioch.]]

===Patriarch===
The supreme head of the Syriac Orthodox Church is named Patriarch of Antioch, in reference to his titular pretense to one of the five patriarchates of the [[Religion:Pentarchy|Pentarchy]] of Byzantine [[Religion:Christianity|Christianity]]. Considered the "father of fathers", he must be an ordained bishop. He is the general administrator to Holy [[Religion:Synod|Synod]] and supervises the spiritual, administrative, and financial matters of the church. He governs external relations with other churches and signs agreements, treaties, contracts, pastoral encyclicals (bulls), pastoral letters related to the affairs of the church.<ref>{{cite web |title=With Wisdom and Courage, New Syriac Orthodox Patriarch Reaffirms the Church's Commitment to Syria Duke Religious Studies |url=https://religiousstudies.duke.edu/news/wisdom-and-courage-new-syriac-orthodox-patriarch-reaffirms-churchs-commitment-syria |website=religiousstudies.duke.edu |date=28 May 2014 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024082240/https://religiousstudies.duke.edu/news/wisdom-and-courage-new-syriac-orthodox-patriarch-reaffirms-churchs-commitment-syria |url-status=live }}</ref>

===Maphrian or Catholicos of India===
After the Patriarch, the second highest Rank in the Syriac Orthodox Church is that of the Maphrian or the Catholicos of India. He is important functionary in guiding the church when the patriarchate falls vacant after the death of a Patriarch, overseeing the election of the next Patriarch and leading the ceremony for the ordination of the Patriarch. The Maphrian's see is India and is the head of the Malankara Jacobite Syrian Church and is subject to the authority of the Patriarch. In joint councils the Maphrian is seated on the right side of the Patriarch and heads the church's regional synod in India with the Patriarch's sanction.

===Archbishops and Bishops===
The title ''bishop'' comes from the [[Social:Greek language|Greek]] word'' episkopos,'' meaning "the one who oversees".<ref>{{cite web |title=Definition of BISHOP |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bishop |website=www.merriam-webster.com |date=7 July 2023 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=18 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180618003004/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/bishop |url-status=live }}</ref> A bishop is a spiritual ruler of the church who has different ranks. Then there are [[Religion:Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan bishop]]s or [[Religion:Archbishop|archbishop]]s, and under them, there are auxiliary bishops.

===Priests===
The priest (''Kasheesho'') is the seventh rank and is the one duly appointed to administer the [[Religion:Sacrament|sacrament]]s. Unlike in the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], Syriac [[Religion:Deacon|deacon]]s may marry before [[Religion:Ordination|ordained]] as priests; they cannot marry after ordained as priests. There is an honorary rank among the priests that are [[Religion:Chorbishop|Corepiscopos]] who has the privileges of "first among the priests" and is given a chain with a cross and specific vestment decorations. Corepiscopos is the highest rank a married man can be elevated to in the Syriac Orthodox Church. The ranks above the Corepiscopos are unmarried.

===Deacons===
In the Syriac Orthodox tradition, different ranks among the [[Religion:Deacon|deacon]]s are specifically assigned with particular duties. The six ranks of the diaconate are:
# '''Ulmoyo'' (Faithful)
# ''Mawdyono'' (Confessor of faith)
# ''Mzamrono'' (Singer)
# ''Quroyo'' or ''Korooyo'' (Reader)
# ''Afudyaqno'' (Sub-deacon)
# ''Evangeloyo'' (High deacon)
# ''Masamsono'' (Full deacon)
Only a full deacon can take the censer during the [[Religion:Divine Liturgy|Divine Liturgy]] to assist the priest. In Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, because of the lack of deacons, altar assistants who do not have a rank of deaconhood may assist the priest.

Historically, in the Malankara Church, the local chief was called as [[Religion:Archdeacon|Archdeacon]], who was the ecclesiastical authority of the Saint Thomas Christians in the Malabar region of India.{{sfn|Neill|2004|p=319}}

===Deaconess===
An ordained [[Religion:Deaconess|deaconess]] is entitled to enter the sanctuary only for cleaning, lighting the lamps and is limited to give Holy Communion to women and the children who are under the age of five.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kollanoor |first1=Greger |title=The Office of the Deaconess in Orthodox Churches1 -A Historical Analysis |url=https://www.academia.edu/4343910 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=16 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230716092607/https://www.academia.edu/4343910 |url-status=live }}</ref> She can read scriptures, Holy Gospel in a public gathering. The name of deaconess can also be given to a choirgirl. Deaconess is not ordained as chanter before reaching fifteen years of age. The ministry of the deaconess assists the priest and deacon outside the altar including in the service of baptizing women and anointing them with holy [[Chemistry:Chrism|chrism]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Wainwright |first1=Geoffrey |title=The Oxford History of Christian Worship |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press, USA |isbn=978-0-19-513886-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&q=Deaconesses+in+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Tradition&pg=PA135 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164651/https://books.google.com/books?id=h5VQUdZhx1gC&q=Deaconesses+in+the+Oriental+Orthodox+Tradition&pg=PA135#v=snippet&q=Deaconesses%20in%20the%20Oriental%20Orthodox%20Tradition&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

While this rank exists, it is rarely awarded.

== Worship ==

=== Bible ===
[[File:Bible and Pulpit, Mor Hananyo.jpg|thumb|upright|Peshitto Bible at Mor Hananyo Monastery.]]
Syriac Orthodox churches use the [[Religion:Peshitta|Peshitta]] (Syriac: simple, common) as its Bible. The [[Religion:New Testament|New Testament]] books of this Bible are estimated to have been translated from Greek to Syriac between the late first century to the early third century AD.<ref>Brock, Sebastian P. ''The Bible in Syriac Bible''. Kottayam: SEERI.</ref> The [[Religion:Old Testament|Old Testament]] of the Peshitta was translated from Hebrew, probably in the second century. The [[Religion:Aramaic New Testament|New Testament of the Peshitta]], which originally excluded certain disputed books, had become the standard by the early fifth century, replacing two early Syriac versions of the gospels.

=== Doctrine ===
[[File:Icon of the blessed Virgin Mary by Luke the Evangelist.jpg|thumb|upright|Icon of the Virgin Mary by St. Luke the Evangelist .]]

The Syriac Orthodox Church theology is based on the [[Religion:Nicene Creed|Nicene Creed]]. The Syriac Orthodox Church teaches that it is the [[Four Marks of the Church|One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic]] Church founded by [[Religion:Jesus in Christianity|Jesus Christ]] in his [[Religion:Great Commission|Great Commission]],<ref>{{cite book |last1=Esomba |first1=Steve |title=THE BOOK OF LIFE, KNOWLEDGE AND CONFIDENCE |date=6 June 2012 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-1-4717-3463-2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gaDFBgAAQBAJ&q=one%2C+holy%2C+catholic%2C+and+apostolic+Church+syriac+orthodox&pg=PA203 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164652/https://books.google.com/books?id=gaDFBgAAQBAJ&q=one%2C+holy%2C+catholic%2C+and+apostolic+Church+syriac+orthodox&pg=PA203#v=snippet&q=one%2C%20holy%2C%20catholic%2C%20and%20apostolic%20Church%20syriac%20orthodox&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> that its [[Religion:Metropolitan bishop|metropolitan]]s are the [[Religion:Apostolic succession|successors]] of Christ's [[Religion:Apostles in the New Testament|Apostles]], and that the Patriarch is the successor to Saint Peter on whom [[Religion:Primacy of Peter|primacy]] was conferred by [[Biography:Jesus|Jesus Christ]].<ref>Holy Bible: Matthew {{bibleverse-nb||Matthew|16:19|ESV}}</ref><ref name="Aydin pp. 124–131">{{cite journal | last=Aydin | first=Mor Polycarpus Augin | title=The Syriac tradition of the work of the Holy Spirit in the Church to make it One, Holy, Catholic and Apostolic | journal=International Journal for the Study of the Christian Church | publisher=Informa UK Limited | volume=18 | issue=2–3 | date=3 July 2018 | issn=1474-225X | doi=10.1080/1474225x.2018.1516428 | pages=124–131| s2cid=150675986 }}</ref> The church accepted first three synods held at [[Religion:First Council of Nicaea|Nicaea]] (325), [[Religion:First Council of Constantinople|Constantinople]] (381), and [[Religion:Council of Ephesus|Ephesus]] (431), shaping the formulation and early interpretation of Christian doctrines.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butler |first1=Alban |title=The lives of the fathers, martyrs, and other principal saints |date=1821 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgTAAAAQAAJ&q=Bishops+of+Antioch&pg=PA407 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164655/https://books.google.com/books?id=cXgTAAAAQAAJ&q=Bishops+of+Antioch&pg=PA407#v=snippet&q=Bishops%20of%20Antioch&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> The Syriac Orthodox Church is part of Oriental Orthodoxy, a distinct communion of churches claiming to continue the patristic and apostolic Christology before the schism following the [[Organization:Council of Chalcedon|Council of Chalcedon]] in 451.<ref name="CNEWA">{{cite web|title=CNEWA – The Syrian Orthodox Church|url=http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1|website=www.cnewa.org|access-date=21 February 2015|archive-date=21 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221224244/http://www.cnewa.org/default.aspx?ID=8&pagetypeID=9&sitecode=HQ&pageno=1|url-status=live}}</ref> In terms of [[Religion:Christology|Christology]], the Oriental Orthodox (Non-Chalcedonian) understanding is that Christ is "One Nature—the Logos Incarnate, of the full humanity and full divinity". Just as humans are ''of'' their mothers and fathers and not ''in'' their mothers and fathers, so too is the nature of Christ according to Oriental Orthodoxy. The Chalcedonian understanding is that Christ is "in two natures, full humanity and full divinity". This is the doctrinal difference that separated the Oriental Orthodox from the rest of Christendom. The church believes in the mystery of [[Religion:Incarnation (Christianity)|Incarnation]] and venerate Virgin Mary as [[Religion:Theotokos|Theotokos]] or ''Yoldath Aloho'' (Meaning: 'Bearer of God').{{sfn | Kurian | Nelson | 2001 | p=8905}}{{sfn|Loosley|2010|p=4}}

