Finance:Value-added tax

From HandWiki
Short description: Form of consumption tax
"VAT" redirects here. For the identifier for value-added tax, see VAT identification number. For other uses, see Vat.
A map of countries and territories by their VAT status, 2025
  No VAT
  VAT

A value-added tax (VAT or goods and services tax (GST), general consumption tax (GCT)) is a consumption tax that is levied on the value added at each stage of a product's production and distribution. VAT is similar to, and is often compared with, a sales tax. VAT is an indirect tax, because the consumer who ultimately bears the burden of the tax is not the entity that pays it. Specific goods and services are typically exempted in various jurisdictions.

Products exported to other countries are typically exempted from the tax, typically via a rebate to the exporter. VAT is usually implemented as a destination-based tax, where the tax rate is based on the location of the customer. VAT raises about a fifth of total tax revenues worldwide and among the members of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD).[1]: 14  As of January 2025, 175[2] of the 193 countries with UN membership employ a VAT, including all OECD members except the United States.[1]: 14 

History

German industrialist Wilhelm von Siemens proposed the concept of a value-added tax in 1918 to replace the German turnover tax. However, the turnover tax was not replaced until 1968.[3] The modern variation of VAT was first implemented by Maurice Lauré, joint director of the French tax authority, who implemented VAT on 10 April 1954 in France's Ivory Coast colony. Assessing the experiment as successful, France introduced it domestically in 1958.[4] Initially directed at large businesses, it was extended over time to include all business sectors. In France it is the largest source of state finance, accounting for nearly 50% of state revenues.[5]

A Belgian VAT receipt

Following creation of the European Economic Community in 1957, the Fiscal and Financial Committee set up by the European Commission in 1960 under the chairmanship of Professor Fritz Neumark made its priority objective the elimination of distortions to competition caused by disparities in national indirect tax systems.[6][7]

The Neumark Report published in 1962 concluded that France's VAT model would be the simplest and most effective indirect tax system. This led to the EEC issuing two VAT directives, adopted in April 1967, providing a blueprint for introducing VAT across the EEC, following which, other member states (initially Belgium, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and West Germany) introduced VAT.[3]

As of 2020, more than 160 countries collect VAT.[8]: 65 

Implementation

VAT can be accounts-based or invoice-based.[9] All VAT-collecting countries except Japan use the invoice method.[10][11][12]

Using invoices, each seller pays VAT on their sales and passes the buyer an invoice that indicates the amount of tax paid excluding deductions (input tax). Buyers who themselves add value and resell the product pay VAT on their own sales (output tax). The difference between output tax and input tax is the amount paid to the government (or refunded, in the case of a negative amount).

Using accounts, the tax is calculated as a percentage of the difference between sales and purchases from taxed accounts.[10][11][12]

Incentives

VAT provides an incentive for businesses to register and keep invoices, and it does this in the form of zero-rated goods and VAT exemption on goods not resold.[13] Through registration, a business documents its purchases, making them eligible for a VAT credit.

The main benefits of VAT are that in relation to many other forms of taxation, it does not distort firms' production decisions, it is difficult to evade, and it generates a substantial amount of revenue.[14]

Comparison with sales tax

Three examples [lower-roman 1] below demonstrate the chain of transactions between the raw materials producer and the final consumer, in which

  1. the government levies no tax
  2. the government levies sales tax
  3. the government levies a Value-Added Tax.
Example 1: Untaxed
  • A manufacturer spends $1.00 on raw materials and uses them to make a widget.
  • The manufacturer sells the widget to a retailer for $1.20 (Gross margin: $0.20)
  • The retailer sells the widget to an end consumer for $1.50 (Gross margin: $0.30)
Example 2: 10% sales tax
  • The raw materials producer sells $1 of raw materials for a widget to a manufacturer, checking that the buyer is not an end consumer
  • The manufacturer sells a widget to a retailer for $1.20, checking that the buyer is not an end consumer (Tax paid: $0, Gross margin: $0.20)
  • The retailer sells the widget to a consumer ($1.50 × 1.10) = $1.65 (Tax paid: $.15, Gross margin: $0.30)
  • The end consumer pays 10% ($0.15) extra, compared to the no taxation scheme, and the government collects this amount.
  • The retailer pays no tax directly, but the retailer has to do the tax-related paperwork.
  • Suppliers and manufacturers have the administrative burden of providing correct state exemption certifications that the retailer must verify and maintain.
  • The manufacturer is responsible for ensuring that their buyers are only intermediates and not end consumers (otherwise the manufacturer charges the tax).
  • The retailer tracks what is taxable and what is not, along with the various tax rates in each location where it operates.
Example 3: 10% Value-Added Tax
  • The raw materials producer sells $1 of raw materials for a widget to a manufacturer for ($1 × 1.10) = $1.10. (Tax paid: $0.10)
  • The manufacturer sells a widget to a retailer for ($1.20 × 1.10) = $1.32 (Tax paid: $0.12 - $0.10 = $0.02, Gross margin: $1.32 – $1.10 – $0.02 = $0.20)
  • The retailer sells a widget to a consumer for ($1.50 × 1.10) = $1.65 (Tax paid: $0.15 minus $0.12) = $0.03, Gross margin: $1.65 – $1.32 – $0.03 = $0.30)
  • The taxes paid by both the manufacturer and the retailer to the government are 10% of the values added by their respective business practices, i.e. the 10% of the difference between their buying price and selling price. For example, the value added by the manufacturer is $1.20 minus $1.00 = $0.20. The manufacturer pays 10% of $.20 = $0.02.
  • The consumer has paid, and the government received, the same dollar amount as with a sales tax. The gross margins, in dollar amount, remain the same as with a sales tax. The end consumer pays the same final price as with a sales tax.
  • At each stage of production, the seller collects a tax and the buyer pays that tax. The buyer can then be reimbursed for paying the tax, but only by successfully selling the value-added product to the buyer at the next stage. If the retailer fails to sell some of its inventory, it suffers a greater financial loss in the VAT scheme, in comparison to the sales tax regulatory system, by having paid a higher price for the product it failed to sell.
  • The gross margins of the manufacturer and retailer are a smaller percent of the total perspective. If the cost of raw material production were shown, this would also be true of the raw material supplier's gross margin on a percentage basis.
  • Each business is responsible for handling the necessary tax paperwork, and incur the increased accounting costs for collecting the tax. However, businesses have no obligation to request certifications from intermediate purchasers (who are not end consumers), or to provide such certifications to their suppliers.
  1. ↑ The simplified examples assume incorrectly that taxes are non-distortionary: the same number of widgets were made and sold both before and after the introduction of the tax. However, the supply and demand economic model suggests that any tax raises the cost of the product for someone. In raising the cost, the supply curve shifts leftward. Consequently, the quantity of a good purchased decreases, and/or the price at which it is sold increases.

