Emoji

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Short description: Symbols often used as emotional cues in text
The "Grinning Face" emoji, from the Twemoji set
Emoji being added to a text message

An emoji (/ɪˈmoʊdʒiː/ i-MOH-jee; plural emoji or emojis[1][2]) is a pictogram, logogram, ideogram or smiley embedded in text and used in electronic messages and web pages. The primary function of emoji is to fill in emotional cues otherwise missing from typed conversation.[3] Some examples of emoji are 😂, 😃, 🧘🏻‍♂️, 🌍, 🌦️, 🍞, 🚗, 📞, 🎉, ❤️, 🍆, 🏁, among many others. Emoji exist in various genres, including facial expressions, common objects, places and types of weather, and animals. They are much like emoticons, but emoji are pictures rather than typographic approximations; the term "emoji" in the strict sense refers to such pictures which can be represented as encoded characters, but it is sometimes applied to messaging stickers by extension.[4] Originally meaning pictograph, the word emoji comes from Japanese e (絵, 'picture') + moji (文字, 'character'); the resemblance to the English words emotion and emoticon is purely coincidental.[5] The ISO 15924 script code for emoji is Zsye.

Originating on Japanese mobile phones in 1997, emoji became increasingly popular worldwide in the 2010s after being added to several mobile operating systems.[6][7][8] They are now considered to be a large part of popular culture in the West and around the world.[9][10] In 2015, Oxford Dictionaries named the Face with Tears of Joy emoji (😂) the word of the year.[11][12]

History

Evolution from emoticons (1990s)

Main page: Emoticon

The emoji was predated by the emoticon,[13] a concept first put into practice in 1982 by computer scientist Scott Fahlman when he suggested text-based symbols such as :-) and :-( could be used to replace language.[14] Theories about language replacement can be traced back to the 1960s, when Russian novelist and professor Vladimir Nabokov stated in an interview with The New York Times : "I often think there should exist a special typographical sign for a smile — some sort of concave mark, a supine round bracket."[15] It did not become a mainstream concept until the 1990s when Japanese, American and European companies started experimenting with modified versions of Fahlman's idea.[16][17] Mary Kalantzis and Bill Cope stated this concept was further developed by Bruce Parello, a student at the University of Illinois, on PLATO IV, the first e-learning system, in 1972.[18][19] The PLATO system was no considered mainstream, and therefore Parello's pictograms were only used by a small number of people.[20] Scott Fahlman's emoticons importantly both used common alphabet symbols and aimed to replace language/text to demonstrate emotions and for that reason, are seen as the true origin of emoticons.

Wingdings icons, including smiling and frowning faces

Wingdings, a font invented by Charles Bigelow and Kris Holmes, was first used by Microsoft in 1990.[21] It could be used to send pictographs in rich text messages, but would only load on devices with the Wingdings font installed.[22] In 1995, the French newspaper Le Monde announced that Alcatel would be launching a new phone, the BC 600. Its welcome screen displayed a digital smiley face, replacing the usual text seen as part of the "welcome message" often seen on other devices at the time.[23] In 1997, J-Phone launched the SkyWalker DP-211SW, which contained a set of 90 emoji. It is thought to be the first set of its kind. Its designs, each measuring 12 by 12 pixels were black and white, depicting numbers, sports, the time, moon phases and the weather. It notably contained the Pile of Poo emoji.[22] The J-Phone model experienced low sales, and the emoji set was thus rarely used.[24]

In 1999, Shigetaka Kurita created 176 emoji as part of NTT DoCoMo's i-mode, used on its mobile platform.[25][26][27] They were intended to help facilitate electronic communication, and to serve as a distinguishing feature from other services.[6] Due to their influence, Kurita's designs were once frequently claimed to be the first cellular emoji;[22] however, Kurita has denied this to be the case.[28][29] According to interviews, he took inspiration from Japanese manga where characters are often drawn with symbolic representations called manpu (such as a water drop on a face representing representing nervousness or confusion), and weather pictograms used to depict the weather conditions at any given time. He also drew inspiration from Chinese characters and street sign pictograms.[27][30][31] The DoCoMo i-Mode set included facial expressions, such as smiley faces, derived from a Japanese visual style commonly found in manga and anime, combined with kaomoji and smiley elements.[32] Kurita's work is now displayed in the Museum of Modern Art in New York City .[33]

Kurita's emoji were brightly colored, albeit with a single color per glyph. General-use emoji, such as sports, actions and weather, can easily be traced back to Kurita's emoji set.[34] The notable absentee from the set was the use of pictograms that demonstrated emotion. The yellow-faced emoji commonly used today evolved from other emoticon sets and cannot be traced back to Kurita's work.[34] His set was also made up of generic images much like the J-Phones. Elsewhere in the 1990s, Nokia phones began including preset pictograms in its text messaging app, which they defined as "smileys and symbols".[35] A third notable emoji set was introduced by Japanese mobile phone brand au by KDDI.[22][36]

Development of emoji sets (2000–2007)

The basic 12-by-12-pixel emoji in Japan grew in popularity across various platforms over the next decade. This was aided by the popularity of DoCoMo i-mode, which for many was the origins of the smartphone.[clarification needed] The i-mode service also saw the introduction of emoji in conversation form on messenger apps. By 2004, i-mode had 40 million subscribers, meaning numerous people were exposed to the emoji for the first time between 2000 and 2004. The popularity of i-mode led to other manufacturers competing with similar offerings and therefore developed their own emoji sets. While emoji adoption was high in Japan during this time, the companies failed to collaborate and come up with a uniform set of emoji to be used across all platforms in the country.[37]

Smiley faces from DOS code page 437

The Universal Coded Character Set (Unicode), overseen by the Unicode Consortium and ISO/IEC JTC 1/SC 2, had already been established as the international standard for text representation (ISO/IEC 10646) since 1993, although variants of Shift JIS remained relatively common in Japan. Unicode included several characters which would subsequently be classified as emoji, including some from North American or Western European sources such as DOS code page 437, ITC Zapf Dingbats or the WordPerfect Iconic Symbols set.[38][39] Unicode's coverage of written characters was extended several times by new editions during the 2000s, with little interest in incorporating the Japanese cellular emoji sets (which were deemed out of scope),[40] although symbol characters which would subsequently be classified as emoji continued to be added. For example, Unicode 4.0 release contained 16 new emoji, which included direction arrows, a warning triangle, and an eject button.[41] Besides Zapf Dingbats, other dingbat fonts such as Wingdings or Webdings also included additional pictographic symbols in their own custom pi font encodings; unlike Zapf Dingbats, however, many of these would not be available as Unicode emoji until 2014.[42]

The Smiley Company developed The Smiley Dictionary, which was launched in 2001. The desktop platform was aimed at allowing people to insert smileys as text when sending emails and writing on a desktop computer.[43] The smiley toolbar offered a variety of symbols and smileys and was used on platforms such as MSN Messenger.[44] Nokia as one of the largest telecoms companies globally at the time, were still referring to today's emoji sets as smileys in 2001.[45] The digital smiley movement was headed up by Nicolas Loufrani, the CEO of The Smiley Company.[43] He created a smiley toolbar, which was available at smileydictionary.com during the early 2000s to be sent as emoji are today.[46]

Beginnings of Unicode emoji (2008–2014)

Mobile providers in both the United States and Europe began discussions on how to introduce their own emoji sets from 2004 onwards. Many companies did not begin to take emoji seriously until Google employees requested that Unicode look into the possibility of a uniform emoji set. Apple quickly followed and began to collaborate with not only Google, but also providers in Europe and Japan . In August 2007, Mark Davis and his colleagues Kat Momoi and Markus Scherer wrote the first draft for consideration by the Unicode Technical Committee (UTC) to introduce emoji into the Unicode standard. The UTC, having previously deemed emoji to be out of scope for Unicode, made the decision to broaden this scope, to enable compatibility with the Japanese cellular carrier formats which were becoming more widespread.[40] Peter Edberg and Yasuo Kida joined the collaborative efforts from Apple Inc. shortly after and the official UTC proposal as co-authors came in January 2009.

