Biology:Agriotheriini

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Agriotheriini is an extinct tribe of ailuropodine bears from the middle Neogene to early Quaternary periods, with fossils found from Eurasia, Africa, and North America.

Taxonomy

The tribe Agriotheriini consists of the three (perhaps four) genera

The taxonomy of these bears has variously placed some of the genera in other bear lineages such as Hemicyoninae and Ursavinae.[1][2]

Recent papers support their inclusion with giant pandas as members of Ailuropodinae based on diagnostic features like

  • large cheek teeth
  • parastyle fourth premolar with an enlarged inner lobe
  • wide first and second molars being
  • high mandible, with respect to the lower tooth row.

They are unlike their closest living relative, the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) which evolved into a highly specialized bamboo-eater: The evolution of agriotheriins lead to the group becoming large, hypercarnivorous bears that had adaptations of cursoriality unique in the evolutionary history of bears.[3][4]

Ichnotaxa

The ichnotaxon Platykopus (sometimes spelt Platycopus) has sometimes been ascribed to Agriotheriini; an large ursid trackway assigned to Platykopus stuartjohnsoni from late Miocene Texas was tentatively assigned to Huracan coffeyi, due to H. coffeyi remains being present at the same formation (Coffee Ranch Quarry), and their similarity to Agriotherium africanum footbones from South Africa.[5] The type species Platykopus ilycalcator was first recovered from late Miocene Nevada,[6][7] and has also been described from the Oligocene & Miocene of Iran.[8][9][10][11] Platykopus maxima has been recovered from Hungary, however researchers believe these trackways are of amphicyonid origin due to their early Miocene age.[12]

Though both ichnotaxon are large-sized plantigrade footprints with five digits, Platykopus is distinct from the ichnotaxon Ursichnus (ursine and tremarctine bears). The oval digit imprints are usually connected to the palm/sole and close to the pad,[13][14][15] sometimes with double lobed phalangian pads instead of one.[14] Digit I is central and often the most deeply impressed,[16] with subsequent digits forming a symmetrical arc around the palm/sole.[12] The metatarsal imprint is underdeveloped in the palm, making the foot longer and narrower.[9][12] Unlike other ursids, the manus and foot proportions and pads of Platykopus are nearly 1:1; the tracks are smaller than other ursids (maximum foot length of 25cm), with a maximum foot length of 13.5cm.[15] Absent in Platykopus are primitive hallux imprints behind manus tracks,[15] with claw imprints are only being slightly visible,[16] similar to brown bear tracks.[15]

