Biology:Asclepias tuberosa

From HandWiki
Revision as of 04:00, 11 February 2024 by JOpenQuest (talk | contribs) (fix)
(diff) ← Older revision | Latest revision (diff) | Newer revision → (diff)
Short description: Species of flowering plant

Asclepias tuberosa
Asclepias tuberosa interior.jpg
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Eudicots
Clade: Asterids
Order: Gentianales
Family: Apocynaceae
Genus: Asclepias
Species:
A. tuberosa
Binomial name
Asclepias tuberosa
Synonyms[1]
  • Acerates decumbens Decne.
  • Asclepias decumbens L.
  • Asclepias elliptica Raf.
  • Asclepias lutea Raf. nom. illeg.
  • Asclepias revoluta Raf.
  • Asclepias rolfsii Britton ex Vail

Asclepias tuberosa, commonly known as butterfly weed, is a species of milkweed native to eastern and southwestern North America.[2] It is commonly known as butterfly weed because of the butterflies that are attracted to the plant by its color and its copious production of nectar.[3]

Description

It is a perennial plant growing to 0.3–1 m (1–3 1⁄2 ft) tall. The leaves are spirally arranged, lanceolate, 3–12 cm (1 1⁄4–4 3⁄4 in) long,[4] and 2–3 cm (3⁄4–1 1⁄4 in) broad.

From April to September, in the upper axils, 7.5 cm (3 in)–wide umbels of orange, yellow or red flowers 1.5 cm (1⁄2 in) wide appear. They each have five petals and five sepals.[4] It is uncertain if reddish flowers are due to soil mineral content, ecotype genetic differentiation, or both. A cultivar named 'Hello Yellow' typically has more yellowish flowers than ordinary examples of this plant.

The fruit pod is 7.5–15 cm (3–6 in) long, containing many long-haired seeds.[4]

Similar species

The plant looks similar to the lanceolate milkweed (Asclepias lanceolata), but is uniquely identified by the larger number of flowers, and the hairy stems that are not milky when broken. It is most commonly found in fields with dry soil.

Taxonomy

Subspecies

  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. interior – (Central United States, Ontario and Quebec[5])
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. rolfsii – Rolfs milkweed (Southeastern United States)
  • Asclepias tuberosa subsp. tuberosa – (Eastern United States)

Common names

Common names include butterfly weed,[6] Canada root, chieger flower,[6] chiggerflower, fluxroot, Indian paintbrush, Indian posy, orange milkweed, orange root,[7] orange Swallow-wort, pleurisy root,[6] silky swallow-wort, tuber root, yellow milkweed, white-root, windroot, butterfly love, butterflyweed, and butterfly milkweed.[8]

Distribution and habitat

The species can be found from South Dakota south to Texas and Mexico, west to Utah and Arizona, as well as many other areas further east.[4]

This plant favors dry, sand or gravel soil, but has also been reported on stream margins. It requires full sun.

Ecology

Most easily propagated by seed. The primary pollinators are bees and wasps, rather than butterflies.[9] Sown outdoors after frost, a plant will flower and produce seed in the third year. It is difficult to transplant once established, as it has a deep, woody taproot.[10][11]

A. tuberosa is a larval food plant of the queen and monarch butterflies, as well as the dogbane tiger moth, milkweed tussock moth, and the unexpected cycnia.[3][12] Because of its rough leaves and trichomes, it is not a preferred host plant of the monarch butterfly but caterpillars can be reared on it successfully.[13][14][15] Further, it is one of the very lowest Asclepias species in cardenolide content, making it a poor source of protection from bird predation and parasite virulence and perhaps contributing to its lack of attractiveness to egg-laying monarchs.[16]

