Organization:Barnard College

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Short description: Private women's college in Manhattan, New York, U.S.
Barnard College
Formal Seal of Barnard College, New York City, USA.svg
Latin: Barnardi Collegium
MottoἙπομένη τῷ λογισμῷ (Greek)
Hepomene toi logismoi
Motto in English
Following the Way of Reason
TypePrivate women's liberal arts college
Established1889; 135 years ago (1889)
Parent institution
Columbia University
Academic affiliations
Endowment$447 million (2022)[1]
PresidentLaura Rosenbury
Academic staff
388 (Fall 2022)[2]
Undergraduates3,442 (Fall 2022)[2]
Location
New York City
,
New York
,
United States

[ ⚑ ] : 40°48′35″N 73°57′49″W / 40.8096°N 73.9635°W / 40.8096; -73.9635
CampusUrban
|u}}rsBlue and white
        
Sporting affiliations
NCAA Division I – Ivy League
(consortium with Columbia University)
MascotMillie the Bear
Websitebarnard.edu
Barnard College logo.jpeg

Barnard College, officially titled as Barnard College, Columbia University, is a private women's liberal arts college in the borough of Manhattan in New York City . It was founded in 1889 by a group of women led by young student activist Annie Nathan Meyer, who petitioned Columbia University's trustees to create an affiliated college named after Columbia's recently deceased 10th president, Frederick A.P. Barnard. The college is one of the original Seven Sisters—seven liberal arts colleges in the Northeastern United States that were historically women's colleges.

Barnard is currently one of four Columbia undergraduate colleges with independent admission, curriculum, and financials. Students share classes, libraries, clubs, sororities, athletic fields, and dining halls with Columbia, as well as sports[3] teams, through the Columbia-Barnard Athletic Consortium,[4] an agreement that makes Barnard the only women's college to offer its students the ability to compete in NCAA Division I athletics. Students receive their diploma from Columbia University.

Barnard offers Bachelor of Arts degree programs in about 50 areas of study. Students may also pursue elements of their education at Columbia, the Juilliard School, the Manhattan School of Music, and The Jewish Theological Seminary, which are also based in New York City. Its 4-acre (1.6 ha) campus is located in the Upper Manhattan neighborhood of Morningside Heights, stretching along Broadway between 116th and 120th Streets. It is directly across from Columbia's main campus.

Barnard College alumnae include leaders in science, religion, politics, the Peace Corps, medicine, law, education, communications, theater, and business. Barnard graduates have been recipients of Emmy, Tony, Grammy, Academy, and Peabody Awards, Guggenheim Fellowships, MacArthur Fellowships, the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the National Medal of Science, and the Pulitzer Prize.

History

Founding

Members of the Barnard class of 1913
The facade of Barnard Hall

From its founding in 1754 until the mid-1980s, Columbia College of Columbia University admitted only men for undergraduate study.[5] Barnard College was founded in 1889 as a response to Columbia's refusal to admit women. Classes took place in a rented brownstone at 343 Madison Avenue, where a faculty of six offered instruction to 36 students.[6]

The college was named after Frederick Augustus Porter Barnard, a deaf American educator and mathematician who later served as Columbia's president for over twenty years. He advocated for coeducational settings and proposed in 1879 that Columbia admit women.[7] Columbia's Board of Trustees repeatedly rejected Barnard's suggestion,[7] but in 1883 agreed to create a syllabus that would allow the college's students to receive degrees. The first such graduate received her bachelor's degree in 1887. A former student of the program, Annie Meyer,[8] and other prominent New York women persuaded the board in 1889 to create a women's college connected to Columbia.[7][9] Men and women were evenly represented among the founding Trustees of Barnard College.[10]:212

Morningside campus

When Columbia University announced in 1892 its impending move to Morningside Heights, Barnard built a new campus nearby with gifts from Mary E. Brinckerhoff, Elizabeth Milbank Anderson and Martha Fiske.[11] Two of these gifts were made with several stipulations attached. Brinckerhoff insisted that Barnard acquire land within 1,000 feet of the Columbia campus within the next four years.[12] The Barnard trustees purchased land between 119th-120th Streets after receiving funds for that purpose in 1895.[13][14] Anderson requested that Charles A. Rich be hired.[15] Rich designed the Milbank, Brinckerhoff, and Fiske Halls, built in 1897–1898;[15] these were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.[16] The first classes at the new campus were held in 1897. Despite Brinckerhoff's, Anderson's, and Fiske's gifts, Barnard remained in debt.[11]

Ella Weed supervised the college in its first four years; Emily James Smith succeeded her as Barnard's first dean.[7] Jessica Finch is credited with coining the phrase "current events" while teaching at Barnard College in the 1890s.[17]

The college received the three blocks south of 119th Street from Anderson in 1903.[18][19] Rich provided a master plan for the campus, but only Brooks Hall was built, being constructed between 1906 and 1908.[20][21] None of Rich's other plans were carried out. Students' Hall, now known as Barnard Hall, was built in 1916 to a design by Arnold Brunner.[22] Hewitt Hall was the last structure to be erected, in 1926–1927.[21] All three buildings were listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 2003.[16][23]