Pending the assignment of standard Unicode code points, Google and Apple implemented emoji support via Private Use Area schemes. Google first introduced emoji in Gmail in October 2008, in collaboration with au by KDDI,[36] and Apple introduced the first release of Apple Color Emoji to iPhone OS on 21 November 2008.[47] Initially, Apple's emoji support was implemented for holders of a SoftBank SIM card; the emoji themselves were represented using SoftBank's Private Use Area scheme and mostly resembled the SoftBank designs.[48] Gmail emoji used their own Private Use Area scheme, in a supplementary Private Use plane.[49][50]

Separately, a proposal had been submitted in 2008 to add the ARIB extended characters used in broadcasting in Japan to Unicode. This included several pictographic symbols.[51] These were added in Unicode 5.2 in 2009, a year before the cellular emoji sets were fully added; they include several characters which either also appeared amongst the cellular emoji[49] or were subsequently classified as emoji.[52]

After iPhone users in the United States discovered that downloading Japanese apps allowed access to the keyboard, pressure grew to expand the availability of the emoji keyboard beyond Japan.[53] The Emoji application for iOS, which altered the Settings app to allow access to the emoji keyboard, was created by Josh Gare in February 2010.[54] Before the existence of Gare's Emoji app, Apple had intended for the emoji keyboard to only be available in Japan in iOS version 2.2.[55]

Throughout 2009, members of the Unicode Consortium and national standardization bodies of various countries gave feedback and proposed changes to the international standardization of the emoji. The feedback from various bodies in the United States, Europe, and Japan agreed on a set of 722 emoji as the standard set. This would be released in October 2010 in Unicode 6.0.[56] Apple made the emoji keyboard available to those outside of Japan in iOS version 5.0 in 2011.[57] Later, Unicode 7.0 (June 2014) added the character repertoires of the Webdings and Wingdings fonts to Unicode, resulting in approximately 250 more Unicode emoji.[42]

The Unicode emoji whose code points were assigned in 2014 or earlier are therefore taken from several sources. A single character could exist in multiple sources, and characters from a source were unified with existing characters where appropriate: for example, the "shower" weather symbol (☔️) from the ARIB source was unified with an existing umbrella with raindrops character,[58] which had been added for KPS 9566 compatibility.[59] The emoji characters named "Rain" ("雨", ame) from all three Japanese carriers were in turn unified with the ARIB character.[49] However, the Unicode Consortium groups the most significant sources of emoji into four categories:[60]

Source category Abbreviations Unicode version (year) Included sources Example
ARIB ARIB, a 5.2 (2008) ARIB STD-B24 Volume 1 extended Shift JIS ⛩️ (U+26E9 ← 0xEE4B)[61]
Japanese carriers JCarrier, j 6.0 (2010) NTT DoCoMo mobile Shift JIS 🎠 (U+1F3A0 ← 0xF8DA)[62]
au by KDDI mobile Shift JIS 📌 (U+1F4CC ← 0xF78A)[62]
SoftBank 3G mobile Shift JIS 💒 (U+1F492 ← 0xFB7D)[62]
Wingdings and Webdings WDings, w 7.0 (2014) Webdings 🛳️ (U+1F6F3 ← 0x54)[63]
Wingdings 🏵️ (U+1F3F5 ← 0x7B)[63]
Wingdings 2 🖍️ (U+1F58D ← 0x24)[63]
Wingdings 3 ▶️ (U+25B6 ← 0x75)[63][lower-alpha 1]

Template:Anchor (or Anchors): too many anchors, maximum is tenUTS #51 and modern emoji (2015–present)

Color emoji from Google's Noto Emoji Project, started in 2012 and used by Gmail, Google Hangouts, Chrome OS and Android.

In late 2014, a Public Review Issue was created by the Unicode Technical Committee, seeking feedback on a proposed Unicode Technical Report (UTR) titled "Unicode Emoji". This was intended to improve interoperability of emoji between vendors, and define a means of supporting multiple skin tones. The feedback period closed in January 2015.[64] Also in January 2015, the use of the zero width joiner to indicate that a sequence of emoji could be shown as a single equivalent glyph (analogous to a ligature) as a means of implementing emoji without atomic code points, such as varied compositions of families, was discussed within the "emoji ad-hoc committee".[65]

Unicode 8.0 (June 2015) added another 41 emoji, including articles of sports equipment such as the cricket bat, food items such as the taco, new facial expressions, and symbols for places of worship, as well as five characters (crab, scorpion, lion face, bow and arrow, amphora) to improve support for pictorial rather than symbolic representations of the signs of the Zodiac.[lower-alpha 2][67]

Also in June 2015, the first approved version ("Emoji 1.0") of the Unicode Emoji report was published as Unicode Technical Report #51 (UTR #51). This introduced the mechanism of skin tone indicators, the first official recommendations about which Unicode characters were to be considered emoji, and the first official recommendations about which characters were to be displayed in an emoji font in absence of a variation selector, and listed the zero width joiner sequences for families and couples that were implemented by existing vendors.[68] Maintenance of UTR #51, taking emoji requests, and creating proposals for emoji characters and emoji mechanisms was made the responsibility of the Unicode Emoji Subcommittee (ESC), operating as a subcommittee of the Unicode Technical Committee,[69][70]

With the release of version 5.0 in May 2017 alongside Unicode 10.0, UTR #51 was redesignated a Unicode Technical Standard (UTS #51), making it an independent specification rather than merely an informative document.[71] (As of July 2017), there were 2,666 Unicode emoji listed.[72] The next version of UTS #51 (published in May 2018) skipped to the version number Emoji 11.0, so as to synchronise its major version number with the corresponding version of the Unicode Standard.[73]

The popularity of emoji has caused pressure from vendors and international markets to add additional designs into the Unicode standard to meet the demands of different cultures. Some characters now defined as emoji are inherited from a variety of pre-Unicode messenger systems not only used in Japan, including Yahoo and MSN Messenger.[74]

Corporate demand for emoji standardization has placed pressures on the Unicode Consortium, with some members complaining that it had overtaken the group's traditional focus on standardizing characters used for minority languages and transcribing historical records.[75] Conversely, the Consortium recognises that public desire for emoji support has put pressure on vendors to improve their Unicode support,[76] which is especially true for characters outside the Basic Multilingual Plane,[77] thus leading to better support for Unicode's historic and minority scripts in deployed software.[76]

Cultural influence

Color illustrations of U+1F602 😂 FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY from Twitter, Noto Emoji Project and Firefox OS

Oxford Dictionaries named U+1F602 😂 FACE WITH TEARS OF JOY[78] its 2015 Word of the Year.[79] Oxford noted that 2015 had seen a sizable increase in the use of the word "emoji" and recognized its impact on popular culture.[79] Oxford Dictionaries President Caspar Grathwohl expressed that "traditional alphabet scripts have been struggling to meet the rapid-fire, visually focused demands of 21st Century communication. It's not surprising that a pictographic script like emoji has stepped in to fill those gaps—it's flexible, immediate, and infuses tone beautifully."[80] SwiftKey found that "Face with Tears of Joy" was the most popular emoji across the world.[81] The American Dialect Society declared U+1F346 🍆 AUBERGINE to be the "Most Notable Emoji" of 2015 in their Word of the Year vote.[82]

Some emoji are specific to Japanese culture, such as a bowing businessman (U+1F647 🙇 ), the shoshinsha mark used to indicate a beginner driver (U+1F530 🔰 ), a white flower (U+1F4AE 💮 ) used to denote "brilliant homework",[83] or a group of emoji representing popular foods: ramen noodles (U+1F35C 🍜 ), dango (U+1F361 🍡 ), onigiri (U+1F359 🍙 ), Japanese curry (U+1F35B 🍛 ), and sushi (U+1F363 🍣 ). Unicode Consortium founder Mark Davis compared the use of emoji to a developing language, particularly mentioning the American use of eggplant (U+1F346 🍆 ) to represent a phallus.[84] Some linguists have classified emoji and emoticons as discourse markers.[85]

In December 2015 a sentiment analysis of emoji was published,[86] and the Emoji Sentiment Ranking 1.0[87] was provided. In 2016, a musical about emoji premiered in Los Angeles.[88][89] The computer-animated The Emoji Movie was released in summer 2017.[90][91]

In January 2017, in what is believed to be the first large-scale study of emoji usage, researchers at the University of Michigan analysed over 1.2 billion messages input via the Kika Emoji Keyboard[92] and announced that the Face With Tears of Joy was the most popular emoji. The Heart and the Heart eyes emoji stood second and third respectively. The study also found that the French use heart emoji the most.[93] People in countries like Australia, France and the Czech Republic used more happy emoji, while this was not so for people in Mexico, Colombia, Chile and Argentina, where people used more negative emoji in comparison to cultural hubs known for restraint and self-discipline, like Turkey, France and Russia.[94]

There has been discussion among legal experts on whether or not emoji could be admissible as evidence in court trials.[95][96] Furthermore, as emoji continue to develop and grow as a "language" of symbols, there may also be the potential of the formation of emoji "dialects".[97] Emoji are being used as more than just to show reactions and emotions.[98] Snapchat has even incorporated emoji in its trophy and friends system with each emoji showing a complex meaning.[99]

Emoji that further modern causes

On March 5, 2019,[100] a drop of blood (U+1FA78 🩸 ) emoji was released, which is intended to help break the stigma of menstruation.[101] In addition to normalizing periods, it will also be relevant to describe medical topics such as donating blood and other blood-related activities.[101]

A mosquito (U+1F99F 🦟 ) emoji was added in 2018 to raise awareness for diseases spread by the insect, such as dengue and malaria.[102]

Emoji communication problems

Research has shown that emoji are often misunderstood. In some cases, this misunderstanding is related to how the actual emoji design is interpreted by the viewer;[103] in other cases, the emoji that was sent is not shown in the same way on the receiving side.[104]

The first issue relates to the cultural or contextual interpretation of the emoji. When the author picks an emoji, they think about it in a certain way, but the same character may not trigger the same thoughts in the mind of the receiver[105] (see also Models of communication).

