Biology:TPSAB1

Short description: Protein-coding gene in the species Homo sapiens

Generic protein structure example

Tryptase alpha-1 and tryptase beta-1 are enzymes that in humans are encoded by the same TPSAB1 gene. Beta tryptases appear to be the main isoenzymes expressed in mast cells; whereas in basophils, alpha tryptases predominate.

Function

Tryptases comprise a family of trypsin-like serine proteases, the peptidase family S1. Tryptases are enzymatically active only as heparin-stabilized tetramers, and they are resistant to all known endogenous proteinase inhibitors. Several tryptase genes are clustered on chromosome 16p13.3. These genes are characterized by several distinct features. They have a highly conserved 3' UTR and contain tandem repeat sequences at the 5' flank and 3' UTR which are thought to play a role in regulation of the mRNA stability. These genes have an intron immediately upstream of the initiator Met codon, which separates the site of transcription initiation from protein coding sequence. This feature is characteristic of tryptases but is unusual in other genes. The alleles of this gene exhibit an unusual amount of sequence variation, such that the alleles were once thought to represent two separate genes, alpha and beta 1.Tryptases have been implicated as mediators in the pathogenesis of asthma and other allergic and inflammatory disorders.

Further reading

• "The human mast cell tryptase tetramer: a fascinating riddle solved by structure.". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1477 (1–2): 75–89. 2000. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00265-4. PMID 10708850. 
• "Granzymes (lymphocyte serine proteases): characterization with natural and synthetic substrates and inhibitors". Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1477 (1–2): 307–23. 2000. doi:10.1016/s0167-4838(99)00282-4. PMID 10708866. 
• Caughey GH (2003). "New developments in the genetics and activation of mast cell proteases". Mol. Immunol. 38 (16–18): 1353–7. doi:10.1016/S0161-5890(02)00087-1. PMID 12217407. 
• "Human mast cell tryptase: multiple cDNAs and genes reveal a multigene serine protease family". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 87 (10): 3811–5. 1990. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.10.3811. PMID 2187193. Bibcode: 1990PNAS...87.3811V. 
• "Cloning and characterization of complementary DNA for human tryptase". J. Clin. Invest. 84 (4): 1188–95. 1989. doi:10.1172/JCI114284. PMID 2677049. 
• "The fibrinogenolytic activity of purified tryptase from human lung mast cells". J. Immunol. 135 (4): 2762–7. 1985. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.135.4.2762. PMID 3161948. 
• "Acid hydrolases and tryptase from secretory granules of dispersed human lung mast cells". J. Immunol. 126 (4): 1290–4. 1981. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.126.4.1290. PMID 7009736. 
• "Quantitation of tryptase, chymase, Fc epsilon RI alpha, and Fc epsilon RI gamma mRNAs in human mast cells and basophils by competitive reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction". J. Immunol. 154 (10): 5472–80. 1995. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.154.10.5472. PMID 7730649. 
• "Characterization of a tryptase mRNA expressed in the human basophil cell line KU812". Scand. J. Immunol. 37 (2): 203–8. 1993. doi:10.1111/j.1365-3083.1993.tb01757.x. PMID 8434231. 
• "Mast cell tryptase is a mitogen for epithelial cells. Stimulation of IL-8 production and intercellular adhesion molecule-1 expression". J. Immunol. 156 (1): 275–83. 1996. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.156.1.275. PMID 8598474. 
• "The alpha form of human tryptase is the predominant type present in blood at baseline in normal subjects and is elevated in those with systemic mastocytosis". J. Clin. Invest. 96 (6): 2702–10. 1996. doi:10.1172/JCI118337. PMID 8675637. 
• "Mast cell tryptase stimulates the synthesis of type I collagen in human lung fibroblasts". J. Clin. Invest. 99 (6): 1313–21. 1997. doi:10.1172/JCI119290. PMID 9077541. 
• "Effect of recombinant human IL-4 on tryptase, chymase, and Fc epsilon receptor type I expression in recombinant human stem cell factor-dependent fetal liver-derived human mast cells". J. Immunol. 159 (6): 2911–21. 1997. doi:10.4049/jimmunol.159.6.2911. PMID 9300715. 
• "Human mast cell tryptase fibrinogenolysis: kinetics, anticoagulation mechanism, and cell adhesion disruption". Biochemistry 37 (8): 2291–8. 1998. doi:10.1021/bi972119z. PMID 9485375. 
• "Human beta-tryptase is a ring-like tetramer with active sites facing a central pore". Nature 392 (6673): 306–11. 1998. doi:10.1038/32703. PMID 9521329. Bibcode: 1998Natur.392..306P. 
• "Human tryptases alpha and beta/II are functionally distinct due, in part, to a single amino acid difference in one of the surface loops that forms the substrate-binding cleft". J. Biol. Chem. 274 (28): 19670–6. 1999. doi:10.1074/jbc.274.28.19670. PMID 10391906. 
• "The structure of the human betaII-tryptase tetramer: fo(u)r better or worse". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 (20): 10984–91. 1999. doi:10.1073/pnas.96.20.10984. PMID 10500112. Bibcode: 1999PNAS...9610984S. 
• "Tryptase-chymase double-positive human mast cells express the eotaxin receptor CCR3 and are attracted by CCR3-binding chemokines". Am. J. Pathol. 155 (4): 1195–204. 1999. doi:10.1016/S0002-9440(10)65222-4. PMID 10514402.