Chemistry:Potassium bicarbonate

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Potassium bicarbonate
Potassium bicarbonate
Names
IUPAC name
potassium hydrogencarbonate
Other names
potassium hydrogencarbonate, potassium acid carbonate
Identifiers
3D model (JSmol)
4535309
ChEBI
ChEMBL
ChemSpider
DrugBank
EC Number
  • 206-059-0
KEGG
UNII
Properties
KHCO3
Molar mass 100.115 g/mol
Appearance white crystals
Odor odorless
Density 2.17 g/cm3
Melting point 292 °C (558 °F; 565 K) (decomposes)
22.4 g/100 mL (20 °C)[1]
Solubility practically insoluble in alcohol
Acidity (pKa) 10.329[2]

6.351 (carbonic acid)[2]

Thermochemistry
-963.2 kJ/mol
Pharmacology
1=ATC code }} A12BA04 (WHO)
Hazards[3]
Safety data sheet MSDS
GHS pictograms GHS07: Harmful
GHS Signal word Warning
H315, H319, H335
P261, P264, P280, P302+352, P304+340, P305+351+338, P312, P332+313, P362, P403+233, P405
NFPA 704 (fire diamond)
Flammability code 0: Will not burn. E.g. waterHealth code 1: Exposure would cause irritation but only minor residual injury. E.g. turpentineReactivity code 0: Normally stable, even under fire exposure conditions, and is not reactive with water. E.g. liquid nitrogenSpecial hazards (white): no codeNFPA 704 four-colored diamond
0
1
0
Flash point Non-Flammable
Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC):
> 2000 mg/kg (rat, oral)
Related compounds
Other anions
Potassium carbonate
Other cations
Sodium bicarbonate
Ammonium bicarbonate
Related compounds
Potassium bisulfate
Monopotassium phosphate
Dipotassium phosphate
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references

Potassium bicarbonate (IUPAC name: potassium hydrogencarbonate, also known as potassium acid carbonate) is the inorganic compound with the chemical formula KHCO3. It is a white solid.[1]

A fire extinguisher containing potassium bicarbonate

Production and reactivity

It is manufactured by treating an aqueous solution of potassium carbonate with carbon dioxide:[1]

K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O → 2 KHCO3

Decomposition of the bicarbonate occurs between 100 and 120 °C (212 and 248 °F):

2 KHCO3 → K2CO3 + CO2 + H2O

This reaction is employed to prepare high purity potassium carbonate.

Uses

Food and drink

This compound is a source of carbon dioxide for leavening in baking. It can substitute for baking soda (sodium bicarbonate) for those with a low-sodium diet,[4] and it is an ingredient in low-sodium baking powders.[5][6]

As an inexpensive, nontoxic base, it is widely used in diverse application to regulate pH or as a reagent. Examples include as buffering agent in medications, an additive in winemaking.

Potassium bicarbonate is often added to bottled water to improve taste,[7] and is also used in club soda.

Medical uses and health

Higher potassium intake may prevent development of kidney stone disease.[8] Higher potassium intake is associated with a reduced risk of stroke.[9]

Fire extinguishers

Potassium bicarbonate is used as a fire suppression agent ("BC dry chemical") in some dry chemical fire extinguishers, as the principal component of the Purple-K dry chemical, and in some applications of condensed aerosol fire suppression. It is the only dry chemical fire suppression agent recognized by the U.S. National Fire Protection Association for firefighting at airport crash rescue sites. It is about twice as effective in fire suppression as sodium bicarbonate.[10]

Agriculture

Potassium bicarbonate has widespread use in crops, especially for neutralizing acidic soil.[11]

Potassium bicarbonate is an effective fungicide against powdery mildew and apple scab, allowed for use in organic farming.[12][13][14][15] Potassium bicarbonate is a contact killer for Spanish moss when mixed 1/4 cup per gallon.[16]

History

The word saleratus, from Latin sal æratus meaning "aerated salt", first used in the nineteenth century, refers to both potassium bicarbonate and sodium bicarbonate.[17]