By the mid-20th century, Barnard had succeeded in its original goal of providing a top-tier education to women. Between 1920 and 1974, only the much larger Hunter College and University of California, Berkeley produced more women graduates who later received doctorates.[24] In the 1970s, Barnard faced considerable pressure to merge with male only Columbia College, which was fiercely resisted by its president, Jacquelyn Mattfeld.[25]

Academics

Barnard students are able to pursue a Bachelor of Arts degree in about 50 areas of study.[26] Joint programs for the Bachelor of Science and other degrees exist with Columbia University, Juilliard School, and The Jewish Theological Seminary. The most popular majors at the college by 2021 graduates, were [27].:

Econometrics and Quantitative Economics (62)
Research and Experimental Psychology (56)
History (43)
English Language and Literature (39)
Political Science and Government (36)
Neuroscience (33)
Art History, Criticism and Conservation (33)

The liberal arts general education requirements are collectively called Foundations. Students must take two courses in the sciences (one of which must be accompanied by a laboratory course), study a single foreign language for two semesters, and take two courses in the arts/humanities as well as two in the social sciences. In addition, students must complete at least one three-credit course in the so-called "Modes of Thinking" series, and fulfill other requirements.[28]

Admissions

Enrolled First-Year Student Statistics
  2022[29] 2021[29] 2020[29] 2019[30] 2018[31]
Applicants 12,009 10,395 9,411 9,320 7,897
Admits NA 1,084 1,022 1,097 1,099
Admit rate 6% 10% 10.8% 11.8% 13.9%
Enrolled N/A N/A N/A 632 605
SAT mid-50% range* N/A N/A N/A 1360-1500 1330-1500
ACT mid-50% range N/A N/A N/A 31-34 30-33
* SAT out of 1600

Admissions to Barnard are considered "most selective" by U.S. News & World Report.[32] It is the most selective women's college in the nation;[33] in 2017, Barnard had the lowest acceptance rate of the five Seven Sisters that remain single-sex in admissions.[34]

The class of 2026's admission rate was 8% of the 12,009 applicants, the lowest acceptance rate in the institution's history.[35] The median SAT composite score of enrolled students was 1440, with median subscores of 720 in Math and 715 in Evidence-Based Reading and Writing.[30] The median ACT Composite score was 33.[30]

In 2015, Barnard announced that it would admit transgender women who "consistently live and identify as women, regardless of the gender assigned to them at birth" and would continue to support and enroll those students who transitioned to male after they had already been admitted.[36]

The college practices need-blind admission for domestic first-year applicants.[37]

Rankings

University rankings
National
Forbes[38] 73 of 500
THE/WSJ[39] 50 of 600
Liberal arts colleges
U.S. News & World Report[40] 11 (tie) of 185
Washington Monthly[41] 61 of 199

Barnard is ranked tied at 11th of 185 overall and tied for 25th of 36 for "Best Undergraduate Teaching," among U.S. liberal arts colleges by U.S. News & World Report.[42] Forbes ranked Barnard 73rd of 500 colleges in 2023.[43]

Campus

Library

Milbank Hall
photo of the Milstein Center for Teaching and Learning
The Milstein Center for Teaching and Learning

While Barnard students have access to the libraries at Columbia University, the college has always maintained a library of its own. The Barnard Library also encompasses the Archives and Special Collections, with material that documents Barnard's history from its founding to the present day.[44] Among the collections are the Ntozake Shange papers.[45]

Zine Collection

The Barnard Zine Library is a unit of the Barnard Library and Academic Information Systems (BLAIS). Zine collections target primarily female, default queer, intentionally of color, and gender expansive topics. In 2004, it became the first zine library in the United States to be fully cataloged in the OCLC.[46] It opened for circulation in 2008, and holds roughly 5,000 processed zines as of 2018.[47] The library supports the student-run Barnard Zine Club.[48]

Student life

Student organizations

College life as depicted by the college's newspaper in 1923.
A 1902 depiction of a "modern" Barnard woman.
A depiction of the Barnard Bear, commonly referred to by students as Millie the Dancing Bear.

Every Barnard student is part of the Student Government Association (SGA), which elects a representative student government. SGA aims to facilitate the expression of opinions on matters that directly affect the Barnard community.[49]

Student groups include theatre and vocal music groups, language clubs, literary magazines, a freeform radio station called WBAR, a biweekly magazine called the Barnard Bulletin, Club Q, community service groups, and others.

Barnard students can also join extracurricular activities or organizations at Columbia University, while Columbia University students are allowed in most, but not all, Barnard organizations. Barnard's McIntosh Activities Council organizes various community focused events on campus, such as Big Sub and Midnight Breakfast. There are sub-committees focussed on cultural events (Mosaic), health and wellness (Wellness), networking (Network), even-planning (Community), and service (Action).