The Fathers of the Syriac Orthodox Church gave a theological interpretation to the primacy of Saint Peter.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Primacy of the Apostolic See, and the Authority of General Councils Vindicated. In a Series of Letters to the Rt. Rev. J. H. Hopkins |date=1838 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WuZhAAAAcAAJ&q=Primacy+of+Saint+Peter+syriac&pg=PA25 |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164655/https://books.google.com/books?id=WuZhAAAAcAAJ&q=Primacy+of+Saint+Peter+syriac&pg=PA25#v=snippet&q=Primacy%20of%20Saint%20Peter%20syriac&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref> They were fully convinced of the unique office of Peter in the early Christian community. Ephrem, Aphrahat, and Maruthas unequivocally acknowledged the office of Peter. The different orders of liturgies used for sanctification of church buildings, marriages, ordinations etc., reveal that the primacy of Peter is a part of faith of the church. The church does not believe in Papal Primacy as understood by the Roman See, rather, Petrine Primacy according to the ancient Syriac tradition.{{sfn | Benni | 1871 | p=93}} The church uses both [[Julian calendar]] and [[Gregorian calendar]] based on their regions and traditions they adapted.

===Language===
* Syriac language, as the most prominent variant of Aramaic language in the Christian era, is used by the Syriac Orthodox Church in two basic forms: Classical Syriac is traditionally employed as the main liturgical and [[Social:Literary language|literary language]], while Neo-Aramaic (Neo-Syriac) dialect known as Turoyo is spoken as the most common vernacular language.{{sfn|Kiraz|2007|pp=129–142}}{{sfn|Jastrow|2011|pp=697–707}}
* [[Social:Arabic|Arabic]] had become the dominant language of Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt by the 11th century.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}} Syriac Orthodox clergy wrote in Arabic using Garshūni, a Syriac script in the 15th century and later adopted the Arabic script.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}} An English missionary in the 1840s noted that the Arabic speech of the Syriacs was intermixed with Syriac vocabulary.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}} They chose Arabic and Muslim-sounding names, while women had Biblical names.{{sfn|Joseph|1983|p=22}}
* [[Social:Greek language|Greek]] language was historically used (along with Syriac) in the earliest periods, during and after the separation (5th–6th centuries), but its use gradually declined.{{sfn|Millar|2013|pp=43–92}}
* English: Used Globally along with Syriac.
* Malayalam, [[Social:Tamil language|Tamil]], [[Social:Kannada|Kannada]] are presently used in India. Suriyani Malayalam, also known as Karshoni or Syriac Malayalam, is a dialect of [[Social:Malayalam|Malayalam]] written in a variant form of the Syriac alphabet which was popular among the Saint Thomas Christians (also known as Syrian Christians or Nasranis) of Kerala in India.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite web|url=http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece|title=City Youth Learn Dying Language, Preserve It|publisher=The New Indian Express|date=9 May 2016|access-date=9 May 2016|archive-date=3 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160603040415/http://www.newindianexpress.com/cities/bengaluru/Bengaluru-Youth-Learn-Dying-Language-Preserve-It/2016/05/09/article3422438.ece|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=nf>[http://www.nasranifoundation.org/articles/SyriacMalayalam.html Suriyani Malayalam] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140611020933/http://www.nasranifoundation.org/articles/SyriacMalayalam.html |date=11 June 2014 }}, Nasrani Foundation</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=A sacred language is vanishing from State |url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/A-sacred-language-is-vanishing-from-State/article15278959.ece |work=The Hindu |date=11 August 2008 |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=1 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200301072054/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/A-sacred-language-is-vanishing-from-State/article15278959.ece |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Radhakrishnan |first=M. G. |date=4 August 1997 |title=Tiny village in Kerala one of the last bastions of Syriac in the world |url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19970804-tiny-village-in-kerala-one-of-the-last-bastions-of-syriac-in-the-world-831835-1997-08-04 |work=India Today |access-date=3 May 2019 |archive-date=3 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190503063520/https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/offtrack/story/19970804-tiny-village-in-kerala-one-of-the-last-bastions-of-syriac-in-the-world-831835-1997-08-04 |url-status=live }}</ref> It uses Malayalam grammar, the Maḏnḥāyā or "Eastern" Syriac script with special [[Social:Orthography|orthographic]] features, and vocabulary from Malayalam and East Syriac. This originated in the South Indian region of the Malabar Coast (modern-day Kerala). Until the 19th century, the script was widely used by Syrian Christians in Kerala.
* Swedish, German, Dutch, Turkish, Spanish, Portuguese are used in diasporas along with Syriac.

=== Liturgy ===
[[File:Mor Ignatius Aphrem II at St. John's Church, Stuttgart.jpg|thumb|Celebration of Mass at St. John's Church, Stuttgart, Germany.]]
The [[Religion:Mass (liturgy)|liturgical service]] is called [[Religion:Holy Qurobo|Holy Qurobo]] in the Syriac language meaning "[[Religion:Eucharist|Eucharist]]". [[Religion:Liturgy of Saint James|Liturgy of Saint James]] is celebrated on Sundays and special occasions. The Holy Eucharist consists of [[Religion:Gospel|Gospel]] reading, Bible readings, prayers, and songs. The recitation of the Liturgy is performed according to with specific parts chanted by the presider, the lectors, the choir, and the congregated faithful, at certain times in unison. Apart from certain readings, prayers are sung in the form of [[Unsolved:Chant|chant]]s and melodies. Hundreds of melodies remain preserved in the book known as ''Beth Gazo'', the key reference to Syriac Orthodox church music.<ref>{{cite book |title=Patrologia syriaca: complectens opera omnia ss. patrum, doctorum scriptorumque catholicorum, quibus accedunt aliorum acatholicorum auctorum scripta quae ad res ecclesiasticas pertinent, quotquot syriace supersunt, secundum codices praesertim, londinenses, parisienses, vaticanos accurante R. Graffin ... |date=1926 |publisher=Firmin-Didot et socii. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ay4vAAAAMAAJ&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5+%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164656/https://books.google.com/books?id=ay4vAAAAMAAJ&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5+%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E#v=onepage&q=%DC%92%DC%B6%DC%9D%DC%AC%CC%A5%20%DC%93%DC%B0%DC%99%DC%B3%DC%90%E2%80%8E&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>

