Biology:ECHS1

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Short description: Protein-coding gene in humans


A representation of the 3D structure of the protein myoglobin showing turquoise α-helices.
Generic protein structure example

Enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase, short chain, 1, mitochondrial, also known as ECHS1, is a human gene.[1]

The protein encoded by this gene functions in the second step of the mitochondrial fatty acid beta-oxidation pathway. It catalyzes the hydration of 2-trans-enoyl-coenzyme A (CoA) intermediates to L-3-hydroxyacyl-CoAs. The gene product is a member of the hydratase/isomerase superfamily. It localizes to the mitochondrial matrix. Transcript variants utilizing alternative transcription initiation sites have been described in the literature.[1]

Structure

The ECHS1 gene is approximately 11 kb in length, and is composed of eight exons, with exons I and VIII containing the 5'- and 3'-untranslated regions, respectively. There are two major transcription start sites, located 62 and 63 bp upstream of the translation codon, were mapped by primer extension analysis. The 5'-flanking region of the ECHS1 gene is GC-rich and contains several copies of the SP1 binding motive but no typical TATA or CAAT boxes are apparent. Alu repeat elements have been identified within the region -1052/-770 relative to the cap site and in intron 7.[2] The precursor polypeptide contains 290 amino acid residues, with an N-terminal mitochondrial targeting domain (1-27,28,29) leading to a ragged mature N-terminus. The mRNA has a 5'-untranslated sequence of 21 bp and a 3'-untranslated sequence of 391 bp.[3]

Function

Enoyl-CoA hydratase (ECH) catalyzes the second step in beta-oxidation pathway of fatty acid metabolism. The enzyme is involved in the formation of a β-hydroxyacyl-CoA thioester. The two catalytic glutamic acid residues are believed to act in concert to activate a water molecule, while Gly-141 is proposed to be involved in substrate activation. There are two potent inhibitors of ECHS, which irreversibly inactivate the enzyme via covalent adduct formation.[4]

Clinical significance

Enoyl-CoA hydratase short chain has been confirmed to interact with STAT3, such that ECHS1 specifically represses STAT3 activity by inhibiting STAT3 phosphorylation.[5] STAT3 can act as both an oncogene and a tumor suppressor. ECHS1 itself has shown to occur in many cancers, particularly in hypatocellular carcinoma (HCC) development;[6] both exogenous and endogenous forms of ECHS1 bind to HBs and induce apoptosis as a result. This means that ECHS1 may be used in the future as a therapy for patients with HBV-related hepatitis or HCC.[7]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Entrez Gene: ECHS1 enoyl Coenzyme A hydratase, short chain, 1, mitochondrial". https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/sites/entrez?Db=gene&Cmd=ShowDetailView&TermToSearch=1892. 
  2. ↑ Janssen, U; Davis, E. M.; Le Beau, M. M.; Stoffel, W (1997). "Human mitochondrial enoyl-CoA hydratase gene (ECHS1): Structural organization and assignment to chromosome 10q26.2-q26.3". Genomics 40 (3): 470–5. doi:10.1006/geno.1996.4597. PMID 9073515. 
  3. ↑ Kanazawa, M; Ohtake, A; Abe, H; Yamamoto, S; Satoh, Y; Takayanagi, M; Niimi, H; Mori, M et al. (1993). "Molecular cloning and sequence analysis of the cDNA for human mitochondrial short-chain enoyl-CoA hydratase". Enzyme & Protein 47 (1): 9–13. doi:10.1159/000468650. PMID 8012501. 
  4. ↑ Agnihotri, G; Liu, H. W. (2003). "Enoyl-CoA hydratase. Reaction, mechanism, and inhibition". Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry 11 (1): 9–20. doi:10.1016/s0968-0896(02)00333-4. PMID 12467702. 
  5. ↑ Chang, Y; Wang, S. X.; Wang, Y. B.; Zhou, J; Li, W. H.; Wang, N; Fang, D. F.; Li, H. Y. et al. (2013). "ECHS1 interacts with STAT3 and negatively regulates STAT3 signaling". FEBS Letters 587 (6): 607–13. doi:10.1016/j.febslet.2013.02.005. PMID 23416296. 
  6. ↑ Zhu, X. S.; Dai, Y. C.; Chen, Z. X.; Xie, J. P.; Zeng, W; Lin, Y. Y.; Tan, Q. H. (2013). "Knockdown of ECHS1 protein expression inhibits hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation via suppression of Akt activity". Critical Reviews in Eukaryotic Gene Expression 23 (3): 275–82. doi:10.1615/critreveukaryotgeneexpr.2013007531. PMID 23879543. 
  7. ↑ Xiao, C. X.; Yang, X. N.; Huang, Q. W.; Zhang, Y. Q.; Lin, B. Y.; Liu, J. J.; Liu, Y. P.; Jazag, A et al. (2013). "ECHS1 acts as a novel HBs Ag-binding protein enhancing apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway in HepG2 cells". Cancer Letters 330 (1): 67–73. doi:10.1016/j.canlet.2012.11.030. PMID 23178449. 

Further reading



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