Sororities

Barnard students participate in various sororities. (As of 2010), Barnard does not fully recognize the National Panhellenic Conference sororities at Columbia, but it does provide some funding to account for Barnard students living in Columbia housing through these organizations.[50]

Traditions

Barnard Greek Games: One of Barnard's oldest traditions, the Barnard Greek Games were first held in 1903, and occurred annually until the Columbia University protests in 1968. Since then they have been sporadically revived. The games consist of competitions between each graduating class at Barnard, and events have traditionally included Greek poetry recitation, dance, chariot racing, and a torch race.[51]

Take Back the Night: Each April, Barnard and Columbia students participate in the Take Back the Night march and speak-out. This annual event grew out of a 1988 Seven Sisters conference. The march has grown from under 200 participants in 1988 to more than 2,500 in 2007.[52]

Midnight Breakfast marks the beginning of finals week. As a highly popular event and long-standing college tradition, Midnight Breakfast is hosted by the student-run activities council, McAC (McIntosh Activities Council). In addition to providing standard breakfast foods, each year's theme is also incorporated into the menu. Past themes have included "I YUMM the 90s," "Grease," and "Take Me Out to the Ballgame." The event is a school-wide affair as college deans, trustees and the president serve food to about a thousand students. It takes place the night before finals begin every semester.[53]

Big Sub: Towards the beginning of each fall semester, Barnard College supplies a 700+ feet long subway sandwich. Students from the college can take as much of the sub as they can carry. The sub has kosher, dairy free, vegetarian, and vegan sections. This event is organized by the student-run activities council, McAC.[54]

Academic affiliations

Relationship with Columbia University

Greek Games statue
Front gates read "Barnard College of Columbia University"

The Barnard Bulletin in 1976 described the relationship between the college and Columbia University as "intricate and ambiguous".[55] Barnard president Debora Spar said in 2012 that "the relationship is admittedly a complicated one, a unique one and one that may take a few sentences to explain to the outside community".[56] Outside sources often describe Barnard as part of Columbia; The New York Times in 2013, for example, called Barnard "an undergraduate women's college of Columbia University".[7][57] Its front gates read "Barnard College of Columbia University."[58]

Barnard describes itself as "both an independently incorporated educational institution and an official college of Columbia University"[59] that is "one of the University's four colleges, but we're largely autonomous, with our own leadership and purse strings",[60] and advises students to state "Barnard College, Columbia University" or "Barnard College of Columbia University" on résumés.[61]

Columbia describes Barnard as an affiliated institution[62] that is a faculty of the university[63] or is "in partnership with" it.[64] Both the college and Columbia evaluate Barnard faculty for tenure,[65] and Barnard graduates receive Columbia diplomas signed by the Barnard and the Columbia presidents.[66][67]

Before coeducation at Columbia

Smith and Columbia president Seth Low worked to open Columbia classes to Barnard students. By 1900 they could attend Columbia classes in philosophy, political science, and several scientific fields.[7] That year Barnard formalized an affiliation with the university which made available to its students the instruction and facilities of Columbia.[59] Franz Boas, who taught at both Columbia and Barnard in the early 1900s, was among those faculty members who reportedly found Barnard students superior to their male Columbia counterparts.[24] From 1955, Columbia and Barnard students could register for the other school's classes with the permission of the instructor; from 1973 no permission was needed.[8]

Except for Columbia College, by the 1940s, other undergraduate and graduate divisions of Columbia University admitted women.[5] Columbia president William J. McGill predicted in 1970, that Barnard College and Columbia College would merge within five years. In 1973, Columbia and Barnard signed a three-year agreement to increase sharing classrooms, facilities, and housing, and cooperation in faculty appointments,[68] which they described as "integration without assimilation";[69] by the mid-1970s, most Columbia dormitories were coed.[70] The university's financial difficulties during the decade increased its desire to merge[71] to end what Columbia described as the "anachronism" of single-sex education,[69] but Barnard resisted doing so because of Columbia's large debt,[70] rejecting in 1975 Columbia dean Peter Pouncey's proposal to merge Barnard and the three Columbia undergraduate schools.[68] The 1973–1976 chairwoman of the board at Barnard, Eleanor Thomas Elliott, led the resistance to this takeover.[72] The college's marketing emphasized the Columbia relationship, however, the Bulletin in 1976 stating that Barnard described it as identical to the one between Harvard College and Radcliffe College ("who are merged in practically everything but name at this point").[55]

After Barnard rejected subsequent merger proposals from Columbia and a one-year extension to the 1973 agreement expired, in 1977, the two schools began discussing their future relationship. By 1979, the relationship had so deteriorated that Barnard officials stopped attending meetings. Because of an expected decline in enrollment, in 1980 a Columbia committee recommended that Columbia College begin admitting women without Barnard's cooperation. A 1981 committee found that Columbia was no longer competitive with other Ivy League universities without women, and that admitting women would not affect Barnard's applicant pool. That year Columbia president Michael Sovern agreed for the two schools to cooperate in admitting women to Columbia, but Barnard faculty's opposition caused president Ellen Futter to reject the agreement.[68]

