Biology:Dysferlin

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Short description: Protein encoded by the DYSF gene in humans


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Dysferlin also known as dystrophy-associated fer-1-like protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DYSF gene.[1] Dysferlin is linked with plasma membrane repair.,[2] stabilization of calcium signaling[3][4][5] and the development of the T-tubule system of the muscle[6] A defect in the DYSF gene, located on chromosome 2p12-14, results in several types of muscular dystrophy; including Miyoshi myopathy (MM), Limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B (LGMD2B) and Distal Myopathy (DM). A reduction or absence of dysferlin, termed dysferlinopathy, usually becomes apparent in the third or fourth decade of life and is characterised by weakness and wasting of various voluntary skeletal muscles.[7] Pathogenic mutations leading to dysferlinopathy can occur throughout the DYSF gene.

Structure

Ferlin family
Identifiers
SymbolDysferlin
OPM superfamily452
OPM protein4cah
Membranome205

The human dysferlin protein is a 237 kilodalton type-II transmembrane protein.[8][9][10][11][12] It contains a large intracellular cytoplasmic N-terminal domain, an extreme C-terminal transmembrane domain, and a short C-terminal extracellular domain. The cytosolic domain of dysferlin is composed of seven highly conserved C2 domains (C2A-G) which are conserved across several proteins within the ferlin family, including dysferlin homolog myoferlin.[13][14][9] In fact, the C2 domain at any given position is more similar to the C2 domain at the corresponding position within other ferlin family members than the adjacent C2 domain within the same protein. This suggests that each individual C2 domain may in fact play a specific role in dysferlin function and each has in fact been shown to be required for two of dysferlin's roles stabilization of calcium signaling and membrane repair.[15] Mutations in each of these domains can cause dysferlinopathy. A crystal structure of the C2A domain of human dysferlin has been solved, and reveals that the C2A domain changes conformation when interacting with calcium ions,[9] which is consistent with a growing body of evidence suggesting that the C2A domain plays a role in calcium-dependent lipid binding.[16] Its ability to stabilize calcium signaling in the intact dysferlin protein depends on its calcium binding activity.[17] In addition to the C2 domains, dysferlin also contains "FerA" and "DysF" domains. Mutations in both FerA[18] and DysF[19] can cause muscular dystrophies. DysF domain has an interesting structure as in contains one DysF domain within another DysF domain, a result of gene duplication; however, the function of this domain is currently unknown.[19] FerA domain is conserved among all members of ferlin protein family. FerA domain is a four helix bundle and it can interact with membrane, usually in a calcium-dependent manner.[18]

Function

The most intensively studied role for dysferlin is in a cellular process called membrane repair. Membrane repair is a critical mechanism by which cells are able to seal dramatic wounds to the plasma membrane. Muscle is thought to be particularly prone to membrane wounds given that muscle cells transmit high force and undergo cycles of contraction. Dysferlin is highly expressed in muscle, and is homologous to the ferlin family of proteins, which are thought to regulate membrane fusion across a wide variety of species and cell types.[20] Several lines of evidence suggest that dysferlin may be involved in membrane repair in muscle. First, dysferlin-deficient muscle fibers show accumulation of vesicles (which are critical for membrane repair in non-muscle cell types) near membrane lesions, indicating that dysferlin may be required for fusion of repair vesicles with the plasma membrane. Further, dysferlin-deficient muscle fibers take up extracellular dyes to a greater extent than wild-type muscle fibers following laser-induced wounding in-vitro.[21] Dysferlin is also markedly enriched at membrane lesions with several additional proteins thought to be involved in membrane resealing, including annexin and MG53.[22] Exactly how dysferlin contributes to membrane resealing is not clear, but biochemical evidence indicates that dysferlin may bind lipids in a calcium-dependent manner, consistent with a role for dysferlin in regulating fusion of repair vesicles with the sarcolemma during membrane repair.[23] Furthermore, live-cell imaging of dysferlin-eGFP expressing myotubes indicates that dysferlin localizes to a cellular compartment that responds to injury by forming large dysferlin-containing vesicles, and formation of these vesicles may contribute to wound repair.[24] Dysferlin may also be involved in Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis.[25]

Another well studied role for dysferlin is in stabilization of calcium signaling, especially following a mild injury. This approach was based on two observations: that muscle lacking dysferlin that is injured by eccentric contractions can repair its plasma membrane, or sarcolemma, as efficiently as healthy muscle can,[26] and that most of the dysferlin in healthy muscle is concentrated in the transverse tubules at triad junctions,[27][28] where calcium release is regulated. Destabilization of signaling in dysferlinopathic muscle can result in the generation of calcium waves,[29] which can contribute to the disease pathology. Nearly every change in dysferlin that affects membrane repair also destabilizes calcium signaling,[30] suggesting that these two activities are closely linked. Remarkably, however, membrane repair requires calcium ions, whereas calcium ions contribute to the destabilization of signaling when dysferlin is absent or mutated.[31] These paradoxical results have yet to be reconciled.