For example, people in China have developed a system for using emoji subversively, so that a smiley face could be sent to convey a despising, mocking, and even obnoxious attitude, as the orbicularis oculi (the muscle near that upper eye corner) on the face of the emoji does not move, and the orbicularis oris (the one near the mouth) tightens, which is believed to be a sign of suppressing a smile.[106]

The second problem relates to technology and branding. When an author of a message picks an emoji from a list, it is normally encoded in a non-graphical manner during the transmission, and if the author and the reader do not use the same software or operating system for their devices, the reader's device may visualize the same emoji in a different way. Small changes to a character's look may completely alter its perceived meaning with the receiver. As an example, in April 2020, British actress and presenter Jameela Jamil posted a tweet from her iPhone using the Face with Hand Over Mouth emoji (🤭) as part of a comment on people shopping for food during the COVID-19 pandemic. On Apple's iOS, the emoji expression is neutral and pensive, but on other platforms the emoji shows as a giggling face. Many fans were initially upset thinking that she, as a well off celebrity, was mocking poor people, but this was not her intended meaning.[107]

Researchers from German Studies Institute at Ruhr-Universität Bochum found that most people can easily understand an emoji when it replaces a word directly – like an icon for a rose instead of the word 'rose' – yet it takes people about 50 percent longer to comprehend the emoji.

Variation and ambiguity

Emoji characters vary slightly between platforms within the limits in meaning defined by the Unicode specification, as companies have tried to provide artistic presentations of ideas and objects.[108] For example, following an Apple tradition, the calendar emoji on Apple products always shows July 17, the date in 2002 Apple announced its iCal calendar application for macOS. This led some Apple product users to initially nickname July 17 "World Emoji Day".[109] Other emoji fonts show different dates or do not show a specific one.[110]

Some Apple emoji are very similar to the SoftBank standard, since SoftBank was the first Japanese network on which the iPhone launched. For example, U+1F483 💃 DANCER is female on Apple and SoftBank standards but male or gender-neutral on others.[111]

Journalists have noted that the ambiguity of emoji has allowed them to take on culture-specific meanings not present in the original glyphs. For example, U+1F485 💅 NAIL POLISH has been described as being used in English-language communities to signify "non-caring fabulousness"[112] and "anything from shutting haters down to a sense of accomplishment".[113][114] Unicode manuals sometimes provide notes on auxiliary meanings of an object to guide designers on how emoji may be used, for example noting that some users may expect U+1F4BA 💺 SEAT to stand for "a reserved or ticketed seat, as for an airplane, train, or theater".[115]

Controversial emoji

Evolution of the pistol emoji as rendered by stock Android systems. From left to right: Jelly Bean (pistol), KitKat (blunderbuss), Lollipop (revolver), Oreo (revolver) and Pie (water gun).

Some emoji have been involved in controversy due to their perceived meanings. Multiple arrests and imprisonments have followed usage of pistol (U+1F52B 🔫 ), knife (U+1F5E1 🗡 ), and bomb (U+1F4A3 💣 ) emoji in ways that authorities deemed credible threats.[116]

In the lead-up to the 2016 Summer Olympics, the Unicode Consortium considered proposals to add several Olympic-related emoji, including medals and events such as handball and water polo.[117] By October 2015, these candidate emoji included "rifle" (U+1F946 🥆 ) and "modern pentathlon" (U+1F93B 🤻 ).[118][119] However, in 2016, Apple and Microsoft opposed these two emoji, and the characters were added without emoji presentations, meaning that software is expected to render them in black-and-white rather than color, and emoji-specific software such as onscreen keyboards will generally not include them. In addition, while the original incarnations of the modern pentathlon emoji depicted its five events, including a man pointing a gun, the final glyph contains a person riding a horse, along with a laser pistol target in the corner.[116][119][120]

Drawing of a revolver
Drawing of a water pistol
Original (left) and revised (right) Twitter designs, showing the transition from a revolver to a water pistol

On August 1, 2016, Apple announced that in iOS 10, the pistol emoji (U+1F52B 🔫 ) would be changed from a realistic revolver to a water pistol.[116] Conversely, the following day, Microsoft pushed out an update to Windows 10 that changed its longstanding depiction of the pistol emoji as a toy ray-gun to a real revolver.[121] Microsoft stated that the change was made to bring the glyph more in line with industry-standard designs and customer expectations.[121] By 2018, most major platforms such as Google, Microsoft, Samsung, Facebook, and Twitter had transitioned their rendering of the pistol emoji to match Apple's water gun implementation.[122] Apple's change of depiction from a realistic gun to a toy gun was criticised by, among others, the editor of Emojipedia, because it could lead to messages appearing differently to the receiver than the sender had intended.[123] Insider's Rob Price said it created the potential for "serious miscommunication across different platforms", and asked "What if a joke sent from an Apple user to a Google user is misconstrued because of differences in rendering? Or if a genuine threat sent by a Google user to an Apple user goes unreported because it is taken as a joke?"[124]

The eggplant (aubergine) emoji (U+1F346 🍆 ) has also seen controversy due to it being used, almost solely[better source needed] in North America to represent a penis.[82][84][125][126] Beginning in December 2014, the hashtag #EggplantFridays began to rise to popularity on Instagram for use in marking photos featuring clothed or unclothed penises.[125][126] This became such a popular trend that, beginning in April 2015, Instagram disabled the ability to search for not only the #EggplantFridays tag, but also other eggplant-containing hashtags, including simply #eggplant and #🍆.[125][126][127]

The peach emoji (U+1F351 🍑 ) has likewise been used as a euphemistic icon for buttocks, with a 2016 Emojipedia analysis revealing that only seven percent of English language tweets with the peach emoji refer to the actual fruit.[128][129][130] In 2016, Apple attempted to redesign the emoji to less resemble buttocks. This was met with fierce backlash in beta testing, and Apple reversed its decision by the time it went live to the public.[131]

In December 2017, a lawyer in Delhi, India , threatened to file a lawsuit against WhatsApp for allowing use of the middle finger emoji (U+1F595 🖕 ) on the basis that the company is "directly abetting the use of an offensive, lewd, obscene gesture" in violation of the Indian Penal Code.[132]

Emoji implementation

Early implementation in Japan

Various, often incompatible, character encoding schemes were developed by the different mobile providers in Japan for their own emoji sets.[49][62] For example, the extended Shift JIS representation F797 is used for a convenience store (🏪) by SoftBank, but for a wristwatch (⌚️) by KDDI.[62][49] All three vendors also developed schemes for encoding their emoji in the Unicode Private Use Area: DoCoMo, for example, used the range U+E63E through U+E757.[49] Versions of iOS prior to 5.1 encoded emoji in the SoftBank private use area.[133][134]

Unicode support considerations

Most, but not all, emoji are included in the Supplementary Multilingual Plane (SMP) of Unicode, which is also used for ancient scripts, some modern scripts such as Adlam or Osage, and special-use characters such as Mathematical Alphanumeric Symbols.[135] Some systems introduced prior to the advent of Unicode emoji were only designed to support characters in the Basic Multilingual Plane (BMP), on the assumption that non-BMP characters would rarely be encountered,[77] although failure to properly handle characters outside of the BMP precludes Unicode compliance.[136]

The introduction of Unicode emoji created an incentive for vendors to improve their support for non-BMP characters.[77] The Unicode Consortium notes that "[b]ecause of the demand for emoji, many implementations have upgraded their Unicode support substantially", also helping support for minority languages that use those features.[76]

Color support

Any operating system that supports adding additional fonts to the system can add an emoji-supporting font. However, inclusion of colorful emoji in existing font formats requires dedicated support for color glyphs. Not all operating systems have support for color fonts, so in these cases emoji might have to be rendered as black-and-white line art or not at all. There are four different formats used for multi-color glyphs in an SFNT font,[137] not all of which are necessarily supported by a given operating system library or software package such as a web browser or graphical program.[138] This means that color fonts may need to be supplied in several formats to be usable on multiple operating systems, or in multiple applications.