A decade of negotiations for a Columbia-Barnard merger akin to Harvard and Radcliffe had failed.[69] In January 1982, the two schools instead announced that Columbia College would begin admitting women in 1983, and Barnard's control over tenure for its faculty would increase;[68][5] previously, a committee on which Columbia faculty outnumbered Barnard's three to two controlled the latter's tenure.[69] Applications to Columbia rose 56% that year, making admission more selective, and nine Barnard students transferred to Columbia. Eight students admitted to both Columbia and Barnard chose Barnard, while 78 chose Columbia.[73] Within a few years, however, selectivity rose at both schools as they received more women applicants than expected.[5]

After coeducation

The Columbia-Barnard affiliation continued.[69] (As of 2012), Barnard pays Columbia about $5 million a year under the terms of the "interoperate relationship", which the two schools renegotiate every 15 years.[56] Despite the affiliation Barnard is legally and financially separate from Columbia, with an independent faculty and board of trustees. It is responsible for its own separate admissions, health, security, guidance and placement services, and has its own alumnae association. Nonetheless, Barnard students participate in the academic, social, athletic and extracurricular life of the broader University community on a reciprocal basis. The affiliation permits the two schools to share some academic resources; for example, only Barnard has an urban studies department, and only Columbia has a computer science department. Most Columbia classes are open to Barnard students and vice versa. Barnard students and faculty are represented in the University Senate, and student organizations such as the Columbia Daily Spectator are open to all students. Barnard students play on Columbia athletics teams, and Barnard uses Columbia email, telephone and network services.[56][67]

Barnard athletes compete in the Ivy League (NCAA Division I) through the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, which was established in 1983. Through this arrangement, Barnard is the only women's college offering Division I athletics.[74] There are 15 intercollegiate teams, and students also compete at the intramural and club levels. From 1975 to 1983, before the establishment of the Columbia/Barnard Athletic Consortium, Barnard students competed as the "Barnard Bears".[75] Prior to 1975, students referred to themselves as the "Barnard honeybears".[76]

Controversies

In the spring of 1960, Columbia University president Grayson Kirk complained to the president of Barnard that Barnard students were wearing inappropriate clothing. The garments in question were pants and Bermuda shorts. The administration forced the student council to institute a dress code. Students would be allowed to wear shorts and pants only at Barnard and only if the shorts were no more than two inches above the knee and the pants were not tight. Barnard women crossing the street to enter the Columbia campus wearing shorts or pants were required to cover themselves with a long coat.[77][78]

In March 1968, The New York Times ran an article on students who cohabited, identifying one of the persons they interviewed as a student at Barnard College from New Hampshire named "Susan".[79] Barnard officials searched their records for women from New Hampshire and were able to determine that "Susan" was the pseudonym of a student (Linda LeClair) who was living with her boyfriend, a student at Columbia University. She was called before Barnard's student-faculty administration judicial committee, where she faced the possibility of expulsion. A student protest included a petition signed by 300 other Barnard women, admitting that they too had broken the regulations against cohabitating. The judicial committee reached a compromise and the student was allowed to remain in school, but was denied use of the college cafeteria and barred from all social activities. The student briefly became a focus of intense national attention. She eventually dropped out of Barnard.[8][80][81]

Administration

The following lists all the presidents and deans of Barnard College from 1889 to present.[82][83]

File:Laura Rosenbury.jpg
Laura A. Rosenbury, president of Barnard College
  • Ella Weed (1889–1894)
  • Emily James Smith (1894–1900)
  • Laura Drake Gill (1901–1907)
  • Virginia Gildersleeve (1911–1947)
  • Millicent McIntosh (1947–1962)
  • Rosemary Park (1962–1967)
  • Martha Peterson (1967–1975)
  • Jacquelyn Mattfeld (1976–1980)
  • Ellen Futter (1980–1993)
  • Judith Shapiro (1994–2008)
  • Debora Spar (2008–2017)
  • Sian Beilock (2017–2023)
  • Laura A. Rosenbury (2023–present)[84]

Notable people

For a more comprehensive list, see List of Barnard College people.

