Astronomy:Artemis 1

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Short description: Test flight of Space Launch System and Orion spacecraft
Artemis 1
SLSonpadAug17.jpg
Artemis 1 rolling up the ramp of LC-39B
Names
  • Artemis I (official)
  • Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1) (former)
Mission typeUncrewed lunar orbital test flight
OperatorNASA
Websitewww.nasa.gov/artemis-1
Mission duration25 days (planned)[1]
Spacecraft properties
SpacecraftOrion CM-002
Spacecraft typeOrion MPCV
Manufacturer
Start of mission
Launch date12–27 November 2022[2]
RocketSpace Launch System, Block 1
Launch siteKennedy Space Center, LC-39B
End of mission
Recovered byUSS Portland (planned)[3]
Landing dateNET December 2022
Landing sitePacific Ocean off San Diego
Orbital parameters
Reference systemSelenocentric
RegimeDistant retrograde orbit
Period14 days
Orion spacecraft orbiter
Exploration Mission-1 patch.png
Artemis 1 mission patch  

Artemis 1, officially Artemis I,[4] is a planned uncrewed Moon-orbiting mission, the first spaceflight in NASA's Artemis program, and the first flight of the agency's Space Launch System (SLS) rocket and the complete Orion spacecraft.[note 1] NASA is currently targeting a launch window between 12 and 27 November 2022.[2][5]

Formerly known as Exploration Mission-1 (EM-1),[6] the mission was renamed following the creation of the Artemis program. The mission will lift off from Launch Complex 39B at the Kennedy Space Center aboard the Space Launch System rocket. The Orion spacecraft will be launched on a mission of between 26 and 42 days,[7] with at least six of those days in a distant retrograde orbit around the Moon.[7] After reaching orbit and performing a trans-lunar injection (burn to the Moon), the mission will deploy ten CubeSat satellites and the Orion spacecraft will enter a distant retrograde orbit for six days. The Orion spacecraft will then return and reenter the Earth's atmosphere, protected by its heat shield, and splash down in the Pacific Ocean. The mission will certify Orion and the Space Launch System for crewed flights beginning with Artemis 2.[8] After the Artemis 1 mission, Artemis 2 will perform a crewed lunar flyby and Artemis 3 will perform a crewed lunar landing, five decades after the last Apollo mission.

The Orion spacecraft for Artemis 1 was stacked on 20 October 2021, marking the first time a super-heavy-lift vehicle has been stacked inside NASA's Vehicle Assembly Building (VAB) since the final Saturn V. On 17 August 2022, the fully stacked vehicle was rolled out for launch, after a series of delays caused by difficulties in pre-flight testing. The first launch attempt was made on 29 August 2022, but was cancelled due to a faulty reading on a redundant sensor. The second attempt on 3 September 2022 was also cancelled after a hydrogen leak was discovered.[9] On the same day, in order to focus on troubleshooting the SLS, NASA decided to forgo any launch attempts in the launch window ending 6 September.[10] After the leak was satisfactorily repaired, the next launch opportunity was initially on 27 September 2022[11] before trajectory forecasts for then-Tropical Storm Ian led to a weather delay.[12][13][14]

Planned mission profile

Summary of the Artemis I mission

Artemis 1 will be launched on the Block 1 variant of the Space Launch System.[15] The Block 1 vehicle consists of a core stage, two five-segment solid rocket boosters (SRBs), and an upper stage. The core stage uses four RS-25D engines, all of which have previously flown on Space Shuttle missions. The core and boosters together produce 39,000 kN (8,800,000 lbf) of thrust at liftoff. The upper stage, known as the Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage (ICPS), is based on the Delta Cryogenic Second Stage and is powered by a single RL10B-2 engine on the Artemis 1 mission.[citation needed]

Once in orbit, the ICPS will fire its engine to perform a trans-lunar injection (TLI) burn, which will place the Orion spacecraft and ten CubeSats on a trajectory to the Moon. Orion will then separate from the ICPS and coast to lunar space. Following Orion separation, the ICPS Stage Adapter will deploy ten CubeSats that will conduct scientific research and perform technology demonstrations.[16]

The Orion spacecraft will spend approximately three weeks in space, including six days in a distant retrograde orbit (DRO) around the Moon.[17]