Implementation by different platforms and vendors

Apple first introduced emoji to their desktop operating system with the release of OS X 10.7 Lion, in 2011. Users can view emoji characters sent through email and messaging applications, which are commonly shared by mobile users, as well as any other application. Users can create emoji symbols using the "Characters" special input panel from almost any native application by selecting the "Edit" menu and pulling down to "Special Characters", or by the key combination . The emoji keyboard was first available in Japan with the release of iPhone OS version 2.2 in 2008.[139] The emoji keyboard was not officially made available outside of Japan until iOS version 5.0.[140] From iPhone OS 2.2 through to iOS 4.3.5 (2011), those outside Japan could access the keyboard but had to use a third-party app to enable it. Apple has revealed that the "face with tears of joy" is the most popular emoji among English speaking Americans. On second place is the "heart" emoji followed by the "Loudly Crying Face".[141][142]

An update for Windows 7 and Windows Server 2008 R2 brought a subset of the monochrome Unicode set to those operating systems as part of the Segoe UI Symbol font.[143] As of Windows 8.1 Preview, the Segoe UI Emoji font is included, which supplies full-color pictographs. The plain Segoe UI font lacks emoji characters, whereas Segoe UI Symbol and Segoe UI Emoji include them. Emoji characters are accessed through the onscreen keyboard's key, or through the physical keyboard shortcut .

Facebook and Twitter replace all Unicode emoji used on their websites with their own custom graphics. Prior to October 2017, Facebook had different sets for the main site and for its Messenger service, where only the former provides complete coverage. Messenger now uses Apple emoji on iOS, and the main Facebook set elsewhere.[144] Facebook reactions are only partially compatible with standard emoji.[145]

Modifiers

Emoji versus text presentation

Unicode defines variation sequences for many of its emoji to indicate their desired presentation.

Emoji characters can have two main kinds of presentation:
  • an emoji presentation, with colorful and perhaps whimsical shapes, even animated
  • a text presentation, such as black & white

Specifying the desired presentation is done by following the base emoji with either U+FE0E VARIATION SELECTOR-15 (VS15) for text or U+FE0F VARIATION SELECTOR-16 (VS16) for emoji-style.[146]

Sample emoji variation sequences
U+ 2139 231B 26A0 2712 2764 1F004 1F21A
default presentation text emoji text text text emoji emoji
base code point ℹ ⌛ ⚠ ✒ ❤ 🀄 🈚
base+VS15 (text) ℹ︎ ⌛︎ ⚠︎ ✒︎ ❤︎ 🀄︎ 🈚︎
base+VS16 (emoji) ℹ️ ⌛️ ⚠️ ✒️ ❤️ 🀄️ 🈚️
Twemoji image Twemoji2 2139.svg Twemoji2 231b.svg Twemoji2 26a0.svg Twemoji2 2712.svg Twemoji2 2764.svg Twemoji2 1f004.svg Twemoji2 1f21a.svg

Skin color

Main page: Social:Emoji modifiers

Five symbol modifier characters were added with Unicode 8.0 to provide a range of skin tones for human emoji. These modifiers are called EMOJI MODIFIER FITZPATRICK TYPE-1-2, -3, -4, -5, and -6 (U+1F3FB–U+1F3FF): 🏻 🏼 🏽 🏾 🏿. They are based on the Fitzpatrick scale for classifying human skin color. Human emoji that are not followed by one of these five modifiers should be displayed in a generic, non-realistic skin tone, such as bright yellow (■), blue (■), or gray (■).[60] Non-human emoji (like U+26FD ⛽ FUEL PUMP) are unaffected by the Fitzpatrick modifiers. As of Unicode 14.0, Fitzpatrick modifiers can be used with 129 human emoji spread across seven blocks: Dingbats, Emoticons, Miscellaneous Symbols, Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs, Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs, Transport and Map Symbols, and Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A.[147]

The following table shows both the Unicode characters and the open-source "Twemoji" images, designed by Twitter:

Sample use of Fitzpatrick modifiers
Code point Default FITZ-1-2 FITZ-3 FITZ-4 FITZ-5 FITZ-6
U+1F9D2: Child Text 🧒 🧒🏻 🧒🏼 🧒🏽 🧒🏾 🧒🏿
Image Twemoji2 1f9d2.svg Twemoji2 1f9d2-1f3fb.svg Twemoji2 1f9d2-1f3fc.svg Twemoji2 1f9d2-1f3fd.svg Twemoji2 1f9d2-1f3fe.svg Twemoji2 1f9d2-1f3ff.svg
U+1F466: Boy Text 👦 👦🏻 👦🏼 👦🏽 👦🏾 👦🏿
Image Twemoji2 1f466.svg Twemoji2 1f466-1f3fb.svg Twemoji2 1f466-1f3fc.svg Twemoji2 1f466-1f3fd.svg Twemoji2 1f466-1f3fe.svg Twemoji2 1f466-1f3ff.svg
U+1F467: Girl Text 👧 👧🏻 👧🏼 👧🏽 👧🏾 👧🏿
Image Twemoji2 1f467.svg Twemoji2 1f467-1f3fb.svg Twemoji2 1f467-1f3fc.svg Twemoji2 1f467-1f3fd.svg Twemoji2 1f467-1f3fe.svg Twemoji2 1f467-1f3ff.svg
U+1F9D1: Adult Text 🧑 🧑🏻 🧑🏼 🧑🏽 🧑🏾 🧑🏿
Image Twemoji2 1f9d1.svg Twemoji2 1f9d1-1f3fb.svg Twemoji2 1f9d1-1f3fc.svg Twemoji2 1f9d1-1f3fd.svg Twemoji2 1f9d1-1f3fe.svg Twemoji2 1f9d1-1f3ff.svg
U+1F468: Man Text 👨 👨🏻 👨🏼 👨🏽 👨🏾 👨🏿
Image Twemoji2 1f468.svg Twemoji2 1f468-1f3fb.svg Twemoji2 1f468-1f3fc.svg Twemoji2 1f468-1f3fd.svg Twemoji2 1f468-1f3fe.svg Twemoji2 1f468-1f3ff.svg
U+1F469: Woman Text 👩 👩🏻 👩🏼 👩🏽 👩🏾 👩🏿
Image Twemoji2 1f469.svg Twemoji2 1f469-1f3fb.svg Twemoji2 1f469-1f3fc.svg Twemoji2 1f469-1f3fd.svg Twemoji2 1f469-1f3fe.svg Twemoji2 1f469-1f3ff.svg

Joining

Behaviour of the ZWJ and ZWNJ format controls with various types of character, including emoji.

Implementations may use a zero-width joiner (ZWJ) between multiple emoji to make them behave like a single, unique emoji character.[60] For example, the sequence U+1F468 👨 MAN, U+200D ZWJ, U+1F469 👩 WOMAN, U+200D ZWJ, U+1F467 👧 GIRL (👨‍👩‍👧) could be displayed as a single emoji depicting a family with a man, a woman, and a girl if the implementation supports it. Systems that do not support it would ignore the ZWJs, displaying only the three base emoji in order (👨👩👧).

Unicode previously maintained a catalog of emoji ZWJ sequences that were supported on at least one commonly available platform. The consortium has since switched to documenting sequences that are recommended for general interchange (RGI). These are clusters that emoji fonts are expected to include as part of the standard.[148]

Unicode blocks

Unicode 14.0 represents emoji using 1,404 characters spread across 24 blocks, of which 26 are Regional Indicator Symbols that combine in pairs to form flag emoji, and 12 (#, * and 0–9) are base characters for keycap emoji sequences:[147][60]

637 of the 768 code points in the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs block are considered emoji. 242 of the 256 code points in the Supplemental Symbols and Pictographs block are considered emoji. All of the 88 code points in the Symbols and Pictographs Extended-A block are considered emoji. All of the 80 code points in the Emoticons block are considered emoji. 104 of the 117 code points in the Transport and Map Symbols block are considered emoji. 83 of the 256 code points in the Miscellaneous Symbols block are considered emoji. 33 of the 192 code points in the Dingbats block are considered emoji.


Additional emoji can be found in the following Unicode blocks: Arrows (8 code points considered emoji), Basic Latin (12), CJK Symbols and Punctuation (2), Enclosed Alphanumeric Supplement (41), Enclosed Alphanumerics (1), Enclosed CJK Letters and Months (2), Enclosed Ideographic Supplement (15), General Punctuation (2), Geometric Shapes (8), Geometric Shapes Extended (13), Latin-1 Supplement (2), Letterlike Symbols (2), Mahjong Tiles (1), Miscellaneous Symbols and Arrows (7), Miscellaneous Technical (18), Playing Cards (1), and Supplemental Arrows-B (2).

Additions

Some vendors, most notably Microsoft, Samsung and HTC, add emoji presentation to some other existing Unicode characters or coin their own ZWJ sequences.

Microsoft displays all Mahjong tiles (U+1F000‥2B, not just U+1F004 🀄 MAHJONG TILE RED DRAGON) and alternative card suits (U+2661 ♡ , U+2662 ♢ , U+2664 ♤ , U+2667 ♧ ) as emoji. They also support additional pencils (U+270E ✎ , U+2710 ✐ ) and a heart-shaped bullet (U+2765 ❥ ).

