Social:Karachay-Balkar language

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Karachay-Balkar
къарачай-малкъар тил
таулу тил
Native toRussia
RegionKabardino-Balkaria, Karachay–Cherkessia, Afyonkarahisar Province, Konya Province, Eskişehir Province, Tokat Province, Kayseri Province, Ankara Province, İstanbul Province, İzmir Province, Antalya Province, Sivas Province
EthnicityKarachays, Balkars
Native speakers
310,000 (2010 census)[1]
Dialects
  • Karachay
  • Balkar
Cyrillic
Latin
Official status
Official language in
 Russia
  •  Karachay-Cherkessia
  •  Kabardino-Balkaria
Language codes
ISO 639-1krc
ISO 639-3krc
Glottologkara1465[2]
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Koran Karachay-Balkar-language version

The Karachay-Balkar language (Къарачай-Малкъар тил, Qaraçay-Malqar til or Таулу тил, Tawlu til) is a Turkic language spoken by the Karachays and Balkars in Kabardino-Balkaria and Karachay–Cherkessia, European Russia, as well as by an immigrant population in Afyonkarahisar Province, Turkey. It is divided into two dialects: Karachay-Baksan-Chegem, which pronounces two phonemes as /tʃ/ and /dʒ/ and Malkar, which pronounces the corresponding phonemes as /ts/ and /z/. The modern Karachay-Balkar written language is based on the Karachay-Baksan-Chegem dialect. The language is closely related to Kumyk.[3]

Writing

Historically, the Arabic Alphabet had been used by first writers until 1924. Handwritten manuscripts of the Balkar poet Kazim Mechiev and other examples of literature have preserved to this day. First printed books in Karachay-Balkar language were published In the beginning of 20th century.

After the October Revolution as part of a state campaign of Latinisation Karachay and Balkar educators developed a new alphabet based on Latin letters. In 1930s, the official Soviet policy was revised and the process of Cyrillization the languages of USSR peoples was started. In 1937–38 the new alphabet based on Cyrillic letters was officially adopted.

Alphabet

Modern Karachay-Balkar Cyrillic alphabet:

А а
/a/ 		Б б
/b/ 		В в
/v/ 		Г г
/g/ 		Гъ гъ
 Д д
/d/ 		Дж дж
/dʒ/ 		Е е
/je/
Ё ё
/ø, jo/ 		Ж ж**
/ʒ/ 		З з
/z/ 		И и
/i/ 		Й й
/j/ 		К к
/k/ 		Къ къ
/q/ 		Л л
/l/
М м
/m/ 		Н н
/n/ 		Нг нг
/ŋ/ 		О о
/o/ 		П п
/p/ 		Р р
/r/ 		С с
/s/ 		Т т
/t/
У у
/u, w/ 		Ф ф*
/f/ 		Х х
/x/ 		Ц ц
/ts/ 		Ч ч
/tʃ/ 		Ш ш
/ʃ/ 		Щ щ
ъ
Ы ы
/ɯ/ 		ь
Э э
/e/ 		Ю ю
/y, ju/ 		Я я
/ja/
* Not found in native vocabulary
** Found in native vocabulary when only part of a digraph, or else it is not found natively

Karachay-Balkar Latin alphabet:

A a B в C c Ç ç D d E e F f G g
Ƣ ƣ I i J j K k Q q L l M m N n
N̡ n̡ O o Ө ө P p R r S s Ş ş T t
Ь ь U u V v Y y X x Z z Ƶ ƶ

Phonology

Vowels[4]
Front Back
Close i y ɯ u
Mid e ø o
Open a
Consonants[4]
Labial Alveolar Palatal Velar Uvular Glottal
Plosive p b t d k ɡ (q) (ɢ)
Fricative [f] s z ʃ x (ɣ) h
Affricate [ts] tʃ dʒ
Nasal m n ŋ
Liquid l r
Approximant w j

Parentheses indicate allophones.

Grammar

Nominals

Cases

Case Suffix
Nominative -ø
Accusative -NI
Genitive -NI
Dative -GA
Locative -DA
Ablative -DAн

Possessive suffixes

1st person 2nd person 3rd person
Singular -Iм -Iнг -(s)I(n)
Plural -IбIз -IгIз -(s)I(n)

Language example

Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Karachay-Balkar:

In Cyrillic Transliteration Translation
Бютеу адамла эркин болуб эмда сыйлары бла хакълары тенг болуб тууадыла. Алагъа акъыл бла намыс берилгенди эмда бир-бирлерине къарнашлыкъ халда къараргъа керекдиле. Bütew adamla erkin bolub emda sıyları bla haqları teñ bolub tuwadıla. Alağa aqıl bla namıs berilgendi emda bir-birlerine qarnaşlıq halda qararğa kerekdile. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Numerals

Numeral Karachay-Balkar Kumyk Nogay
0 ноль ноль ноль
1 бир бир бир
2 эки эки эки
3 юч уьч уьш
4 тёрт дёрт доьрт
5 беш беш бес
6 алты алты алты
7 джети етти йети
8 сегиз сегиз сегиз
9 тогъуз тогъуз тогыз
10 он он он

Loanwords

Loanwords from Ossetian, Kabardian, Arabic, and Persian are fairly numerous.[3]

Bibliography

  • Chodiyor Doniyorov and Saodat Doniyorova. Parlons Karatchay-Balkar. Paris: Harmattan, 2005. ISBN:2-7475-9577-3.
  • Steve Seegmiller (1996) Karachay (LINCOM)

References

  1. ↑ Row 102 in "Error: no |title= specified when using {{Cite web}}" (in Russian) (XLS). Федеральная служба государственной статистики [Federal State Statistics Service]. http://www.gks.ru/free_doc/new_site/population/demo/per-itog/tab6.xls. 
  2. ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Karachay-Balkar". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/kara1465. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 George L. Campbell and Gareth King (2013). Compendium of the World Languages. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-1362-5846-6. https://books.google.com/books?id=DWAqAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA832. Retrieved 23 May 2014. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 Seegmiller, Steve. Phonological and Orthographical Information in Dictionaries: The Case of Pröhle's Karachay Glossary and its Successors. 

External links




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