Barnard College has graduated many prominent leaders in science, religion, politics, the Peace Corps, medicine, law, education, communications, theater, and business; and acclaimed actors, architects, artists, astronauts, engineers, human rights activists, inventors, musicians, philanthropists, and writers. They include academic Louise Holland (1914),[85] author Zora Neale Hurston (1928),[86] author and political activist Grace Lee Boggs (1935),[87] television host Ronnie Eldridge (1952),[88] Phyllis E. Grann, CEO of Penguin Putnam,[89] U.S. Representative Helen Gahagan (1924),[90] Spelman College's 11th President and former chair of the Presidential Advisory Council on HIV/AIDS Helene D. Gayle (1970),[91] president of the American Civil Liberties Union Susan Herman (1968),[92] Chief Judge of the New York Court of Appeals Judith Kaye (1958),[93] chair of the National Labor Relations Board Wilma B. Liebman (1971),[94] musician and performance artist Laurie Anderson (1969),[95] actress, activist, and gubernatorial candidate Cynthia Nixon (1988),[96] author of The Sisterhood of the Traveling Pants Ann Brashares (1989),[97] The New Yorker cartoonist Amy Hwang (2000),[98] actress from Grey's Anatomy Kelly McCreary (2003),[99] writer and director Greta Gerwig (2004),[100] and Disney Channel actress Christy Carlson Romano (2015).[101]

  • Martha Stewart '63, businesswoman, author, television personality

    Martha Stewart '63, businesswoman, author, television personality

  • Lauren Graham '88, actress, author

    Lauren Graham '88, actress, author

  • Joan Rivers '55, comedian, actress

    Joan Rivers '55, comedian, actress

  • Greta Gerwig '06, filmmaker

  • Norma Merrick Sklarek '50, architect

  • Grace Lee Boggs '35, author, social activist, philosopher

  • Maria Hinojosa '85, journalist, activist

  • Helene D. Gayle '76, physician, public health official

  • Ntozake Shange '70, playwright, poet, author

  • Laurie Anderson '69, performance artist, NASA's first Artist-in-Residence

  • Jacqueline K. Barton '74, chemist, pioneer in the study of DNA structure

  • Jhumpa Lahiri '89, author, Pulitzer Prize winner

  • Margaret Mead '23, anthropologist

  • Cynthia Nixon '88, actor, political candidate

  • Twyla Tharp '63, choreographer

  • Zora Neale Hurston '28, author

  • Katherine Boo '88, journalist, recipient of the Pulitzer and MacArthur Foundation prizes

See also

  • Athena Film Festival
  • Barnard Center for Research on Women
  • Hidden Ivies: Thirty Colleges of Excellence
  • Women's colleges in the United States
  • List of coordinate colleges

