Astronomy:2099 Öpik
| Discovery [1] | |
|---|---|
| Discovered by | E. F. Helin |
| Discovery site | Palomar Obs. |
| Discovery date | 8 November 1977 |
| Designations | |
| (2099) Opik | |
| Named after | Ernst Öpik (Estonian astronomer)[2] |
| 1977 VB · 1977 UL2 | |
| Minor planet category | Mars-crosser [1][3] |
| Orbital characteristics [1] | |
| Epoch 4 September 2017 (JD 2458000.5) | |
| Uncertainty parameter 0 | |
| Observation arc | 60.26 yr (22,009 days) |
| |{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | 3.1370 AU |
| |{{{apsis}}}|helion}} | 1.4710 AU |
| 2.3040 AU | |
| Eccentricity | 0.3616 |
| Orbital period | 3.50 yr (1,277 days) |
| Mean anomaly | 148.76° |
| Mean motion | 0° 16m 54.48s / day |
| Inclination | 26.966° |
| Longitude of ascending node | 218.84° |
| 159.18° | |
| Earth MOID | 0.4926 AU |
| Physical characteristics | |
| Dimensions | 5.12 km (calculated)[4] 5.17±1.35 km[5] |
| Rotation period | 6.4430±0.0002 h[6] 9.3 h[7] |
| Geometric albedo | 0.05±0.06[5] 0.057 (assumed)[4] |
| S (Tholen)[1] Ch (SMASS)[1] C (CALL)[4] B–V = 0.690[1] U–B = 0.350[1] | |
| Absolute magnitude (H) | 15.18[1][4] · 15.22[5] |
2099 Öpik, provisional designation 1977 VB, is a dark and eccentric asteroid and Mars-crosser from the inner regions of the asteroid belt, approximately 5.1 kilometers in diameter.
The asteroid was discovered on 8 November 1977, by American astronomer Eleanor Helin at the Palomar Observatory in California, and named after Estonian astronomer Ernst Öpik.[3]
Orbit and classification
Öpik orbits the Sun in the inner main-belt at a distance of 1.5–3.1 AU once every 3 years and 6 months (1,277 days). Its orbit has an eccentricity of 0.36 and an inclination of 27° with respect to the ecliptic.[1] The first used precovery was taken at the discovering observatory in 1970, extending the asteroid's observation arc by 7 years prior to its discovery.[3]
Physical characteristics
Originally, the asteroid's spectral type was that of a bright S-type asteroid in the Tholen classification. More recently, it has been characterized as a dark Ch-type, a hydrated subtype of the carbonaceous C-type asteroids in the SMASS classification, which is in agreement with its low albedo (below).[1]
Diameter and albedo
According to the survey carried out by NASA's Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer with its subsequent NEOWISE mission, Öpik measures 5.17 kilometers in diameter and its surface has an albedo of 0.05.[5] The Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link assumes a standard albedo for carbonaceous asteroids of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 5.12 kilometers with an absolute magnitude of 15.18.[4]
Rotation period
In 2005, a photometric lightcurve analysis by several astronomers including Pierre Antonini, rendered a rotation period of 6.4430±0.0002 hours and with a brightness amplitude of 0.21 in magnitude ({{{1}}}),[6] superseding the results of an observation from the 1990s that gave a longer period of 9.3 hours ({{{1}}}).[7]
Naming
This minor planet was named after Estonian astronomer and astrophysicist, Ernst Öpik (1893–1985), who has influenced many fields of astronomy during his 60-year long career. He is noted for developing the discipline of statistical celestial mechanics and for methods to estimate the lifetimes of planet-crossing asteroids. In the early 1950s, he calculated the impact probability of Mars-crossing asteroids with Mars, and concluded that a search for impact craters on Mars would be a fruitful. Fourteen years later, Martian craters were discovered by Mariner 4.[2] The official naming citation was published by the Minor Planet Center on 1 November 1978 (M.P.C. 4548).[8]
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 1.9 "JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 2099 Opik (1977 VB)". Jet Propulsion Laboratory. https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2002099. Retrieved 11 June 2017.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Schmadel, Lutz D. (2007). "(2099) Öpik". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (2099) Öpik. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 170. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-29925-7_2100. ISBN 978-3-540-00238-3.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "2099 Opik (1977 VB)". Minor Planet Center. https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=2099. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 "LCDB Data for (2099) Öpik". Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB). http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=2099%7CÖpik. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 Nugent, C. R.; Mainzer, A.; Bauer, J.; Cutri, R. M.; Kramer, E. A.; Grav, T. et al. (September 2016). "NEOWISE Reactivation Mission Year Two: Asteroid Diameters and Albedos". The Astronomical Journal 152 (3): 12. doi:10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/63. Bibcode: 2016AJ....152...63N.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Behrend, Raoul. "Asteroids and comets rotation curves – (2099) Öpik". Geneva Observatory. http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page4cou.html#002099. Retrieved 7 December 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 Goretti, V. (December 2000). "CCD Photometry of the Mars-crosser Asteroid 2099 Opik". The Minor Planet Bulletin 27: 46. Bibcode: 2000MPBu...27...46G. http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2000MPBu...27...46G. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
- ↑ Schmadel, Lutz D. (2009). "Appendix – Publication Dates of the MPCs". Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – Addendum to Fifth Edition (2006–2008). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 221. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-01965-4. ISBN 978-3-642-01964-7. https://archive.org/details/dictionaryminorp2008schm.
External links
- Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB), query form (info )
- Dictionary of Minor Planet Names, Google books
- Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
- Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (1)-(5000) – Minor Planet Center
- 2099 Öpik at AstDyS-2, Asteroids—Dynamic Site
- 2099 Öpik at the JPL Small-Body Database
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