Cultivation

Butterfly weed is frequently grown in gardens for its showy orange flowers which are especially attractive to bees, though also visited by hummingbirds, moths, and butterflies.[17][18] It is easily grown from seeds and is difficult to transplant due to the size of its roots.[19] Grown from seed plants will take about two to three years to reach flowering size in average conditions.[17] The seeds do not require stratification and can be immediately planted, though in commercial growing they are generally moist stratified at 5 °C for 30–60 days because this increases the germination rate.[20][21][22] For other milkweeds a thin layer of mulch a layer 1–2 cm thick increases the germination rate, though specific research on butterfly weed is lacking.[22]

Butterfly weed has few serious pest or disease problems. It is susceptible to crown rot if planted in poorly drained or too constantly moist locations.[17] It is hardy in USDA zones 3–9.[19]

Toxicity

The plant contains toxic glycosides, alkaloids and resinoids. These can cause weakness, seizures and corneal injuries.[23] Use of the plant is contraindicated in pregnancy, during lactation or with infants due to its toxins, which include resinoids and pregnanes.[24]

Uses

Native Americans and European pioneers used the boiled roots to treat diarrhea and respiratory illnesses.[25] The young seed pods were used as food after being boiled in several changes of water.[25] The seed pod down was spun and used to make candle wicks.[25]

The root was once used to treat pleurisy.[4]

