Biology:Sirmium

Sirmium

Ruins of Imperial Palace at Sirmium
Shown within Serbia
Location	Modern-day Serbia (Sremska Mitrovica)
Region	Pannonia
Coordinates
Type	Settlement
History
Founded	Before 4th century BC
Abandoned	582
Cultures	Illyrian, Celt, Roman, Byzantine
Site notes
Condition	In ruins
Public access	Yes
Cultural Heritage of Serbia
Type	Archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance
Designated	1948
Reference no.	АН 106

Sirmium was a city in the Roman province of Pannonia, located on the Sava river, on the site of modern Sremska Mitrovica in northern Serbia. First mentioned in the 4th century BC and originally inhabited by Illyrians and Celts, it was conquered by the Romans in the 1st century BC and subsequently became the capital of the Roman province of Pannonia Inferior. In 294 AD, Sirmium was proclaimed one of four capitals of the Roman Empire. It was also the capital of the Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum and of Pannonia Secunda. The site is protected as an Archaeological Site of Exceptional Importance. The modern region of Syrmia (Srem or Srijem) was named after the city.

Sirmium had 100,000 inhabitants and was one of the largest cities of its time. Colin McEvedy, whose estimates for ancient cities are much lower than the general consensus, however, put the population at only 7,000, based on the size of the archaeological site. Ammianus Marcellinus called it "the glorious mother of cities". The amount of grain imported between 1 AD and 400 AD was enough to feed 700,000 to 1 million people.

History

Golden Roman helmet found near Sirmium; it has been exhibited in the Museum of Vojvodina in Novi Sad.

Map of the praetorian prefecture of Illyricum, 318–79, with its capital in Sirmium.

A scale model of Sirmium in the Visitors Center in Sremska Mitrovica.

Remains of Sirmium stand on the site of the modern-day Sremska Mitrovica, 55 km west of Belgrade (Roman Singidunum) and 145 km away from Kostolac (Roman Viminacium). Archaeologists have found traces of organized human life on the site of Sirmium dating from 5,000 BC. The city was firstly mentioned in the 4th century BC and was originally inhabited by the Illyrians and Celts (by the Pannonian-Illyrian Amantini and the Celtic Scordisci). The Triballi king Syrmus was later considered the eponymous founder of Sirmium, but the roots are different, and the two words only became conflated later. The name Sirmium by itself means "flow, flowing water, wetland", referring to its close river position on the nearby Sava.

With the Celtic tribe of Scordisci as allies, the Roman proconsul Marcus Vinicius took Sirmium in around 14 BC. In the 1st century AD, Sirmium gained the status of a Roman colony, and became an important military and strategic center of the Pannonia province. The Roman emperors Trajan, Marcus Aurelius, and Claudius II prepared war expeditions in Sirmium.

In 103, Pannonia was split into two provinces: Pannonia Superior and Pannonia Inferior, and Sirmium became the capital city of the latter.

In 296, Diocletian reorganized Pannonia into four provinces: Pannonia Prima, Pannonia Valeria, Pannonia Savia and Pannonia Secunda, and Sirmium became the capital of Pannonia Secunda. He joined them with Noricum and Dalmatia to establish the Diocese of Pannonia, with Sirmium as its capital also.

In 293, with the establishment of the Tetrarchy, the Roman Empire was split into four parts; Sirmium emerged as one of the four capital cities (along with Trier, Mediolanum, and Nicomedia), and was the capital of emperor Galerius. With the establishment of Praetorian prefectures in 318, the capital of the prefecture of Illyricum was Sirmium, remaining so until 379, when the westernmost Diocese of Illyricum, Pannonia (including Sirmium), was detached and joined to the prefecture of Italia assuming the name of Diocese of Illyricum. The eastern part of Illyricum remained a separate prefecture under the East Roman (Byzantine) Empire with its new capital in Thessalonica.

The city also had an imperial palace, a horse-racing arena, a mint, an arena theatre, and a theatre, as well as many workshops, public baths, temples, public palaces and luxury villas. Ancient historian Ammianus Marcellinus called it "the glorious mother of cities". The mint in Sirmium was connected with the mint in Salona and silver mines in the Dinaric Alps through the Via Argentaria.

At the end of the 4th century Sirmium came under the sway of the Goths, and later, was again annexed to the East Roman Empire. In 441 the Huns conquered Sirmium; it remained for more than a century in the hands of various other tribes, such as Eastern Goths and Gepids. For a short time, Sirmium was the centre of the Gepids and king Cunimund minted gold coins there. In 504, Count Pitzas of Theoderic the Great took Sirmium. After 567, Sirmium was returned to the East Roman Empire. The Pannonian Avars conquered and destroyed the city in 582.