In 1983, the French ethnomusicologist Christian Poché produced audio recordings of the liturgical music of the Syriac Orthodox Church. In his liner notes for the UNESCO Anthology of Traditional Music, he described the liturgical music of communities in Antioch, Tur ‘Abdin, [[Place:Urfa|Urfa]], Mardin in modern [[Place:Turkey|Turkey]], as well as in Aleppo and [[Place:Qamishli|Qamishli]] in modern Syria.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Syrian Orthodox Church: Antioch Liturgy |url=https://folkways.si.edu/syrian-orthodox-church-antioch-liturgy/world/music/album/smithsonian |access-date=2023-11-06 |website=Smithsonian Folkways Recordings |language=en-US}}</ref>

=== Prayer ===
Syriac Orthodox clergy and [[Religion:Laity|laity]] follow a regimen of seven prayers a day that are said at [[Religion:Fixed prayer times|fixed prayer times]], in accordance with Psalm 119 (cf. Shehimo).{{sfn | The Oxford selection of Psalms and hymns, for the use of parish churches | 1857 | p=89}}<ref name="Richards1908">{{cite book |last1=Richards |first1=William Joseph |title=The Indian Christians of St. Thomas: Otherwise Called the Syrian Christians of Malabar: a Sketch of Their History and an Account of Their Present Condition as Well as a Discussion of the Legend of St. Thomas |date=1908 |publisher=Bemrose |page=98 |quote=We are commanded to pray standing, with faces towards the East, for at the last Messiah is manifested in the East. 2. All Christians, on rising from sleep early in the morning, should wash the face and pray. 3. We are commanded to pray seven times, thus...}}</ref> According to the Syriac tradition, an ecclesiastical day starts at sunset and the Canonical hours are based on [[Religion:West Syriac Rite|West Syriac Rite]]:
* Evening or ''Ramsho'' prayer ([[Religion:Vespers|Vespers]]){{sfn | Jarjour | 2018 | p=236}}
* Night prayer or ''Sootoro'' prayer (Compline)<ref>{{cite book |author=Syrian Orthodox Church |title=The Book of Common Prayer of the Syrian Church |date=2005 |publisher=Gorgias Press |isbn=978-1-59333-033-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1RRGvgAACAAJ&q=Sootoro |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164657/https://books.google.com/books?id=1RRGvgAACAAJ&q=Sootoro |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Midnight or ''Lilyo'' prayer ([[Religion:Matins|Matins]])
* Morning or ''Saphro'' prayer (Prime or Lauds, 6 a.m.)
* Third Hour or ''tloth sho`in'' prayer (Terce, 9 a.m.)
* Sixth Hour or ''sheth sho`in'' prayer (Sext, noon)
* Ninth Hour or ''tsha` sho'in'' prayer (None, 3 p.m.)

=== Sacraments ===
The seven Holy Sacraments of the church are:
{{Cast listing|
* [[Religion:Chrismation|Chrismation]] (Anointing of Holy Muron)
* [[Religion:Baptism|Baptism]]
* [[Religion:Confession|Confession]]
* [[Religion:Eucharist|Holy Communion]] (Queen of the Sacraments)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Rajan |first1=Kannanayakal Mani |title=Queen of the Sacraments: A Treatise on the Liturgy of the Holy Mass as Celebrated in the Syrian Orthodox Church |date=1991 |publisher=St. Mary's Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church |url=https://archive.org/details/queenofsacrament0000kann |quote=Queen of the Sacraments Syriac Orthodox Church.}}</ref>
* Marriage
* Unction (Anointing of the Sick)
* [[Religion:Holy orders|Ordination]]{{sfn | Fahlbusch | Bromiley | Lochman | Mbiti | 2008 | p=284}} }}

=== Vestments ===
[[File:Eucharist at St. Mary's Church, Meenangadi.jpg|thumb|left|Liturgical vestments of clergy.]]
The clergy of the Syriac Orthodox Church has unique liturgical vestments with their order in the priesthood: the [[Religion:Deacon|deacon]]s, the priests, the [[Religion:Chorbishop|chorbishop]]s, the bishops, and the [[Religion:Patriarch|patriarch]] each have different vestments.<ref>{{cite web |title=TRC exhibition proposal: Faith and Attire. Vestments and embroidery within the Syriac Orthodox Church |url=https://www.trc-leiden.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=629%3Afaith-and-attire&catid=78%3Afront-page&Itemid=129&lang=nl |website=www.trc-leiden.nl |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=28 May 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190528021726/https://www.trc-leiden.nl/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=629:faith-and-attire&catid=78:front-page&Itemid=129&lang=nl |url-status=live }}</ref>

Bishops usually wear a black or a red robe with a red belt. They should not wear a red robe in the presence of the patriarch, who wears a red robe. Bishops visiting a diocese outside their jurisdiction also wear black robes in deference to the bishop of the diocese, who alone wears red robes. They carry a [[Crosier|crosier]] stylised with serpents representing the staff of Moses during sacraments. Corepiscopos wear a black or a purple robe with a purple belt. Bishops and corepiscopos have hand-held crosses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/|title=Margoneetho: Syriac Orthodox Resources|website=syriacorthodoxresources.org|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=11 June 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230611144744/https://syriacorthodoxresources.org/|url-status=live}}</ref>

A priest also wears a ''phiro'', or a cap, which he must wear for the public prayers. Monks also wear ''masnapso'', a hood. Priests also have ceremonial shoes which are called ''msone''. Without wearing these shoes, a priest cannot distribute Eucharist to the faithful. Then there is a white robe called ''kutino'' symbolizing purity. ''Hamniko'' or stole is worn over this white robe. Then he wears a girdle called ''zenoro'', and ''zende'', meaning sleeves. If the celebrant is a bishop, he wears a ''veil-mitre'' over the masnapso, . A cope called ''phayno'' is worn over these vestments. ''Batrashil'', or [[Religion:Pallium|pallium]], is worn over the ''phayno'' by bishops and corepiscopas wear a half cope over the phayno, like ''hamnikho'' worn by priests.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Heilbrunn Timeline |first1=Art History |title=Batrashil |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/446667 |website=www.metmuseum.org |publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=24 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024061424/https://www.metmuseum.org/art/collection/search/446667 |url-status=live }}</ref> The priest's usual dress is a black robe. In India, due to the hot weather, priests usually wear white robes except during prayers in the church, when they wear a black robe over the white one. Deacons wear a phiro, white kutino(robe) and of rank Quroyo and higher wear an uroro 'stole' in various shapes according to their rank. The [[Religion:Deaconess|deaconess]] wears a stole (uroro) hanging down from the shoulder in the  manner  of  an  archdeacon.{{sfn|Parry|2010|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA262 262]}}

== Global presence ==

=== Demography ===

<gallery heights="200px" mode="packed">
Saint Matthew Monastery (Der Mar Matti), overlooking Bashiqa and Bartella, between the Kurdistan Region and Iraq 22.jpg| St. Matthew Monastery, Nineveh, Iraq
Old Jerusalem St. Mark Church with flag.jpg| Monastery of Saint Mark, Jerusalem
Kloster Mor Gabriel Qartamin Deyrulumur Manastırı (Syrisch-orthodoxe Kirche von Antiochien) (40443308951).jpg|Mor Gabriel Monastery, Midyat, Turkey
Hauptgebäude des Klosters Mor Augin, nördliche Sicht.jpg|St. Awgin Monastery, Nusaybin, Turkey
Malecruz at Night.jpg|St. George's Monastery, Malekurish
Manjinikkara Dayra Church.jpg|St. Ignatius Monastery, Manjinikkara
Mor Hananyo Monastery 12.jpg|Mor Hananyo Monastery
</gallery>
The Patriarchate was initially established in Antioch (present-day Syria, Turkey, and Iraq), due to the persecutions by Romans followed by Muslim Arabs, the Patriarchate was seated in Mor Hananyo Monastery, Mardin, in the [[Place:Ottoman Empire|Ottoman Empire]] (1160–1933); following Homs (1933–1959); and [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]], Syria, since 1959. Historically, the followers of the church are mainly ethnic Assyrians/Syriacs who comprise the indigenous pre-Arab populations of modern Syria, Iraq and southeastern Turkey.<ref>Gall, Timothy L. (ed). Worldmark Encyclopedia of Culture & Daily Life: Vol. 3 – Asia & Oceania. Cleveland, OH: Eastword Publications Development (1998); pg. 720–721.</ref>
A diaspora has also spread from the [[Place:Levant|Levant]], Iraq, and Turkey throughout the world, notably in Sweden, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Austria, France, United States, Canada, Guatemala, Argentina, Brazil, Australia, and New Zealand.

