View source for 4D BIM

'''4D BIM''', an acronym for 4-dimensional [[Building information modeling|building information modeling]] and a term widely used in the [[Engineering:Computer-aided design|CAD]] industry, refers to the intelligent linking of individual 3D CAD components or assemblies with time- or scheduling-related information.<ref name=4DBIM-R-01/> <ref>{{cite web|last1=Mills|first1=Fred|title=What is 4D BIM?|url=http://www.theb1m.com/video/what-is-4d-bim|website=www.TheB1M.com|publisher=The B1M Limited|accessdate=2 February 2016}}</ref>The use of the term 4D is intended to refer to the fourth dimension: time, i.e. 4D is 3D plus time schedule.<ref name=4DBIM-R-02/> 
The construction plan of works information with 3-Dimensional models is 4D enables the various participants (from architects, designers, contractors to clients) of a construction project, to plan, sequence the physical activities, visualize the critical path in the entire duration of a series of events, mitigate the risks, reporting and monitor progress of construction activities through the lifetime of the project.<ref name=4DBIM-R-03/><ref name=4DBIM-R-04/><ref name=4DBIM-R-05/> This BIM-centric approach towards project management technique has a very high potential to improve the project management and delivery of construction project, of any size or complexity.

==History==
In 1998, Sir John Egan, in his report ''Rethinking Construction'',<ref name=Egan>Egan, J. (1998) ''Rethinking Construction: Report of the Construction Task Force'', London: HMSO. (Copy of report available on Constructing Excellence website: [http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdf/rethinking%20construction/rethinking_construction_report.pdf report] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111108223227/http://www.constructingexcellence.org.uk/pdf/rethinking%20construction/rethinking_construction_report.pdf |date=2011-11-08 }}. Accessed: 8 September 2014.)</ref> argued that certain principles and management techniques could successfully cross-over from other industries like manufacturing to serve the project delivery demands of the construction industry. The Egan Report cited "Technology as a Tool":

:"One area in which we know new technology to be a very useful tool is in the design of buildings and their components, and in the exchange of design information throughout the construction team. There are enormous benefits to be gained, in terms of eliminating waste and rework for example, from using modern CAD technology to prototype buildings and by rapidly exchanging information on design changes. Redesign should take place on computer, not on the construction site."

4D BIM adds a new dimension (time) to 3D CAD or solid modelling, it enables a sequence of events to be depicted visually on a time line that has been populated by a 3D model (augmenting traditional Gantt charts and Critical Path (CPM) schedules often used in project management).<ref name=4DBIM-R-16/><ref name=4DBIM-R-17/><ref name=4DBIM-R-18/><ref name=4DBIM-R-19/><ref name=4DBIM-R-20/><ref name=4DBIM-R-21/><ref name=4DBIM-R-22/><ref name=4DBIM-R-23/> Construction sequences can be reviewed as a series of problems using 4D BIM, enabling users to explore options, manage solutions and optimize results. It enables construction product development, collaborative and transparent project implementation, partnering with the supply chain and production of components, and is in keeping with Egan's vision: "sustained improvement should then be delivered through use of techniques for eliminating waste and increasing value for the customer."

As an advanced construction management technique, it is increasingly used by project delivery teams working on larger projects.<ref name=4DBIM-R-06/><ref name=4DBIM-R-07/><ref name=4DBIM-R-08/> For example, it is used in the construction of projects including tall buildings, bridges, highways, tunnels, university campuses and hospital complexes, luxury residential, residential and infrastructure such as courthouses, levee systems, hydro-electric power generation stations, mining and industrial process facilities. 4D BIM has traditionally been used for higher end projects due to the associated costs, but technologies are now emerging that allow the process to be used by laymen or to drive processes such as manufacture.<ref name=4DBIM-R-10/><ref name=4DBIM-R-11/><ref name=4DBIM-R-12/><ref name=4DBIM-R-13/><ref name=4DBIM-R-14/>