While only U+261D ☝ is officially an emoji, Microsoft and Samsung add the other three directions as well (U+261C ☜ , U+261E ☞ , U+261F ☟ ). Both vendors pair the standard checked ballot box emoji U+2611 ☑ with its crossed variant U+2612 ☒ , but only Samsung also has the empty ballot box U+2610 ☐ .

Samsung almost completely covers the rest of the Miscellaneous Symbols block (U+2600‥FF) as emoji, which includes Chess pieces, game die faces, some traffic sign as well as genealogical and astronomical symbols for instance.

HTC supports most additional pictographs from the Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs (U+1F300‥5FF) and Transport and Map Symbols (U+1F680‥FF) blocks. Some of them are also shown as emoji on Samsung devices.

The open source projects Emojidex and Emojitwo are trying to cover all of these extensions established by major vendors.

In popular culture

  • The 2009 film Moon featured a robot named GERTY who communicates using a neutral-toned synthesized voice together with a screen showing emoji representing the corresponding emotional content.[149]
  • In 2014, the Library of Congress acquired an emoji version of Herman Melville's Moby Dick created by Fred Benenson.[150][151]
  • A musical called Emojiland premiered at Rockwell Table & Stage in Los Angeles in May 2016,[88][89] after selected songs were presented at the same venue in 2015.[152][153]
  • In October 2016, the Museum of Modern Art acquired the original collection of emoji distributed by NTT Docomo in 1999.[154]
  • In November 2016, the first emoji-themed convention, Emojicon, was held in San Francisco.[155]
  • In March 2017, the first episode of the fifth season of Samurai Jack featured alien characters who communicate in emoji.[156]
  • In April 2017, the Doctor Who episode "Smile" featured nanobots called Vardy, which communicate through robotic avatars that use emoji (without any accompanying speech output) and are sometimes referred to by the time travelers as "Emojibots".[157]
  • On July 28, 2017, Sony Pictures Animation released The Emoji Movie, a 3D computer animated movie featuring the voices of Patrick Stewart, Christina Aguilera, Sofía Vergara, Anna Faris, T. J. Miller, and other notable actors and comedians.[158]
  • On September 3, 2021 Drake (musician) released his sixth studio album, Certified Lover Boy with album cover art featuring twelve emoji of pregnant women in varying clothing colours, hair colors and skin tones.[159][160]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Also has ARIB (ARIB SJIS 0xEECE)[61] and JCarrier (SoftBank SJIS 0xF7DA, au SJIS 0xF74A)[62] sources.
  2. ↑ Older au by KDDI devices had used pictorial representations of all zodiac signs, displaying for instance the pisces sign (♓️) as a fish (🐟). Later devices had changed these to symbols, for consistency with other vendors.[66]