Compliance

One primary reason for the institution of a VAT versus sales tax is to ensure compliance. Because sales tax is only submitted at the final sale to the consumer, the government has little information to verify that a sale has been made or at what price, making enforcement difficult. The retailer and consumer have an incentive to evade the tax with little risk of discovery. With any transaction, the seller is financially motivated to assume the buyer is an intermediate, not a consumer (and therefore, not subject to the sales tax), even if this may result in illegal tax evasion.[15]

By comparison, with VAT every transaction is reported to the government (either through a submission of tax, a reimbursement claim, or both), a trail of information is created for government which helps motivate compliance and facilitate any potential audit. The materials producer, manufacturer, and retailer all know that the others down the chain will submit reimbursement claims, so a failure to report the transaction and pay the tax is likely to draw attention from authorities. Even if retailers evade charging the VAT from the consumer, the government still receives the income at prior stages.[15]

On the contrary, if a seller accidentally charge sales tax to an intermediate buyer, the end price to the consumer will increase.[15]

Business structure

VAT has no effect on how businesses organize, because the same amount of tax is collected regardless of how many times goods change hands before arriving at the ultimate consumer. By contrast, sales taxes are collected on each transaction, encouraging businesses to vertically integrate to reduce the number of transactions and thereby reduce the amount of tax.


Governance structure

VAT is collected at the national level. In countries such as India and the United States, sales tax is collected at the point of sale by the local jurisdiction, leading them to prefer the latter method.

Accounting

The main disadvantage of VAT is the extra accounting required by those in the supply chain. However, payment of VAT is made simpler when the VAT system has few, if any, exemptions (such as with GST in New Zealand).[16]

Criticism

4 May 2010 "Campaña no más IVA" in Spain

Regressivity

VAT has been criticized by opponents as a regressive tax, meaning that the poor pay more, as a percentage of their income, relative to the wealthier individuals, given the higher marginal propensity to consume among the poor.[17]

Defenders reply that relating taxation levels to income is an arbitrary standard and that the VAT is in fact a proportional tax. An OECD study found that VAT could even be slightly progressive.[18][19] VAT's effective regressivity can be reduced by applying a lower rate to products that are more likely to be consumed by the poor.[17] Some countries compensate by implementing transfer payments targeted to the poor.[20]

Deadweight loss

The incidence of VAT may not fall entirely on consumers as traders tend to absorb VAT so as to maintain sales volumes. Conversely, not all cuts in VAT are passed on in lower prices. VAT consequently leads to a deadweight loss if cutting prices pushes a business below the margin of profitability. The effect can be seen when VAT is cut or abolished. Sweden reduced VAT on restaurant meals from 25% to 12%, creating 11,000 additional jobs.[21]

Churning

Because VAT is included in the price index to which state benefits such as pensions and welfare payments are linked in some countries, as well as public sector pay, some of the apparent revenue is churned – i.e. taxpayers are given the money to pay the tax, reducing net revenue.[22]

Business cashflow

Refund delays by the tax administration can damage businesses.[23]

Compliance costs

Compliance costs are seen as a burden on business.[24] In the UK, compliance costs for VAT have been estimated to be about 4% of the yield, with greater impacts on smaller businesses.[25]

Under a sales tax system, only businesses selling to the end-user are required to collect tax and bear the accounting cost of collecting the tax. Under VAT, manufacturers and wholesale companies also incur accounting expenses to handle the additional paperwork required for collecting VAT, increasing overhead costs and prices.

Fraud

VAT offers distinctive opportunities for evasion and fraud, especially through abuse of the credit and refund mechanism.[26] VAT overclaim fraud reached as high as 34% in Romania.[27]

Exports are generally zero-rated, creating opportunity for fraud. In Europe, the main source of problems is carousel fraud. This fraud originated in the 1970s in the Benelux countries. VAT fraud then became a major problem in the UK.[28] Similar fraud possibilities exist inside a country. To avoid this, countries such as Sweden hold the major owner of a limited company personally responsible.[29]

Trade criticism

If a county's exported goods are exempt from domestic VAT (zero-rated) or VAT rebated, this can motivate an increase in the export of goods.[30]

US trade tariffs with major trading partners

A country's national VAT may been seen as a tariff on imported goods. The American Manufacturing Trade Action Coalition in the United States consider VAT charges on US products when VAT rebates are offered for products from other countries to be an unfair trade practice. AMTAC claims that so-called "border tax disadvantage" is the greatest contributing factor to the US current account deficit, and estimated this disadvantage to US producers and service providers to be $518 billion in 2008 alone. US politicians such as congressman Bill Pascrell, advocate either changing WTO rules relating to VAT or rebating VAT charged on US exporters.[31]

A business tax rebate for exports was proposed in the 2016 GOP tax reform policy paper.[32][33] The assertion that this "border adjustment" would be compatible with the rules of the WTO is controversial; it was alleged that the proposed tax would favour domestically produced goods as they would be taxed less than imports, to a degree varying across sectors. For example, the wage component of the cost of domestically produced goods would not be taxed.[34]

A 2021 study reported that value-added taxes within the EU were unlikely to distort trade flows.[35]

Around the world

Standard VAT rate by country
  No VAT
  ~5%
  ~10%
  ~15%
  ~20%
  ~25%

Armenia

Main article: Finance:Taxation in Armenia

The VAT rate is 20%. However, the expanded application is zero VAT for many operations and transactions. That zero VAT is the source of controversies between its trading partners, mainly Russia, which is against the zero VAT and promotes wider use of tax credits. VAT is replaced with fixed payments, which are utilized for many taxpayers, operations, and transactions. Legislation is based largely on the EU VAT Directive's principles.[36]

The system is input-output based. Producers are allowed to subtract VAT on their inputs from the VAT they charge on their outputs and report the difference.[36] VAT is purchased quarterly. An exception occurs for taxpayers who state monthly payments. VAT is disbursed to the state's budget on the 20th day of the month after the tax period.[37] The law took effect on January 1, 2022.[38]

Australia

Main article: Finance:Goods and services tax (Australia)

The goods and services tax (GST) is a VAT introduced in Australia in 2000. Revenue is redistributed to the states and territories via the Commonwealth Grants Commission process. This works as a program of horizontal fiscal equalisation. The rate is set at 10%, although many domestically consumed items are effectively zero-rated (GST-free) such as fresh food, education, health services, certain medical products, as well as government charges and fees that are effectively taxes.