Animation of Artemis I
Around the Earth
Frame rotating with Moon
  Earth ·   Artemis I ·   Moon
Mission elapsed time[1] Event Location
0 hours 00 minutes 00 seconds Liftoff Kennedy Space Center Launch Complex 39B
0 hours 02 minutes 12 seconds Solid rocket booster separation
0 hours 03 minutes 24 seconds Service module panels jettisoned
0 hours 03 minutes 30 seconds Launch abort tower jettisoned
0 hours 08 minutes 04 seconds Core stage main engine cutoff
0 hours 08 minutes 16 seconds Core stage and ICPS separation
0 hours 18 minutes 20 seconds Begin Orion solar array deployment
0 hours 30 minutes 20 seconds End Orion solar array deployment
0 hours 53 minutes 46 seconds Begin perigee raise maneuver
0 hours 54 minutes 08 seconds End perigee raise maneuver
1 hour 33 minutes 21 seconds Begin trans-Lunar injection (TLI) burn
1 hour 51 minutes 21 seconds End TLI burn
2 hours 01 minutes 26 seconds Orion/ICPS separation
2 hours 02 minutes 48 seconds Upper-stage separation burn
3 hours 25 minutes 26 seconds ICPS disposal burn
7 hours 51 minutes 21 seconds First trajectory correction burn
Days 2–5 Outbound coasting phase
Day 6 Lunar gravity assist 97 km (60 mi) from the Lunar surface
Days 6–9 Transit to distant retrograde orbit (DRO)
Days 10–26 In DRO
Day 27 DRO departure burn
Days 27–32 Exiting DRO
Day 33 Return powered flyby
Days 33–39 Return transit
Day 39 Entry and splashdown Pacific Ocean

History

Early illustration of the SLS launch, December 2011

Artemis 1 was outlined by NASA as Exploration Mission 1 (EM-1) in 2012, when it was set to launch in 2017[18][note 2] as the first planned flight of the Space Launch System and the second uncrewed test flight of the Orion Multi-Purpose Crew Vehicle. In initial plans for EM-1, Orion was to perform a circumlunar trajectory during a seven-day mission.[20][21] Around September 2011, SLS's first launch was delayed from before the end of 2016 to sometime in 2017, the first of at least fifteen more delays.[22]

In January 2013, it was announced that the Orion spacecraft's service module was to be built by the European Space Agency, and named the European Service Module.[23] In mid-November 2014, construction of the SLS core stage began at NASA's Michoud Assembly Facility (MAF).[24] In January 2015, NASA and Lockheed Martin announced that the primary structure in the Orion spacecraft used on Artemis 1 would be up to 25% lighter compared to the previous one (EFT-1). This would be achieved by reducing the number of cone panels from six (EFT-1) to three (EM-1), reducing the total number of welds from 19 to 7,[25] saving the additional mass of the weld material. Other savings would be due to revising its various components and wiring. For Artemis 1, the Orion spacecraft will be outfitted with a complete life support system and crew seats, but will be left uncrewed.[26]

Originally, the SLS version used on the first, second and third missions will use the SLS's Exploration Upper Stage, however, due to the stage's extreme delays, in April 2018 NASA decided to switch from Block 1B to the less powerful Block 1 SLS for these three missions. The Exploration Upper Stage will be used instead from the SLS's fourth mission onwards. In February 2017, NASA investigated a crewed launch as the first SLS flight.[15] It would have had a crew of two astronauts and the flight time would have been shorter than the uncrewed version.[27] However, after a months-long feasibility study, NASA rejected the proposal, claiming cost as the primary issue, and continued with the plan to fly the first SLS mission uncrewed.[28]

In March 2019, then-NASA administrator Jim Bridenstine proposed moving the Orion spacecraft from SLS to commercial rockets, either the Falcon Heavy or Delta IV Heavy, to comply with the schedule.[29][30] The mission would require two launches: one to place the Orion spacecraft into orbit around the Earth, and a second carrying an upper stage. The two would then dock while in Earth orbit and the upper stage would ignite to send Orion to the Moon.[31] The idea was eventually scrapped.[32] One challenge with this option would be carrying out that docking, as Orion will not carry a docking mechanism until Artemis 3.[33] The concept was shelved in mid-2019, due to another study's conclusion that it would further delay the mission.[34]

Ground testing

First static fire attempt of the core stage performed on 16 January 2021

The core stage for Artemis 1, built at Michoud Assembly Facility by Boeing, had all four engines attached in November 2019[35] and was declared finished one month later.[36] The core stage left the facility to undergo the Green Run test series at Stennis Space Center, consisting of eight tests of increasing complexity:[37]

  1. Modal testing (vibration tests)
  2. Avionics (electronic systems)
  3. Fail-safe systems
  4. Propulsion (without firing of the engines)
  5. Thrust vector control system (moving and rotating engines)
  6. Launch countdown simulation
  7. Wet dress rehearsal, with propellant
  8. Static fire of the engines for eight minutes

The first test was performed in January 2020,[37][38] and subsequent Green Run tests proceeded without issue. On 16 January 2021, a year later, the eighth and final test was performed, but the engine shut down after running for one minute,[39] with no sign of damage to the engine. This was caused by pressure in the hydraulic system used for the engines' thrust vector control system dropping below limits set for the test. However, the limits were conservative – if such an anomaly occurred in launch, the rocket would still fly normally.[40] The last test was performed again successfully on 18 March 2021.[41] The core subsequently departed the Stennis Space Center on 24 April 2021, on route to the Kennedy Space Center.[42]

