Biology:Oryza sativa

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Short description: Species of plant

Oryza sativa
Mature Rice (India) by Augustus Binu.jpg
Mature seed heads
Oryza sativa at Kadavoor.jpg
Inflorescence
Scientific classification edit
Kingdom: Plantae
Clade: Tracheophytes
Clade: Angiosperms
Clade: Monocots
Clade: Commelinids
Order: Poales
Family: Poaceae
Genus: Oryza
Species:
O. sativa
Binomial name
Oryza sativa
Synonyms[1]

Oryza sativa, also known as rice, is the plant species most commonly referred to in English as rice. It is the type of farmed rice whose cultivars are most common globally, and was first domesticated in the Yangtze River basin in China 13,500 to 8,200 years ago.[2][3][4][5]

Oryza sativa belongs to the genus Oryza and the BOP clade in the grass family Poaceae. With a genome consisting of 430 Mbp across 12 chromosomes, it is renowned for being easy to genetically modify and is a model organism for the study of the biology cereals and monocots.[6]

Botany

The species has an erect and stout or slender stalk stem that grows 80−120 centimetres tall, with a smooth surface. The leaf is lanceolate, 15−30 cm long, and grows from a ligule 10−20 millimetres long.[7]

Classification

Oryza sativa contains two major subspecies: the sticky, short-grained japonica or sinica variety, and the nonsticky, long-grained indica [zh] [ja] rice variety. Japonica was domesticated in the Yangtze Valley 9–6,000 years ago,[8] and its varieties can be cultivated in dry fields (it is cultivated mainly submerged in Japan), in temperate East Asia, upland areas of Southeast Asia, and high elevations in South Asia, while indica was domesticated around the Ganges 8,500-4,500 years ago,[8] and its varieties are mainly lowland rices, grown mostly submerged, throughout tropical Asia. Rice grain occurs in a variety of colors, including white, brown, black, purple, and red rices.[9][10]

A third subspecies, which is broad-grained and thrives under tropical conditions, was identified based on morphology and initially called javanica, but is now known as tropical japonica. Examples of this variety include the medium-grain 'Tinawon' and 'Unoy' cultivars, which are grown in the high-elevation rice terraces of the Cordillera Mountains of northern Luzon, Philippines.[11]

Glaszmann (1987) used isozymes to sort O. sativa into six groups: japonica, aromatic, indica, aus, rayada, and ashina.[12]

Garris et al. (2004) used simple sequence repeats to sort O. sativa into five groups: temperate japonica, tropical japonica and aromatic comprise the japonica varieties, while indica and aus comprise the indica varieties.[13]

Nomenclature and taxonomy

Rice has been cultivated since ancient times and oryza[14] is a classical Latin word for rice while sativa[15] means "cultivated".

Genetics

SPL14/LOC4345998 is a gene that regulates the overall architecture/growth habit of the plant. Some of its epialleles increase rice yield.[16] An accurate and usable Simple Sequence Repeat marker set was developed and used to generate a high-density map.[17] A multiplex high-throughput marker assisted selection system has been developed but as with other crop HTMAS systems has proven difficult to customize, costly (both directly and for the equipment), and inflexible.[17] Other molecular breeding tools have produced rice blast resistant cultivars.[18][19][17] DNA microarray has been used to advance understanding of hybrid vigor in rice, QTL sequencing has been used to elucidate seedling vigor, and genome wide association study (GWAS) by whole genome sequencing (WGS) has been used to investigate various agronomic traits.[17]

Rice is one of the earliest uses and validation models for the semi-thermal asymmetric reverse PCR (STARP) method developed in 2016.[17]

Resistance to the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea is provided by various resistance genes including Pi1, Pi54, and Pita.[20]

O. sativa has a large number of insect resistance genes specifically for the Brown planthopper.[21] (As of 2022), 15 R genes have been cloned and characterized.[21]

In total, 641 copy number variations are known.[17] Exome capture often reveals new single nucleotide polymorphisms in rice, due to its large genome and high degree of DNA repetition.[17]

The plant hormones abscisic acid and salicylic acid are employed by O. sativa for regulation of immune responses.[22] Salicylic acid broadly stimulate and abscisic acid suppresses immunity to the rice blast fungus M. grisea, and success depends on the balance between their levels.[22]

Breeding

This section is an excerpt from Rice breeding
This section is an excerpt from Rice breeding § Ecotypes and cultivars[ edit ]

A triple introgression of resistance genes against Magnaporthe grisea—and actual field resistance—have been developed.[20] This is a marker-assisted backcross of the genes Pi1, Pi54, and Pita into an aromatic cultivar using SSR- and STS-markers.[20] Pi21 is a gene that confers broad-spectrum non-race-specific rice blast resistance against several strains.[23]