Bangladesh

VAT was introduced in 1991, replacing sales tax and most excise duties. The Value Added Tax Act, 1991 triggered VAT starting on 10 July 1991, which is observed as National VAT Day.[39][40][41][42] VAT became the largest source of government revenue, totaling about 56%. The standard rate is 15%. Export is zero rated. Several reduced rates, locally called Truncated Rates, apply to service sectors and range from 1.5% to 10%. The Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Act of 2012 automated administration.[43][40]

The National Board of Revenue (NBR) administers VAT. Other rules and acts include Development Surcharge and Levy (Imposition and Collection) Act, 2015;[44] and Value Added Tax and Supplementary Duty Rules, 2016.[45] Anyone who collects VAT becomes a VAT Trustee if they: register and collect a Business Identification Number (BIN) from the NBR; submit VAT returns on time; offer VAT receipts; store all cash-memos; and use the VAT rebate system responsibly. VAT Mentors work in the VAT or Customs department and deal with trustees. The VAT rate is a flat 15%.

Barbados

VAT was introduced on 1 January 1997 and replaced 11 other taxes.[46] The original rate of 15% was increased to 17.5% in 2011.[47] The rate on restaurant and hotel accommodations is between 10% and 15% while certain foods and goods are zero-rated.[48] The revenue is collected by the Barbados Revenue Authority.[49]

Bulgaria

VAT was 20% as of 2023. A reduced rate of 9% applies to baby foods and hygiene products, as well as on books. A permanent rate of 9% applies to physical or electronic periodicals, such as newspapers and magazines.

Canada

Main articles: Finance:Goods and services tax (Canada) and Harmonized sales tax

Goods and Services Tax (GST) is a national sales tax introduced in 1991 at a rate of 7%, later reduced to 5%. A Harmonized Sales Tax (HST) that combines the GST and provincial sales tax, is collected in New Brunswick (15%), Newfoundland (15%), Nova Scotia (14%), Ontario (13%) and Prince Edward Island (15%), while British Columbia had a 12% HST until 2013. Quebec has a de facto 14.975% HST: it follows the same rules as the GST, and both are collected by Revenu Québec.

Advertised and posted prices generally exclude taxes, which are calculated at the time of payment; common exceptions are motor fuels, the posted prices for which include sales and excise taxes, and items in vending machines as well as alcohol in monopoly stores. Basic groceries, prescription drugs, inward/outbound transportation and medical devices are zero-rated. Other provinces that do not have a HST may have a Provincial Sales Tax (PST), which are collected in British Columbia (7%), Manitoba (7%) and Saskatchewan (6%). Alberta and all three territories do not collect either a HST or PST.

Chile

VAT was introduced in Chile in 1974 under Decreto Ley 825.[50] From 1998 there was implemented a 18% tax.[51] Since October 2003, the standard VAT rate has been 19%, applying to the majority of goods and some services. However certain items have been subjected to additional tax, for instance, alcoholic beverages (between 20.5= – 31.5% for fermented to distilled products), jewellery (15%), pyrotechnic items (50% or more for the first sale or import) or soft drinks with high sugar (18%). AS of 2023, the VAT tax includes majority of services excluding Education, Health and Transport, as well as taxpayers issuing fee receipts.[52] This tax makes the 41.2% of the total revenue of the country.[53]

China

VAT produces the largest share of China's tax revenue.[54]: 305 

In 1984 the State Council announced that China would begin collecting VAT.[8]: 37  For a decade, it was imposed only on certain categories of goods and at differing rates.[8]: 37  In 1994, VAT became universally imposed on production, wholesale, retain, and importation of all goods.[8]: 37 

In 2016, business tax was replaced with VAT nationwide.[8]: 28  VAT's significance to China's tax revenues increased drastically after this.[8]: 358–359 

Czech Republic

In 1993, a standard rate of 23% and a reduced rate of 5% for non-alcoholic beverages, sewerage, heat, and public transport was introduced. In 2015, rates were revised to 21% for the standard rate, and 15% and 10% reduced rates. The lowest reduced rate primarily targeted baby food, medicines, vaccines, books, and music shops, while maintaining a similar redistribution of goods and services for the other rates.

In 2024, a law aimed at reducing the national debt featured return to two rates: a standard rate of 21% and a reduced rate of 12%. Goods and services were redistributed among different tax rates.

There was only one services that shifted from the standard rate to the reduced rate and that were non-regular land passenger bus services. These are not taxi services, which apply a VAT rate of 21%. Books and printed materials, including electronic books, were zero rated.

Several services were moved from reduced rates to the standard rate. Examples include hairdressers and barbers, bicycle repairs, footwear and clothing repairs, freelance journalists and models, cleaning services, and municipal waste.[55][56][57]

European Union

Main article: Finance:European Union value added tax

The European Union VAT is mandatory for member states of the European Union. The EU VAT asks where supply and consumption occurs, which determines which state collects VAT and at what rate.

Each state must comply with EU VAT law,[58] which requires a minimum standard rate of 15% and one or two reduced rates not to be below 5%. Some EU members have a 0% VAT rate on certain items; these states agreed this as part of their accession (for example, newspapers and certain magazines in Belgium). Certain goods and services must be exempt from VAT (for example, postal services, medical care, lending, insurance, betting), and certain other items are exempt from VAT by default, but states may opt to charge VAT on them (such as land and certain financial services). Luxembourg charges the lowest rate, 17%, and Hungary charges the highest rate, 27%. Only Denmark has no reduced rate.[59]

Gulf Cooperation Council

Main article: Organization:Gulf Cooperation Council

The United Arab Emirates (UAE) on 1 January 2018 implemented VAT. For companies whose annual revenues exceed $102,000 (Dhs 375,000), registration is mandatory. GCC countries agreed to an introductory rate of 5%.[60][61][62] Saudi Arabia's VAT system uses a 15% rate.[63]

India

VAT was introduced on 1 April 2005. Of the then 28 states, eight did not immediately introduce VAT. Rates were 5% and 14.5%. Tamil Nadu introduced VAT on 1 January 2007. Under the BJP government, it was replaced by a national Goods and Services Tax (GST) according to the One Hundred and First Amendment of the Constitution of India.