Assembly

SLS with the Orion capsule in the Vehicle Assembly Building, March 2022

The Interim Cryogenic Propulsion Stage was the first part of the SLS to be delivered to the Kennedy Space Center in July 2017.[43] Three years later, all of the SLS's solid rocket booster segments were shipped by train to the Kennedy Space Center on 12 June 2020,[44] and the SLS launch vehicle stage adapter (LVSA) was delivered by barge one month later on 29 July 2020.[45] The assembly of the SLS took place at the Vehicle Assembly Building's High Bay 3, beginning with the placement of the two bottom solid rocket booster segments on 23 November 2020.[46] Assembly of the boosters was temporarily paused due to the core stage Green Run test delays before being resumed on 7 January 2021,[47] and the boosters' stacking was completed by 2 March 2021.[48]

The SLS core stage for the mission, CS-1, arrived at the launch site on the Pegasus barge on 27 April 2021 after the successful conclusion of Green Run tests. It was moved to the VAB low bay for refurbishment and stacking preparations on 29 April 2021.[49] The stage was then stacked with its boosters on 12 June 2021. The stage adapter was stacked on the Core Stage on 22 June 2021. The ICPS upper stage was stacked on 6 July 2021. Following the completion of umbilical retract testing and integrated modal testing, the Orion stage adapter with ten secondary payloads was stacked atop the upper stage on 8 October 2021.[50]

The Artemis 1 Orion spacecraft began fueling and pre-launch servicing in the Multi-Payload Processing Facility on 16 January 2021, following a handover to NASA Exploration Ground Systems (EGS).[51][52] On 20 October 2021, the Orion spacecraft, encapsulated under the launch abort system and aerodynamic cover, was rolled over to the VAB and stacked atop the SLS rocket, finishing the stacking of the Artemis 1 vehicle in High Bay-3.[53] During a period of extensive integrated testing and checkouts, one of the four RS-25 engine controllers failed, requiring a replacement and delaying the first rollout of the rocket.[54][55]

Launch preparations

First rollout of SLS in March 2022; it was then rolled back in for repairs

On 17 March 2022, Artemis 1 rolled out of High Bay 3 from the Vehicle Assembly Building for the first time in order to perform a pre-launch wet dress rehearsal (WDR). The initial WDR attempt, on 3 April, was scrubbed due to a mobile launcher pressurization problem.[56] A second attempt to complete the test was scrubbed on 4 April, after problems with supplying gaseous nitrogen to the launch complex, liquid oxygen temperatures, and a vent valve stuck in a closed position.[57]

During preparations for a third attempt, a helium check valve on the ICPS upper stage was kept in a semi-open position by a small piece of rubber originating from one of the mobile launcher's umbilical arms, forcing test conductors to delay fuelling the stage until the valve could be replaced in the VAB.[58][59] The third attempt to finish the test did not include fuelling the upper stage. The rocket's liquid oxygen tank started loading successfully. However, during the loading of liquid hydrogen on the core stage, a leak was discovered on the tail service mast umbilical plate, located on the mobile launcher at the base of the rocket, forcing another early end to the test.[60][61]

NASA elected to roll the vehicle back to the VAB to repair the hydrogen leak and the ICPS helium check valve, while also upgrading the nitrogen supply at LC-39B after prolonged outages on the three previous wet dress rehearsals. Artemis 1 was rolled back to the VAB on 26 April.[62][63][64] After the repairs and upgrades were complete the Artemis 1 vehicle rolled out to LC-39B for a second time on 6 June to complete the test.[65]

During the fourth wet dress rehearsal attempt on 20 June, the rocket was successfully fully loaded with propellant on both stages, but due to a hydrogen leak on the quick-disconnect connnection of the tail service mast umbilical, the countdown could not reach the planned T-9.3 seconds mark and was stopped automatically at T-29 seconds. NASA mission managers soon determined they had completed almost all planned test objectives and declared the WDR campaign complete.[66]

On 2 July, the Artemis 1 stack was rolled back to the VAB for final launch preparations and to fix the hydrogen leak on the quick disconnect, ahead of a launch targeted in two launch windows: 29 August and 5 September.[67][68] The SLS passed flight readiness review on 23 August, checking out five days before the first launch opportunity.[69]

Launch attempts

Fueling was scheduled to commence just after midnight on 29 August 2022, but was delayed an hour due to offshore storms, only beginning at 1:13 am. Prior to the planned launch at 8:33 am, Engine 3 of the rocket's four engines was observed to be above the maximum allowable temperature limit for launch.[70][71] Other technical difficulties involved an eleven-minute communications delay between the spacecraft and ground control, a fuel leak, and a crack on the insulating foam of the connection joints between the liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen tanks.[70][72][73] NASA scrubbed the launch after an unplanned hold and the two-hour launch window expired.[74] An investigation revealed that a sensor not used to determine launch readiness was faulty, and displayed an erroneously high temperature for Engine 3.[71]

Following the first attempt, a second launch attempt was scheduled for the afternoon of 3 September.[75] The launch window would have opened at 2:17 pm EDT, or 21:10 UTC, and lasted for two hours.[76] The launch was scrubbed at 12:17 am due to a fuel supply line leak in a service arm connecting to the engine section.[77][9] The cause of the leak is uncertain. Mission operators are investigating whether an overpressurization of the liquid hydrogen line of the quick-disconnect interface during the launch attempt may have damaged a seal, allowing hydrogen to escape.[78]