References

Citations

  1. ↑ As of March 7, 2022. U.S. and Canadian Institutions Listed by Fiscal Year 2021 Endowment Market Value and Change in Endowment Market Value from FY20 to FY21 (Report). National Association of College and University Business Officers and TIAA. 2022. https://www.nacubo.org/-/media/Nacubo/Documents/research/2022-NTSE-Public-Tables--Endowment-Market-Values--FINAL.ashx?la=en&hash=362DC3F9BDEB1DF0C22B05D544AD24D1C44E318D. Retrieved June 5, 2023. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Common Data Set 2022-2023". Barnard College. https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/20230622_CommonDataSet_Barnard.pdf. 
  3. ↑ "Athletics". Barnard College. https://barnard.edu/athletics. 
  4. ↑ "Small-School Support, Big-School Athletics". Barnard College. https://barnard.edu/athletics. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Farmer, Melanie. "College Marks 25 years of Coeducation". http://www.columbia.edu/cu/news/record/coeducation.html. 
  6. ↑ "Barnard College: An Early Timeline, To 1939 | Barnard 125" (in en-US). https://blogs.cuit.columbia.edu/ram31/timelines/barnard-college-timeline-to-1945-under-construction/. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 7.3 7.4 7.5 Weneck, Bette (Spring 1991). "Social and Cultural Stratification in Women's Higher Education: Barnard College and Teachers College, 1898–1912". History of Education Quarterly 31 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2307/368780. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 Rosenberg, Rosalind (September 21, 1999). "The Woman Question". Barnard College. http://beatl.barnard.columbia.edu/cuhistory/archives/Rosenberg/woman_question.htm. 
  9. ↑ "First Barnard Board of Trustees, 1889". https://edblogs.columbia.edu/histx3570-001-2014-1/numbers/first-barnard-board-of-trustees-1889/. 
  10. ↑ Putnam, Emily Jane (1900). "The rise of Barnard College". Columbia University Quarterly II (3): 209–217. https://books.google.com/books?id=9IZMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA212. Retrieved 2 July 2020. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Dolkart 1998, p. 215.
  12. ↑ Dolkart 1998, p. 209.
  13. ↑ Dolkart 1998, p. 210.
  14. ↑ "GIFTS TO BARNARD COLLEGE; TWO HUNDRED THOUSAND DOLLARS FOR A BUILDING FUND. Money Needed for Land on Morningside Heights -- Money Guaranteed for Post-Graduate Professors." (in en-US). The New York Times. 1895-02-19. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1895/02/19/archives/gifts-to-barnard-college-two-hundred-thousand-dollars-for-a.html. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 Dolkart 1998, pp. 211–214.
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "National Register Information System". National Register of Historic Places. National Park Service. March 13, 2009. https://npgallery.nps.gov/NRHP. 
  17. ↑ "Mrs. John Cosgrave Is Dead Founded Finch Junior College: Was Institution's President Nearly 50 Years; Coined 'Current Events' Phrase". New York Herald Tribune. November 1, 1949. 
  18. ↑ Plimpton Papers, Barnard College Archives
  19. ↑ Dolkart 1998, p. 217.
  20. ↑ Dolkart 1998, pp. 218–219.
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Kathleen A. Howe (June 2003). "National Register of Historic Places Registration: Brooks and Hewitt Halls". New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation. http://www.oprhp.state.ny.us/hpimaging/hp_view.asp?GroupView=10059. 
  22. ↑ Dolkart 1998, pp. 220–221.
  23. ↑ Dolkart 1998, p. 223.
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Zimmerman, Jonathan (March 14, 2012). "Barnard College flap: Competition among women shouldn't be over men". Christian Science Monitor. http://www.csmonitor.com/Commentary/Opinion/2012/0314/Barnard-College-flap-Competition-among-women-shouldn-t-be-over-men. 
  25. ↑ Maeroff, Gene I. (May 30, 1980). "Tie to Columbia Called Big Issue In Mattfeld Shift; Barnard President Seen as Too Intensely Opposed Areas of Disagreement Autonomy and Affiliation Turnover in Personnel" (in en). The New York Times. https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1980/05/30/111163075.html?pageNumber=27. 
  26. ↑ "Barnard at a Glance". Barnard College. http://admissions.barnard.edu/about/at-a-glance. 
  27. ↑ "Barnard College". U.S. Dept of Education. https://nces.ed.gov/collegenavigator/?q=Barnard&s=all&id=189097#programs. 
  28. ↑ "Foundations | Barnard College". http://catalog.barnard.edu/barnard-college/curriculum/requirements-liberal-arts-degree/foundations/. 
  29. ↑ 29.0 29.1 29.2 "Barnard College Admits 1,084 to the Class of 2025" (in en). Barnard College. https://barnard.edu/news/barnard-college-admits-1084-class-2025. 
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 30.2 "Barnard College Common Data Set 2019-2020, Part C". Barnard College. https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/CDS_2019-2020_completed.pdf. 
  31. ↑ "Barnard College Common Data Set 2018-2019, Part C". Barnard College. https://barnard.edu/sites/default/files/inline-files/2018-2019%20Common%20Data%20Set_v2.pdf. 
  32. ↑ "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}". U.S. News & World Report. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/barnard-college-2708. 
  33. ↑ Barnard College (March 23, 2017). "Nation's Top Women's College Admits Most Selective Class in 127 Year History". Barnard Website. https://barnard.edu/news/nations-top-womens-college-admits-most-selective-class-127-year-history. 
