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{{short description|Proposed NASA spacecraft}}
{{short description|Proposed NASA spacecraft}}
[[File:Mars Excursion Module.jpg|thumb|Artist's conception of the Mars Excursion Module (MEM) proposed in a NASA study in 1964]]
The '''Mars Excursion Module''' ('''MEM''') was a spacecraft proposed by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] in the 1960s for use in a [[Astronomy:Human mission to Mars|human mission to Mars]], and this can refer to any number of studies by corporations and spaceflight centers for Mars landers. However, primarily a MEM referred to a combination of a Manned Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and Mars ascent stage. Variations on a MEM included spacecraft designs like an uncrewed Mars surface cargo delivery, and there was a MEM lander that combined a communications center, living habitat, and laboratory.<ref name="nasa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660021498.pdf |title=An Initial Concept of a Manned Mars Excursion Vehicle for a Tenuous Mars Atmosphere |last=Woodcock |first=G. R. |date=7 June 1966 |website=NASA |access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>
The '''Mars Excursion Module''' ('''MEM''') was a spacecraft proposed by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] in the 1960s for use in a [[Astronomy:Human mission to Mars|human mission to Mars]], and this can refer to any number of studies by corporations and spaceflight centers for Mars landers. However, primarily a MEM referred to a combination of a Manned Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and Mars ascent stage. Variations on a MEM included spacecraft designs like an uncrewed Mars surface cargo delivery, and there was a MEM lander that combined a communications center, living habitat, and laboratory.<ref name="nasa.gov">{{cite web |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660021498.pdf |title=An Initial Concept of a Manned Mars Excursion Vehicle for a Tenuous Mars Atmosphere |last=Woodcock |first=G. R. |date=7 June 1966 |website=NASA |access-date=22 September 2018}}</ref>


A MEM formed part of [[Astronomy:Mars orbit rendezvous|Mars orbit rendezvous]] (MOR) and flyby-rendezvous mission profiles studied at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in the 1960s.<ref name="portree2001">{{cite book |pages=15–18 |chapter=Chapter 3: Empire and After |first=David S. F. |last=Portree |title=Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000 |series=NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series |number=21 |date=February 2001 |publisher=[[Organization:National Aeronautics and Space Administration|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/Chapter%203_low.pdf |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> A Mars Excursion Module would have been a combination of a Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and ascent vehicle; the ascent stage performed the rendezvous. One design for a MEM would have been used for a 40-day stay on the Martian surface in the flyby-rendezvous mission profile or for a 10- to 40-day stay in the MOR profiles.<ref name="portree2001"/> There was also a descent-only uncrewed MEM for delivering cargo, like a rover to the surface of Mars.<ref name="wired12">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/10/origin-of-the-apollo-shaped-manned-mars-lander-1966/ |title=Origin of the Apollo-shaped Manned Mars Lander (1966) |date=25 October 2012 |magazine=Wired |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Another MEM cargo lander variant would deliver a nuclear reactor to support the surface operations, and there was another with a communications, living quarters and lab in one landing-only MEM unit.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>
A MEM formed part of [[Astronomy:Mars orbit rendezvous|Mars orbit rendezvous]] (MOR) and flyby-rendezvous mission profiles studied at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in the 1960s.<ref name="portree2001">{{cite book |pages=15–18 |chapter=Chapter 3: Empire and After |first=David S. F. |last=Portree |title=Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000 |series=NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series |number=21 |date=February 2001 |publisher=[[Organization:National Aeronautics and Space Administration|National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] |url=https://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/Chapter%203_low.pdf |access-date=18 July 2014}}</ref> A Mars Excursion Module would have been a combination of a Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and ascent vehicle; the ascent stage performed the rendezvous. One design for a MEM would have been used for a 40-day stay on the Martian surface in the flyby-rendezvous mission profile or for a 10- to 40-day stay in the MOR profiles.<ref name="portree2001"/> There was also a descent-only uncrewed MEM for delivering cargo, like a rover to the surface of Mars.<ref name="wired12">{{Cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/2012/10/origin-of-the-apollo-shaped-manned-mars-lander-1966/ |title=Origin of the Apollo-shaped Manned Mars Lander (1966) |date=25 October 2012 |magazine=Wired |access-date=4 March 2018}}</ref> Another MEM cargo lander variant would deliver a nuclear reactor to support the surface operations, and there was another with a communications, living quarters and lab in one landing-only MEM unit.<ref name="nasa.gov"/>