References

  1. ↑ "Emoji meanings & Emoji copy and paste". https://emojings.com/. 
  2. ↑ "emoji Meaning in the Cambridge English Dictionary". http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/emoji. 
  3. ↑ "Emojis actually make our language better". August 12, 2017. https://nypost.com/2017/08/12/emojis-actually-make-our-language-way-better/. 
  4. ↑ Hern, Alex (February 6, 2015). "Don't know the difference between emoji and emoticons? Let me explain". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/feb/06/difference-between-emoji-and-emoticons-explained. 
  5. ↑ Taggart, Caroline (November 5, 2015). New Words for Old: Recycling Our Language for the Modern World. Michael O'Mara Books. ISBN 9781782434733. https://books.google.com/books?id=VPO4CgAAQBAJ. Retrieved October 25, 2017. "Hard on the heels of the emoticon comes the Japanese-born emoji, also a DIGITAL icon used to express emotion, but more sophisticated in terms of imagery than those that are created by pressing a colon followed by a parenthesis. Emoji is made up of the Japanese for picture (e) and character (moji), so its resemblance to emotion and emoticon is a particularly happy coincidence." 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Blagdon, Jeff (March 4, 2013). "How emoji conquered the world". The Verge. Vox Media. https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world. 
  7. ↑ Sternbergh, Adam (November 16, 2014). "Smile, You're Speaking EMOJI: The fast evolution of a wordless tongue". New York. https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html. 
  8. ↑ "Android – 4.4 KitKat". android.com. http://www.android.com/versions/kit-kat-4-4/. 
  9. ↑ "How Emojis took center stage in American pop culture". NBC News. July 17, 2017. https://www.nbcnews.com/video/how-emojis-took-center-stage-in-american-pop-culture-1001844803597. 
  10. ↑ Fisher, Jonathan (2015-04-22). "Here's how people in different countries use emoji" (in en). https://www.businessinsider.com.au/emoji-worldwide-popularity-and-use-by-country-2015-4. 
  11. ↑ "Oxford Dictionaries 2015 Word of the Year is an Emoji". PBS Newshour. November 17, 2015. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/rundown/oxford-dictionary-says-the-2015-word-of-the-year-is-an-emoji/. 
  12. ↑ Philiop Seargeant. The Emoji Revolution: How Technology is Shaping the Future of Communication. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2019.
  13. ↑ "Happy 30th Birthday Emoticon!". Independent. September 8, 2012. https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/gadgets-and-tech/news/happy-30th-birthday-emoticon-8120158.html. 
  14. ↑ -) turns 25, Associated Press, 2007-09-20, http://www.cnn.com/2007/TECH/09/18/emoticon.anniversary.ap/index.html, retrieved 2007-09-20 
  15. ↑ Nabokov, Vladimir (1973), Strong Opinions, New York, pp. 133–134, doi:10.2277/052153643X, ISBN 0-679-72609-8, https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780679726098 
  16. ↑ "Why Do We Use Emojis Anyway? A Fascinating History of Emoticons". Readers Digest. December 9, 2016. http://www.rd.com/culture/history-of-emoji/. 
  17. ↑ "Emoji 101". Overdrive Interactive. October 14, 2015. https://www.ovrdrv.com/emoji-101/. 
  18. ↑ Kalantzis, Mary; Cope, Bill (2020). Adding Sense: Context and Interest in a Grammar of Multimodal Meaning. Cambridge University Press. p. 33. ISBN 978-1-108-49534-9. 
  19. ↑ Cope, Bill; Kalantzis, Mary. "A Little History of e-Learning". https://www.researchgate.net/publication/351400910. 
  20. ↑ Smith, Ernie. "The Greatest Computer Network You've Never Heard Of". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en/article/pa3vvg/the-greatest-computer-network-youve-never-heard-of. 
  21. ↑ Edwards, Phil (August 26, 2015). "Why the Wingdings font exists". Vox. https://www.vox.com/2015/8/25/9200801/wingdings-font-history. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 22.2 22.3 "Correcting the Record on the First Emoji Set". Emojipedia. March 8, 2019. https://blog.emojipedia.org/correcting-the-record-on-the-first-emoji-set/. 
  23. ↑ "Souriez! Le GSM présente un nouveau visage" (in fr). Le Monde. November 7, 1995. p. 13. 
  24. ↑ Alt, Matt (December 7, 2015). "Why Japan Got Over Emojis". https://slate.com/technology/2015/12/emojis-are-no-longer-cool-in-japan.html. 
  25. ↑ Steinmetz, Katy (November 16, 2015). "Oxford's 2015 Word of the Year Is This Emoji". Time (magazine). http://time.com/4114886/oxford-word-of-the-year-2015-emoji/. Retrieved July 28, 2017. 
  26. ↑ Sternbergh, Adam (November 16, 2014). "Smile, You're Speaking Emoji". https://nymag.com/daily/intelligencer/2014/11/emojis-rapid-evolution.html. 
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 Negishi, Mayumi (March 26, 2014). "Meet Shigetaka Kurita, the Father of Emoji". The Wall Street Journal. https://blogs.wsj.com/japanrealtime/2014/03/26/meet-shigetaka-kurita-the-father-of-emoji. 
  28. ↑ Hånberg Alonso, Daniel. "Emoji Timeline". https://emojitimeline.com/. 
  29. ↑ Kurita, Shigetaka (2019-01-03). "日本のモバイル端末における絵文字はポケベルが最初ですが、ケータイに関しては私が開発したドコモの絵文字が最初ではなく、J-PHONEのパイオニアDP-211SWが最初だったと思います。". https://twitter.com/sigekun/status/1080848236653334529. 
  30. ↑ "NTT DoCoMo Emoji List". nttdocomo.co.jp. https://www.nttdocomo.co.jp/service/imode_mail/function/pictograph. 
  31. ↑ Nakano, Mamiko. "Why and how I created emoji: Interview with Shigetaka Kurita". http://ignition.co/105. 
  32. ↑ Moschini, Ilaria (29 August 2016). "The "Face with Tears of Joy" Emoji: A Socio-Semiotic and Multimodal Insight into a Japan-America Mash-Up". HERMES: Journal of Language and Communication in Business (55): 11. doi:10.7146/hjlcb.v0i55.24286. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/307442698. Retrieved 14 November 2020. 
  33. ↑ Ness, Amanda (October 26, 2016). "Look Who's Smiley Now: MoMA Acquires Original Emoji". https://www.nytimes.com/2016/10/27/arts/design/look-whos-smiley-now-moma-acquires-original-emoji.html. 
  34. ↑ 34.0 34.1 McCurry, Justin (2016-10-27). "The inventor of emoji on his famous creations – and his all-time favorite" (in en). https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/oct/27/emoji-inventor-shigetaka-kurita-moma-new-york-text. 
  35. ↑ "Nokia 3310 User Guide". Nokia. https://www.nokia.com/phones/en_gb/support/api/pdf/nokia-3310-user-guide. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 Schwartzberg, Lauren (18 November 2014). "The Oral History Of The Poop Emoji (Or, How Google Brought Poop To America)" (in en). https://www.fastcompany.com/3037803/the-oral-history-of-the-poop-emoji-or-how-google-brought-poop-to-america. 
  37. ↑ Blagdon, Jeff (March 4, 2013). "How emoji conquered the world". The Verge. https://www.theverge.com/2013/3/4/3966140/how-emoji-conquered-the-world. 
  38. ↑ "Unicode 1.1 Emoji List". Emojipedia. https://emojipedia.org/unicode-1.1/. 
  39. ↑ Whistler, Ken (2021-02-01). "Re: Origins of ⌚ U+231A WATCH and ⌛ U+231B HOURGLASS". Unicode Mail List Archives. https://corp.unicode.org/pipermail/unicode/2021-February/009307.html. 
  40. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "Emoji Encoding Principles". Unicode Consortium. https://unicode.org/emoji/principles.html. 
  41. ↑ "Unicode 4.0 List". Emojipedia. https://emojipedia.org/unicode-4.0/. 
  42. ↑ 42.0 42.1 "Host of New Characters and Emoji Introduced in Unicode 7.0". Hexus. June 17, 2014. http://hexus.net/tech/news/software/71157-host-new-characters-emoji-introduced-unicode-70/. 
  43. ↑ 43.0 43.1 Speare-Cole, Rebecca (November 10, 2019). "Man behind iconic smiley face symbol says limited number of emojis restricts freedom of speech". Evening Standard. https://www.standard.co.uk/news/uk/man-behind-iconic-smiley-face-symbol-says-limited-number-of-emojis-restricts-freedom-of-speech-a4282786.html. 
  44. ↑ Golby, Joel (August 9, 2017). "The Man Who Owns the Smiley Face". Vice. https://www.vice.com/en_uk/article/j5pyyb/the-man-who-owns-the-smiley-face. 
  45. ↑ "Nokia 3310 User guide". Nokia. https://ringtones.specialtyansweringservice.net/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/manuals/nokia-3310-userguide.pdf. 
  46. ↑ Hutchins, Robert (March 7, 2016). "SmileyWorld's CEO Nicolas Loufrani on plagiarism, the school market and a push for more toys". Licensing.biz. https://www.licensing.biz/smileyworlds-ceo-nicolas-loufrani-on-plagiarism-the-school-market-and-a-push-for-more-toys/. 
  47. ↑ Burge, Jeremy (21 November 2018). "Apple Emoji Turns 10" (in en). https://blog.emojipedia.org/apple-emoji-turns-10/. 
  48. ↑ Emojipedia. "Apple iPhone OS 2.2". Emojipedia. https://emojipedia.org/apple/iphone-os-2.2/. 
  49. ↑ 49.0 49.1 49.2 49.3 49.4 49.5 Scherer, Markus; Davis, Mark; Momoi, Kat; Tong, Darick; Kida, Yasuo; Edberg, Peter. "Emoji Symbols: Background Data—Background data for Proposal for Encoding Emoji Symbols". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2010/10132-emojidata.pdf. 
  50. ↑ "Nishiki-teki Version 3.90r (2021-09-25)—6,463 characters in the Private Use Areas". https://umihotaru.work/nishiki-teki_pua.pdf. 
  51. ↑ Suignard, Michel (2008-03-11), Japanese TV Symbols, UTC L2/08-077R2 / ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3397, https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2008/08077r2-japanese-tv.pdf 
  52. ↑ Emojipedia. "Unicode 5.2 Emoji List". Emojipedia. https://emojipedia.org/unicode-5.2/. 
  53. ↑ Cocozza, Paula (November 17, 2015). "Crying with laughter: how we learned how to speak emoji". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/nov/17/crying-with-laughter-how-we-learned-how-to-speak-emoji. 