  34. ↑ "Rankingsandreviews.com". Colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/college/items/2708. 
  35. ↑ Sentner, Irie. "Barnard accepts record-low 8 percent of applicants to its most diverse class ever - Columbia Spectator". https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2022/03/30/barnard-accepts-record-low-8-percent-of-applicants-to-its-most-diverse-class-ever/. 
  36. ↑ "Barnard College will now accept transgender women". CNN. June 4, 2015. https://money.cnn.com/2015/06/04/pf/college/barnard-college-transgender-admissions/index.html. 
  37. ↑ "Barnard Fin Aid". Barnard College. http://barnard.edu/admissions/paying. 
  38. ↑ "America's Top Colleges 2019". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/top-colleges/list/. 
  39. ↑ "U.S. College Rankings 2020". Wall Street Journal/Times Higher Education. https://www.timeshighereducation.com/rankings/united-states/2020#!/page/0/length/25/sort_by/rank/sort_order/asc/cols/stats. 
  40. ↑ "Best Colleges 2021: National Liberal Arts Colleges". U.S. News & World Report. http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/rankings/national-liberal-arts-colleges. 
  41. ↑ "2020 Liberal Arts Rankings". Washington Monthly. https://washingtonmonthly.com/2020college-guide/liberalarts. 
  42. ↑ "Barnard College Rankings". 2024. https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/barnard-college-2708/overall-rankings. 
  43. ↑ "America's Top Colleges". August 15, 2019. https://www.forbes.com/colleges/barnard-college/?list=top-colleges. 
  44. ↑ "About Us". barnard.edu. http://archives.barnard.edu/about-us. 
  45. ↑ Schuessler, Jennifer (April 15, 2016). "Ntozake Shange Archive Goes to Barnard". New York Times. http://artsbeat.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/04/15/ntozake-shange-archive-goes-to-barnard/. 
  46. ↑ "Press Release | Barnard Zine Library". February 2008. https://zines.barnard.edu/press-release. 
  47. ↑ "About the Collection | Barnard Zine Library". https://zines.barnard.edu/about-collection#:~:text=When%20did%20Barnard%20start%20the,the%20zines%20onto%20the%20shelves.. 
  48. ↑ Freedman, Jenna. “The Barnard Zine Library: The Controlled and the Wild.” In Zines in Libraries: Selecting, Purchasing, and Processing, by Lauren DeVoe and Sara Duff, 85–100. Chicago: American Library Association, 2022. https://doi.org/10.7916/wb68-r187.
  49. ↑ "Student Government Association | Barnard College". http://barnard.edu/sga. 
  50. ↑ Barnard funding for sororities, but not recognition | Columbia Daily Spectator . Columbiaspectator.com. Retrieved on September 7, 2013.
  51. ↑ Bandrowski, Ainsley (April 20, 2017). "Barnard Greek Games to return after four years". Columbia Daily Spectator. https://www.columbiaspectator.com/news/2017/04/21/barnard-greek-games-to-return-after-four-years/. 
  52. ↑ Nicholas Bergson-Shilcock (March 16, 2007). "Take Back the Night". Columbia.edu. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/tbtn/. 
  53. ↑ "A Barnard Tradition: Midnight Breakfast | Barnard College". http://barnard.edu/headlines/barnard-tradition-midnight-breakfast. 
  54. ↑ "Community-Student Life". https://barnard.edu/mcac/community. 
  55. ↑ 55.0 55.1 "Is the Customer Always Right?". Barnard Bulletin: p. 8. February 1, 1976. https://www.newspapers.com/clip/4208702//. 
  56. ↑ 56.0 56.1 56.2 Stallone, Jessica. "Barnard, CU legally bound, but relationship not always certain for students". Columbia Spectator. http://www.columbiaspectator.com/2012/02/16/barnard-cu-legally-bound-relationship-not-always-certain-students. 
  57. ↑ Kaminer, Ariel; Leonard, Randy (May 9, 2013). "Reports of Cheating at Barnard Cause a Stir". The New York Times: pp. A25. https://www.nytimes.com/2013/05/09/nyregion/at-barnard-college-reports-of-cheating-prompt-changes.html. 
  58. ↑ Teichman, Alysa (October 29, 2008). "50 Most Expensive Colleges / Barnard College". Bloomberg Businessweek. http://images.businessweek.com/ss/08/10/1029_college_costs/12.htm. 
  59. ↑ 59.0 59.1 "Barnard College Course Catalogue". Barnard.edu. https://barnard.edu/departments-and-programs. 
  60. ↑ "Our Partnership with Columbia University". https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university. 
  61. ↑ "Resume and Cover Letter Samples". Beyond Barnard Online Career Resources. http://our.barnard.edu/s/1133/16/index.aspx?sid=1133&gid=1&pgid=2954. 
  62. ↑ [1] "Undergraduate education at Columbia is offered through Columbia College, the Fu Foundation School of Engineering and Applied Science, and the School of General Studies. Undergraduate programs are offered by two affiliated institutions, Barnard College and Jewish Theological Seminary."
  63. ↑ "Organization and Governance of the University". Faculty Handbook 2008. Columbia University. November 2008. http://www.columbia.edu/cu/vpaa/handbook/organization.html. 
  64. ↑ "Frequently Asked Questions – Engineering". Undergraduate Admissions, Columbia University. http://undergrad.admissions.columbia.edu/ask/faq/topic/382. 
  65. ↑ Principles and Customs Governing the Procedures of Ad Hoc Committees and University-Wide Tenure Review . Retrieved November 27, 2009.
  66. ↑ "Charters and Statutes". http://secretary.columbia.edu/files/secretary/university_charters_and_statutes/University%20Charters%20and%20Statutes_June2017.pdf. 
  67. ↑ 67.0 67.1 "About the College: Partnership with Columbia". 2011. https://barnard.edu/boldly-barnard/columbia-university. 