Indonesia

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Indonesia#Value Added Taxation/Goods and Services Taxation[ edit ]

Italy

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Italy#Value added tax[ edit ]

Israel

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Israel#Value-added tax[ edit ]

Japan

VAT was implemented in Japan in 1989.[64] Tax authorities debated VAT in the 1960s and 1970s but decided against it at the time.[64]

The standard rate is 10%. Food, beverages, newspaper subscriptions with certain criteria and other necessities qualify for a rate of 8%. Transactions including land sales or lease, securities sales and the provision of public services are exempt.[65]

Malaysia

This section is an excerpt from Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)[ edit ]

Mexico

The existing sales tax (Spanish: impuesto a las ventas) was replaced by VAT (Spanish: Impuesto al Valor Agregado, IVA) on 1 January 1980. As of 2010, the general VAT rate was 16%. This rate was applied all over Mexico except for border regions (i.e. the United States border, or Belize and Guatemala), where the rate was 11%. Books, food, and medicines are zero-rated. Some services such as medical care are zero-rated. In 2014 the favorable tax rate for border regions was eliminated and the rate increased to 16% across the country.

Nepal

This section is an excerpt from Value added tax (Nepal)[ edit ]

New Zealand

This section is an excerpt from Goods and Services Tax (New Zealand)[ edit ]

Nordic countries

"MOMS" redirects here. For other uses, see Mom (disambiguation).

MOMS (Danish: merværdiafgift, formerly meromsætningsafgift), Norwegian: merverdiavgift (bokmål) or meirverdiavgift (nynorsk) (abbreviated MVA), Swedish: Mervärdes- och OMSättningsskatt (until the early 1970s labeled as OMS OMSättningsskatt only), Icelandic: virðisaukaskattur (abbreviated VSK), Faroese: meirvirðisgjald (abbreviated MVG) or Finnish: arvonlisävero (abbreviated ALV) are the Nordic terms for VAT. Like other countries' sales and VAT, it is an indirect tax.

Year Tax level (Denmark) Name
1962 9% OMS
1967 10% MOMS
1968 12.5658% MOMS
1970 15% MOMS
1977 18% MOMS
1978 20.25% MOMS
1980 22% MOMS
1992 25% MOMS

Denmark has the highest VAT, alongside Norway, Sweden, and Croatia. VAT is generally applied at one rate, 25%, with few exceptions. Services such as public transport, health care, newspapers, rent (the lessor can voluntarily register as a VAT payer, except for residential premises), and travel agencies.

In Finland, the standard rate is 25.5%.[66] A 14% rate is applied on groceries, animal feed, and restaurant and catering services. A 10% rate is applied on books, newspapers and magazines, pharmaceutical products, sports and fitness services, entrance fees to cultural, entertainment and sporting events, passenger transport services, accommodation services, and royalties for television and public radio activities. Åland, an autonomous area, is considered to be outside the EU VAT area, although its VAT rate is the same as for Finland. Goods brought from Åland to Finland or other EU countries are considered to be imports. This enables tax-free sales onboard passenger ships.

In Iceland, VAT is 24% for most goods and services. An 11% rate is applied for hotel and guesthouse stays, licence fees for radio stations (namely RÚV), newspapers and magazines, books; hot water, electricity and oil for heating houses, food for human consumption (but not alcoholic beverages), access to toll roads and music.[67]

In Norway, the general rate is 25%, 15% on foodstuffs, and 12% on hotels and holiday homes, on some transport services, cinemas.[68] Financial services, health services, social services and educational services,[69] newspapers, books and periodicals are zero-rated.[70] Svalbard has no VAT because of a clause in the Svalbard Treaty.

In Sweden, VAT is 25% for most goods and services, 12% for foods including restaurants, and hotels. It is 6% for printed matter, cultural services, and transport of private persons. Zero-rated services including public (but not private) education, health, dental care. Dance event tickets are 25%, concerts and stage shows are 6%, while some types of cultural events are 0%.

MOMS replaced OMS (Danish omsætningsafgift, Swedish omsättningsskatt) in 1967, which was a tax applied exclusively for retailers.

Philippines

The VAT rate is 12%. Senior citizens are exempted from paying VAT for most goods and some services for personal consumption.

Poland

VAT was introduced in 1993. The standard rate is 23%. Items and services eligible for an 8% include certain food products, newspapers, goods and services related to agriculture, medicine, sport, and culture. The complete list is in Annex 3 to the VAT Act. A 5% applies to basic food items (such as meat, fruits, vegetables, dairy and bakery products), children's items, hygiene products, and books. Exported goods, international transport services, supply of specific computer hardware to educational institutions, vessels, and air transport are zero rated. Taxi services have flat-rate tax of 4%. Flat-rate farmers supplying agricultural goods to VAT taxable entities are eligible for a 7% refund.[71]

Romania

Value-added tax (in Romanian Taxa pe valoarea adăugată, or TVA) in Romania is a consumption tax charged at a standard rate of 21%. A single reduced rate of 11% applies to most foodstuffs (alcoholic beverages excluded) and utilities.[72]

Russia

The VAT rate is 20% with exemptions for some services (for example, medical care). VAT payers include organizations (industrial and financial, state and municipal enterprises, institutions, business partnerships, insurance companies and banks), enterprises with foreign investments, individual entrepreneurs, international associations, and foreign entities with operations in the Russian Federation, non-commercial organizations that conduct commercial activities, and those who move goods across the border of the Customs Union.[73][74][75]

In September 2025 MinFin proposed to raise the VAT rate from 20% to 22% for 2026.[76]

Singapore

This section is an excerpt from Goods and Services Tax (Singapore)[ edit ]

Slovakia

The standard rate is 23%. A 5% rate primarily applies to essential goods such as (healthy) food, medicine, and books.[77]

Spain

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Spain#Value added tax[ edit ]

South Africa

South Africa applies a standard VAT rate of 15%, with specific zero-rated and exempt items; recent case law has clarified the treatment of certain entertainment expenses for VAT input claims.[78]

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in South Africa#Value-Added Tax (VAT)[ edit ]

Switzerland and Liechtenstein

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Switzerland#Value added tax[ edit ]

Taiwan

VAT in Taiwan is 5%. It is levied on all goods and services. Exceptions include exports, vessels, aircraft used in international transportation, and deep-sea fishing boats.[79]

Trinidad and Tobago

VAT is 12.5%.