Gallery

  • Entire plant from the ground to the flower

  • Young stems during spring

  • A young leaf

  • An emerging flower head

  • Closeup of the hairy stems

  • Closeup of unopened buds

  • Flower head

  • Closeup showing unopened, opening, and fully opened flower buds

  • Orange flowers

  • Red-striped orange flowers

  • Yellow flowers

  • Seedpod

  • Asclepias tuberosa 004.JPG

References

  1. ↑ "Asclepias tuberosa". The Plant List. Royal Botanic Gardens (Kew). http://www.theplantlist.org/tpl1.1/search?q=Asclepias+tuberosa. 
  2. ↑ (1) "Query Page". BONAP’s Taxonomic Data Center (TDC): The Biota of North America Program: North American Vascular Flora. http://bonap.net/TDC/. 
    (2) Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L.". United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/cs_astu.pdf. 
    (3) Stritch, Larry. "Butterfly Milkweed (Asclepias tuberosa L.)". Plant of the Week. United States Department of Agriculture: United States Forest Service. https://www.fs.fed.us/wildflowers/plant-of-the-week/asclepias_tuberosa.shtml. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 (1) Stevens, Michelle. "Plant guide for Butterfly Milkweed: Asclepias tuberosa L.". United States Department of Agriculture: Natural Resources Conservation Service: National Plant Data Center. https://plants.usda.gov/DocumentLibrary/plantguide/pdf/cs_astu.pdf. "Milkweed species are attractive to many insect species, including the large milkweed bug, common milkweed bug, red milkweed beetle, blue milkweed beetle, and bees." 
    (2) Mader, Eric; Shepherd, Mathew; Vaughan, Mace; Black, Scott Hoffman; LeBuhn, Gretchen (2011). Attracting Native Pollinators: Protecting North America's Bees and Butterflies: The Xerces Society guide. North Adams, Massachusetts: Storey Publishing. p. 291. ISBN 9781603427470. OCLC 776997073. https://archive.org/details/attractingnative0000unse/page/291/mode/1up?q=tussock. Retrieved July 7, 2021. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 Spellenberg, Richard (2001). National Audubon Society Field Guide to North American Wildflowers: Western Region (rev ed.). Knopf. pp. 349–350. ISBN 978-0-375-40233-3. https://archive.org/details/nationalaudubons00spel/page/349/. 
  5. ↑ Species profile on VASCAN. Retrieved on February 21, 2018.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 {{citation | mode = cs1 | title = Asclepias tuberosa | work = Germplasm Resources Information Network (GRIN) | url = | publisher = [[Organization:Agricultural Research ServAgricultural Research Service (ARS), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) | access-date = 17 December 2017 }}
  7. ↑ anonymous (2008). "Featured Native Plant: Butterfly Weed". Wild Ones: Native Plants, Natural Landscapes 6 (4). http://www.wildones.org/chapters/twincities/docs/TwinCitiesWOnewsletter2008-11.pdf. Retrieved 2013-06-11. 
  8. ↑ Dickinson, T.; Metsger, D.; Bull, J.; & Dickinson, R. (2004) ROM Field Guide to Wildflowers of Ontario. Toronto:Royal Ontario Museum, p. 138.
  9. ↑ Fishbein, M., and D.L. Venable. 1996. Diversity and change in the effective pollinators of Asclepias tuberosa. Ecology 77:1061-1073.
  10. ↑ Loewer, Peter 'Native Perennials For the Southeast' Cool Springs Press. Nashville, Tenn. 2005 ISBN:1-59186-121-7
  11. ↑ Druse, Ken 'Making More Plants The Science, Art, and Joy of Propagation' Abrams. New York, NY. 2012 ISBN:0-517-70787-X
  12. ↑ Schillo, Rebecca (2011). Cummings, Nina. ed. "Native Landscaping Takes Root in Chicago". In the Field (The Field Museum): 13. 
  13. ↑ Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere (Ecological Society of America (ESA)) 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064. "In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011), .... Females may be able to sense these chemical differences by dabbing their ovipositor on the underside of a leaf prior to oviposition (Zalucki et al. , Arikawa ). Additionally, A. tuberosa has a layer of trichomes, which may inhibit oviposition or decrease a female's ability to sense leaf chemicals.". 
  14. ↑ Gomez, Tony. "Asclepias Tuberosa: Butterfly Weed for Monarchs and More". Monarch Butterfly Garden. https://monarchbutterflygarden.net/milkweed-plant-seed-resources/asclepias-tuberosa-butterfly-weed/. "Rough leaves for monarch caterpillars, not typically a heavily used host plant" .
  15. ↑ Butterfly Society of Virginia (2019). "Growing Milkweed". https://www.butterflysocietyofva.org/Growing-Milkweed. "I’ve grown butterfly weed, swamp milkweed, Asclepias currassavica (bloodflower), Asclepias syriaca (common milkweed), and Asclepias verticillata (whorled milkweed). I’ve found that butterfly weed is the least favorite of my Monarch guests in my Virginia Beach garden for laying eggs (perhaps the leaves are tougher?)" 
  16. ↑ (1) "Milkweeds (mostly Asclepias spp.)". Alonso Abugattas Shares Native Plant Picks for Wildlife. Mid-Atlantic Gardener. 2016. http://midatlanticgardener.com/alonso-abugattas-native-plant-wildlife/. "And if you have hot, dry conditions in your yard, try Butterflyweed (A. tuberosa). .... It’s the least favored by Monarch caterpillars because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves." 