Interactions

Dysferlin has been shown to bind to itself, to form dimers and perhaps larger oligomers.[32] It can also has been shown to interact with Caveolin 3 in skeletal muscle,[33] and this interaction is thought to retain dysferlin within the plasma membrane.[34] Dysferlin also interacts with MG53, and a functional interaction between dysferlin, caveolin-3 and MG53 is thought to be critical for membrane repair in skeletal muscle.[35]

References

  1. ↑ "Evidence of genetic heterogeneity in the autosomal recessive adult forms of limb-girdle muscular dystrophy following linkage analysis with 15q probes in Brazilian families". Journal of Medical Genetics 30 (5): 385–7. May 1993. doi:10.1136/jmg.30.5.385. PMID 8320700. 
  2. ↑ "Entrez Gene: DYSF dysferlin, limb girdle muscular dystrophy 2B (autosomal recessive)". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=8291. 
  3. ↑ "Dysferlin Stabilizes Stress-induced Ca2+ Signaling in the Transverse Tubule Membrane". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 (51): 20831–20836. December 2013. doi:10.1073/pnas.1307960110. PMID 24302765. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..11020831K. 
  4. ↑ "Dysferlin at Transverse Tubules Regulates Ca2+ Homeostasis in Skeletal Muscle". Frontiers in Physiology 5: 89. March 2014. doi:10.3389/fphys.2014.00089. PMID 24639655. 
  5. ↑ "Coupling of Excitation to Ca2+ Release is Modulated by Dysferlin". J. Physiol. 595 (15): 5191–5207. August 2017. doi:10.1113/JP274515. PMID 8568606. 
  6. ↑ "Dysferlin links excitation-contraction coupling to structure and maintenance of the cardiac transverse-axial tubule system". Europace 22 (7): 1119–1131. July 2020. doi:10.1093/europace/euaa093. PMID 32572487. 
  7. ↑ Leiden University Medical Center, Center for Human and Clinical Genetics - Dysferlin Retrieved 21 June 2007.
  8. ↑ "Characterization of zebrafish dysferlin by morpholino knockdown". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 413 (2): 358–363. September 2011. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2011.08.105. PMID 21893049. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 "Alternate splicing of dysferlin C2A confers Ca²⁺-dependent and Ca²⁺-independent binding for membrane repair". Structure 22 (1): 104–115. January 2014. doi:10.1016/j.str.2013.10.001. PMID 24239457. 
  10. ↑ "Enhanced Muscular Dystrophy from Loss of Dysferlin Is Accompanied by Impaired Annexin A6 Translocation after Sarcolemmal Disruption". The American Journal of Pathology 186 (6): 1610–1622. June 2016. doi:10.1016/j.ajpath.2016.02.005. PMID 27070822. 
  11. ↑ "Muscular dystrophy with marked Dysferlin deficiency is consistently caused by primary dysferlin gene mutations". European Journal of Human Genetics 19 (9): 974–980. September 2011. doi:10.1038/ejhg.2011.70. PMID 21522182. 
  12. ↑ "Dysferlinopathy Fibroblasts Are Defective in Plasma Membrane Repair". PLOS Currents 7. October 2015. doi:10.1371/currents.md.5865add2d766f39a0e0411d38a7ba09c. PMID 26579332. 
  13. ↑ "Cloning of the mouse dysferlin gene and genomic characterization of the SJL-Dysf mutation". NeuroReport 12 (3): 625–629. March 2001. doi:10.1097/00001756-200103050-00039. PMID 11234777. 
  14. ↑ "Quantitation of the calcium and membrane binding properties of the C2 domains of dysferlin". Biophysical Journal 106 (2): 382–389. January 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4492. PMID 24461013. Bibcode: 2014BpJ...106..382A. 
  15. ↑ "The C2 domains of dysferlin: roles in membrane localization, Ca2+ signalling and sarcolemmal repair". The Journal of Physiology 600 (8): 1953–1968. April 2022. doi:10.1113/JP282648. PMID 35156706. 
  16. ↑ "Characterization of lipid binding specificities of dysferlin C2 domains reveals novel interactions with phosphoinositides". Biochemistry 48 (11): 2377–2384. March 2009. doi:10.1021/bi802242r. PMID 19253956. 
  17. ↑ "Elevated Ca2+ at the triad junction underlies dysregulation of Ca2+ signaling in dysferlin-null skeletal muscle". Frontiers in Physiology 13: 1032447. November 2022. doi:10.3389/fphys.2022.1032447. PMID 36406982. 