The church's members are divided into 26 Archdioceses, and 13 Patriarchal Vicariates.<ref name="autogenerated1">{{cite web|url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChTod/index.html|title=The Syriac Orthodox Church Today|website=sor.cua.edu|access-date=28 March 2008|archive-date=24 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200324081830/http://sor.cua.edu/ChTod/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

It is estimated that the church has 600,000 Syriac adherents, in addition to 2 million members of the Jacobite Syrian Christian Church and their own ethnic diaspora in India.<ref name="CNEWA"/><ref name="encyclopedia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syriac-orthodox-church-antioch|title=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch – Dictionary definition of Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch – Encyclopedia.com: FREE online dictionary|website=www.encyclopedia.com|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=30 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210430063747/https://www.encyclopedia.com/environment/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/syriac-orthodox-church-antioch|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="oikoumene.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|title=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch and All the East — World Council of Churches|website=www.oikoumene.org|date=January 1960|access-date=19 March 2018|archive-date=8 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308122540/http://www.oikoumene.org/en/member-churches/syrian-orthodox-patriarchate-of-antioch-and-all-the-east|url-status=live}}</ref>  Additionally, there is also a large Syriac community among Mayan converts in Guatemala and South America numbering up to 1.5 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Kungaparet tog emot Syrisk-ortodoxa kyrkans patriark - Sveriges Kungahus|url=https://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/2015/aktuellt2015/kungaparettogemotsyriskortodoxakyrkanspatriark.5.6b3f01514d8a67974b11b.html|access-date=2021-12-26|website=www.kungahuset.se|language=sv|archive-date=26 December 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211226192031/https://www.kungahuset.se/kungafamiljen/aktuellahandelser/2015/aktuellt2015/kungaparettogemotsyriskortodoxakyrkanspatriark.5.6b3f01514d8a67974b11b.html|url-status=live}}</ref> According to scholar James Minahan around 26% of the Assyrian people belong to the Syriac Orthodox Church.<ref>{{harvnb|Minahan|2002|p=206}}: "The Assyrians, although closely assiociated with their Christian religion, are divided among a number of Christian sects. The largest denominations are the Chaldean Catholic Church with about 45% of the Assyrian population, the Syriac Orthodox with 26%, the Assyrian Church of the East with 19%, the free Orthodox Church of Antioch or Syriac Catholic Church with 4%, and various Protestant sects with a combined 6%."</ref>

The number of Syriacs in Turkey is rising, due to refugees from Syria and Iraq fleeing ISIS, as well as Syriacs from the Diaspora who fled the region during the Turkey-PKK conflict (since 1978) returning and rebuilding their homes. The village of Kafro was populated by Syriacs from Germany and Switzerland.<ref>{{cite news |title=Reclaiming Syriac heritage: A village in Turkey finds its voice |url=http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/24/syriac-village-turkey-finds-voice.html |work=america.aljazeera.com |access-date=31 October 2019 |archive-date=25 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525203302/http://america.aljazeera.com/articles/2015/5/24/syriac-village-turkey-finds-voice.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html|title=Refworld – World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples – Turkey: Syriacs|author=United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees|work=Refworld|access-date=6 June 2015|archive-date=24 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224190934/https://www.refworld.org/docid/49749c9837.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In the Syriac diaspora, there are approximately 80,000 members in the United States, 80,000 in Sweden, 100,000 in Germany, 15,000 in the Netherlands, 200,000 members in Brazil, Switzerland, and Austria.<ref>{{cite web |title=Unitarian/Unitarian Universalist, continued...|website=Adherents.com|access-date=5 March 2015|url=http://adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=21 September 2003|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030921081436/http://www.adherents.com/Na/Na_622.html}}</ref>

=== Jurisdiction of the patriarchate ===

The Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch originally covered the whole region of the Middle East and India. In recent centuries, its parishioners started to emigrate to other countries over the world. Today, the Syriac Orthodox Church has several archdioceses and patriarchal vicariates (exarchates) in many countries covering six continents.
* Patron: The Patriarch of Antioch and All the East, the Supreme Head of the Universal Syriac Orthodox Church Ignatius Aphrem II.
* Patriarchal Seat: Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus, Syria
* Headquarters and patriarchal office: [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]]

==== Americas ====
[[File:St. Mark's Syrian Orthodox Cathedral - Paramus, New Jersey 01.jpg|thumb|right|St. Mark's Cathedral, Paramus, New Jersey.]]
The presence of the Syrian Orthodox faithful in America dates back to the late 19th century.{{sfn|Kiraz|2019|p=}}{{sfn|Kiraz|2020|pp=77–94}}

'''North America'''
* [https://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/ Patriarchal Vicariate of Eastern United States]<ref>{{cite web |title=Our Archbishop |url=http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |website=Syriac Orthodox Church of Antioch |date=1 November 2016 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091359/http://syrianorthodoxchurch.org/mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Gasgous |first1=S. |title=Appointment of Dionysius Jean Kawak |url=https://stspeterandpaulchurch.net/2016/05/10/appointment-of-his-eminence-mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |website=Sts. Peter and Paul Syriac Orthothox Church |date=10 May 2016 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407091359/https://stspeterandpaulchurch.net/2016/05/10/appointment-of-his-eminence-mor-dionysius-jean-kawak/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Western United States<ref>{{cite web |title=Archbishop Clemis Eugene Kaplan, Member of the Suryoyo Hall of the Shame |url=http://www.bethsuryoyo.com/HallofShame/EugeneKaplan/EugenKaplan.htm |website=www.bethsuryoyo.com |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=14 August 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110814045629/http://www.bethsuryoyo.com/HallofShame/EugeneKaplan/EugenKaplan.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Malankara Archdiocese of North America
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Canada.<ref>{{cite web |title=Our church worldwide |url=http://www.stbarsaumochurch.com/CONTACTUS/OURCHURCHWORLDWIDE/tabid/153/Default.aspx |website=St. Barsaumo Syriac Orthodox Church |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412154642/http://stbarsaumochurch.com/CONTACTUS/OURCHURCHWORLDWIDE/tabid/153/Default.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref>

'''Central America'''

In the Guatemala region, a [[Religion:Charismatic movement|Charismatic movement]] emerged in 2003 was excommunicated in 2006 by the Roman Catholic Church later joined the church in 2013. Members of this archdiocese are Mayan in origin and live in rural areas, and display charismatic-type practices.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Hager |first1=Anna |title=The emergence of a Syriac Orthodox Mayan Church in Guatemala |journal=International Journal of Latin American Religions |volume=3 |issue=2 |pages=370–389 |date=3 July 2019 |doi=10.1007/s41603-019-00083-1 |s2cid=198838809 |issn=2509-9965}}</ref>
* Archdiocese of Central America, the Caribbean Islands and Venezuela<ref>{{cite web |title=NOTICIAS DE MARZO 2012 |url=http://www.icergua.org/latam/noticias/13/03.html#9 |website=www.icergua.org |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=17 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190417043600/http://www.icergua.org/latam/noticias/13/03.html#9 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Orthodoxy in Guatemala |url=https://orthodox-institute.org/guatemala.html |website=orthodox-institute.org |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090147/https://orthodox-institute.org/guatemala.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Yacoub Eduardo Aguirre Oestmann – Names – Orthodoxia |url=http://www.orthodoxia.ch/en/name/1317/show |website=www.orthodoxia.ch |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407090152/http://www.orthodoxia.ch/en/name/1317/show |url-status=live }}</ref>

'''South America'''
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Argentina<ref>{{cite web |title=New Archbishop for Syriac Orthodox Church Enthroned in Argentina |url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-archbishop-for-syriac-orthodox-church-enthroned-in-argentina/ |website=News Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE |date=10 April 2013 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085027/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/blog/news/new-archbishop-for-syriac-orthodox-church-enthroned-in-argentina/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Brazil<ref>{{cite web |title=Igreja Sirian Ortodoxa de Antioquia no Brasil |url=https://igrejasirianortodoxa.com/ |website=Igreja Sirian Ortodoxa de Antioquia no Brasil |language=pt-BR |access-date=2 October 2018 |archive-date=11 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181011134203/https://igrejasirianortodoxa.com/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