    (2) Abugattas, Alonzo (3 January 2017). "Monarch Way Stations". Capital Naturalist. http://capitalnaturalist.blogspot.com/2017/01/monarch-way-stations.html. "(A. tuberosa) is the least favored by monarch caterpillars .... because it has very little toxin (cardiac glycosides) in its leaves, ...." .
    (3) "Butterfly Weed: Asclepias tuberosa". Becker County, Minnesota: Becker Soil and Water Conservation District. https://www.co.becker.mn.us/dept/soil_water/PDFs/flowers_grasses/Butterfly%20Weed.pdf. "Unlike other milkweeds, this plant has a clear sap, and the level of toxic cardiac glycosides is consistently low (although other toxic compounds may be present)." .
    (4) Mikkelsen, Lauge Hjorth; Hamoudi, Hassan; Altuntas Gül, Cigdem; Heegaard, Steffen (2017). "Corneal Toxicity Following Exposure to Asclepias tuberosa". The Open Ophthalmology Journal (Bentham Science Publishers) 11: 1–4. doi:10.2174/1874364101711010001. PMID 28400886. "The latex of A. tuberosa seems to be different from other members of the Asclepias family due to the fact that even though cardenolides are normally considered present in Asclepias species, these cardenolides have not been found in A. tuberosa. Instead some unique pregnane glycosides are found in A. tuberosa.". 
    (5) Warashina, Tsutomu; Noro, Tadataka (February 2010). "8,12;8,20-Diepoxy-8,14-secopregnane Glycosides from the Aerial Parts of Asclepias tuberosa". Chemical and Pharmaceutical Bulletin (Pharmaceutical Society of Japan) 58 (2): 172–179. doi:10.1248/cpb.58.172. PMID 20118575. https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/cpb/58/2/58_2_172/_pdf/-char/en. Retrieved September 11, 2020. "Though cardenolides are considered to be characteristic constituents of Asclepias spp. together with pregnane glycosides, we could find no cardenolides in the more hydrophobic fraction of the methanol extract of the aerial parts of A. tuberosa, the same as previously.". 
    (6) Pocius, Victoria M.; Debinski, Diane M.; Pleasants, John M.; Bidne, Keith G.; Hellmich, Richard L. (January 8, 2018). "Monarch butterflies do not place all of their eggs in one basket: oviposition on nine Midwestern milkweed species". Ecosphere (Ecological Society of America (ESA)) 9 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1002/ecs2.2064. "In our study, the least preferred milkweed species A. tuberosa (no choice; Fig. 2) and A. verticillata (choice; Fig. 3A) both have low cardenolide levels recorded in the literature (Roeske et al. 1976, Agrawal et al. 2009, 2015, Rasmann and Agrawal 2011)". 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 "Asclepias tuberosa (Butterfly Milkweed, Butterfly Weed, Chieger Flower, Chiggerflower, Common Butterfly-weed, Indian Paintbrush, Milkweed, Pleurisy Root)". North Carolina State University. https://plants.ces.ncsu.edu/plants/asclepias-tuberosa/. 
  18. ↑ Baker, Adam M.; Potter, Daniel A. (August 2018). "Colonization and usage of eight milkweed (Asclepias) species by monarch butterflies and bees in urban garden settings". Journal of Insect Conservation 22 (3-4): 405–418. doi:10.1007/s10841-018-0069-5. https://protectingbees.njaes.rutgers.edu/resources/research-articles/colonization-usage-of-milkweed-by-monarch-butterflies-and-bees-baker/. Retrieved 10 June 2023. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Asclepias tuberosa". Missouri Botanical Garden. https://www.missouribotanicalgarden.org/PlantFinder/PlantFinderDetails.aspx?kempercode=b490. 
  20. ↑ Swengel, Ann B. (August 1995). "Stalking wild seeds". Horticulture 73 (7): 42. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=9508102242&site=eds-live&scope=site. Retrieved 10 June 2023. 
  21. ↑ Lewis, Mary; Chappell, Matthew; Thomas, Paul A; Zhang, Donglin; Greyvenstein, Ockert (2020). "Development of a vegetative propagation protocol for Asclepias tuberosa". Native Plants Journal 21 (1): 27–34. doi:10.3368/npj.21.1.27. https://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=a9h&AN=143625210&site=eds-live&scope=site. Retrieved 10 June 2023. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1 Landis, Thomas D.; Dumroese, R. Kasten (2015). "Propagating Native Milkweeds for Restoring Monarch Butterfly Habitat". International Plant Propagators' Society, Combined Proceedings (2014) 64: 302. https://www.fs.fed.us/rm/pubs_journals/2015/rmrs_2015_landis_t001.pdf. Retrieved July 11, 2021. "Many sources of milkweed seeds require stratification (cold, moist treatment) before sowing. .... Butterfly milkweed (A. tuberosa) germination increased from 29 to 48 to 62% as stratification duration increased from 0 to 30 to 60 days, respectively (Bir, 1986).". 
  23. ↑ Multiple sources:
  24. ↑ Multiple sources:
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 25.2 "Butterfly Weed (Asclepias tuberosa)". https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/species/butterflyweed/. 

Further reading

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q311131 entry



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Biology:Asclepias_tuberosa&oldid=3542196"