Roman emperors

Three golden helmets found near Sirmium, "guarded" by 80 Roman legionnaires, Museum of Vojvodina in Novi Sad

Ten Roman emperors were born in this city or in its surroundings: Herennius Etruscus (251), Hostilian (251), Decius (249–51), Claudius II (268-270), Quintillus (270), Aurelian (270–75), Probus (276–82), Maximian (285–310), Constantius II (337–61), and Gratian (367–83).

The last emperor of the united Roman Empire, Theodosius I (378–95), became emperor in Sirmium. The usurpers Ingenuus and Regalianus also declared themselves emperors in this city (in 260) and many other Roman emperors spent some time in Sirmium, including Marcus Aurelius, who might have written parts of his famous work Meditations in the city. Sirmium was, most likely, the site of the death of Marcus Aurelius, of smallpox, in March of 180 CE.

Christian bishopric

The city had a Christian community by the third century. By the end of the century, it had a bishop, who was probably the metropolitan of all the Pannonian bishops. The first known bishop was Irenaeus, who was martyred during the Diocletianic Persecution in 304. For the next century, the sequence of bishops is known, but in the fifth and sixth centuries the see falls into obscurity. An unnamed bishop is mentioned in 448. The last known bishop is mentioned in a papal letter of 594, after which the city itself is rarely mentioned and the see probably went into abeyance.

From the time of the first synod of Tyre in 335, Sirmium became a stronghold of the Arian movement and site of much controversy. Between 347 and 358 there were four synods held in Sirmium. A fifth took plate in 375 or 378. All dealt with the Arian controversy.

Archeological findings

Julian solidus, ca. 361, from Sirmium mint

On the location Glac near Sirmium is found unexcavated the palace of Emperor Maximianus Herculius built on the place where his parents worked as laborers on the estate of a Roman column. During the construction of the hospital in 1971, was found in monumental Jupiter's sanctuary with more than eighty of the altar, which is the second largest in Europe. Sirmium had two bridges with which she was bridged river Sava, of which indicate the historical sources, bridge Ad Basanti and Artemida's bridge. After the 313th the Sirmium became an important Christian centre. So far revealed are eight early Christian churches, of which they are dedicated to St. Irenaeus, St. Demetrius. and Sv. Sinenot.

During work on the new Sremska Mitrovica trade center in 1972, a worker accidentally broke into an old Roman pot, about 2m deep, over the site of an old Sirmium settlement. 33 gold Roman coins enclosed in a leather pouch were found inside a Roman house wall, probably the hidden savings of a wealthy Roman family stashed centuries ago. Of this extraordinary rare find of Sirmium minted coins were 4 Constantius II era coins, considered the most valuable examples from the late Roman Empire of the fourth century AD. Ironically, the worker's name was Zlatenko (meaning Golden, or Golden Man in Serbian, Aurelius in Latin).

The only known unexcavated Roman Hippodrome in the world is in Sirmium. A colossal building about 150m wide and 450m long lies directly under the Sremska Mitrovica town center and just beside the old Sirmium Emperor's Palace (one of just a few Sirmium publicly accessible archeological sites). The presence of the arena has clearly affected the layout of the present town (Sremska Mitrovica is today about 2–4m above ground line of former Sirmium settlement). Recently announced cultural and archeological projects for preserving and popularising Sirmium sites haven't included any activity dealing with the arena, probably due to the extent of the large arena — the entire present town center might have to be excavated.

Famous residents

Traianus Decius, first romanized Illyrian that became Roman Emperor (249–51), born in village Budalia near Sirmium

List of emperors

• Marcus Aurelius (161–180), used Sirmium as a residence in between Pannonian military campaigns (170–180)
• Maximinus (235–238), ruled from residence in Sirmium
• Herennius Etruscus (251), born in Sirmium
• Hostilian (251), born in Sirmium
• Ingenuus (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium
• Regalianus (260), proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium
• Claudius II (268–270), born in Sirmium and spent most of his life there
• Quintillus (270), born in Sirmium
• Aurelian (270–275), born in Sirmium and also proclaimed emperor there
• Probus (276–282), born in Sirmium
• Maximianus Herculius (285–310), born near Sirmium
• Galerius (305–311), ruled as caesar from Sirmium (293–296)
• Crispus, proclaimed caesar in Sirmium in 317
• Constantine II, proclaimed caesar in Sirmium in 317
• Vetranio, proclaimed himself emperor in Sirmium in 350
• Constantius II (337–361), born in Sirmium
• Gratian (367–383), born in Sirmium
• Theodosius I the Great (378–395), became emperor in Sirmium