==== Eurasia ====
'''Middle East regions'''
* [[Place:Syria|Syria]]
* [[Place:Lebanon|Lebanon]]
* Holy Land
* Iraq
* Turkey
* UAE
Syriac Orthodox Church in the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]] and the diaspora, numbering between 150,000 and 200,000 people in their indigenous area of habitation in Syria, Iraq, and Turkey according to estimations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kiliseler – Manastırlar |url=https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-56510/kiliseler---manastirlar.html |website=mardin.ktb.gov.tr |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023095514/https://mardin.ktb.gov.tr/TR-56510/kiliseler---manastirlar.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
The community formed and developed  in the Middle Ages. The Syriac Orthodox Christians of the Middle East speak Aramaic.
Archbishoprics in the Middle East include regions of Jazirah, Euphrates, Aleppo, Homs, Hama, [[Place:Baghdad|Baghdad]], Basrah, [[Place:Diyarbakır|Diyarbakır]], [[Place:Mosul|Mosul]], [[Place:Kirkuk|Kirkuk]], [[Place:Kurdistan|Kurdistan]], [[Place:Mount Lebanon|Mount Lebanon]], [[Place:Beirut|Beirut]], Istanbul, [[Place:Ankara|Ankara]] and Adiyaman,<ref>{{cite web |title=İstanbul – Ankara Süryani Ortodoks Metropolitliği |url=http://www.suryanikadim.org/kiliseler.aspx |website=www.suryanikadim.org |access-date=17 September 2018 |archive-date=4 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180904092638/http://www.suryanikadim.org/kiliseler.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> Israel, [[Place:State of Palestine|Palestine]], Jordan.<ref>{{cite news |title=King receives Patriarch of Antioch and head of Syriac Orthodox Church |url=http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/king-receives-patriarch-antioch-and-head-syriac-orthodox-church |work=Jordan Times |date=10 April 2019 |access-date=12 April 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150444/http://www.jordantimes.com/news/local/king-receives-patriarch-antioch-and-head-syriac-orthodox-church |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Murre-van den Berg|2013|pp=61–83}}<ref>{{cite news | title=Consecration of Archbishop Patriarchal Vicar for Jerusalem | publisher=Malankara Archdiocese of the Syriac Church in North America | date=10 April 2019 | url=https://malankara.com/node/3607 | access-date=22 June 2019 | archive-date=12 April 2019 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412150446/https://malankara.com/node/3607 | url-status=dead }}</ref>
<gallery heights="150px" mode="packed">
Zoonoroinhoms.jpg|Saint Mary Church of the Holy Belt
MidyatChurch.jpg|St. Sharbel Church Midyat
A church in the city of Bethlehem-Palestine.jpg|St. Mary's Church, [[Religion:Bethlehem|Bethlehem]]
St. Mary's Cathedral, Manarcad 2016.jpg|St. Mary's Cathedral, Manarcad
Tomb of St.Baselios Yeldo.jpg|Tomb of St. Baselios Yeldo
</gallery>
Patriarchal Vicariates in the Middle East includes [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]], Mardin, Turabdin, Zahle, UAE and the Arab States of the Persian Gulf.

==== India ====
'''Jacobite Syrian Christian Church'''

The Jacobite Syrian Christian Church, one of the various Saint Thomas Christian churches in India, is an integral part of the Syriac Orthodox Church, with the Patriarch of Antioch as its supreme head. The local head of the church in Malankara (Kerala) is Baselios Thomas I, ordained by Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas in 2002 and accountable to the Patriarch of Antioch. The headquarters of the church in India is at Puthencruz near Ernakulam in the state of Kerala in South India. Simhasana Churches and Honavar Mission is under the direct control of Patriarch. Historically, the St. Thomas Christians were part of the [[Religion:Church of the East|Church of the East]], based in Persia which was under the Patriarch of Antioch until Council of Seleucia-Ctesiphon(410 AD.) and reunited with Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch since {{ca.}} 1652.{{sfn | Curta | Holt | 2016 | p=336}} Syriac monks Mar Sabor and Mar Proth arrived at Malankara between the eighth and ninth centuries from Persia.<ref>{{cite book |title=Journal of Kerala Studies |date=2010 |publisher=University of Kerala. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzvI1bCIbwIC&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164658/https://books.google.com/books?id=PzvI1bCIbwIC&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |url-status=live }}</ref> They established churches in Quilon, Kadamattom, Kayamkulam, Udayamperoor, and Akaparambu.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Congress |first1=Indian History |title=Proceedings |date=1959 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6XVCAAAAYAAJ&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018164659/https://books.google.com/books?id=6XVCAAAAYAAJ&q=Mar+Sabor+and+Mar+Proth |url-status=live }}</ref>

The Malankara Marthoma Syrian Church is an independent reformed church under the jurisdiction of Marthoma Metropolitan and its first Reforming Metropolitan Mathews Athanasius was ordained by Ignatius Elias II in 1842.{{sfn | Neill | 2002 | pp=251–252 }}  [[Religion:Maphrian|Maphrian]]ate was re-established in Malankara in 1912 by Ignatius Abded Mshiho II by the consecration of Paulose I as first Catholicos. Malankara Orthodox Syrian Church accepts the Patriarch of Antioch only as its spiritual Father as stated by the constitution of 1934.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Constitution of the Malankara Orthodox Church|url=https://mosc.in/administration/administration|website=mosc.in|access-date=24 October 2019|archive-date=11 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190411155945/http://mosc.in/administration/administration|url-status=live}}</ref>

[[File:Kottayam Valiapally.jpg|thumb|Altar of St.Mary's Knanaya Syriac Church Kottayam.]]
'''Knanaya Archdiocese'''

The Knanaya Syriac Orthodox Church is an archdiocese under the guidance and direction of Archbishop Severious Kuriakose with the patriarch as its spiritual head. They are the followers of the Syrian merchant Knāy Thoma (Thomas of Cana) in the fourth or eighth century, while another legend traces their origin to [[Religion:Jews|Jews]] in the [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]].{{sfn| Swiderski | 1988a | p=83}}{{sfn | Whitehouse | 1873 | p=125}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Valiapally, St. Mary's Knanaya Church, Pilgrim Centre, Kottayam, Kerala, India Kerala Tourism |url=https://www.keralatourism.org/kumarakom/valiapally-kottayam.php |website=www.keralatourism.org |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407154723/https://www.keralatourism.org/kumarakom/valiapally-kottayam.php |url-status=live }}</ref>

[[File:EAE HeadOffice.jpg|thumb|left|Head Office of The Evangelistic Association Of The East.]]
'''Evangelistic Association of the East'''

E.A.E Arch Diocese is the missionary association of Syriac Orthodox Church founded in 1924 by Geevarghese Athunkal Cor-Episcopa at Perumbavoor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomas |first1=Anthony Korah |title=The Christians of Kerala: A Brief Profile of All Major Churches |date=1993 |publisher=A.K. Thomas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=Perumbavoor+suvishesha+samajam |access-date=16 August 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018165033/https://books.google.com/books?id=39LYAAAAMAAJ&q=Perumbavoor+suvishesha+samajam |url-status=live }}</ref> This archdiocese is under the direct control of the patriarch under the guidance of Chrysostomos Markose, It is an organization with churches, educational institutions, orphanages, old age homes, convents, publications, mission centers, gospel teams, care missions, and a missionary training institute. It is registered in 1949 under the Indian Societies Registration Act. XXI of 1860 (Reg. No. S.8/1949ESTD 1924).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/societiesregistrationact.html|title=Ministry Of Corporate Affairs – societiesregistrationact|website=www.mca.gov.in|access-date=7 April 2019|archive-date=6 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190406113737/http://www.mca.gov.in/MinistryV2/societiesregistrationact.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=പൗരസ്ത്യ സുവിശേഷ സമാജം ജനറൽ കൺവൻഷൻ തുടങ്ങി |url=https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/local-news/2017/11/16/em-convention.html |work=ManoramaOnline |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407152129/https://localnews.manoramaonline.com/ernakulam/local-news/2017/11/16/em-convention.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{clear}}
'''Europe'''