In the early 1960s, NASA contracted [[Company:Philco|Philco Corporation]] to design a Mars Excursion Module for a Mars mission for the early 1970s.<ref name="nasa.gov1">{{cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Thompson%20Mars%20Cargo%20Entry.pdf |title=Design of an Entry System for Cargo Delivery to Mars |last1=Thompson |first1=Robert|last2=Cliatt|first2=Larry|last3=Gruber|first3=Chris|last4=Steinfeldt|first4=Bradley|last5=Sebastian|first5=Tommy|last6=Wilson|first6=Jamie|display-authors=3|date=23 June 2007 |website=NASA |access-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222084440/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Thompson%20Mars%20Cargo%20Entry.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The basic requirements were for a crew of two, one US ton of science hardware, and to support 40 days of surface operation on Mars.<ref name="nasa.gov1"/> Another MEM from this period was the [[Organization:Ames Research Center|Ames]] contracted [[Company:TRW Inc.|TRW]] MEM, a design which weighed 11.4 metric tons but was designed for Mars atmosphere which had 10% of Earth's.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/t/trwmars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228043347/http://astronautix.com/t/trwmars.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |title=TRW Mars |website=Astronautix.com |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</reF> The TRW MEM would support 10 days on the surface.<ref name="auto1"/>
== Proposals ==
In 1964, Philco Aeronutronic proposed a [[Engineering:Lifting body|lifting body]] MEM, approximately {{Convert|30|ft}} long and {{Convert|33|ft}} wide at the tail, which would carry three astronauts. The hull would have consisted of columbium and [[Chemistry:List of alloys#Alloys of nickel|nickel alloy]]. The MEM's descent stage would have served as the launch pad for liftoff of the ascent stage, as with the [[Engineering:Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo Lunar Module]].<ref name="portree2001"/>


A Mars Excursion Module was discussed as a possibility in the [[Engineering:Space Task Group|Space Task Group]] Report of 1969, with a development decision required in [[Physics:Fiscal year|FY 1974]] for a 1981 Mars mission or in FY 1978 for a 1986 mission.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html |title=Report of the Space Task Group, 1969 |website=NASA |date=September 1969 |accessdate=10 July 2014}}</ref>
=== Philco Aeronutronic MEM ===
[[File:Mars Excursion Module.jpg|thumb|Philco Aeronutronic MEM]]
In the early 1960s, NASA contracted [[Company:Philco|Philco Corporation]] to design a Mars Excursion Module for a Mars mission for the early 1970s.<ref name="nasa.gov1">{{cite web |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Thompson%20Mars%20Cargo%20Entry.pdf |title=Design of an Entry System for Cargo Delivery to Mars |last1=Thompson |first1=Robert|last2=Cliatt|first2=Larry|last3=Gruber|first3=Chris|last4=Steinfeldt|first4=Bradley|last5=Sebastian|first5=Tommy|last6=Wilson|first6=Jamie|display-authors=3|date=23 June 2007 |website=NASA |access-date=22 September 2018 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161222084440/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Thompson%20Mars%20Cargo%20Entry.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2016}}</ref> The basic requirements were for a crew of two, one US ton of science hardware, and to support 40 days of surface operation on Mars.<ref name="nasa.gov1" />  