Ukraine

This section is an excerpt from Taxation in Ukraine#Value added tax[ edit ]

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom introduced VAT in 1973 after joining the EEC.[3] The current standard rate for VAT in the United Kingdom since 2011 is 20%. Some goods and services have a reduced rate of 5% or are zero-rated (0%).[80] Others may be exempt.

United States

In the United States no federal VAT is in effect. Instead, sales and use taxes are used in most states.[81][82]

Puerto Rico replaced its 6% sales tax with a 10.5% VAT beginning 1 April 2016, leaving in place its 1% municipal sales and use tax. Materials imported for manufacturing are exempt.[83][84][85] However, two states enacted a form of VAT in lieu of a business income tax.

Michigan used a form of VAT known as the "Single Business Tax" (SBT) from 1975 until voter-initiated legislation repealed it, replaced by the Michigan Business Tax in 2008.[86]

Hawaii has a 4% General Excise Tax (GET) that is charged on gross business income. Individual counties add a .5% surcharge. Unlike a VAT, rebates are not available, such that items incur the tax each time they are (re)sold.[87]

Discussions about a federal VAT

Former 2020 Democratic presidential candidate Andrew Yang advocated for a national VAT in order to pay for his universal basic income proposal. A national subtraction-method VAT, often referred to as a "flat tax", has been repeatedly proposed as a replacement of the corporate income tax.[10][11][12]

A border-adjustment tax (BAT) was proposed by the Republican Party in 2016.[88][33]: 27 [89]

Vietnam

All organizations and individuals producing and trading VAT taxable goods and services pay VAT, regardless of whether they have Vietnam-resident establishments.

Vietnam has three VAT rates: 0 percent, 5 percent and 10 percent. 10 percent is the standard rate.

A variety of goods and service transactions qualify for VAT exemption.[90]

Tax rates

Standard VAT or sales tax rate
General government revenue, in % of GDP, from VAT. For this data, the variance of GDP per capita with purchasing power parity (PPP) is explained in 3% by tax revenue.

Examples by continent

European Union countries

EU VAT Tax Rates
Country Standard rate (current)[91] Reduced rate (current) Abbreviation Local name
 Austria 20% 10% for rental for the purpose of habitation, food, garbage collection, most transportation, etc.
13% for plants, live animals and animal food, art, wine (if bought directly from the winemaker), etc.[92] 		MwSt./USt. MehrwertSteuer/UmsatzSteuer
 Belgium 21%[93] 12% or 6% (for food or live necessary consumables) or 0% in some cases BTW
TVA
MwSt 		Belasting over de Toegevoegde Waarde
Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
MehrwertSteuer
 Bulgaria 20% 9% (hotels) or 0% ДДС Данък Добавена Cтойност
 Croatia 25% 13% (since 1 January 2014) or 5% (since 1 January 2013) PDV Porez na Dodanu Vrijednost
 Cyprus 19%[94] 5% (8% for taxi and bus transportation) ΦΠΑ Φόρος Προστιθέμενης Αξίας
 Czech Republic 21%[95] 15% (food, public transport) or 10% (medicines, pharmaceuticals, books and baby foodstuffs) DPH Daň z přidané hodnoty
 Denmark 25%[96] 0% Moms Meromsætningsafgift
 Estonia 24% 9% Km Käibemaks
 Finland 25.5% 14% (groceries, restaurants, medicines, cultural services and events, passenger transport, hotels, books) or 10% (newspapers and magazines ) ALV
Moms 		Arvonlisävero (Finnish)
Mervärdesskatt (Swedish)
 France 20% 10% or 5.5% or 2.1% TVA Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
 Germany 19% (Heligoland 0%)[97] 7% for foodstuffs (except luxury-), books, flowers etc., 0% for postage stamps. (Heligoland always 0%) MwSt./USt. MehrwertSteuer/UmsatzSteuer
 Greece 24%[98]
(16% on Aegean islands) 		13% (6.5% for hotels, books and pharmaceutical products)
(8% and 4% on Aegean islands) 		ΦΠΑ Φόρος Προστιθέμενης Αξίας
 Hungary 27%[99] 18% (milk and dairy products, cereal products, hotels, tickets to outdoor music events) or 5% (pharmaceutical products, medical equipment, books and periodicals, some meat products, district heating, heating based on renewable sources, live music performance under certain circumstances) or 0% (postal services, medical services, mother's milk, etc.)[100] áfa Általános Forgalmi Adó
 Ireland 23%[101] 13.5% or 9.0% or 4.8% or 0% CBl
VAT 		Cáin Bhreisluacha (Irish)
Value Added Tax (English)
 Italy 22% (Livigno 0%)[102] 10% (hotels, bars, restaurants and other tourism products, certain foodstuffs, plant protection products and special works of building restoration, home-use utilities: electricity, gas used for cooking and water) or 4% (e.g. grocery staples, daily or periodical press and books, works for the elimination of architectural barriers, some kinds of seeds, fertilizers) IVA Imposta sul Valore Aggiunto
 Latvia 21% 12% or 0% PVN Pievienotās Vērtības Nodoklis
 Lithuania 21% 9% or 5% PVM Pridėtinės Vertės Mokestis
 Luxembourg 17%[103] 14% on certain wines, 8% on public utilities, or 3% on books and press, food (including restaurant meals), children's clothing, hotel stays, and public transit[103] TVA
MwSt./USt
MS 		Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
Mehrwertsteuer/Umsatzsteuer
Méiwäert Steier
 Malta 18% 7% or 5% or 0% TVM
VAT 		Taxxa tal-Valur Miżjud
Value Added Tax
 Netherlands 21% 9% for special categories of products and services like food, medicine and art.