Launch operators have not yet decided on the date for the next launch attempt; the earliest possible opportunity was 19 September[79][80][5] until mission managers declared that 27 September, and then 30 September, would be the absolute earliest date, NASA having successfully repaired the leak.[81][11] A launch in September requires that the Eastern Range of the United States Space Force agree to an extension on certification of the rocket's flight termination system, which destroys the rocket should it move off-course and towards a populated area;[78] this was carried out on 22 September.[82] However, unfavorable forecasts regarding the trajectory of then-Tropical Storm Ian led launch managers to call off the 27 September launch attempt and begin preparations for the stack's rollback to the VAB.[12] On the morning of 26 September, the decision was made to make the rollback later that evening.[14][13]

Payloads

AstroRad vest on the International Space Station

The Orion spacecraft will carry three astronaut-like mannequins equipped with sensors to provide data on what crew members may experience during a trip to the Moon.[83] The first mannequin, called "Captain Moonikin Campos" (named after Arturo Campos, a NASA engineer during the Apollo program),[84] will occupy the commander's seat inside Orion and is equipped with two radiation sensors in his Orion Crew Survival System suit, which astronauts will wear during launch, entry, and other dynamic phases of their missions. His seat also has sensors to record data on acceleration and vibration data during the mission.[85]

Alongside Moonikin are two phantom torsos: Helga and Zohar, who will take part in the Matroshka AstroRad Radiation Experiment (MARE), in which NASA, together with the German Aerospace Center and the Israel Space Agency, will measure the radiation exposure during the mission. Zohar will be shielded with the Astrorad radiation vest equipped with sensors to determine radiation risks. Helga will not wear a vest. The phantoms will measure the radiation exposure of body location, with both passive and active dosimeters distributed at sensitive and high stem cell-concentration tissues.[86] The test is to provide data on radiation levels during missions to the Moon while testing the effectiveness of the vest.[87] In addition to the three mannequins, Orion will carry NASA's Snoopy[88] and ESA's Shaun the Sheep.[89]

Orion spacecraft's stage adapter with nine out of ten CubeSats installed

Ten low-cost CubeSat missions will fly as secondary payloads, mounted at Orion's stage adapter.[90] Each are in a six-unit configuration[91] and reside within the Stage Adapter, above the second stage. Ten CubeSats were ultimately installed on the Stage Adapter by October 2021. Two were selected through NASA's Next Space Technologies for Exploration Partnerships, three through the Human Exploration and Operations Mission Directorate, two through the Science Mission Directorate, and three from submissions by NASA's international partners.[92] These CubeSats are:[90]

The remaining three slots are empty, as the following three satellites were not ready in time for the Artemis 1 mission:[93]

Besides these functional payloads, Artemis 1 will also carry commemorative stickers, patches, seeds and flags from contractors and space agencies around the world.[97] A technology demonstration called Callisto, developed by Lockheed Martin in collaboration with Amazon and Cisco, will also fly aboard Orion on Artemis 1. Callisto will use video conferencing software to transmit audio and video from mission control and use the Alexa virtual assistant to respond the audio. In addition, members of the public are able to submit messages to be displayed on Callisto during the Artemis 1 mission.[98]

Media outreach

Sample souvenir boarding pass for those who registered their names to be flown aboard the Artemis 1 mission

The Artemis 1 mission patch was created by NASA designers of the SLS, Orion spacecraft and Exploration Ground Systems teams. The silver border represents the color of the Orion spacecraft; at the centre, the SLS and Orion are depicted. Three lightning towers surrounding the rocket symbolize Launch Complex 39B, from which Artemis 1 will launch. The red and blue mission trajectories encompassing the white full Moon represent Americans and people in the European Space Agency who work on Artemis 1.[99]

The Artemis 1 flight is frequently marketed as the beginning of Artemis's "Moon to Mars" program,[100][101] though there is no concrete plan for a crewed mission to Mars within NASA as of 2022.[102] To raise public awareness, NASA made a website for the public to get a digital boarding pass of the mission. The names submitted will be written into a hard drive and placed inside the Orion spacecraft.[103][104] Also aboard the capsule will be a digital copy of the 14,000 entries for the Moon Pod Essay Contest hosted by Future Engineers for NASA.[105]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ An Orion capsule was flown in 2014, but not the entire Orion spacecraft.
  2. ↑ The Space Launch System was originally mandated by Congress in the NASA Authorization Act of 2010 to be ready for flight before the end of 2016.[19]