Earlier in the 20th century many Syrian Orthodox immigrated to Western Europe diaspora, located in the Sweden, Netherlands, Germany, and Switzerland for economic and political reasons.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mayer |first1=Dr Jean-François |last2=Hämmerli |first2=Ms Maria |title=Orthodox Identities in Western Europe: Migration, Settlement and Innovation |date=2014 |publisher=Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. |isbn=978-1-4724-3931-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y9oRBAAAQBAJ&q=Syrian+immigrated+to+Western+Europe |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018165115/https://books.google.com/books?id=y9oRBAAAQBAJ&q=Syrian+immigrated+to+Western+Europe#v=onepage&q=Syrian%20immigrated%20to%20Western%20Europe&f=false |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfn|Atto|2011|p=}} Dayro d-Mor Ephrem in Netherlands is the first Syriac Orthodox monastery in Europe established in 1981.{{sfn | Brock | Kiraz | Gorgias Press | Butts | 2011 | p=}} Dayro d-Mor Awgen, Arth, Switzerland,Dayro d-Mor Ya`qub d-Sarug, Warburg, Germany are the other monasteries located in Europe.
<gallery heights="150px" mode="packed">
Favoriten (Wien) - Syrisch-Orthodoxe Kirche.JPG|St. Ephrem Church [[Place:Vienna|Vienna]], Austria
St Saviour, Old Oak Road. London W3 - geograph.org.uk - 1716657.jpg|St. Thomas Cathedral, Acton, [[Place:London|London]], England
Syrisch-orthodoxes Kloster, ehemaliges Dominikanerkloster.JPG|St. Jacob of Sarug Monastery Warburg, Germany
Moeder Godskerk-buitenkant.JPG|Church of Our Lady, Amsterdam, Netherlands
Arth Klosterstr 10.JPG|St. Avgin Monastery, Arth, Switzerland
Sankt Afrems katedral i Södertälje.jpg|St. Aphrem Cathedral, Södertälje, Sweden
</gallery>
Patriarchal Vicariates:
{{div col |colwidth=22em}}
* Belgium, France and Luxembourg<ref>{{cite web|title=Reception in the honor of His Holiness in Brussels|url=http://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/09/reception-in-the-honor-of-his-holiness-in-brussels/|website=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch|date=7 September 2017|access-date=2 May 2018|archive-date=2 May 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180502140533/http://syriacpatriarchate.org/2017/09/reception-in-the-honor-of-his-holiness-in-brussels/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Holy Virgin Mary Church, Montfermeil, France |url=http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/France/MontfermeilSMary.html |date=November 23, 2005 |website=sor.cua.edu |archive-date=2012-05-07 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120507084204/http://sor.cua.edu/ChMon/France/MontfermeilSMary.html}}</ref>
* Germany<ref>{{cite web |title=Warburg, Syrisch-orthodoxes Kloster – Klosterorte – Klöster – Kulturland Kreis Höxter |url=https://www.kulturland.org/Klosterregion/Klosterorte/Warburg-Syrisch-orthodoxes-Kloster/ |website=www.kulturland.org |access-date=23 October 2019 |archive-date=23 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191023090455/https://www.kulturland.org/Klosterregion/Klosterorte/Warburg-Syrisch-orthodoxes-Kloster/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Netherlands<ref>{{cite news |title=Duizenden Syrisch-Orthodoxen vieren Pasen in Glane |url=https://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/311738/Duizenden-Syrisch-Orthodoxen-vieren-Pasen-in-Glane |work=RTV Oost |language=NL |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=30 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190430055807/https://www.rtvoost.nl/nieuws/311738/Duizenden-Syrisch-Orthodoxen-vieren-Pasen-in-Glane |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Spain
* Sweden
* Switzerland and Austria
* United Kingdom
{{div col end}}

==== Oceania ====
{{multiple image|total_width=540
| image1            = St George Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church Melbourne.jpg
| caption1          = St. George Church, [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]]
| image2            = Saint Aphrem Syrian Orthodox Church - Victoria - Australia.jpg
| caption2          = St. Aphrem Church, Victoria
}}
::'''Australia''' and '''New Zealand'''
* Patriarchal Vicariate of Australia and New Zealand under Archbishop Malatius Malki Malki.<ref>{{cite journal |title=LEGISLATIVE COUNCIL NOTICE PAPER NSW |website=www.parliament.nsw.gov.au |url=https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lc/papers/Documents/2012/22-february-2012-notice-paper/Notice%20Paper%2063%20-%2022%20February%202012%20s.pdf |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085616/https://www.parliament.nsw.gov.au/lc/papers/Documents/2012/22-february-2012-notice-paper/Notice%2520Paper%252063%2520-%252022%2520February%25202012%2520s.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=HE Archbishop Mor Malatius Malki thank you letter to ACM Australian Coptic Movement (ACM) |url=http://www.auscma.com/2014/12/he-archbishop-mor-malatius-malki-thank-you-letter-to-acm/ |website=www.auscma.com |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085620/http://www.auscma.com/2014/12/he-archbishop-mor-malatius-malki-thank-you-letter-to-acm/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Home St Peter's |url=https://www.stpeterschurch.org.nz/ |website=stpeters |access-date=29 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407094933/https://www.stpeterschurch.org.nz/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Mor Militius Malki Malki|url=http://soc-wus.org/ourchurch/Pat_V_Australia.htm|access-date=2021-10-26|website=soc-wus.org|archive-date=28 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211028120135/http://soc-wus.org/ourchurch/Pat_V_Australia.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Institutions ===
The church has various seminaries, colleges, and other institutions.<ref>{{cite web |title=Orthodox Christian Educational Institutions (OCEI) – Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE – Society |url=http://theorthodoxchurch.info/society/institutes-and-projects/ocei/ |website=Orthodoxy Cognate PAGE – Society |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407085054/http://theorthodoxchurch.info/society/institutes-and-projects/ocei/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Patriarch Aphrem I Barsoum established St. Aphrem's Clerical School in 1934 in [[Place:Zahlé|Zahlé]]. In 1946, the school was moved to [[Place:Mosul|Mosul]], where it provided the church with a selection of graduates, the first among them being Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas and many other church leaders. In 1990, the Order of St. Jacob Baradaeus was established for nuns. Seminaries have been instituted in Sweden and in [[Place:Salzburg|Salzburg]] for the study of Syriac theology, history, language, and culture. Happy Child House project started in 2019 provides childcare services in [[Place:Damascus|Damascus]], Syria.
The church has an international Christian education center for religious education.<ref>{{cite web |title=Christian Education |url=https://syriacpatriarchate.org/christian-education/ |website=Syrian Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch |date=22 February 2015 |access-date=7 April 2019 |archive-date=7 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190407092756/https://syriacpatriarchate.org/christian-education/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
The Antioch Syrian University was established on 8 September 2018 in Maarat Saidnaya, near Damascus.<ref>{{cite web |title=Antioch Syrian University |url=http://asu.edu.sy/en/ |website=asu.edu.sy |access-date=16 September 2018 |archive-date=16 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180916173622/http://asu.edu.sy/en |url-status=live }}</ref>
The university is offering engineering, management and economics courses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.oikoumene.org/news/despite-adversities-antioch-syrian-university-opens-doors-of-hope|title=Despite adversities, Antioch Syrian University opens doors of hope|website=World Council of Churches|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171000/https://www.oikoumene.org/news/despite-adversities-antioch-syrian-university-opens-doors-of-hope|url-status=live}}</ref>

== Ecumenical relations ==

The Syriac Orthodox Church is active in ecumenical dialogues with various churches,{{sfn|Brock|1999|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004|pp=44–65}} including the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]], Eastern Orthodox Churches, Anglican Communion, Syriac Church of the East, and other Christian denominations. The Church is an active member of the World Council of Churches since 1960 and Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas was one of the former presidents of WCC. It has also been involved in the Middle East Council of Churches since 1974. There are common Christological and pastoral agreements with the Catholic Church by the 20th century as the Chalcedonian schism was not seen with the same relevance, and from several meetings between the authorities of the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic Church]] and the Oriental Orthodoxy, reconciling declarations emerged in the common statements of the Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III and Pope Paul VI in 1971, Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas and Pope John Paul II in 1984:

{{cquote|The confusions and schisms that occurred between their Churches in the later centuries, they realise today, in no way affect or touch the substance of their faith, since these arose only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter. Accordingly, we find today no real basis for the sad divisions and schisms that subsequently arose between us concerning the doctrine of Incarnation. In words and life, we confess the true doctrine concerning Christ our Lord, notwithstanding the differences in interpretation of such a doctrine which arose at the time of the Council of Chalcedon.<ref>From the common declaration of [[Biography:Pope John Paul II|Pope John Paul II]] and Patriarch Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, 23 June 1984</ref>}}

The precise differences in theology that caused the Chalcedonian controversy is said to have arisen "''only because of differences in terminology and culture and in the various formulae adopted by different theological schools to express the same matter''", according to a common declaration statement between Patriarch Ignatius Jacob III and Pope Paul VI on Wednesday 27 October 1971. In 2015, Pope Francis addressed the Syriac Orthodox Church as "''a Church of Martyrs'' " welcoming the visit of Ignatius Aphrem II to [[Organization:Holy See|Holy See]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Pope, Orthodox patriarch express commitment for unity |url=https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/francis-chronicles/pope-orthodox-patriarch-express-commitment-unity |work=National Catholic Reporter |date=19 June 2015 |access-date=24 October 2019 |archive-date=12 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412154942/https://www.ncronline.org/blogs/francis-chronicles/pope-orthodox-patriarch-express-commitment-unity |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2015, Ignatius Aphrem II visited Patriarch Kirill of Moscow of the [[Religion:Russian Orthodox Church|Russian Orthodox Church]] and discussed prospects of bilateral and theological dialogue existing since the late 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://mospat.ru/en/news/50008/|title=His Holiness Patriarch Kirill meets with Patriarch of the Syriac Orthodox Church|website=The Russian Orthodox Church. Department for External Church Relations.|access-date=12 February 2023|archive-date=12 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230212171000/https://mospat.ru/en/news/50008/|url-status=live}}</ref>
Since 1998, representatives of SOC, together with representatives of other Oriental Orthodox Churches, participate in the Ecumenical dialogue, and also in various forms of the Interfaith dialogue.{{sfn|Chaillot|1998|p=}}{{sfn|Brock|1999|pp=189–197}}{{sfn|Brock|2004|pp=44–65}}

== Communities ==
* Syrians/Syriacs originating from [[Place:Middle East|Middle East]]
** Turabdin in Turkey, former Syriac cultural heartland
*** Saffron Monastery, important site in Turabdin
* St. Thomas Christians in India
** Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church
*** Catholicos of India ([[Religion:Maphrian|Maphrian]])
* Södertälje, Swedish town with many Syriac people and churches
* Guatemalans (recent convert activity)

== See also ==
{{div col|colwidth=27em}}
* Dioceses of the Syriac Orthodox Church
* List of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchs of Antioch
* Naheere
* ''The Ascetical Homilies of Isaac the Syrian''
* Oriental Orthodoxy
** [[Religion:Miaphysitism|Miaphysitism]], Cyril of Alexandria's Christology
** Patriarchate of Alexandria
* Syriac Christianity
** Chaldean Catholic Church
** [[Religion:Church of the East|Church of the East]]
** Syriac Catholic Church
{{div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
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* {{Cite book |last1=Grillmeier |first1=Aloys |last2=Hainthaler |first2=Theresia |title=Christ in Christian Tradition: The Churches of Jerusalem and Antioch from 451 to 600 |volume=2/3 |year=2013 |location=Oxford |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-921288-0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lokeAAAAQBAJ |access-date=11 November 2020 |archive-date=2 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230802044349/https://books.google.com/books?id=lokeAAAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Haar Romeny |first=Bas ter |title=The Identity Formation of Syrian Orthodox Christians as Reflected in Two Exegetical Collections: First Soundings |journal=Parole de l'Orient |year=2004 |volume=29 |pages=103–121 |url=https://www.academia.edu/2261327 |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=17 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220317150044/https://www.academia.edu/2261327 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Haar Romeny |first=Bas ter |title=From Religious Association to Ethnic Community: A Research Project on Identity Formation among the Syrian Orthodox under Muslim Rule |journal=Islam and Christian–Muslim Relations |year=2005 |volume=16 |number=4 |pages=377–399 |doi=10.1080/09596410500250248 |s2cid=146155860}}
* {{Cite book |last=Haar Romeny |first=Bas ter |chapter=Ethnicity, Ethnogenesis and the Identity of Syriac Orthodox Christians |title=Visions of Community in the Post-Roman World: The West, Byzantium and the Islamic World, 300–1100 |year=2012 |location=Farnham |publisher=Ashgate Publishing |pages=183–204 |isbn=978-1-317-00136-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KteqCwAAQBAJ |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=8 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231008042607/https://books.google.com/books?id=KteqCwAAQBAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite journal |last=Janin |first=Raymond |title=Le rite syrien et les Églises syriennes |journal=Revue des études byzantines |volume=18 |issue=115 |doi=10.3406/rebyz.1919.4214 |pages=321–341 |language=fr |year=1919}}
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* {{cite book |last=Joseph |first=John |title=Muslim-Christian Relations and Inter-Christian Rivalries in the Middle East: The Case of the Jacobites in an Age of Transition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lKaL3_dfFJAC&pg=PA1 |year=1983 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-0-87395-600-0 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170351/https://books.google.com/books?id=lKaL3_dfFJAC&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Kevorkian |first=Raymond |title=The Armenian Genocide: A Complete History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ33AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |year=2011 |publisher=I.B.Tauris |isbn=978-0-85773-020-6 |pages=91, 94, 365, 366, 368, 371–379, 887, 901 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170314/https://books.google.com/books?id=mZ33AgAAQBAJ&pg=PA376 |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Loetscher |first=L.A. |title=The New Schaff-Herzog Encyclopedia of Religious Knowledge: Embracing Biblical, Doctrinal, and Practical Theology and Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Biography from the Earliest Times to the Present Day, Based on the 3d Ed. of the Realencyklopädie Founded by J. J. Herzog, and Edited by Albert Hauck, Prepared by More Than Six Hundred Scholars and Specialists Under the Supervision of Samuel Macauley Jackson (editor-in-chief) with the Assistance of Charles Colebrook Sherman and George William Gilmore (associate Editors) ... &#91;et. Al.&#93;. |publisher=Baker |year=1977 |isbn=978-0-8010-7947-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a38YAAAAIAAJ |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170544/https://books.google.com/books?id=a38YAAAAIAAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Markessini |first=J. |title=Around the World of Orthodox Christianity – Five Hundred Million Strong: The Unifying Aesthetic Beauty |publisher=Dorrance Publishing Company |year=2012 |isbn=978-1-4349-1486-6 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eVkphDtrW3AC |access-date=25 October 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170550/https://books.google.com/books?id=eVkphDtrW3AC |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Masters |first=B. |title=Christians and Jews in the Ottoman Arab World: The Roots of Sectarianism |publisher=Cambridge University Press |series=Cambridge Studies in Islamic Civilization |year=2004 |isbn=978-0-521-00582-1 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8DkV4_ExCHYC&pg=PA45 |access-date=6 November 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170547/https://books.google.com/books?id=8DkV4_ExCHYC&pg=PA45#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Menze |first=Volker L. |title=Justinian and the Making of the Syrian Orthodox Church |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xYwAEFFzkC |year=2008 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-156009-5 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170548/https://books.google.com/books?id=q8xYwAEFFzkC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Messo |first=Johny |title=The Origin of the Terms Syria(n) and Suryoyo: Once Again |journal=Parole de l'Orient |year=2011 |volume=36 |pages=111–125 |url=https://www.academia.edu/35435499 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=5 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211005211248/https://www.academia.edu/35435499 |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite book |last=Meyendorff |first=John |title=Imperial Unity and Christian Divisions: The Church 450–680 A.D. |year=1989 |location=Crestwood, NY |publisher=St. Vladimir's Seminary Press |isbn=978-0-88141-056-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ |access-date=23 February 2018 |archive-date=12 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230112174712/https://books.google.com/books?id=6J_YAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Millar |first=Fergus |title=The Evolution of the Syrian Orthodox Church in the Pre-Islamic Period: From Greek to Syriac? |journal=Journal of Early Christian Studies |year=2013 |volume=21 |number=1 |pages=43–92 |doi=10.1353/earl.2013.0002 |s2cid=170436440 |url=http://www.syriacstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/24-Evolution-of-Syrian-church.pdf |access-date=23 January 2021 |archive-date=30 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210130003612/http://www.syriacstudies.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/02/24-Evolution-of-Syrian-church.pdf |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite book |last=Murre van den Berg |first=Heleen |chapter=Syriac Orthodox Church |title=The Encyclopedia of Christian Civilization |year=2011 |orig-date=2009 |volume=4 |location=Malden |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |pages=2304–2309 |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/1287641 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=26 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230326041333/https://www.academia.edu/1287641 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Murre-van den Berg |first=Heleen |title=A Center of Transnational Syriac Orthodoxy: St. Mark's Convent in Jerusalem |journal=Journal of Levantine Studies |year=2013 |volume=3 |number=1 |pages=61–83 |url=https://levantine-journal.org/fd.php?id=014249b9e6baa74056ce128b79a13069 |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=17 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210917043433/https://levantine-journal.org/fd.php?id=014249b9e6baa74056ce128b79a13069 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Murre van den Berg |first=Heleen |chapter=Classical Syriac and the Syriac Churches: A Twentieth-Century History |title=Syriac Encounters: Papers from the Sixth North American Syriac Symposium |year=2015 |location=Louvain |publisher=Peeters Publishers |pages=119–148 |isbn=978-90-429-3046-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=K123rQEACAAJ |access-date=12 December 2020 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170548/https://books.google.com/books?id=K123rQEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Murre-van den Berg |first=Heleen |chapter=Syriac Identity in the Modern Era |title=The Syriac World |year=2019 |location=London |publisher=Routledge |pages=770–782 |isbn=978-1-138-89901-8 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803005932/https://books.google.com/books?id=E48JswEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |title=A History of Christianity in India: The Beginnings to AD 1707 |year=2004 |orig-date=1984 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54885-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170549/https://books.google.com/books?id=RH4VPgB__GQC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Neill |first=Stephen |title=A History of Christianity in India: 1707–1858 |year=2002 |orig-date=1985 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-89332-9 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=29 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230729200707/https://books.google.com/books?id=Xi-tvrYbYxMC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Nieper |first=Jens |chapter=The Syrian Orthodox Church: The Aramean Community as an Ecumenical Entity in a Transnational Dimension |title=The Slow Disappearance of the Syriacs from Turkey and of the Grounds of the Mor Gabriel Monastery |year=2012 |location=Münster |publisher=LIT Verlag |pages=57–62 |isbn=978-3-643-90268-9 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=no5_QSBVq7kC&pg=PA57 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170550/https://books.google.com/books?id=no5_QSBVq7kC&pg=PA57#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Öktem |first=Kerem |title=Incorporating the time and space of the ethnic other: Nationalism and space in Southeast Turkey in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries |journal=Nations and Nationalism |year=2015 |volume=10 |number=4 |pages=559–578 |doi=10.1111/j.1354-5078.2004.00182.x}}
* {{Cite book |last=O'Mahony |first=Anthony |chapter=Syriac Christianity in the modern Middle East |title=The Cambridge History of Christianity: Eastern Christianity |volume=5 |year=2006 |location=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=511–536 |isbn=978-0-521-81113-2 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC |access-date=30 April 2019 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803010445/https://books.google.com/books?id=1xUV-nMxNGsC |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Ostrogorsky |first=George |year=1956 |title=History of the Byzantine State |location=Oxford |publisher=Basil Blackwell |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ |access-date=17 September 2020 |archive-date=23 April 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230423035501/https://books.google.com/books?id=Bt0_AAAAYAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite journal |last=Özcoşar |first=Ibrahim |title=Separation and Conflict: Syriac Jacobites and Syriac Catholics in Mardin in the Eighteenth and Nineteenth Centuries |journal=Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies |year=2014 |volume=38 |number=2 |pages=201–217 |doi=10.1179/0307013114Z.00000000045 |s2cid=162368464 |url=https://www.academia.edu/34251231 |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=8 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230708065308/https://www.academia.edu/34251231 |url-status=live }}
* {{Cite book |last=Özcoşar |first=Ibrahim |chapter=Community, Power, Identity: Identity Crisis of the Ottoman Süryanis |title=Syriac in its Multi-Cultural Context |year=2017 |location=Leuven |publisher=Peeters Publishers |pages=327–335 |isbn=978-90-429-3164-0 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sxt4rgEACAAJ |access-date=20 February 2021 |archive-date=3 August 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230803002913/https://books.google.com/books?id=sxt4rgEACAAJ |url-status=live }}
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* {{Cite journal |last=Palmer |first=Andrew |title=The History of the Syrian Orthodox in Jerusalem |journal=Oriens Christianus |year=1991 |volume=75 |pages=16–43 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFnYAAAAMAAJ |access-date=2 February 2021 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170901/https://books.google.com/books?id=oFnYAAAAMAAJ |url-status=live }}
* {{cite book |last=Parry |first=Ken |title=The Blackwell Companion to Eastern Christianity |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA260 |year=2010 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-3361-9 |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170818/https://books.google.com/books?id=fWp9JA3aBvcC&pg=PA260#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
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* {{cite book |last=Saint-Laurent |first=Jeanne-Nicole Mellon |title=Missionary Stories and the Formation of the Syriac Churches |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F2MlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94 |year=2015 |publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-96058-9 |pages=94– |access-date=22 July 2019 |archive-date=18 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018170819/https://books.google.com/books?id=F2MlCQAAQBAJ&pg=PA94#v=onepage&q&f=false |url-status=live }}
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{{refend}}