The watershed moment for mission planning was July 1965, when [[Astronomy:Mariner 4|Mariner IV]] returned more accurate atmospheric data about Mars.<ref name="wired12"/> This ruled out many of the [[Engineering:Lifting body|lifting body]] and glider designs that were being considered based on estimates of a thicker [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of Mars|Mars atmosphere]] than revealed by Mariner IV.<ref name="wired12"/>
In 1964, Philco Aeronutronic proposed a [[Engineering:Lifting body|lifting body]] MEM, approximately {{Convert|30|ft}} long and {{Convert|33|ft}} wide at the tail, which would carry three astronauts. The hull would have consisted of columbium and [[Chemistry:List of alloys#Alloys of nickel|nickel alloy]]. The MEM's descent stage would have served as the launch pad for liftoff of the ascent stage, as with the [[Engineering:Apollo Lunar Module|Apollo Lunar Module]].<ref name="portree2001" />


Gordon Woodcock at the NASA [[Organization:Marshall Space Flight Center|Marshal Space Flight Center]] worked on the basis of a thinner Mars atmosphere (0.5 percent of Earth's), and developed design for a MEM, and also a pure-lander variant that would deliver a pressurized crewed Mars rover called Molab.<ref name="wired12"/>
=== Ames-TRW MEM ===
Another MEM from this period was the [[Organization:Ames Research Center|Ames]] contracted [[Company:TRW Inc.|TRW]] MEM, a design which weighed 11.4 metric tons but was designed for Mars atmosphere which had 10% of Earth's density.<ref name="auto1">{{cite web |url=http://astronautix.com/t/trwmars.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228043347/http://astronautix.com/t/trwmars.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 28, 2016 |title=TRW Mars |website=Astronautix.com |accessdate=22 September 2018}}</ref> The TRW MEM would support 10 days on the surface.<ref name="auto1" />


== Designs ==
=== Project Deimos MEM ===
[[File:Project Deimos - Mars Surface Base.jpg|thumb|Project Deimos MEM on the surface]]
[[File:Project Deimos - MEM and Rombus docking.jpg|thumb|Project Deimos MEM ascent stage and the ROMBUS spacecraft dock in space]]
Project Deimos was a Mars expedition concept proposed by Philip Bono in 1964, utilizing the ROMBUS single-stage-to-orbit booster.<ref name="astronautix.com">{{cite web |title=Project Deimos |url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/projectdeimos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227234230/http://astronautix.com/p/projectdeimos.html |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2018 |website=Astronautix}}</ref> This booster, refueled in Earth orbit, would serve as the propulsion system for the round trip to Mars.


*'''Philco Aeronutronic Mars Excursion Module'''; this had a lifting body and had to be re-evaluated when the new data came in.<ref name="wired12" />  
The mission involved separate Mars landers for surface exploration. The Mars-bound vehicle was designed to weigh approximately 3.97 million kg in a 323 km parking orbit, with a trans-Mars injection (TMI) burn scheduled for May 1986. After a 200-day journey, the ROMBUS would enter a 555 km orbit around Mars, with a reduced mass of 984.75 tons after jettisoning empty fuel tanks.
*'''Ames-TRW MEM'''<ref name="auto1" />
 
*'''Project Deimos MEM''' <ref name="astronautix.com">{{cite web |title=Project Deimos |url=http://www.astronautix.com/p/projectdeimos.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227234230/http://astronautix.com/p/projectdeimos.html |archive-date=December 27, 2016 |accessdate=22 September 2018 |website=Astronautix}}</ref>
A 25-metric ton Mars Excursion Module (MEM) would land a crew of three astronauts on the Martian surface for a 20-day mission. The crew would return to the mother craft via a Mars ascent vehicle, which would then initiate the return journey to Earth after a 280-day stay in Mars orbit. The total mission duration was 830 days, with the ROMBUS spacecraft landing back on Earth 330 days after departing Mars.
*'''Marshall Space Flight Center MEM''' by Woodcock after Mariner IV data, had a more Apollo-like "gumdrop" style design.<ref name="wired12" />
 