References

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "Artemis 1 Press Kit". https://www.nasa.gov/specials/artemis-i-press-kit/img/Artemis%20I_Press%20Kit.pdf. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Teams Confirm No Damage to Flight Hardware, Focus on November for Launch". NASA. 30 September 2022. https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/30/teams-confirm-no-damage-to-flight-hardware-focus-on-november-for-launch/. 
  3. ↑ "Artemis 1 flight to moon depends on precision rocket firings to pull off a complex trajectory" (in en-US). https://www.cbsnews.com/news/nasa-space-launch-system-rocket-firing-artemis-moon/. 
  4. ↑ Artemis: brand book (Report). Washington, D.C.: NASA. 2019. NP-2019-07-2735-HQ. "MISSION NAMING CONVENTION: While Apollo mission patches used numbers and roman numerals throughout the program, Artemis mission names will use a roman numeral convention."  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kraft, Rachel (2022-05-16). "Artemis I Mission Availability". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/artemis-i-mission-availability. 
  6. ↑ Hambleton, Kathryn (20 February 2018). "Artemis I Overview". http://www.nasa.gov/content/artemis-i-overview. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Sloss, Philip (1 November 2021). "Inside Artemis 1's complex launch windows and constraints". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/artemis-1-launch-periods/. 
  8. ↑ Clark, Stephen (18 May 2020). "NASA will likely add a rendezvous test to the first piloted Orion space mission". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2020/05/18/nasa-will-likely-add-a-rendezvous-test-to-the-first-piloted-orion-space-mission/. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Foust, Jeff (3 September 2022). "Second Artemis 1 launch attempt scrubbed". https://spacenews.com/second-artemis-1-launch-attempt-scrubbed/. 
  10. ↑ "NASA to Stand Down on Artemis I Launch Attempts in Early September, Reviewing Options – Artemis" (in en-US). https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/03/nasa-to-stand-down-on-artemis-i-launch-attempts-in-early-september-reviewing-options/. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 "NASA Adjusts Dates for Artemis I Cryogenic Demonstration Test and Launch; Progress at Pad Continues". NASA. September 12, 2022. https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/12/nasa-adjusts-dates-for-artemis-i-cryogenic-demonstration-test-and-launch-progress-at-pad-continues/. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 Kraft, Rachel (24 September 2022). "Artemis I Managers Wave Off Sept. 27 Launch, Preparing for Rollback – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/24/artemis-i-managers-wave-off-sept-27-launch-preparing-for-rollback/. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 Foust, Jeff (26 September 2022). "SLS to roll back to VAB as hurricane approaches Florida". https://spacenews.com/sls-to-roll-back-to-vab-as-hurricane-approaches-florida/. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "NASA to Roll Artemis I Rocket and Spacecraft Back to VAB Tonight – Artemis" (in en-US). https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/26/nasa-to-roll-artemis-i-rocket-and-spacecraft-back-to-vab-tonight/. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "NASA to Study Adding Crew to First Flight of SLS and Orion". NASA. 15 February 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-to-study-adding-crew-to-first-flight-of-sls-and-orion.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  16. ↑ Harbaugh, Jennifer (4 October 2021). "All Artemis I Secondary Payloads Installed in Rocket's Orion Stage Adapter". NASA. https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/10/04/all-artemis-i-secondary-payloads-installed-in-rockets-orion-stage-adapter/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  17. ↑ "The Ins and Outs of NASA's First Launch of SLS and Orion". NASA. 27 November 2015. http://www.nasa.gov/feature/the-ins-and-outs-of-nasa-s-first-launch-of-sls-and-orion.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  18. ↑ Bergin, Chris (29 February 2012). "Exploration Mission 1: SLS and Orion mission to the Moon outlined". NASASpaceFlight. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2012/02/exploration-mission-1-sls-orion-debut-mission-moon-outlined/. 
  19. ↑ Rockefeller, Jay (5 August 2010). "S.3729 - 111th Congress (2009-2010): National Aeronautics and Space Administration Authorization Act of 2010". Library of Congress. http://www.congress.gov/. 
  20. ↑ Hill, Bill (March 2012). "Exploration Systems Development Status". NASA Advisory Council. http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/630149main_5-Hill_SLS%20MPCV%20GSDO_508.pdf.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  21. ↑ Singer, Jody (25 April 2012). "Status of NASA's Space Launch System". University of Texas. http://spirit.as.utexas.edu/~fiso/telecon/Singer_4-25-12/Singer_4-25-12.pdf. 
  22. ↑ William, Harwood (14 September 2011). "NASA unveils new super rocket for manned flights beyond Earth orbit | Space News, Exploration, SLS". https://www.cbsnews.com/network/news/space/home/spacenews/files/8ef7f2e7f3ddec1c1a67085fd26c335b-336.html. 
  23. ↑ "NASA Signs Agreement for a European-Provided Orion Service Module" (in en). 17 January 2013. http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/mpcv/orion_feature_011613.html. 