References

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 H. Schultz; G. Bauer; E. Schachl; F. Hagedorn; P. Schmittinger (2005). "Potassium Compounds". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a22_039. ISBN 3-527-30673-0. 
  2. 2.0 2.1 Goldberg, Robert N.; Kishore, Nand; Lennen, Rebecca M. (2003). "Thermodynamic quantities for the ionization reactions of buffers in water". in David R. Lide. CRC handbook of chemistry and physics (84th ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 7–13. ISBN 978-0-8493-0595-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=q2qJId5TKOkC&pg=PP9. Retrieved 6 March 2011. 
  3. "Potassium bicarbonate" (in en). https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/516893#section=Safety-and-Hazards. 
  4. "Potassium Bicarbonate". Cengage. https://www.encyclopedia.com/science/academic-and-educational-journals/potassium-bicarbonate. 
  5. "Home cooking with less salt". Harvard University. March 2020. https://www.health.harvard.edu/heart-health/home-cooking-with-less-salt. 
  6. Wilkens, Katy G. (15 December 2018). "You Have the (Baking) Power with Low-Sodium Baking Powders". Aging & Disability Services for Seattle & King County. https://www.agingkingcounty.org/2018/12/14/you-have-the-baking-power-with-low-sodium-baking-powders/. 
  7. "Why Your Bottled Water Contains Four Different Ingredients". Time Magazine. July 24, 2014. http://time.com/3029191/bottled-water-ingredients-nutrition-health/. 
  8. "Beneficial effects of potassium on human health". Physiologia Plantarum 133 (4): 725–735. 2008. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3054.2007.01033.x. PMID 18724413. 
  9. "Meta-Analysis of Potassium Intake and the Risk of Stroke". Journal of the American Heart Association 5 (10): e004210. 2016. doi:10.1161/JAHA.116.004210. PMID 27792643. 
  10. "Purple-K-Powder". US Naval Research Laboratory. http://www.nrl.navy.mil/content.php?P=PURPLEK. 
  11. "Potassium Bicarbonate Handbook". Armand Products Company. http://www.armandproducts.com/pdfs/potbivs6.pdf. 
  12. "Use of Baking Soda as a Fungicide". http://attra.ncat.org/attra-pub/bakingsoda.html. 
  13. "Powdery Mildew - Sustainable Gardening Australia". http://www.sgaonline.org.au/info_powderymildew.html. 
  14. "Organic Fruit Production in Michigan". http://www.msue.msu.edu/objects/content_revision/download.cfm/item_id.163744/workspace_id.112004/Organic%20Fruit%20Production%20Fruit%20Production.doc. 
  15. "Efficacy of Armicarb (potassium bicarbonate) against scab and sooty blotch on apples". http://orgprints.org/8075/1/LT_HJS_Armicarb_7.4.06.pdf. 
  16. "How to Toss Your Spanish Moss". SkyFrog landscape company. 4 December 2020. https://skyfroglandscape.com/spanish-moss-removal/. 
  17. "saleratus". Merriam-Webster. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/saleratus. 

External links

Carbonates
H2CO3 He
Li2CO3,
LiHCO3
BeCO3 B C (NH4)2CO3,
NH4HCO3
O F Ne
Na2CO3,
NaHCO3,
Na3H(CO3)2
MgCO3,
Mg(HCO3)2
Al2(CO3)3 Si P S Cl Ar
K2CO3,
KHCO3
CaCO3,
Ca(HCO3)2
Sc Ti V Cr MnCO3 FeCO3 CoCO3 NiCO3 CuCO3 ZnCO3 Ga Ge As Se Br Kr
Rb2CO3 SrCO3 Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag2CO3 CdCO3 In Sn Sb Te I Xe
Cs2CO3,
CsHCO3
BaCO3   Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg Tl2CO3 PbCO3 (BiO)2CO3 Po At Rn
Fr Ra   Rf Db Sg Bh Hs Mt Ds Rg Cn Nh Fl Mc Lv Ts Og
La2(CO3)3 Ce2(CO3)3 Pr Nd Pm Sm Eu Gd Tb Dy Ho Er Tm Yb Lu
Ac Th Pa UO2CO3 Np Pu Am Cm Bk Cf Es Fm Md No Lr