  18. ↑ 18.0 18.1 "FerA is a Membrane-Associating Four-Helix Bundle Domain in the Ferlin Family of Membrane-Fusion Proteins". Scientific Reports 8 (1): 10949. July 2018. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-29184-1. PMID 30026467. Bibcode: 2018NatSR...810949H. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 "Crystal structures of the human Dysferlin inner DysF domain". BMC Structural Biology 14: 3. January 2014. doi:10.1186/1472-6807-14-3. PMID 24438169. 
  20. ↑ "A gene related to Caenorhabditis elegans spermatogenesis factor fer-1 is mutated in limb-girdle muscular dystrophy type 2B". Nat. Genet. 20 (1): 37–42. 1998. doi:10.1038/1689. PMID 9731527. 
  21. ↑ "Defective membrane repair in dysferlin-deficient muscular dystrophy". Nature 423 (6936): 168–72. 2003. doi:10.1038/nature01573. PMID 12736685. Bibcode: 2003Natur.423..168B. 
  22. ↑ "In vivo imaging of molecular interactions at damaged sarcolemma". Dev. Cell 22 (3): 515–29. 2012. doi:10.1016/j.devcel.2011.12.008. PMID 22421042. 
  23. ↑ "Quantitation of the calcium and membrane binding properties of the C2 domains of dysferlin". Biophys. J. 106 (2): 382–9. 2014. doi:10.1016/j.bpj.2013.11.4492. PMID 24461013. Bibcode: 2014BpJ...106..382A. 
  24. ↑ "Membrane damage-induced vesicle-vesicle fusion of dysferlin-containing vesicles in muscle cells requires microtubules and kinesin". Hum. Mol. Genet. 23 (7): 1677–86. 2014. doi:10.1093/hmg/ddt557. PMID 24203699. 
  25. ↑ "A multiancestral genome-wide exome array study of Alzheimer disease, frontotemporal dementia, and progressive supranuclear palsy". JAMA Neurology 72 (4): 414–22. April 2015. doi:10.1001/jamaneurol.2014.4040. PMID 25706306. 
  26. ↑ "Extensive Mononuclear Infiltration and Myogenesis Characterize the Recovery of Dysferlin-Null Skeletal Muscle from Contraction-Induced Injuries.". Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 298 (2): C298–C312. Feb 2010. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00122.2009. PMID 9923419. 
  27. ↑ "Dysferlin Stabilizes Stress-induced Ca2+ Signaling in the Transverse Tubule Membrane". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110 (51): 20831–20836. December 2013. doi:10.1073/pnas.1307960110. PMID 24302765. Bibcode: 2013PNAS..11020831K. 
  28. ↑ "Extensive Mononuclear Infiltration and Myogenesis Characterize the Recovery of Dysferlin-Null Skeletal Muscle from Contraction-Induced Injuries". Am. J. Physiol. Cell Physiol. 298 (2): C298–C312. Feb 2010. doi:10.1152/ajpcell.00122.2009. PMID 9923419. 
  29. ↑ "Coupling of Excitation to Ca2+ Release is Modulated by Dysferlin.". J. Physiol. 595 (15): 5191–5207. August 2017. doi:10.1113/JP274515. PMID 8568606. 
  30. ↑ "The C2 Domains of Dysferlin: Roles in Membrane Localization, Stabilization of Ca2+ Signaling, and Membrane Repair.". J. Physiol. 600 (8): 1953–1968. Apr 2022. doi:10.1113/JP282648. PMID 35156706. 
  31. ↑ "The C2 Domains of Dysferlin: Roles in Membrane Localization, Stabilization of Ca2+ Signaling, and Membrane Repair.". J. Physiol. 600 (8): 1953–1968. Apr 2022. doi:10.1113/JP282648. PMID 35156706. 
  32. ↑ "Unmasking intracellular dysferlin". J. Histochem. 59 (11): 964–975. Nov 2011. doi:10.1369/0022155411423274. PMID 22043020. 
  33. ↑ "The sarcolemmal proteins dysferlin and caveolin-3 interact in skeletal muscle". Hum. Mol. Genet. 10 (17): 1761–6. August 2001. doi:10.1093/hmg/10.17.1761. PMID 11532985. 
  34. ↑ "Caveolin regulates endocytosis of the muscle repair protein, dysferlin". J. Biol. Chem. 283 (10): 6476–88. 2008. doi:10.1074/jbc.M708776200. PMID 18096699. http://espace.library.uq.edu.au/view/UQ:165025/UQ165025_OA.pdf. 
  35. ↑ "Membrane repair defects in muscular dystrophy are linked to altered interaction between MG53, caveolin-3, and dysferlin". J. Biol. Chem. 284 (23): 15894–902. 2009. doi:10.1074/jbc.M109.009589. PMID 19380584. 

Further reading

External links



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