Biology:Hymenosporum
| Native Frangipani | |
|---|---|
| |
Scientific classification 
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| Kingdom: | Plantae |
| Clade: | Tracheophytes |
| Clade: | Angiosperms |
| Clade: | Eudicots |
| Clade: | Asterids |
| Order: | Apiales |
| Family: | Pittosporaceae |
| Genus: | Hymenosporum R.Br. ex F.Muell.[3] |
| Species: | H. flavum
|
| Binomial name | |
| Hymenosporum flavum | |
| Synonyms | |
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Hymenosporum is a monotypic genus of trees in the family Pittosporaceae. The sole included species is Hymenosporum flavum, commonly known as native frangipani, found in the rainforests and wet sclerophyll forests of New Guinea, Queensland and New South Wales. Despite its common name, it is not closely related to the frangipani, but is related to the widespread genus Pittosporum.
Description
Hymenosporum flavum is a semi-deciduous tree up to 25 m (82 ft) high and a trunk diameter (DBH) to 45 cm (18 in).[4][5] The obovate leaves are simple, alternate, glossy green above and lighter below. They measure up to 13 cm (5.1 in) long by 4.5 cm (1.8 in) wide.[4][5][6] and are clustered towards the ends of the branches in pseudo-whorls.[4][5]
The very fragrant flowers are quite large, about 40 mm (1.6 in) diameter with a floral tube up to 28 mm (1.1 in) long.[4] They are initially functionally male, and coloured white with lemon tinges. Over a period of about 5 days the stigma begins to develop and the stamens curl away. At the same time the colour deepens until the fully functioning female flower is golden yellow with red/purple track lines in the throat.[4]
The fruit is a dehiscent, two-chambered capsule, black/brown, densely hairy and about 35 mm (1.4 in) wide and long.[4] Seeds are about 7 mm (0.28 in) long with a 4 mm (0.16 in) wing. They are numerous, and stacked together to fill each chamber.[4]
Phenology
Flowering occurs from early spring to early summer,[4][5] and the fruit ripen around May.[4]
Taxonomy
This species was first described in 1854 by the England botanist and illustrator William Jackson Hooker as Pittosporum flavum. In 1860 the Germany Australian botanist Ferdinand von Mueller transferred it to the genus Hymenosporum in his work Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ.[7]
Etymology
The genus name Hymenosporum is derived from the Ancient Greek words humḗn, meaning membrane, and sporā́, meaning seed. It is a reference to the winged seeds.[8][5] The species epithet flavum is from the Latin flāvus, yellow, and refers to the flower colour.[5][4]
Distribution and habitat
The native range of Hymenosporum flavum is from New Guinea south through coastal Queensland to northeastern New South Wales.[4][6] It grows in rainforest or wet sclerophyll forest on various soils.[6][9]
Cultivation
Native frangipani is widely cultivated and usually grows to around 8 metres in height although it can grow to over 20 metres tall in the rainforest. It can be grown in shaded positions, but flowers best in full sun.[citation needed]
In Australia, the tree is commonly planted in suburban streets, in shopping boulevards and in walkways between tall buildings. It prefers a well-drained soil with a high organic content, but is highly adaptable. Very young seedlings are easily killed by frosts but if kept in a sheltered position until about 1–1.5 metres high, will thrive in cooler areas, as long as they have access to water during hot dry spells.[citation needed]
Hymenosporum flavum is included in the Tasmanian Fire Service's list of low flammability plants, indicating that it is suitable for growing within a building protection zone.[10]
Gallery
Flowering at Port Macquarie
Flowers
Leaves and flowers
Flowers close up
Seed capsules
Mature tree flowering
Flowers
Flowers start as white, then age to yellow and finally coppery orange
.JPG)
.jpg)
References
- ↑ Jimbo, T. (2021). "Hymenosporum flavum". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T196689337A197049548. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-3.RLTS.T196689337A197049548.en. https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/196689337/197049548. Retrieved 24 January 2023.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 "Hymenosporum flavum (Hook.) F.Muell.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:684320-1.
- ↑ "Hymenosporum R.Br. ex F.Muell.". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. https://powo.science.kew.org/taxon/urn:lsid:ipni.org:names:32085-1.
- ↑ 4.00 4.01 4.02 4.03 4.04 4.05 4.06 4.07 4.08 4.09 4.10 Cayzer, Lindy (2020). "Hymenosporum flavum". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hymenosporum%20flavum.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 5.5 "Hymenosporum flavum". https://anpsa.org.au/plant_profiles/hymenosporum-flavum/.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 6.2 "Hymenosporum flavum". Centre for Australian National Biodiversity Research (CANBR), Australian Government. 2020. https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/Hymenosporum_flavum.htm.
- ↑ Mueller, Ferdinand von (1825–1896). Fragmenta phytographiæ Australiæ. 2. Melbourne: J. Ferres. p. 77. https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/760863. Retrieved 23 January 2023.
- ↑ Cayzer, Lindy (2020). "Hymenosporum". Australian Biological Resources Study, Department of Climate Change, the Environment and Water: Canberra. https://profiles.ala.org.au/opus/foa/profile/Hymenosporum.
- ↑ "PlantNET - FloraOnline". Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, Sydney. https://plantnet.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/cgi-bin/NSWfl.pl?page=nswfl&lvl=sp&name=Hymenosporum~flavum.
- ↑ Chladil, Mark; Sheridan, Jennifer. "Fire retardant garden plants for the urban fringe and rural areas". Tasmanian Fire Research Fund. http://www.fire.tas.gov.au/publications/1709%20Brochure.pdf.
External links
- View a map of historical sightings of this species at the Australasian Virtual Herbarium
- View observations of this species on iNaturalist
- View images of this species on Flickriver
- PlantNET-New South Wales Flora online: Hymenosporum flavum
Wikidata ☰ {{{from}}} entry
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