<gallery>
=== Marshall Space Flight Center MEM ===
File:Project Deimos - Mars Surface Base.jpg|Project Deimos MEM on the surface.<ref name="astronautix.com" /> Expedition style crewed mission would operate on the surface, but for limited amounts of time.
[[File:Marshall Space Flight Center MEM.webp|thumb|Marshall Space Flight Center MEM]]
File:Project Deimos - MEM and Rombus docking.jpg|Project Deimos MEM ascent stage and the ROMBUS spacecraft dock in space.
The watershed moment for mission planning was July 1965, when [[Astronomy:Mariner 4|Mariner IV]] returned more accurate atmospheric data about Mars.<ref name="wired12" /> This ruled out many of the lifting body and glider designs that were being considered based on estimates of a thicker [[Astronomy:Atmosphere of Mars|Mars atmosphere]] than revealed by Mariner IV.<ref name="wired12" />
</gallery>
 
Gordon Woodcock at the NASA [[Organization:Marshall Space Flight Center|Marshal Space Flight Center]] worked on the basis of a thinner Mars atmosphere (0.5 percent of Earth's), and developed design for a MEM (a more Apollo-like "gumdrop" style design), and also a pure-lander variant that would deliver a pressurized crewed Mars rover called Molab.<ref name="wired12" />
 
=== Space Task Group MEM ===
A Mars Excursion Module was discussed as a possibility in the [[Engineering:Space Task Group|Space Task Group]] Report of 1969, with a development decision required in [[Physics:Fiscal year|FY 1974]] for a 1981 Mars mission or in FY 1978 for a 1986 mission.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 1969 |title=Report of the Space Task Group, 1969 |url=http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html |accessdate=10 July 2014 |website=NASA |archive-date=14 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114031850/http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Cultural impact==
==Cultural impact==
* "[[Unsolved:The Time Tunnel#Episodes|One Way To The Moon]]", a 1966 episode of ''[[Unsolved:The Time Tunnel|The Time Tunnel]]'', featured a Mars Excursion Module launched in 1978.<ref>{{cite episode |last=Welch |first=William |title=One Way To The Moon |series=[[Unsolved:The Time Tunnel|The Time Tunnel]] |season=1 |number=2 |date=16 September 1966 |network=American Broadcasting Company}}</ref> Mars Excursion Modules are also featured in Stephen Baxter's novel ''Voyage'', an alternate history of space exploration in which NASA astronauts land on Mars in 1986 in a MEM named "''Challenger''"<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Baxter |title=Voyage |publisher=HarperPrism |location=New York, N.Y. |year=1996 |isbn=0-06-105258-2}}</ref> which was based on a North American Rockwell design proposal.
* "[[Unsolved:The Time Tunnel#Episodes|One Way To The Moon]]", a 1966 episode of ''[[Unsolved:The Time Tunnel|The Time Tunnel]]'', featured a Mars Excursion Module launched in 1978.<ref>{{cite episode |last=Welch |first=William |title=One Way To The Moon |series=[[Unsolved:The Time Tunnel|The Time Tunnel]] |season=1 |number=2 |date=16 September 1966 |network=American Broadcasting Company}}</ref> Mars Excursion Modules are also featured in Stephen Baxter's novel ''Voyage'', an alternate history of space exploration in which NASA astronauts land on Mars in 1986 in a MEM named "''Challenger''"<ref>{{cite book |first=Stephen |last=Baxter |title=Voyage |publisher=HarperPrism |location=New York, N.Y. |year=1996 |isbn=0-06-105258-2}}</ref> which was based on a North American Rockwell design proposal.
* The 1975 Year Two ''Space: 1999'' episode "The Taybor" features a spacecraft, the SS ''Emporium'', modeled by Martin Bower, which was clearly inspired to the MEM. The spaceship, symbolizing innovation (just like the MEM), was the first spacecraft in the series which could reach [[Physics:Faster-than-light|FTL]] [[Physics:Velocity|velocities]] thanks to an [[Astronomy:Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] "Jump Drive".
* The 1975 Year Two ''Space: 1999'' episode "The Taybor" features a spacecraft, the SS ''Emporium'', modeled by Martin Bower, which was clearly inspired to the MEM. The spaceship, symbolizing innovation (just like the MEM), was the first spacecraft in the series which could reach [[Physics:Faster-than-light|FTL]] [[Physics:Velocity|velocities]] thanks to an [[Astronomy:Extraterrestrial life|extraterrestrial]] "[[Hyperspace|Jump Drive]]".
* It is probable that the MEM inspired the Ares program Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) and Mars Descent Vehicle (MDV) in Andy Weir's 2011 novel ''The Martian'' (later adapted into a theatrical film).
* It is probable that the MEM inspired the Ares program Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) and Mars Descent Vehicle (MDV) in Andy Weir's 2011 novel ''The Martian'' (later adapted into a theatrical film).