  24. ↑ "SLS Engine Section Barrel Hot off the Vertical Weld Center at Michoud". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/sls/14-171.html#.VGfrNb4_ypc. 
  25. ↑ Barrett, Josh (13 January 2015). "Orion program manager talks EFT-1 in Huntsville". WAAY. http://www.waaytv.com/space_alabama/orion-program-manager-talks-eft--in-huntsville/article_17894640-9b43-11e4-b731-1feb498f3882.html. 
  26. ↑ "Engineers resolve Orion will 'lose weight' in 2015". WAFF. 13 January 2015. http://www.waff.com/story/27841631/engineers-resolve-orion-will-lose-weight-in-2015. 
  27. ↑ "NASA Kicks Off Study to Add Crew to First Flight of Orion, SLS". NASA. 24 February 2017. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-kicks-off-study-to-add-crew-to-first-flight-of-orion-sls-as-progress-continues-to-send.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  28. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (12 May 2017). "NASA will not put a crew on EM-1, cites cost – not safety – as main reason". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/05/nasa-em-1-uncrewed-costs-main-reason/. 
  29. ↑ King, Ledyard (14 May 2019). "NASA names new moon landing mission 'Artemis' as Trump administration asks for US$1.6 billion". https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/politics/2019/05/14/nasas-artemis-program-eyes-initial-1-6-billion-2024-moon-landing/1195849001/. 
  30. ↑ Grush, Loren (18 July 2019). "NASA's daunting to-do list for sending people back to the Moon". https://www.theverge.com/2019/7/18/18629403/nasa-artemis-moon-program-funds-hardware-apollo-11-anniversary. 
  31. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2019). "NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-flying-orion-on-commercial-launch-vehicles/. 
  32. ↑ Sloss, Philip (19 April 2019). "NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/. 
  33. ↑ Foust, Jeff (13 March 2019). "NASA considering flying Orion on commercial launch vehicles". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-considering-flying-orion-on-commercial-launch-vehicles/. 
  34. ↑ Sloss, Philip (19 April 2019). "NASA Launch Services Program outlines the alternative launcher review for EM-1". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2019/04/nasa-lsp-studies-alternate-orion-options/. 
  35. ↑ "All Four Engines Are Attached to the SLS Core Stage for Artemis I Mission". NASA. 8 November 2019. https://www.nasa.gov/exploration/systems/sls/multimedia/four-engines-attached-to-sls-core-stage-for-artemis-I-mission.html.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  36. ↑ Foust, Jeff (10 December 2019). "SLS core stage declared ready for launch in 2021" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/sls-core-stage-declared-ready-for-launch-in-2021/. 
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 Harbaugh, Jennifer (20 May 2020). "NASA's SLS Core Stage Green Run Tests Critical Systems For Artemis I". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasas-sls-green-run-tests-core-stage-for-artemis-i.  This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain:
  38. ↑ Rincon, Paul (9 January 2020). "Nasa Moon rocket core leaves for testing". BBC News. https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-51048986. 
  39. ↑ Foust, Jeff (16 January 2021). "Green Run hotfire test ends early" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/green-run-hotfire-test-ends-early/. 
  40. ↑ Rincon, Paul (20 January 2021). "SLS: NASA finds cause of 'megarocket' test shutdown". BBC News. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-55727686. 
  41. ↑ Foust, Jeff (18 March 2021). "NASA performs full-duration SLS Green Run static-fire test" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/nasa-performs-full-duration-sls-green-run-static-fire-test/. 
  42. ↑ Dunbar, Brian (29 April 2021). "Space Launch System Core Stage Arrives at the Kennedy Space Center". NASA. http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/space-launch-system-core-stage-arrives-at-the-kennedy-space-center.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
  43. ↑ "SLS Upper Stage set to take up residence in the former home of ISS modules". 11 July 2017. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/07/sls-upper-stage-residency-former-home-iss-modules/. 
  44. ↑ Sloss, Philip (19 June 2020). "EGS begins Artemis 1 launch processing of SLS Booster hardware". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/06/artemis-1-launch-processing/. 
  45. ↑ Sloss, Philip (5 August 2020). "LVSA arrives at KSC, NASA EGS readies final pre-stacking preparations for Artemis 1". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/08/lvsa-arrives-ksc-for-artemis-1/. 
  46. ↑ Sloss, Philip (27 November 2020). "EGS, Jacobs begin vehicle integration for Artemis 1 launch". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/11/egs-jacobs-vehicle-integration-artemis-1/. 
  47. ↑ Sloss, Philip (4 December 2020). "New Artemis 1 schedule uncertainty as NASA EGS ready to continue SLS Booster stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/12/artemis-1-schedule-uncertainty-sls-booster-stacking/. 
  48. ↑ Sempsrott, Danielle (9 March 2021). "Mammoth Artemis I Rocket Boosters Stacked on Mobile Launcher" (in en-US). https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2021/03/09/mammoth-artemis-i-rocket-boosters-stacked-on-mobile-launcher/. 