  54. ↑ "App Shopper: Emoji". http://appshopper.com/social-networking/emoji. 
  55. ↑ "Apple releases iPhone Software v2.2". http://appleinsider.com/article/?id=10447. 
  56. ↑ "FAQ – Emoji & Dingbats". unicode.org. https://www.unicode.org/faq/emoji_dingbats.html. 
  57. ↑ "Standard Emoji keyboard arrives to iOS 5, here's how to enable it". June 8, 2011. https://9to5mac.com/2011/06/08/standard-emoji-keyboard-arrives-to-ios-5-heres-how-to-enable-it/. 
  58. ↑ Suignard, Michel (2007-09-18). "Japanese TV Symbols". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2007/07391-n3341.pdf. 
  59. ↑ Freytag, Asmus (2002-02-13). "Notes on proposed Symbols from DPRK". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2002/02102-n2417-dprk.pdf. 
  60. ↑ 60.0 60.1 60.2 60.3 "UTR #51: Unicode Emoji". Unicode Consortium. September 18, 2020. https://unicode.org/reports/tr51/. 
  61. ↑ 61.0 61.1 Scherer, Markus (2008). "ARIB Broadcast Symbols Unicode conversion mapping table using ICU's .ucm file format and representing ARIB codes in the Shift-JIS encoding scheme.". Google. https://github.com/google/emoji4unicode/blob/master/data/arib/arib.ucm. 
  62. ↑ 62.0 62.1 62.2 62.3 62.4 62.5 Unicode Consortium. "Emoji Sources". Unicode Character Database. https://www.unicode.org/Public/UCD/latest/ucd/EmojiSources.txt. 
  63. ↑ 63.0 63.1 63.2 63.3 Suignard, Michel (2012-11-06). "Status of encoding of Wingdings and Webdings Symbols". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2012/12368-n4384.pdf.  (For display consistent with the other source encodings, the prefix digits denoting the specific WDings font have been removed, and the numbers have been converted to hexadecimal.)
  64. ↑ "Proposed Draft UTR #51, Unicode Emoji". Public Review Issues. https://www.unicode.org/review/pri286/. 
  65. ↑ Edberg, Peter; Emoji Ad-hoc Committee (2015-01-29). "ZWJ in emoji sequences as hint for single glyph". https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15029r-zwj-emoji.pdf. 
  66. ↑ "【絵文字対応表】 生き物・星座" (in ja). au by KDDI. https://www.au.com/content/dam/au-com/static/designs/extlib/pdf/mobile/service/featurephone/communication/emoji/taiohyo_03.pdf. 
  67. ↑ Davis, Mark; Edberg, Peter (2015-06-09). "Annex D: Standard Additions for Unicode 8.0". Unicode Technical Report #51: Unicode Emoji. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-3-archive.html#Emoji_Candidates. 
  68. ↑ Davis, Mark; Edberg, Peter (2015-06-09). "Unicode Technical Report #51: Unicode Emoji". https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-3-archive.html. 
  69. ↑ "Unicode Emoji Subcommittee". Unicode Consortium. http://unicode.org/emoji/index.html#Unicode_Emoji_Subcommittee. 
  70. ↑ "Unicode Emoji Subcommittee". Unicode Consortium. http://unicode.org/emoji/techindex.html#Unicode_Emoji_Subcommittee. 
  71. ↑ Davis, Mark; Edberg, Peter (2017-05-18). "Unicode Technical Standard #51: Unicode Emoji". https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-12.html. 
  72. ↑ "Emojis Honoured in World Celebration". BBC. July 17, 2017. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-40612529. 
  73. ↑ Davis, Mark; Edberg, Peter (2018-05-21). "1.5.2 Versioning". Unicode Technical Standard #51: Unicode Emoji. https://www.unicode.org/reports/tr51/tr51-14.html#Versioning. 
  74. ↑ Warzel, Charlie. "Inside 'Emojigeddon': The Fight Over The Future of the Unicode Consortium". https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/inside-emojigeddon-the-fight-over-the-future-of-the-unicode. 
  75. ↑ 76.0 76.1 76.2 "Don't emoji detract from the other work of the consortium?". Unicode Consortium. https://unicode.org/faq/emoji_dingbats.html#EO1. 
  76. ↑ 77.0 77.1 77.2 Chupov, Sergey (2019-06-06). "How We Store Emojis in Your Database, or Why We Got Rid of the Extended String Data Type". Backendless Corporation. https://backendless.com/extended-string-data-type/. 
  77. ↑ "Face With Tears of Joy Emoji". Emojipedia.org. http://emojipedia.org/face-with-tears-of-joy/. 
  78. ↑ 79.0 79.1 "Oxford names 'emoji' 2015 Word of the Year". Oxford Dictionaries. November 16, 2015. http://blog.oxforddictionaries.com/2015/11/word-of-the-year-2015-emoji. 
  79. ↑ Waldman, Katy (November 16, 2015). "This Year's Word of the Year Isn't Even a Word 😂😂😂". Lexicon Valley. Slate. http://www.slate.com/blogs/lexicon_valley/2015/11/16/the_face_with_tears_of_joy_emoji_is_the_word_of_the_year_says_oxford_dictionaries.html. 
  80. ↑ Wang, Yanan (November 17, 2015). "For first time ever, an emoji is crowned Oxford Dictionaries' Word of the Year". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2015/11/17/for-first-time-ever-an-emoji-is-crowned-oxford-dictionaries-word-of-the-year. 
  81. ↑ 82.0 82.1 "2015 Word of the Year is singular 'they'". American Dialect Society. January 8, 2016. http://www.americandialect.org/2015-word-of-the-year-is-singular-they. 
  82. ↑ "White Flower Emoji". Emojipedia.org. http://emojipedia.org/white-flower. 
  83. ↑ 84.0 84.1 Bromwich, Jonah (October 20, 2015). "How Emojis find their way to phones". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/10/21/technology/how-emojis-find-their-way-to-phones.html. 
  84. ↑ Collister, Lauren (April 6, 2015). "Emoticons and symbols aren't ruining language – they're revolutionizing it". https://theconversation.com/emoticons-and-symbols-arent-ruining-language-theyre-revolutionizing-it-38408. 
  85. ↑ Kralj Novak, P.; Smailović, J.; Sluban, B.; Mozetič, I. (2015). "Sentiment of Emojis". PLOS ONE 10 (12): e0144296. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0144296. PMID 26641093. Bibcode: 2015PLoSO..1044296K. 
  86. ↑ "Emoji Sentiment Ranking". http://kt.ijs.si/data/Emoji_sentiment_ranking. 
  87. ↑ 88.0 88.1 Gans, Andrew (April 12, 2016). "New Musical About Emojis Will Premiere in Los Angeles". http://www.playbill.com/article/new-musical-about-emojis-will-premiere-in-los-angeles. 
  88. ↑ 89.0 89.1 Cary, Stephanie (April 14, 2016). "'Emojiland' is bringing your phone's emojis to life in LA". https://www.timeout.com/los-angeles/blog/emojiland-is-bringing-your-phones-emojis-to-life-in-la-050316. 
  89. ↑ Fleming, Mike Jr. (July 2015). "Emoji at Center of Bidding Battle Won By Sony Animation; Anthony Leondis To Direct". https://deadline.com/2015/07/emoji-movie-sony-pictures-animation-anthony-leondis-kung-fu-panda-secrets-of-the-masters-1201482768. 
  90. ↑ Lawrence, Derek (July 27, 2017). "The Emoji Movie: Here's what the critics are saying". https://ew.com/movies/2017/07/27/emoji-movie-review-roundup/. 
  91. ↑ "Emojis: How We Assign Meaning to These Ever-Popular Symbols". University of Michigan. May 19, 2017. http://ns.umich.edu/new/releases/24857-emojis-how-we-assign-meaning-to-these-ever-popular-symbols. 
  92. ↑ "People Around the World Use These Emojis The Most". Futurity. January 3, 2017. http://www.futurity.org/emoji-countries-1328712-2/. 
  93. ↑ "'Face with tears of joy' is the most popular emoji, says study". January 12, 2017. http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/technology/internet/%E2%80%98Face-with-tears-of-joy%E2%80%99-is-the-most-popular-emoji-says-study/article17025261.ece. 
  94. ↑ Danesi, Marcel (2015). The Semiotics of Emoji. Bloomsbury. p. 139. 
  95. ↑ "Exhibit A: ;-)". Slate. October 16, 2015. http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/users/2015/10/emoticons_and_emojis_as_evidence_in_court.html. Retrieved November 30, 2017. 
  96. ↑ Bennett, Jessica (July 25, 2014). "The Emoji Have Won the Battle of Words". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/2014/07/27/fashion/emoji-have-won-the-battle-of-words.html. 
  97. ↑ "The Emoji is the Birth of a New Type of Language (? No Joke)". Wired. April 19, 2016. https://www.wired.com/2016/04/the-science-of-emoji/. Retrieved November 30, 2017. 
  98. ↑ "Snapchat Emoji Meanings". https://snapchatemojimeanings.com. 
  99. ↑ "Emoji Recently Added, v12.0". https://www.unicode.org/emoji/charts-12.0/emoji-released.html. 
  100. ↑ 101.0 101.1 Gharib, Malaka (February 8, 2019). "Why Period Activists Think The 'Drop Of Blood' Emoji Is A Huge Win" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/sections/goatsandsoda/2019/02/08/692481425/why-period-activists-think-the-drop-of-blood-emoji-is-a-huge-win. 
  101. ↑ Desmon, Stephanie (2017-09-18). "Creating Buzz: Proposing a Mosquito Emoji for Public Health" (in en-US). https://ccp.jhu.edu/2017/09/18/creating-buzz-proposing-mosquito-emoji-public-health/. 
  102. ↑ Larson, Selena (April 11, 2016). "Emoji can lead to huge misunderstandings, research finds". Daily Dot. https://www.dailydot.com/debug/emoji-miscommunicate/. 
  103. ↑ Miller, Hannah (April 5, 2016). "Investigating the Potential for Miscommunication Using Emoji". Grouplens. https://grouplens.org/blog/investigating-the-potential-for-miscommunication-using-emoji/. 
  104. ↑ "What the Emoji You're Sending Actually Look Like to Your Friends". Motherboard. November 12, 2015. https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/78kzn9/what-the-emoji-youre-sending-actually-look-like-to-your-friends. 
  105. ↑ "Chinese people mean something very different when they send you a smiley emoji". March 29, 2017. https://qz.com/944693/chinese-people-mean-something-very-different-when-they-send-you-a-smiley-emoji/. 
  106. ↑ "Emojipedia Lookups At All Time High". April 15, 2020. https://blog.emojipedia.org/emojipedia-lookups-at-all-time-high/. 