0% for products and services that are already taxed in other countries or systems, for excise goods, and for fish.

BTW/Ob Belasting over de Toegevoegde Waarde/ Omzetbelasting/ Voorbelasting
 Poland 23%[94][104] 8% for beauty services, renovation and construction services, food services, food, tickets for public transportation (domestic connections).

5% for food, some agricultural products, medical services, cultural services, sports and recreation services. 0% for imported goods not covered by customs duties, tickets for public transportation (international connections) and services for repairing, processing or refining raw materials.[105][106][107]

PTU Podatek od Towarów i Usług
 Portugal 23%[108][109]
22% in Madeira and 18% in Azores[108][109] 		13% for processed food, provision of services, and others such as oil and diesel, climate action focused goods and musical instruments and 6% for food products, agricultural services, and other deemed essential products such as farmaceutical products and public transport[110]
12% or 5% in Madeira and 9% or 4% in Azores[108][109] 		IVA Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado
 Romania 19%[111] 9% (food and non-alcoholic drinks) or 5% (buyers of new homes under special conditions) TVA Taxa pe Valoarea Adăugată
 Slovakia 23% 19% or 5% DPH Daň z Pridanej Hodnoty
 Slovenia 22%[112] 9.5% DDV Davek na Dodano Vrednost
 Spain 21%
7% in Canary Islands (not part of EU VAT area) 		10% (10% from 1 September 2012[113]) or 4%[102][114]
3% or 0% in Canary Islands 		IVA
IGIC 		Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido
Impuesto General Indirecto Canario
 Sweden 25% 12% (e.g. food, hotels and restaurants), 6% (e.g. books, passenger transport, cultural events and activities), 0% (e.g. insurance, financial services, health care, dental care, prescription drugs, immovable property)[115][116] MOMS Mervärdes- och OMSättningsskatt

Non-European Union countries

Country Standard rate (current) Reduced rate (current) Local name
 Albania[117] 20% 6% (accommodation services) or 0% (postal, medical, dental and welfare services) TVSH = Tatimi mbi Vlerën e Shtuar
 Algeria 19% The reduced VAT rate in Algeria is currently 9%. It applies to basic goods and services such as food, medicine, and transportation. TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
 Andorra[118] 4.5% 1% IGI = Impost General Indirecte
 Angola[119] 14% 5% which applies to the import and supply of certain goods (products of the Basic Basket listed in Annex I of the VAT Code and agricultural inputs) IVA = Imposto Sobre o Valor Acrescentado
 Antigua and Barbuda 15% ?
 Argentina 21% 10.5% or 0% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Armenia 20% 0% AAH = Avelacvats Arzheqi Hark
ԱԱՀ = Ավելացված արժեքի հարկ
 Australia 10% 0% fresh food, medical services, medicines and medical devices, education services, childcare, water and sewerage, government taxes & permits and many government charges, precious metals, second-hand goods and many other types of goods. Rebates for exported goods and GST taxed business inputs are also available GST = Goods and Services Tax
 Azerbaijan 18% 10.5% or 0% ƏDV = Əlavə dəyər vergisi
 Bahamas[120][121] 12% 12% or 0% (including but not limited to exports of goods or services, services to a foreign going vessel providing international commercial services, consumable goods for commercially scheduled foreign going vessels/aircraft, copyright, etc.) VAT = Value Added Tax
 Bahrain 10% 0% (pharmacies and medical services, road transport, education service, Oil and gas derivatives, Vegetables and fruits, National exports) (VAT) ضريبة القيمة المضافة
 Bangladesh 15% 4% for supplier, 4.5% for ITES, 5% for electricity, 5.5% for construction firm, etc. Musok = Mullo songzojon kor
মূসক = "মূল্য সংযোজন কর"
 Barbados 17.5% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Belarus 20% 10% or 0.5% ПДВ = Падатак на дададзеную вартасьць
 Belize 12.5% ?
 Benin 18% ?
 Bolivia 13% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Bosnia and Herzegovina 17% PDV = Porez na dodanu vrijednost
 Botswana 14%[122] ?
 Brazil 20% (IPI) + 19% (ICMS) average + 3% (ISS) average 0% *IPI – 20% = Imposto sobre produtos industrializados (Tax over industrialized products) – Federal Tax
ICMS – 17 to 25% = Imposto sobre circulação e serviços (tax over commercialization and services) – State Tax
ISS – 2 to 5% = Imposto sobre serviço de qualquer natureza (tax over any service) – City tax
 Burkina Faso 18% ?
 Burundi 18% ?
 Cambodia 10% ?
 Cameroon 19.25% ?
 Canada 5% GST + 0–9.975% PST or 13-15% HST depending on province. 0% [lower-alpha 1] on GST or HST for Prescription drugs, medical devices, basic groceries, agricultural/fishing products, exported or foreign goods, services and travel. Other exemptions exist for PSTs and vary by province. GST = Goods and Services Tax
TPS = Taxe sur les produits et services
HST[lower-alpha 2] = Harmonized Sales Tax
PST = Provincial Sales Tax
 Cape Verde 15% ?
 Central African Republic 19% ?
 Chad 18% ?
 Chile 19% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 China[lower-alpha 3] 13% 9% for foods, printed matter, and households fuels; 6% for service; or 3% for non-VAT 增值税 (zēng zhí shuì)
 Colombia 19% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Costa Rica 13% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Democratic Republic of the Congo 16% ?
 Dominica 15% ?
 Dominican Republic 18% 12% or 0% ITBIS = Impuesto sobre Transferencia de Bienes Industrializados y Servicios
 Ecuador 12% 0% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Egypt 14% (15% on communication services) VAT = Value Added Tax (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
 El Salvador 13% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado o "Impuesto a la Transferencia de Bienes Muebles y a la Prestación de Servicios"
 Equatorial Guinea 15% IVA = Impuesto sobre el Valor Añadido
 Eswatini[123] 15%
 Ethiopia 15% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Faroe Islands 25% MVG = Meirvirðisgjald
 Fiji 15% 0% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Gabon 18% TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée
 Gambia[124] 15% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Georgia 18% 0% DGhG = Damatebuli Ghirebulebis gadasakhadi დღგ = დამატებული ღირებულების გადასახადი
 Ghana 15% VAT = Value Added Tax plus National Health Insurance Levy (NHIL; 2.5%)
 Grenada 15% ?
 Guatemala 12% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Guinea 18% ?
 Guinea-Bissau 15% ?
 Guyana 16% 0% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Haiti 10% ?
 Honduras 15% (4% additional on tourism tax)[125] ISV = Impuesto Sobre Ventas
 Iceland 24% 11%[lower-alpha 4] VSK, VASK = Virðisaukaskattur
 India[lower-alpha 5][126] 18% 5% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Indonesia[127] 12% 12%, 0% for primary groceries, medical services, financial services, education and also insurance PPN = Pajak Pertambahan Nilai
 Iran 9% VAT = Value Added Tax (مالیات بر ارزش افزوده)
 Isle of Man 20% ?
 Israel[lower-alpha 6] 18%[lower-alpha 7] (0% in Eilat) 0% (fruits and vegetables, tourism services for foreign citizens, intellectual property, diamonds, flights and apartments renting) Ma'am = מס ערך מוסף, מע"מ
 Ivory Coast 18% ?
 Jamaica[129] 15% GCT = General Consumption Tax
 Japan 10% 8% (groceries, Subscription newspaper) shōhizei (消費税) ("consumption tax")
 Jersey[lower-alpha 8] 5% 0% GST = Goods and Services Tax
 Jordan 16% GST = Goods and Sales Tax
 Kazakhstan 12% ҚCҚ = Қосылған құнға салынатын салық (Kazakh)
VAT = Value Added Tax
 Kenya 16% ?
 Kyrgyzstan 20% ?
 Laos 10% ?
 Lebanon 11% TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
 Lesotho 14% ?
 Liechtenstein[130] 8.1% 3.8% (lodging services) or 2.6% MWST = Mehrwertsteuer
 Madagascar 20% TVA =Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée, HASS = Hetra Amin'ny Sandan'ny Sandany
 Malawi 16.5% ?
 Malaysia[lower-alpha 9] 8% 0% for fresh foods, education, healthcare, land public transportation and medicines. Sales and Services Tax (SST) was reintroduced by the Malaysian Government on 1 September 2018 to replace the Goods and Services Tax (GST) which had only been introduced just over three years before that, on 1 April 2015.[132] SST = Sales and Services Tax
CJP = Cukai Jualan dan Perkhidmatan