==See also==
*[[5D BIM|5D BIM]]
*[[6D BIM|6D BIM]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em|refs=
<ref name=4DBIM-R-01>{{Cite web|url=http://structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1234|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120530011123/http://structuremag.org/article.aspx?articleID=1234|url-status=dead|archive-date=30 May 2012|title= 4D BIM or Simulation-Based Modeling |publisher=structuremag.org |accessdate=9 January 2016}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-02>{{Cite web|url=http://www.cadsoft-consult.com/blogs/architecture/2009/09/ashrae-introduction-to-bim-4d-and-5d/|title=ASHRAE Introduction to BIM, 4D and 5D|publisher=cadsoft-consult.com|accessdate=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130403091827/http://www.cadsoft-consult.com/blogs/architecture/2009/09/ashrae-introduction-to-bim-4d-and-5d/|archive-date=2013-04-03|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-03>{{Cite web|url=http://www.wbdg.org/bim/nibs_bim.php|title= NIBS BIM Initiatives |publisher=wbdg.org |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-04>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/workspace/papers/asce-96.pdf |publisher=stanford.edu |title= Interactive 4D-CAD by Kathleen McKinney, Jennifer Kim, Martin Fischer, Craig Howard |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-05>{{Cite web|url=http://www.stanford.edu/group/4D/ |title=Introduction to 4D Research by Martin Fischer |publisher=stanford.edu |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-06>{{Cite web|url=https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&q=cache:nHL2zKVJCHAJ:citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/download?doi%3D10.1.1.110.494%26rep%3Drep1%26type%3Dpdf+&hl=en&gl=in&pid=bl&srcid=ADGEEShtbA4OZLNI-pDNhsIbxhfUBVxkIUOors35dmnKMsy6G_UI85V3x1NCGU6vFrH9nRO5afeTactdmLb2kfO7R_SXqsbvfaropmI-5dWTj6yQGK5kcKcAv-zy6_9Kowbj_BqYtdW7&sig=AHIEtbQWjmYdMfzrbmvzj6KzrI5TaWwJBQ&pli=1 |title= Trends of 4D CAD applications for construction planning by David Heesom and Lamine Mahdjoubi |publisher=psu.edu |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-07>{{Cite web |url=http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/cic/publications/Conference/Yerrapathruni_Messner_Baratta_Horman_Using_4D_CAD.pdf |title=Using 4D CAD and Immersive Virtual Environments to Improve Construction Planning by Sai Yerrapathruni, John I. Messner, Anthony J. Baratta and Michael J. Horman |publisher=psu.edu |accessdate=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130626100912/http://www.engr.psu.edu/ae/cic/publications/Conference/Yerrapathruni_Messner_Baratta_Horman_Using_4D_CAD.pdf |archive-date=2013-06-26 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-08>{{Cite web|url=http://www.ipedr.com/vol13/32-T00059.pdf |title= 4D CAD Application Examples and Directions for Development in Civil Engineering Projects by Joong-Min Kwak, Gwang-Yeol Choi, Nam-Jin Park, Hwa-Jin Seo and Leen-Seok Kang |publisher=ipedr.com |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-10>{{Cite web|url=http://www.vicosoftware.com/what-is-4D-BIM/tabid/88206/Default.aspx|title= 4D BIM from Vico website|publisher=vicosoftware.com |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-11>{{Cite web|url=http://ci-asce.org/node/8548|title=Management Pracitices in Construction by Mohammad kasirossafar|publisher=ci-asce.org|accessdate=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130616204600/http://ci-asce.org/node/8548|archive-date=2013-06-16|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-12>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TcG1yCK5fewC&redir_esc=y|title= 4d CAD and Visualization in Construction: Developments and Applications by Raja R. A. Issa, Ian Flood, William J. O'Brien|publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-13>{{Cite book|url=
https://books.google.com/books?id=IioygN0nYzMC&dq=BIM+Handbook&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=ItW7SouxKpHqsQOd-OXcBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=4d&f=false |title= BIM Handbook: A Guide to Building Information Modeling for Owners, Managers, Designers, Engineers, and Contractors by Chuck Eastman, Charles M. Eastman, Paul Teicholz, Rafael Sacks|publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-14>{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.com/Modeling-Simulation-Based-Data-Engineering-Introducing/dp/0123725151|title= Modeling & Simulation-Based Data Engineering: Introducing Pragmatics into Ontologies for Net-Centric Information Exchange by Bernard P. Zeigler (Author), Phillip E. Hammonds (Author)|publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-16>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=/ep/channel/gsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-24291 |title=GSA Web Site |accessdate=29 May 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20091112145341/http://www.gsa.gov/Portal/gsa/ep/channelView.do?pageTypeId=17109&channelPage=%2Fep%2Fchannel%2FgsaOverview.jsp&channelId=-24291 |archivedate=12 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-17>{{Cite web|url=http://www.precisionschedulingconsultants.com/4D_BIM_The_Evolution_of_Construction_Scheduling.html |title=  4D BIM: The Evolution of Construction Scheduling |publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-18>{{Cite web |url=http://www.architecturalevangelist.com/building-information-modeling/4d-bim-modeling-improve-cost-scheduling-and-coordination-of-building-project-2.html |title=4D BIM Modeling: Improve Cost, Scheduling and Coordination of Building Project |publisher=architecturalevangelist.com |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141230141135/http://www.architecturalevangelist.com/building-information-modeling/4d-bim-modeling-improve-cost-scheduling-and-coordination-of-building-project-2.html |archive-date=30 December 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-19>{{Cite web|url=http://www.construction-student.co.uk/news/rethinking-construction-ten-years-on/ |title=Rethinking Construction – 10 years on?|publisher=construction-student.co.uk |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-20>{{Cite web|url=http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0000455|title=Towards 5D CAD — Dynamic Cost and Resource Planning for Specialist Contractors by William O’Brien|publisher=asce.org|accessdate=29 May 2012|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130112161506/http://cedb.asce.org/cgi/WWWdisplay.cgi?0000455|archive-date=2013-01-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-21>{{Cite web|url=http://aikomus.com/2011/outsourcing/4d-construction-simulation/ |title= 4D construction simulation|publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-22>{{Cite web|url=http://www.mendeley.com/research/case-study-constructing-3d-4d-bim-models-2d-drawings-paperbased-documents-using-school-building-project/|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130104033028/http://www.mendeley.com/research/case-study-constructing-3d-4d-bim-models-2d-drawings-paperbased-documents-using-school-building-project/|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 January 2013|title=A case study on constructing 3D / 4D BIM models from 2D drawings and paper-based documents using a school building project by S L Fan, S C Kang, S H Hsieh, Y H Chen, C H Wu, J R Juang|accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>
<ref name=4DBIM-R-23>{{Cite web|url=http://www.indiana.edu/~uao/IU%20BIM%20Guidelines%20and%20Standards.pdf |title= Building Information Modeling (BIM) Guidelines and Standards for Architects, Engineers, and Contractors|publisher= |date= |accessdate=29 May 2012}}</ref>}}

{{Building information modeling}}

[[Category:Data modeling]]
[[Category:Computer-aided design]]

{{Sourceattribution|4D BIM|1}}