List of prefects

• Valerius Licinius, prefect of the Diocese of Pannonia with residence in Sirmium (308–314)
• Apricanus, prefect of Pannonia Secunda with residence in Sirmium (355)
• Mesala, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province (373)
• Petronius Probus, prefect in Sirmium (374)
• Aurelius Victor, prefect of the Pannonia Secunda province (369), and author of a History of Rome until the reign of Julian
• Leontius, prefect in Sirmium (426)

List of bishops

• Irenaeus (died 304)
• Domnus (deposed c. 335), attended the First Council of Nicaea
• Eutherius (fl. 347)
• Photinus (c. 345–351), Arian bishop
• Germinius (351–c. 376)
• Anemius (c. 376–c. 392)
• Cornelius (c. 392 – after 404)
• Laurentius (in 401–17)
• Sebastianus (fl. 594)

List of saints

• Anastasia of Sirmium
• Fausta of Sirmium

Sources

• Curta, Florin (2001). "Limes and Cross: the Religious Dimension of the Sixth-century Danube Frontier of the Early Byzantine Empire". Старинар 51: 45-70. https://www.academia.edu/234031/Limes_and_cross_the_religious_dimension_of_the_sixth-century_Danube_frontier_of_the_early_Byzantine_empire. 
• Curta, Florin (2001). The Making of the Slavs: History and Archaeology of the Lower Danube Region, c. 500–700. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=rcFGhCVs0sYC. 
• Curta, Florin (2006). Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. https://archive.org/details/southeasterneuro0000curt. 
• Given, John (2014). The Fragmentary History of Priscus. Merchantville, New Jersey: Evolution Publishing. https://books.google.com/books?id=xzOGoAEACAAJ. 
• Janković, Đorđe (2004). "The Slavs in the 6th Century North Illyricum". Гласник Српског археолошког друштва 20: 39–61. http://www.rastko.rs/arheologija/delo/13047. 
• Kazhdan, Alexander (1991). "Sirmium". The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium. 3. New York: Oxford University Press. pp. 1906. https://books.google.com/books?id=OTxhtAEACAAJ. 
• Kuzmanović, Zorica; Mihajlović, Vladimir D. (2015). "Roman Emperors and Identity Constructions in Modern Serbia". Identities: Global Studies in Culture and Power 22 (4): 416-432. https://www.academia.edu/10452643/Roman_emperors_and_identity_constructions_in_modern_Serbia._Identities_Global_Studies_in_Culture_and_Power. 
• Mirković, Miroslava B. (2017). Sirmium: Its History from the First Century AD to 582 AD. Novi Sad: Center for Historical Research. http://digitalna.ff.uns.ac.rs/sadrzaj/2017/978-86-6065-375-0. 
• Милошевић, Петар (2001). Археологија и историја Сирмијума. Нови Сад: Матица српска. https://books.google.com/books?id=ResJHQAACAAJ. 
• Mócsy, András (2014) [1974]. Pannonia and Upper Moesia: A History of the Middle Danube Provinces of the Roman Empire. New York: Routledge. https://books.google.com/books?id=LP9RAwAAQBAJ. 
• Papazoglu, Fanula (1978). The Central Balkan Tribes in pre-Roman Times: Triballi, Autariatae, Dardanians, Scordisci and Moesians. Amsterdam: Hakkert. https://books.google.com/books?id=Up4JAQAAIAAJ. 
• Popović, Radomir V. (1996). Le Christianisme sur le sol de l'Illyricum oriental jusqu'à l'arrivée des Slaves. Thessaloniki: Institute for Balkan Studies. https://books.google.com/books?id=YwsQAQAAIAAJ. 
• Whitby, Michael (1988). The Emperor Maurice and his Historian: Theophylact Simocatta on Persian and Balkan warfare. Oxford: Clarendon Press. https://books.google.com/books?id=xdxQAQAAIAAJ. 

External links

• IMPERIAL PALACE
• Sirmium Imperial Palace on YouTube
• Ancient Sirmium on YouTube
• The Land of the Golden helmets (In Serbian) Documentary film
• Roman Sirmium and Panonia (In Serbian) Documentary film
• Southern Pannonia during the age of the Great Migrations