  49. ↑ Sloss, Philip (6 May 2021). "NASA EGS, Jacobs preparing SLS Core Stage for Artemis 1 stacking". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/05/nasa-egs-jacobs-sls-artemis-1-stacking/. 
  50. ↑ Clark, Stephen (12 October 2021). "Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket". Spaceflight Now. https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/. 
  51. ↑ Sloss, Philip (27 March 2021). "EGS synchronizing Artemis 1 Orion, SLS Booster preps with Core Stage schedule". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/egs-aligns-artemis-1-schedule/. 
  52. ↑ Bergin, Chris (29 March 2021). "Following troubled childhood, Orion trio preparing for flight". NASASpaceFlight.com. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/03/troubled-childhood-orion-trio-preparing-flight/. 
  53. ↑ Sloss, Philip (21 October 2021). "Artemis 1 Orion joins SLS to complete vehicle stack" (in en-US). https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/10/artemis-1-stack-complete/. 
  54. ↑ "EGS, Jacobs begin Artemis 1 pre-launch testing and checkout push". 11 November 2021. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/11/egs-artemis-1-testing-checkout/. 
  55. ↑ "Engine controller replacement details behind Artemis 1 launch delay". 22 December 2021. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2021/12/engine-controller-artemis-1-delay/. 
  56. ↑ "Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Scrub – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/03/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-scrub/. 
  57. ↑ "NASA Prepares for Next Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Attempt – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/05/nasa-prepares-for-next-artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-attempt/. 
  58. ↑ "Artemis I Wet Dress Rehearsal Update – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/09/artemis-i-wet-dress-rehearsal-update/. 
  59. ↑ "Artemis I Rocket, Spacecraft Prepare for Return to Launch Pad to Finish Test – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/05/06/artemis-i-rocket-spacecraft-prepare-for-return-to-launch-pad-to-finish-test/. 
  60. ↑ "Artemis I WDR Update: Third Test Attempt Concluded – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-wdr-update-third-test-attempt-concluded/. 
  61. ↑ "NASA calls off modified Artemis 1 Wet Dress Rehearsal for hydrogen leak". 14 April 2022. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/sls-wdr-2/. 
  62. ↑ "Artemis I Update: Teams Extending Current Hold, Gaseous Nitrogen Supply Reestablished – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/14/artemis-i-update-teams-extending-current-hold-gaseous-nitrogen-supply-reestablished/. 
  63. ↑ "Artemis 1 vehicle heads back to VAB while NASA discusses what to do next". 25 April 2022. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/04/artemis-1-vab-nasa-discusses-what-next/. 
  64. ↑ "Artemis I Moon Rocket Arrives at Vehicle Assembly Building – Artemis". https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/04/26/artemis-i-moon-rocket-arrives-at-vehicle-assembly-building/. 
  65. ↑ "NASA's Artemis 1 moon rocket returns to launch pad for crucial tests" (in en). 6 June 2022. https://www.space.com/nasa-artemis-1-moon-rocket-returns-launch-pad-testing. 
  66. ↑ "NASA declares SLS countdown rehearsal complete". 24 June 2022. https://spacenews.com/nasa-declares-sls-countdown-rehearsal-complete/. 
  67. ↑ "NASA not planning another Artemis 1 countdown dress rehearsal – Spaceflight Now". https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/06/22/nasa-not-planning-another-artemis-1-countdown-dress-rehearsal/. 
  68. ↑ "SLS rolled back to VAB for final launch preparations". 2 July 2022. https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/07/sls-rolled-back-final-launch-preps/. 
  69. ↑ Foust, Jeff (23 August 2022). "Artemis 1 passes flight readiness review" (in en-US). https://spacenews.com/artemis-1-passes-flight-readiness-review/. 
  70. ↑ 70.0 70.1 CNN, Ashley Strickland (29 August 2022). "Today's Artemis I launch has been scrubbed after engine issue". CNN. https://edition.cnn.com/2022/08/29/world/nasa-artemis-1-launch-scn/index.html. 
  71. ↑ 71.0 71.1 "NASA Ready to Try Artemis I Again on Saturday and See What the Day Brings" (in en-US). https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/nasa-ready-to-try-artemis-i-again-on-saturday-and-see-what-the-day-brings/. 
  72. ↑ Speck, Emilee (2022-08-23). "Artemis 1 countdown resumes for Saturday launch; weather forecast improves". https://www.foxweather.com/weather-news/artemis-1-launch-forecast-nasa-historic-moon-rocket-launch. 
  73. ↑ Tariq Malik (29 August 2022). "NASA calls off Artemis 1 moon rocket launch over engine cooling issue" (in en). Space.com. https://www.space.com/artemis-1-moon-rocket-launch-scrub. 
  74. ↑ Anthony Cuthbertson; Vishwam Sankaran; Johanna Chisholm; Jon Kelvey (29 August 2022). "Nasa scrambles to fix Moon rocket issues ahead of Artemis launch – live" (in en). The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/space/artemis-launch-nasa-live-stream-watch-b2154809.html. 
  75. ↑ CNN, Ashley Strickland. "Artemis I launch team is ready for another 'try' on Saturday". https://www.cnn.com/2022/09/01/world/nasa-artemis-1-saturday-launch-update-scn/index.html. 