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[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Human missions to Mars]]
[[Category:Human missions to Mars]]


{{Sourceattribution|Mars Excursion Module}}
{{Sourceattribution|Mars Excursion Module}}

Latest revision as of 08:59, 18 May 2026

Short description: Proposed NASA spacecraft

The Mars Excursion Module (MEM) was a spacecraft proposed by NASA in the 1960s for use in a human mission to Mars, and this can refer to any number of studies by corporations and spaceflight centers for Mars landers. However, primarily a MEM referred to a combination of a Manned Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and Mars ascent stage. Variations on a MEM included spacecraft designs like an uncrewed Mars surface cargo delivery, and there was a MEM lander that combined a communications center, living habitat, and laboratory.[1]

A MEM formed part of Mars orbit rendezvous (MOR) and flyby-rendezvous mission profiles studied at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in the 1960s.[2] A Mars Excursion Module would have been a combination of a Mars lander, short-stay surface habitat, and ascent vehicle; the ascent stage performed the rendezvous. One design for a MEM would have been used for a 40-day stay on the Martian surface in the flyby-rendezvous mission profile or for a 10- to 40-day stay in the MOR profiles.[2] There was also a descent-only uncrewed MEM for delivering cargo, like a rover to the surface of Mars.[3] Another MEM cargo lander variant would deliver a nuclear reactor to support the surface operations, and there was another with a communications, living quarters and lab in one landing-only MEM unit.[1]

Proposals

Philco Aeronutronic MEM

Philco Aeronutronic MEM

In the early 1960s, NASA contracted Philco Corporation to design a Mars Excursion Module for a Mars mission for the early 1970s.[4] The basic requirements were for a crew of two, one US ton of science hardware, and to support 40 days of surface operation on Mars.[4]

In 1964, Philco Aeronutronic proposed a lifting body MEM, approximately 30 feet (9.1 m) long and 33 feet (10 m) wide at the tail, which would carry three astronauts. The hull would have consisted of columbium and nickel alloy. The MEM's descent stage would have served as the launch pad for liftoff of the ascent stage, as with the Apollo Lunar Module.[2]

Ames-TRW MEM

Another MEM from this period was the Ames contracted TRW MEM, a design which weighed 11.4 metric tons but was designed for Mars atmosphere which had 10% of Earth's density.[5] The TRW MEM would support 10 days on the surface.[5]

Project Deimos MEM

Project Deimos MEM on the surface
Project Deimos MEM ascent stage and the ROMBUS spacecraft dock in space

Project Deimos was a Mars expedition concept proposed by Philip Bono in 1964, utilizing the ROMBUS single-stage-to-orbit booster.[6] This booster, refueled in Earth orbit, would serve as the propulsion system for the round trip to Mars.

The mission involved separate Mars landers for surface exploration. The Mars-bound vehicle was designed to weigh approximately 3.97 million kg in a 323 km parking orbit, with a trans-Mars injection (TMI) burn scheduled for May 1986. After a 200-day journey, the ROMBUS would enter a 555 km orbit around Mars, with a reduced mass of 984.75 tons after jettisoning empty fuel tanks.