==Further reading==
'''Ecumenical relations with the Catholic Church'''
* [https://w2.vatican.va/content/benedictus-xiv/it/documents/enciclica--i-allatae-sunt--i---26-luglio-1755--in-questa-encicli.html Pope Benedict XIV, ''Allatae Sunt'' (''On the observance of Oriental Rites''), Encyclical, 1755]
* [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19711025_syrian-church_en.html Addresses of Pope Paul VI and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Jacob III, 1971]
* [https://www.vatican.va/roman_curia/pontifical_councils/chrstuni/anc-orient-ch-docs/rc_pc_christuni_doc_19840623_jp-ii-zakka-i_en.html Common Declaration of Pope John Paul II and His Holiness Mar Ignatius Zakka I Iwas, 1984]
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/john-paul-ii/en/speeches/1986/february/documents/hf_jp-ii_spe_19860207_catholicos-cochin.html Address of John Paul II on Occasion of the Visit to the Catholicos of the Malankarese Syrian Orthodox Church, 1986]
* [https://www.vatican.va/content/francesco/en/speeches/2015/june/documents/papa-francesco_20150619_patriarca-siro-ortodosso.html Address of His Holiness Pope Francis to His Holiness Mor Ignatius Aphrem II Syriac orthodox patriarch of Antioch and all the East, 19 June 2015]

== External links ==
* [http://www.syriacpatriarchate.org/ Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate] (Official website)
* [https://www.unionbetweenchristians.com/2020/09/2020_18.html Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate] (Union between Christians)
* [http://dss-syriacpatriarchate.org/ Department of Syriac Studies]

'''Media'''
* [http://suborotv.net/ Syriac religious TV channel of Syriac Orthodox Patriarchate of Antioch]
* [http://www.epilgrim.org/syrian_liturgy.htm Syriac Liturgy] description and photos
* [http://www.syriacmusic.com/ Syriac Music Online]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OnB--TAPpaI&list=PLKlmMfVrKucvvFPkN0KXY7nnRkUkIYIjh&index=62 YouTube video of a Palm Sunday Mass]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qfwoGQS_ieE YouTube video: Associate professor Svante Lundgren explains the history and origin of the term "Syriac" (Suryoyo/Suroyo)]

'''Relating to Syriac Orthodox Church'''
* [http://sor.cua.edu/ Margonitho: Syriac Orthodox Resources]

'''Relating to Malankara Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church'''
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20131007101308/http://www.jscnews.org/ News Site Of Jacobite Syrian Orthodox Church]}}
* [http://www.malankaravision.com/ Malankara Vision: TV Of Jacobite Syrian Church]
* [http://www.radiomalankara.com/ Radio Malankara: Radio of Jacobite Syrian Church]

{{Christianity footer}}


[[Category:International Christian organizations]]

{{Sourceattribution|Syriac Orthodox Church}}