References

  1. ↑ Hunt, R.M. (1998). "Ursidae". in Jacobs, Louis; Janis, Christine M.; Scott, Kathleen L.. Evolution of Tertiary Mammals of North America. 1, Terrestrial carnivores, ungulates, and ungulate-like mammals. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 174–195. ISBN 0-521-35519-2. 
  2. ↑ Jin, C.; Ciochon, R.L.; Dong, W.; Hunt, R.M., Jr.; Liu, J.; Jaeger, M.; Zhu, Q. (2007). "The first skull of the earliest giant panda". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 104 (26): 10932–10937. doi:10.1073/pnas.0704198104. PMID 17578912. Bibcode: 2007PNAS..10410932J. 
  3. ↑ de Bonis, Louis; Merceron, Juan; Abella, Gildas; Begun, David (October 2017). "A new late Miocene ailuropodine (Giant Panda) from Rudabánya (North-central Hungary)". Geobios 50 (5–6): 413–421. doi:10.1016/j.geobios.2017.09.003. Bibcode: 2017Geobi..50..413D. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0016699517300086. 
  4. ↑ Jiangzuo, Q.; Flynn, J.J.; Wang, S.; Hou, S.; Deng, T. (2023). "New fossil giant panda relatives (Ailuropodinae, Ursidae): A basal lineage of gigantic Mio-Pliocene cursorial carnivores". American Museum Novitates (3996): 1–71. doi:10.1206/3996.1. https://zenodo.org/record/8006209. 
  5. ↑ McNutt, Ellison J.; Hatala, Kevin G.; Miller, Catherine; Adams, James; Casana, Jesse; Deane, Andrew S.; Dominy, Nathaniel J.; Fabian, Kallisti et al. (December 2021). "Footprint evidence of early hominin locomotor diversity at Laetoli, Tanzania" (in en). Nature 600 (7889): 468–471. doi:10.1038/s41586-021-04187-7. ISSN 1476-4687. PMID 34853470. PMC 8674131. Bibcode: 2021Natur.600..468M. https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fs41586-021-04187-7/MediaObjects/41586_2021_4187_MOESM1_ESM.pdf. 
  6. ↑ Sarjeant, William A.S.; Reynolds, Robert E.; Kissell-Jones, Michele M. (April 2002). "Fossil Creodont and Carnivore Footprints from California, Nevada, and Wyoming". California State University, Desert Studies Consortium Between the Basins: Exploring the Western Mojave and Southern Basin and Range Province: 42–43. https://www.desertsymposium.org/publications/2002_between_basins.pdf. 
  7. ↑ Lofgren, Donald L.; Greening, Jay A.; Johnson, Cooper F.; Lewis, Sarah J.; Torres, Mark A. (2006). "Fossil Tracks at the Raymond Alf Museum of Paleontology and Management of Tracks on Public Lands". New Mexico Museum of Natural History and Science Bulletin 34: 115. https://npshistory.com/series/symposia/fossil-resources/7/proceedings.pdf. 
  8. ↑ Abbassi, Nasrollah; Lucas, Spencer G.; Zaare, Gholam Reza (2015-12-15). "First report of Oligocene vertebrate footprints from Iran". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 440: 78–89. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.08.039. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2015PPP...440...78A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215004757. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Abbassi, Nasrollah; Tinooni, Mohammad Salehi; Dehnavi, Mahdi Ghorbani; Shakeri, Safoora; Eshaghi, Ali (2024-11-04). "Oligocene vertebrate footprints from the Lower Red Formation, Central Iran" (in en). Fossil Record 27 (2): 265–287. doi:10.3897/fr.27.133914. ISSN 2193-0074. Bibcode: 2024FossR..27..265A. https://fr.pensoft.net/article/133914/. 
  10. ↑ Abbassi, Nasrollah (2010-05-28). "Vertebrate Footprints from the Miocene Upper Red Formation, Shokorchi Area, Zanjan Province, NW Iran". Ichnos 17 (2): 115–126. doi:10.1080/10420941003659493. ISSN 1042-0940. Bibcode: 2010Ichno..17..115A. 
  11. ↑ عباسی, نصراله; شاکری, صفورا; ربانی, واد (March 2024). "ردپای خرطوم‌داران میوسن در نهشته‌های سازند سرخ بالایی، شمال آو، ایران مرکزی". فصلنامه علمی علوم زمین 34 (1). doi:10.22071/gsj.2023.404716.2096. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/385584448. 
  12. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Botfalvai, Gábor; Magyar, János; Watah, Veronika; Szarvas, Imre; Szolyák, Péter (2023-09-02). "Large-sized pentadactyl carnivore footprints from the early Miocene fossil track site at Ipolytarnóc (Hungary): 3D data presentation and ichnotaxonomical revision". Historical Biology 35 (9): 1709–1725. doi:10.1080/08912963.2022.2109967. ISSN 0891-2963. Bibcode: 2023HBio...35.1709B. 
  13. ↑ Aramayo, Silvia A.; Manera de Bianco, Teresa; Bastianelli, Nerea V.; Melchor, Ricardo N. (2015-12-01). "Pehuen Co: Updated taxonomic review of a late Pleistocene ichnological site in Argentina". Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. Contributions of ichnology to palaeoecology, palaeogeography and sedimentology 439: 144–165. doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2015.07.006. ISSN 0031-0182. Bibcode: 2015PPP...439..144A. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0031018215003661. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 Herrero, Cayetano; Herrero, Emilio; Martín-Chivelet, Javier; Pérez-Lorente, Félix (2022-06-01). "Vertebrate ichnofauna from Sierra de las Cabras tracksite (Late Miocene, Jumilla, SE Spain). Mammalian ichnofauna" (in en). Journal of Iberian Geology 48 (2): 241–279. doi:10.1007/s41513-022-00192-5. ISSN 1886-7995. Bibcode: 2022JIbG...48..241H. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3 Diedrich, Cajus G. (2011-02-28). "An Overview of the Ichnological and Ethological Studies in the Cave Bear Den in Urşilor Cave (Western Carpathians, Romania)" (in en). Ichnos 18 (1): 9–26. doi:10.1080/10420940.2011.552578. ISSN 1042-0940. Bibcode: 2011Ichno..18....9D. http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/10420940.2011.552578. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 Krapovickas, Verónica; Vera, Rocío B.; Farina, Martín E.; Fernandez Piana, Lucas R.; Koelewijn, Anne (2023-09-01). "A new vertebrate ichnological association sheds light on the small metatherian record of the Middle Miocene in South America". Journal of South American Earth Sciences 129. doi:10.1016/j.jsames.2023.104529. ISSN 0895-9811. Bibcode: 2023JSAES.12904529K. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0895981123003401. 

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