Gallery

  • Water buffalo ploughing, Java

  • Jumli Marshi, brown rice from Nepal

  • Traditional rice of Niyamgiri Hills, India

  • From Chhattisgarh

  • Koeh-232.jpg

  • Stem cross section magnified 400 times

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Oryza sativa L.". Board of Trustees of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2017. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:316812-2. 
  2. ↑ Normile, Dennis (1997). "Yangtze seen as earliest rice site". Science 275 (5298): 309–310. doi:10.1126/science.275.5298.309. 
  3. ↑ Vaughan, DA; Lu, B; Tomooka, N (2008). "The evolving story of rice evolution". Plant Science 174 (4): 394–408. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2008.01.016. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/222526251. 
  4. ↑ Harris, David R. (1996). The Origins and Spread of Agriculture and Pastoralism in Eurasia. Psychology Press. p. 565. ISBN 978-1-85728-538-3. 
  5. ↑ Zhang, Jianping; Lu, Houyuan; Gu, Wanfa; Wu, Naiqin; Zhou, Kunshu; Hu, Yayi; Xin, Yingjun; Wang, Can et al. (December 17, 2012). "Early Mixed Farming of Millet and Rice 7800 Years Ago in the Middle Yellow River Region, China". PLOS ONE 7 (12): e52146. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0052146. PMID 23284907. Bibcode: 2012PLoSO...752146Z. 
  6. ↑ Haberer, Georg; Mayer, Klaus FX; Spannagl, Manuel (2016-04-01). "The big five of the monocot genomes". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. SI: 30: Genome studies and molecular genetics 30: 33–40. doi:10.1016/j.pbi.2016.01.004. ISSN 1369-5266. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1369526616300048. 
  7. ↑ Catindig, J.L.A.; Lubigan, R.T.; Johnson, D. (n.d.). "Oryza sativa". International Rice Research Institute. http://www.knowledgebank.irri.org/training/fact-sheets/item/oryza-sativa. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Purugganan, Michael D.; Fuller, Dorian Q. (2009). "The nature of selection during plant domestication". Nature (Nature Research) 457 (7231): 843–848. doi:10.1038/nature07895. ISSN 0028-0836. PMID 19212403. Bibcode: 2009Natur.457..843P. 
  9. ↑ Oka (1988)
  10. ↑ Mohammadi Shad, Z.; Atungulu, G. (March 2019). "Post-harvest kernel discoloration and fungi activity in long-grain hybrid, pureline and medium-grain rice cultivars as influenced by storage environment and antifungal treatment". Journal of Stored Products Research 81: 91–99. doi:10.1016/j.jspr.2019.02.002. 
  11. ↑ CECAP, PhilRice and IIRR. 2000. "Highland Rice Production in the Philippine Cordillera."
  12. ↑ Glaszmann, J. C. (May 1987). "Isozymes and classification of Asian rice varieties". Theoretical and Applied Genetics 74 (1): 21–30. doi:10.1007/BF00290078. PMID 24241451. 
  13. ↑ Garris, Amanda J.; Tai, T. H.; Coburn, J.; Kresovich, S.; McCouch, S. (2004). "Genetic structure and diversity in Oryza sativa L.". Genetics 169 (3): 1631–1638. doi:10.1534/genetics.104.035642. PMID 15654106. 
  14. ↑ "Oryza". Merriam-Webster Dictionary. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/oryza. 
  15. ↑
  16. ↑ Stange, Madlen; Barrett, Rowan D. H.; Hendry, Andrew P. (February 2021). "The importance of genomic variation for biodiversity, ecosystems and people". Nature Reviews Genetics (Nature Portfolio) 22 (2): 89–105. doi:10.1038/s41576-020-00288-7. MS ORCID 0000-0002-4559-2535). (RDHB ORCID 0000-0003-3044-2531). ISSN 1471-0056. PMID 33067582. 
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 17.5 17.6 Rasheed, Awais; Hao, Yuanfeng; Xia, Xianchun; Khan, Awais; Xu, Yunbi; Varshney, Rajeev K.; He, Zhonghu (2017). "Crop Breeding Chips and Genotyping Platforms: Progress, Challenges, and Perspectives". Molecular Plant (Elsevier) 10 (8): 1047–1064. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2017.06.008. Chinese Academy of Sciences+Chinese Society for Plant Biology+Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences. ISSN 1674-2052. PMID 28669791. 
  18. ↑ Miah, G.; Rafii, M. Y.; Ismail, M. R.; Puteh, A. B.; Rahim, H. A.; Asfaliza, R.; Latif, M. A. (2012-11-27). "Blast resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approaches". Molecular Biology Reports (Springer Science+Business Media) 40 (3): 2369–2388. doi:10.1007/s11033-012-2318-0. ISSN 0301-4851. PMID 23184051. http://psasir.upm.edu.my/id/eprint/29230/1/29230.pdf. 
  19. ↑ Rao, Yuchun; Li, Yuanyuan; Qian, Qian (2014-01-19). "Recent progress on molecular breeding of rice in China". Plant Cell Reports (Springer Science+Business Media) 33 (4): 551–564. doi:10.1007/s00299-013-1551-x. ISSN 0721-7714. PMID 24442397. 
  20. ↑ 20.0 20.1 20.2 Mehta, Sahil; Singh, Baljinder; Dhakate, Priyanka; Rahman, Mehzabin; Islam, Muhammad Aminul (2019). "5 Rice, Marker-Assisted Breeding, and Disease Resistance". in Wani, Shabir Hussain. Disease Resistance in Crop Plants : Molecular, Genetic and Genomic Perspectives. Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 83–112/xii+307. ISBN 978-3-030-20727-4. OCLC 1110184027. 
  21. ↑ 21.0 21.1 Wang, Changsheng; Han, Bin (2022). "Twenty years of rice genomics research: From sequencing and functional genomics to quantitative genomics". Molecular Plant (Cell Press) 15 (4): 593–619. doi:10.1016/j.molp.2022.03.009. ISSN 1674-2052. PMID 35331914. 
  22. ↑ 22.0 22.1
  23. ↑ Li, Wei; Deng, Yiwen; Ning, Yuese; He, Zuhua; Wang, Guo-Liang (2020). "Exploiting Broad-Spectrum Disease Resistance in Crops: From Molecular Dissection to Breeding". Annual Review of Plant Biology (Annual Reviews) 71 (1): 575–603. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-010720-022215. ISSN 1543-5008. PMID 32197052. 

External links

Wikidata ☰ Q161426 entry



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