  107. ↑ Allsopp, Ashleigh (December 15, 2014). "Lost in translation: Android emoji vs iOS emoji". http://www.techadvisor.co.uk/opinion/mobile-phone/lost-in-translation-android-emoji-vs-ios-emoji. 
  108. ↑ Varn, Kathryn (July 17, 2015). "Letting Our Emojis Get in the Way". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2015/07/18/nytnow/letting-our-emojis-get-in-the-way.html. 
  109. ↑ "Calendar emoji". http://emojipedia.org/calendar. 
  110. ↑ Bosker, Bianca (June 27, 2014). "How Emoji Get Lost in Translation". Huffington Post. https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2014/06/27/emoji-meaning_n_5530638.html. 
  111. ↑ Hern, Alex (August 12, 2015). "How to (pretend to) be young and down with the internet". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2015/aug/12/how-to-be-young-internet-lol-facebook. 
  112. ↑ Jewell, Hannah (December 13, 2014). "The 31 Most Nail Care Emoji Moments of 2014". https://www.buzzfeed.com/hannahjewell/the-most-nail-care-emoji-moments-of-2014. 
  113. ↑ Abad-Santos, Alexander; Jones, Allie (March 26, 2014). "The Five Non-Negotiable Best Emojis in the Land". http://www.thewire.com/culture/2014/03/the-only-five-emojis-you-need/359646/. 
  114. ↑ "Miscellaneous Symbols and Pictographs". https://www.unicode.org/charts/beta/nameslist/n_1F300.html. 
  115. ↑ 116.0 116.1 116.2 Kelly, Heather (August 2, 2017). "Apple replaces the pistol emoji with a water gun". https://money.cnn.com/2016/08/01/technology/apple-pistol-emoji/index.html. 
  116. ↑ Ziv, Stan (20 October 2015). "New Emoji Candidates to Be Voted On in Spring 2016". https://www.newsweek.com/new-emoji-candidates-be-voted-spring-2016-385196. 
  117. ↑ "Unicode 9.0 Emoji List" (in en). Emojipedia. 31 October 2015. https://emojipedia.org/unicode-9.0/. 
  118. ↑ 119.0 119.1 Warzel, Charlie (June 17, 2016). "Thanks To Apple's Influence, You're Not Getting A Rifle Emoji". https://www.buzzfeed.com/charliewarzel/thanks-to-apples-influence-youre-not-getting-a-rifle-emoji. 
  119. ↑ "Apple stops Unicode from releasing a rifle emoji, gun advocates get mad". June 22, 2016. http://www.cbc.ca/news/trending/rifle-emoji-dropped-unicode-9-0-update-apple-microsoft-1.3645884. 
  120. ↑ 121.0 121.1 Low, Cherlynn (August 4, 2016). "Microsoft just changed its toy gun emoji to a real pistol". https://www.engadget.com/2016/08/04/microsoft-new-real-gun-emoji/. 
  121. ↑ "All Major Vendors Commit to Gun Redesign" (in en). Emojipedia. April 27, 2018. https://blog.emojipedia.org/all-major-vendors-commit-to-gun-redesign/. 
  122. ↑ Baraniuk, Chris (2016-08-05). "Apple urged to rethink gun emoji change". https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-36985359. 
  123. ↑ Price, Rob (2016-08-02). "There's a huge problem with Apple's plan to combat gun violence by changing an emoji". https://www.insider.com/apple-change-pistol-emoji-toy-confusion-precedent-meaning-retroactive-2016-8. 
  124. ↑ 125.0 125.1 125.2 Hess, Amanda (April 3, 2015). "Eggplant rising: How the purple fruit surpassed the banana as the most phallic food". Slate. http://www.slate.com/articles/technology/users/2015/04/eggplant_rising_how_the_purple_fruit_surpassed_the_banana_as_the_most_phallic.html. Retrieved October 19, 2017. 
  125. ↑ 126.0 126.1 126.2 Hofmann, Regan (June 3, 2015). "The Complete (and Sometimes Sordid) History of the Eggplant Emoji". https://firstwefeast.com/features/2015/06/eggplant-emoji-history. 
  126. ↑ Goldman, David (April 29, 2015). "Instagram blocks 'offensive' eggplant emoji hashtag". https://money.cnn.com/2015/04/29/technology/eggplant-instagram-offensive/. 
  127. ↑ Azhar, Hamdan (December 16, 2016). "How We Really Use The Peach". Emojipedia. https://blog.emojipedia.org/how-we-really-use-the-peach. 
  128. ↑ Kircher, Madison (December 16, 2016). "Very Official Study Finds Peach Emoji Most Often Paired With Eggplant". Emojipedia. https://nymag.com/selectall/2016/12/what-does-peach-emoji-mean-its-a-butt.html. 
  129. ↑ Bhunjun, Avinash (January 18, 2018). "What do the aubergine and peach emoji mean?". Metro UK. https://metro.co.uk/2018/01/18/what-do-the-aubergine-and-peach-emoji-mean-7240646/. 
  130. ↑ Hern, Alex (November 16, 2016). "Everything's peachy as Apple restores emoji's 'bum' features". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2016/nov/16/everything-is-peachy-as-apple-restores-emojis-bum-features. 
  131. ↑ "Lawyer demands WhatsApp gets rid of the 'lewd' middle finger emoji" (in en-GB). Metro. December 27, 2017. http://metro.co.uk/2017/12/27/lawyer-demands-whatsapp-gets-rid-lewd-middle-finger-emoji-7186571/. 
  132. ↑ "Apple iOS 5.1". Emojipedia. https://emojipedia.org/apple/ios-5.1/. 
  133. ↑ "Apple iPhone OS 2.2". Emojipedia. https://emojipedia.org/apple/iphone-os-2.2/. 
  134. ↑ Everson, Michael; McGowan, Rick; Whistler, Ken; Umamaheswaran, V.S. (2020-07-22). "Roadmap to the SMP". https://www.unicode.org/roadmaps/smp/smp-13-0-3.html. 
  135. ↑ Lunde, Ken (2009). CJKV Information Processing (2nd ed.). Sebastopol CA.: O'Reilly Media. p. 200. ISBN 978-0-596-51447-1. 
  136. ↑ Microsoft (2018-05-31), "Color Fonts", Microsoft Docs, https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/directwrite/color-fonts#what-kinds-of-color-fonts-does-windows-support 
  137. ↑ "What's inside color fonts?". https://www.colorfonts.wtf/#section2. 
  138. ↑ "Apple releases iPhone Software v2.2". https://appleinsider.com/article/?id=10447. 
  139. ↑ "Standard Emoji keyboard arrives to iOS 5, here's how to enable it". June 8, 2011. https://9to5mac.com/2011/06/08/standard-emoji-keyboard-arrives-to-ios-5-heres-how-to-enable-it/. 
  140. ↑ "Apple Says 'Face With Tears of Joy' is Most Popular Emoji in United States Among English Speakers" (in en). https://www.macrumors.com/2017/11/03/face-with-tears-of-joy-most-popular-emoji/. 
  141. ↑ "😃 Emoji People and Smileys Meanings" (in en). https://emojipedia.org/people/. 
  142. ↑ "An update for the Segoe UI symbol font in Windows 7 and in Windows Server 2008 R2 is available". Microsoft Support. http://support.microsoft.com/kb/2729094. 
  143. ↑ Burge, Jeremy (2 October 2017). "Facebook Discontinues Messenger Emojis". Emojipedia. https://blog.emojipedia.org/facebook-discontinues-messenger-emojis/. 
  144. ↑ "Facebook Emoji List — Emojis and Reacts for Facebook" (in en). https://emojipedia.org/facebook/. "Facebook provides animated “emoji” reactions to posts. Reactions do not correspond to specific emojis in the Unicode standard (…). In March 2020, Facebook added a Care emoji reaction as an additional option in response to COVID-19. This is displayed similarly to a hugging face holding a red love heart. This Care emoji is not available as a standardized Unicode emoji, and can only be used in reactions to Facebook posts." 
  145. ↑ "UCD: Standardized Variation Sequences". Unicode Consortium. https://www.unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/StandardizedVariants.txt. 
  146. ↑ 147.0 147.1 "UCD: Emoji Data for UTR #51". Unicode Consortium. August 26, 2021. https://unicode.org/Public/UNIDATA/emoji/emoji-data.txt. 
  147. ↑ "Emoji ZWJ Sequences Catalog". Unicode Consortium. June 14, 2016. https://www.unicode.org/emoji/charts/emoji-zwj-sequences.html. 
  148. ↑ Addey, Dave (February 11, 2014). "Moon". https://typesetinthefuture.com/2014/02/11/moon/. 
  149. ↑ Christopher Shea (March 2014). "Text Me, Ishmael: Reading Moby Dick in Emoji". Smithsonian Magazine. http://www.smithsonianmag.com/arts-culture/text-me-ishmael-reading-moby-dick-emoji-180949825/. Retrieved August 23, 2017. 
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  151. ↑ BWW News Desk (August 7, 2015). "EMOJILAND: THE MUSICAL Plays Rockwell Table & Stage". http://www.broadwayworld.com/los-angeles/article/Photo-Flash-EMOJILAND-THE-MUSICAL-Plays-Rockwell-Table-Stage-20150807. 
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  153. ↑ "These Emoji Are Now Part of MoMA's Permanent Collection". October 26, 2016. http://mashable.com/2016/10/26/original-emoji-moma/#GYC.YU_AumqJ. 
  154. ↑ Steinmetz, Katy (November 6, 2016). written at San Francisco. "What It's Like Inside the World's First Emoji Convention". Time (New York City). http://time.com/4559662/emojicon-emoji-convention-2016/. Retrieved July 18, 2020. 
  155. ↑ DeAngelo, Daniel (June 14, 2017). "The Face-palming Finale of 'Samurai Jack'". Study Breaks. https://studybreaks.com/2017/06/14/samurai-jack-2-2/. 
  156. ↑ Mulkern, Patrick. "Doctor Who Smile review: 'A grief tsunami! It's a tough one to sell and I'm not buying it'". http://www.radiotimes.com/news/2017-04-22/doctor-who-smile-review-a-grief-tsunami-its-a-tough-one-to-sell-and-im-not-buying-it. 
  157. ↑ Perry, Spencer (December 22, 2015). "Emoji Movie, Animated Spider-Man and Peter Rabbit Get Release Dates" (in en-US). ComingSoon.net. https://www.comingsoon.net/movies/news/642987-sony-animation-dates-the-emoji-movie-delays-animated-spider-man. 
  158. ↑ Cowen, Trace William (August 30, 2021). "Drake's 'Certified Lover Boy' Cover Art Featuring Pregnant Emoji Has Everyone Scratching Their Heads". https://www.complex.com/style/drake-certified-lover-boy-cover-art-reactions/. 
  159. ↑ Ahlgrim, Callie (August 30, 2021). "Drake's new album art oddly features 12 pregnant women as emojis, and everyone from Lil Nas X to his fans are making fun of it". https://www.insider.com/drake-certified-lover-boy-album-cover-art-reactions-twitter-2021-8. 

Further reading

External links



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