A 25-metric ton Mars Excursion Module (MEM) would land a crew of three astronauts on the Martian surface for a 20-day mission. The crew would return to the mother craft via a Mars ascent vehicle, which would then initiate the return journey to Earth after a 280-day stay in Mars orbit. The total mission duration was 830 days, with the ROMBUS spacecraft landing back on Earth 330 days after departing Mars.

Marshall Space Flight Center MEM

Marshall Space Flight Center MEM

The watershed moment for mission planning was July 1965, when Mariner IV returned more accurate atmospheric data about Mars.[3] This ruled out many of the lifting body and glider designs that were being considered based on estimates of a thicker Mars atmosphere than revealed by Mariner IV.[3]

Gordon Woodcock at the NASA Marshal Space Flight Center worked on the basis of a thinner Mars atmosphere (0.5 percent of Earth's), and developed design for a MEM (a more Apollo-like "gumdrop" style design), and also a pure-lander variant that would deliver a pressurized crewed Mars rover called Molab.[3]

Space Task Group MEM

A Mars Excursion Module was discussed as a possibility in the Space Task Group Report of 1969, with a development decision required in FY 1974 for a 1981 Mars mission or in FY 1978 for a 1986 mission.[7]

Cultural impact

  • "One Way To The Moon", a 1966 episode of The Time Tunnel, featured a Mars Excursion Module launched in 1978.[8] Mars Excursion Modules are also featured in Stephen Baxter's novel Voyage, an alternate history of space exploration in which NASA astronauts land on Mars in 1986 in a MEM named "Challenger"[9] which was based on a North American Rockwell design proposal.
  • The 1975 Year Two Space: 1999 episode "The Taybor" features a spacecraft, the SS Emporium, modeled by Martin Bower, which was clearly inspired to the MEM. The spaceship, symbolizing innovation (just like the MEM), was the first spacecraft in the series which could reach FTL velocities thanks to an extraterrestrial "Jump Drive".
  • It is probable that the MEM inspired the Ares program Mars Ascent Vehicle (MAV) and Mars Descent Vehicle (MDV) in Andy Weir's 2011 novel The Martian (later adapted into a theatrical film).

See also

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 Woodcock, G. R. (7 June 1966). "An Initial Concept of a Manned Mars Excursion Vehicle for a Tenuous Mars Atmosphere". https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/19660021498.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Portree, David S. F. (February 2001). "Chapter 3: Empire and After". Humans to Mars: Fifty Years of Mission Planning, 1950–2000. NASA Monographs in Aerospace History Series. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. pp. 15–18. https://history.nasa.gov/monograph21/Chapter%203_low.pdf. Retrieved 18 July 2014. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 "Origin of the Apollo-shaped Manned Mars Lander (1966)". Wired. 25 October 2012. https://www.wired.com/2012/10/origin-of-the-apollo-shaped-manned-mars-lander-1966/. Retrieved 4 March 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Thompson, Robert; Cliatt, Larry; Gruber, Chris; Steinfeldt, Bradley; Sebastian, Tommy; Wilson, Jamie (23 June 2007). "Design of an Entry System for Cargo Delivery to Mars". https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/docs/Thompson%20Mars%20Cargo%20Entry.pdf. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 "TRW Mars". http://astronautix.com/t/trwmars.html. Retrieved 22 September 2018. 
  6. ↑ "Project Deimos". http://www.astronautix.com/p/projectdeimos.html. Retrieved 22 September 2018. 
  7. ↑ "Report of the Space Task Group, 1969". September 1969. http://www.hq.nasa.gov/office/pao/History/taskgrp.html. Retrieved 10 July 2014. 
  8. ↑ Welch, William (16 September 1966). "One Way To The Moon". The Time Tunnel. Season 1. Episode 2. American Broadcasting Company.
  9. ↑ Baxter, Stephen (1996). Voyage. New York, N.Y.: HarperPrism. ISBN 0-06-105258-2. 



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