  76. ↑ Foust, Jeff (30 August 2022). "Next Artemis 1 launch attempt set for Sept. 3". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/next-artemis-1-launch-attempt-set-for-sept-3/. 
  77. ↑ Kraft, Rachel. "Artemis I Launch Attempt Scrubbed". NASA. https://blogs.nasa.gov/artemis/2022/09/03/artemis-i-launch-attempt-scrubbed/. 
  78. ↑ 78.0 78.1 Clark, Stephen. "NASA officials evaluating late September launch dates for Artemis 1 moon mission – Spaceflight Now" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2022/09/08/nasa-officials-evaluating-late-september-launch-dates-for-artemis-1-moon-mission/. 
  79. ↑ Davenport, Christian (2022-09-03). "Artemis I mission faces weeks of delay after launch is scrubbed". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2022/09/03/artemis-launch/. 
  80. ↑ Greenfieldboyce, Nell; Hernandez, Joe (2022-09-03). "NASA won't try to launch the Artemis 1 moon mission again for at least a few weeks" (in en). NPR. https://www.npr.org/2022/09/03/1120742884/nasa-artemis-1-launch-saturday-time-moon-mission-rocket-orion-sls. 
  81. ↑ Gebhardt, Chris (8 September 2022). "NASA discusses path to SLS repairs as launch uncertainty looms for September, October". https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2022/09/artemis-i-update-sept8/. 
  82. ↑ Zizo, Christie (22 September 2022). "NASA moves ahead with Artemis launch attempt next week with eye on weather". https://www.clickorlando.com/news/space-news/2022/09/22/nasa-expected-to-announce-whether-artemis-i-can-launch-without-vab-rollback/. 
  83. ↑ Pasztor, Andy (17 April 2018). "U.S., Israeli Space Agencies Join Forces to Protect Astronauts From Radiation". The Wall Street Journal. https://www.wsj.com/articles/u-s-israeli-space-agencies-join-forces-to-protect-astronauts-from-radiation-1523969713. 
  84. ↑ "Artemis I launch guide: What to expect". https://www.planetary.org/articles/artemis-i-launch-guide. 
  85. ↑ "Purposeful Passengers Hitch a Ride on NASA's Artemis I Mission". 15 August 2022. https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/purposeful-passengers-hitch-a-ride-on-nasa-s-artemis-i-mission. 
  86. ↑ Berger, Thomas (11–12 October 2017). "Exploration Missions and Radiation". International Symposium for Personal and Commercial Spaceflight. Las Cruces, New Mexico: ISPCS. https://ispcs.com/wp-content/uploads/Thomas-Berger-ISPCS-2017-FINAL-1.compressed.pdf. Retrieved 22 June 2018. 
  87. ↑ "Orion "Passengers" on Artemis I to Test Radiation Vest for Deep Space Missions". 13 February 2020. https://www.nasa.gov/feature/orion-passengers-on-artemis-i-to-test-radiation-vest-for-deep-space-missions. 
  88. ↑ Warner, Cheryl (12 November 2021). "Snoopy to Fly on NASA's Artemis I Moon Mission". https://www.nasa.gov/feature/snoopy-to-fly-on-nasas-artemis-i-moon-mission. 
  89. ↑ "Shaun the Sheep to fly on Artemis I lunar mission". https://www.aardman.com/latest-news/shaun-the-sheep-esa-artemis-i. 
  90. ↑ 90.0 90.1 Clark, Stephen (12 October 2021). "Adapter structure with 10 CubeSats installed on top of Artemis moon rocket" (in en-US). https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/12/adapter-structure-with-10-cubesats-installed-on-top-of-artemis-moon-rocket/. 
  91. ↑ Foust, Jeff (8 August 2019). "NASA seeking proposals for cubesats on second SLS launch". SpaceNews. https://spacenews.com/nasa-seeking-proposals-for-cubesats-on-second-sls-launch/. "Unlike Artemis 1, which will fly six-unit cubesats only..." 
  92. ↑ Latifiyan, Pouya (August 2022). "Artemis 1 and space communications". Qoqnoos Scientific Magazine: 3. 
  93. ↑ Anderson, Gina; Porter, Molly (8 June 2017). "Three DIY CubeSats Score Rides on NASA's First Flight of Orion, Space Launch System". NASA. https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/three-diy-cubesats-score-rides-on-nasa-s-first-flight-of-orion-space-launch-system.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  95. ↑ "Lunar Flashlight". Solar System Exploration Research Virtual Institute. NASA. 2015. http://sservi.nasa.gov/articles/lunar-flashlight/.  This article incorporates text from this source, which is in the public domain.
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  97. ↑ "Artemis I Official Flight Kit". https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/artemis_i_official_flight_kit.pdf. 
  98. ↑ "How to send a message into space aboard Artemis I" (in en-US). August 26, 2022. https://www.9news.com/article/tech/science/nasa-artemis-launch-callisto-space-project/73-393296a7-bd81-400e-9da3-c79c8f19a9f9. 
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  101. ↑ Northon, Karen (26 September 2018). "NASA Unveils Sustainable Campaign to Return to Moon, on to Mars". http://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-unveils-sustainable-campaign-to-return-to-moon-on-to-mars. 
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  103. ↑ Marples, Megan (11 March 2022). "NASA will send your name around the moon. Here's how to sign up". https://www.cnn.com/2022/03/11/world/nasa-name-submission-artemis-i-mission-scn/index.html. 
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  105. ↑ "Future Engineers: Moon Pod Essay Contest". https://www.futureengineers.org/artemismoonpodessay. 

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