GST = Goods and Services Tax (Malaysia)

 Maldives 6% 0% GST = Goods and services tax (Government Tax)
 Mali 18% ?
 Mauritania 14% TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
 Mauritius 15% VAT = Value Added Tax, TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée, TVA = Tax lor Valer Azoute
 Mexico 16% 0% on books, food and medicines. IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Moldova 20% 8%, 5% or 0% TVA = Taxa pe Valoarea Adăugată
 Monaco[133] 19.6% 5.6% TVA = Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée
 Mongolia 10% 0% VAT = Нэмэгдсэн өртгийн албан татвар
 Montenegro 21% 7% PDV = Porez na dodatu vrijednost
 Morocco 20% TVA = Taxe sur Valeur Ajoutée (الضريبة على القيمة المضافة)
 Mozambique[134] 16% IVA = Imposto Sobre o Valor Acrescentado
 Namibia 15% 0% VAT = Value Added Tax
   Nepal 13% 0% VAT = Value Added Taxes
 New Zealand 15% 0% (donated goods and services sold by non-profits, financial services, rental payments for residential properties, supply of fine metals, and penalty interest).[135] GST = Goods and Services Tax
 Nicaragua 15% ?
 Niger 19% ?
 Nigeria 7.5% ?
 Niue 5% ?
 North Macedonia 18% 5% or 0% ДДВ = Данок на додадена вредност, DDV = Danok na dodadena vrednost
 Norway 25% 15% (food), 12% (public transport, hotel, cinema) and 0% for electric cars (until 2018)[136] MVA = Merverdiavgift (bokmål) or meirverdiavgift (nynorsk) (informally moms)
 Pakistan[137] 18% 1% or 0% GST = General Sales Tax
 Palau 10%[138] PGST = Palau Goods & Services Tax
 Palestine 16% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Panama 7% 0% ITBMS = Impuesto de Transferencia de Bienes Muebles y Servicios
 Papua New Guinea 10% ?
 Paraguay 10% 5% IVA= Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Peru 18% IGV – 16% = Impuesto General a la Ventas IPM – 2% Impuesto de Promocion Municipal
 Philippines 12%[lower-alpha 10] 6% on petroleum products, and electricity and water services
0% for senior citizens (all who are aged 60 and above) on medicines, professional fees for physicians, medical and dental services, transportation fares, admission fees charged by theaters and amusement centers, and funeral and burial services after the death of the senior citizen 		RVAT = Reformed Value Added Tax, locally known as Karagdagang Buwis / Dungag nga Buhis
 Republic of Congo 16% ?
 Russia 20% 10% (essential food, goods for children and medical products)[140] or 0% НДС = Налог на добавленную стоимость, NDS = Nalog na dobavlennuyu stoimost'
 Rwanda 18% 0% VAT = Value Added Tax, TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée, UN = Umusoro ku Nyongeramusaruro
 Saint Kitts and Nevis 17% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 15% ?
 Samoa 15% VAT = Value Added Tax, LFT = Lafoga Fa'aopoopo Tau
 Saudi Arabia 15% ضريبة القيمة المضافة (VAT)
 Senegal 18% ?
 Serbia 20%[141] 10%[142] or 0% ПДВ = Порез на додату вредност, PDV = Porez na dodatu vrednost
 Seychelles 15% ?
 Sierra Leone 15% ?
 Singapore 9% 0% for public healthcare services, such as at public hospitals and polyclinics, with GST absorbed by the government. GST = Goods and Services Tax
 South Africa 15% 0% on basic foodstuffs such as bread, additionally on goods donated not for gain; goods or services used for educational purposes, such as school computers; membership contributions to an employee organization (such as labour union dues); and rent paid on a house by a renter to a landlord.[143] VAT = Valued Added Tax; BTW = Belasting op toegevoegde waarde
 South Korea 10% 0% (essential foodstuffs) VAT = bugagachise (Korean: 부가가치세; Hanja: 附加價値稅)
 Sri Lanka[144] 18% 0% VAT = Valued Added Tax has been in effect in Sri Lanka since 2001. On the 2001 budget, the rates have been revised to 12% and 0% from the previous 20%, 12% and 0%
 Sudan 17% ?
 Switzerland 8.1%[145] 3.8% (hotel sector) and 2.6% (essential foodstuff, books, newspapers, medical supplies)[145] MWST = Mehrwertsteuer, TVA = Taxe sur la valeur ajoutée, IVA = Imposta sul valore aggiunto, TPV = Taglia sin la Plivalur
 Taiwan 5% 營業稅 yíng yè shuì (business tax) / 加值型營業稅 jiā zhí xíng yíng yè shuì (value-added business tax)
 Tajikistan 20% ?
 Tanzania 18% ?
 Thailand 10% 7% VAT = Value Added Tax, ภาษีมูลค่าเพิ่ม
 Togo 18% ?
 Tonga 15% VAT = Value Added Tax, TTM = Tukuhau Tānaki Mahuʻinga
 Trinidad and Tobago 12.5% 0% ?
 Tunisia[146] 19% TVA = Taxe sur la Valeur Ajoutée آداء على القيمة المضافة
 Turkey 20% 10% or 1% KDV = Katma değer vergisi
 Turkmenistan 15% GGS = Goşulan Gymmatlyk Salgydy
 Uganda 18% ?
 Ukraine 20% 7% or 0% ПДВ = Податок на додану вартість, PDV = Podatok na dodanu vartist'
 United Arab Emirates 5% ضريبة القيمة المضافة
 United Kingdom 20%[147]
0% in Guernsey and Gibraltar (not part of EU VAT area) 		5% residential energy/insulation/renovations, feminine hygiene products, child safety seats and mobility aids and 0% for life necessities – basic food, water, prescription medications, medical equipment and medical supply, public transport, children's clothing, books and periodicals. Also 0% for new building construction (but standard rate for building demolition, modifications, renovation etc.)[148] VAT = Value Added Tax