  68. ↑ 68.0 68.1 68.2 68.3 "The Road to Coeducation". Columbia Spectator. August 29, 1983. http://spec-archive.library.cornell.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19830829-01.2.35&srpos=8&dliv=none&e=-------en-20--1--txt-IN-barnard+columbia+merge----. 
  69. ↑ 69.0 69.1 69.2 69.3 69.4 "Columbia Decides to Go Coed". Time. February 1, 1982. http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,955006,00.html. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 "A Survey of Co-education in The Ivies". Harvard Crimson. October 4, 1974. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1974/10/4/a-survey-of-co-education-in-the/?page=single. 
  71. ↑ Hartocollis, Anemona (September 24, 1975). "Financial Difficulties Prompt Columbia Report on Merger". Harvard Crimson. http://www.thecrimson.com/article/1975/9/24/financial-difficulties-prompt-columbia-report-on/. 
  72. ↑ "Eleanor Thomas Elliott, 80, Barnard Figure". The New York Times. December 6, 2006. ISSN 0362-4331. https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html. 
  73. ↑ Belkin, Lisa (September 2, 1983). "First Women Enrolled at Columbia College". The Palm Beach Post. New York Times: pp. B8. https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=NP8sAAAAIBAJ&pg=3351%2C1183974. [yes|permanent dead link|dead link}}]
  74. ↑ "Athletics". http://www.barnard.edu/athletics. 
  75. ↑ "magazine-spring09/6". Issuu.com. May 18, 2009. http://issuu.com/barnard/docs/magazine-spring09/6. 
  76. ↑ "Columbia Daily Spectator 21 February 1964 — Columbia Spectator". http://spectatorarchive.library.columbia.edu/cgi-bin/columbia?a=d&d=cs19640221-01.2.2. 
  77. ↑ "Ban on Shorts Threatens Classic Barnard Couture". The New York Times: p. 1. April 28, 1960. https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=FA0A15F73F5916738DDDA10A94DC405B808AF1D3. 
  78. ↑ "Administrative Regulations: Campus Etiquette". Barnard College Blue Book. pp. 87–88. 
  79. ↑ Klemesrud, Judy (March 4, 1968). "An arrangement: living together for convenience, security, sex". The New York Times. 
  80. ↑ Newsweek, April 8, 1968, p. 85 and Newsweek, April 29, 1968, p. 79-80.
  81. ↑ Bailey, Beth L. (1999). Sex in the heartland. Harvard University Press. p. 201. ISBN 0-674-00974-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=Rq8FS3juFzAC. Retrieved February 19, 2016. 
  82. ↑ "Past Presidents". http://barnard.edu/about/leadership/past-presidents. 
  83. ↑ Harris, Elizabeth A. (May 22, 2017). "Barnard Chooses a Leader Whose Research Focuses on Women". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2017/05/22/nyregion/barnard-chooses-a-leader-whose-research-focuses-on-women.html. 
  84. ↑ "UF Law's Laura Rosenbury named president of Barnard College" (in en-US). https://www.floridabar.org/the-florida-bar-news/uf-law-laura-rosenbury-named-president-of-barnard-college/. 
  85. ↑ "History of the Latin Department | Bryn Mawr College". https://www.brynmawr.edu/inside/academic-information/departments-programs/greek-latin-classical-studies/history/history-latin-department. 
  86. ↑ "Hurston, Zora Neale" (in en-US). https://www.womenofthehall.org/inductee/zora-neale-hurston/. 
  87. ↑ "Grace Lee Boggs (June 27, 1915 – October 5, 2015)" (in en). 2016-10-19. https://www.archives.gov/research/african-americans/individuals/grace-lee-boggs. 
  88. ↑ Burks, Edward C. (1970-04-04). "Woman of Influence in City Hall" (in en-US). The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. https://www.nytimes.com/1970/04/04/archives/woman-of-influence-in-city-hall-woman-of-influence-at-city-hall.html. 
  89. ↑ Maneker, Marion (January 1, 2002). "Now for the Grann Finale". http://nymag.com/nymetro/news/media/features/5618/. 
  90. ↑ "DOUGLAS, Helen Gahagan | US House of Representatives: History, Art & Archives" (in en). https://history.house.gov/People/Listing/D/DOUGLAS,-Helen-Gahagan-(D000454)/. 
  91. ↑ "Dr. Helene D. Gayle Selected As Spelman College's 11th President" (in en-US). 2022-04-26. https://www.blackenterprise.com/spelman-college-has-selected-dr-helene-gayle-as-its-11th-president/. 
  92. ↑ "Susan Herman" (in en-US). https://bigthink.com/people/susanherman/. 
  93. ↑ "Judith Kaye". https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/judith-kaye. 
  94. ↑ "Wilma B. Liebman | National Labor Relations Board". https://www.nlrb.gov/bio/wilma-b-liebman. 
  95. ↑ "Laurie Anderson" (in en). https://www.simonandschuster.com/authors/Laurie-Anderson/2117426382. 
  96. ↑ "TO A DEGREE, NIXON'S A SUCCESS". June 19, 1986. https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/ct-xpm-1986-06-19-8602140015-story.html. 
  97. ↑ "3 Willows - From the Author - About Ann Brashares". https://www.randomhouse.com/teens/sisterhoodcentral/3willows/bio.html. 
  98. ↑ "Amy Hwang, New Yorker Cartoon Originals" (in en-US). https://www.cartoonstock.com/blog/originals/amy-hwang-new-yorker-cartoon-originals/. 
  99. ↑ "Kelly McCreary" (in en). https://www.geffenplayhouse.org/people/kelly-mccreary/. 
  100. ↑ "Barnard Alumna Greta Gerwig Exemplifies Why We Need More Women Writing Movies | Her Campus" (in en-US). 2018-03-02. https://www.hercampus.com/school/columbia-barnard/barnard-alumna-greta-gerwig-exemplifies-why-we-need-more-women-writing/. 
  101. ↑ "'Even Stevens' Star Christy Carlson Romano Details Her Battle With Depression and Self-Harm" (in en). https://www.complex.com/pop-culture/2019/05/disney-star-christy-carlson-romano-opens-up-about-mental-health-struggless. 

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