TAW = Treth Ar Werth (Welsh)

 Uruguay 22% 18% or 0% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Uzbekistan 12% QQS = Qoʻshilgan Qiymat Soligʻi
 Vanuatu[149] 15% ?
 Venezuela[150] 16% 11% IVA = Impuesto al Valor Agregado
 Vietnam 10% 5% or 0% GTGT = Giá Trị Gia Tăng
 Zambia 16% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Zimbabwe 15% VAT = Value Added Tax
 Yemen[151] 5% آداء على القيمة المضافة
  1. ↑ No reduced rate, but rebates generally available for certain services
  2. ↑ HST is a combined federal/provincial sales tax collected in some provinces. GST is a 5% federal sales tax collected separately if there is a PST. 5% of HSTs go to the federal government and the remainder to the province.
  3. ↑ These taxes do not apply in Hong Kong and Macau, which are financially independent as special administrative regions.
  4. ↑ The reduced rate was 14% until 1 March 2007, when it was lowered to 7%, and later changed to 11%. The reduced rate applies to heating costs, printed matter, restaurant bills, hotel stays, and most food.
  5. ↑ VAT is not implemented in 2 of India's 28 states.
  6. ↑ Except Eilat, where VAT is not raised.[128]
  7. ↑ The VAT in Israel is in a state of flux. It was reduced from 18% to 17% in March 2004, to 16.5% in September 2005, then to 15.5% in July 2006. It was then raised back to 16.5% in July 2009, and lowered to the rate of 16% in January 2010. It was then raised again to 17% on 1 September 2012, and once again on 2 June 2013, to 18%. It was reduced from 18% to 17% in October 2015. And finally increased to 18% on 1 January 2025.
  8. ↑ The introduction of a goods and sales tax of 3% on 6 May 2008 was to replace revenue from Company Income Tax following a reduction in rates.
  9. ↑ In the 2014 Budget, the government announced that GST would be introduced in April 2015. Piped water, power supply (the first 200 units per month for domestic consumers), transportation services, education, and health services are tax-exempt. However, many details have not yet been confirmed.[131]
  10. ↑ The President of the Philippines has the power to raise the tax to 12% after 1 January 2006. The tax was raised to 12% on 1 February.[139]

VAT-free countries and territories

Country[152] Notes
 Akrotiri and Dhekelia British Overseas Territory
 Anguilla British Overseas Territory
 Bermuda British Overseas Territory
Template:Country data British Antarctic Territory British Overseas Territory
 British Indian Ocean Territory British Overseas Territory
 British Virgin Islands British Overseas Territory
 Brunei N/A
 Cayman Islands British Overseas Territory
 Cuba N/A
 Falkland Islands British Overseas Territory
 Gibraltar British Overseas Territory
 Guernsey British Crown Dependency
 Greenland Constituent country of the Kingdom of Denmark
 Hong Kong Special administrative region of China
 Iraq N/A
 Kiribati N/A
 Libya N/A
 Macau Special administrative region of China
 Maldives N/A
 Marshall Islands N/A
 Micronesia N/A
 Montserrat British Overseas Territory
 Myanmar N/A
 Nauru N/A
 North Korea N/A
 Pitcairn Islands British Overseas Territory
 Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha British Overseas Territory
 San Marino N/A
 Sao Tome and Principe N/A
 Solomon Islands N/A
 Somalia N/A
 South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands British Overseas Territory
 Svalbard N/A
 Syria N/A
 Timor Leste N/A
 Turks and Caicos Islands British Overseas Territory
 Tuvalu N/A
 United States Sales taxes are collected by most states and some cities, counties, and Native American reservations. The federal government collects excise tax on some goods, but does not collect a nationwide sales tax.
  Vatican City N/A

See also

General:

  • List of tax rates around the world

References

  1. ↑ Asquith, Richard (6 June 2023). "How many countries have VAT or GST? 175". Tax Agile. https://www.vatcalc.com/global/how-many-countries-have-vat-or-gst-174/. 
  2. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ICAEW Insights (18 September 2024). "A brief history of VAT in Europe and the UK". https://www.icaew.com/insights/tax-news/2024/sep-2024/a-brief-history-of-vat-in-europe-and-the-uk. 
  3. ↑ Helgason, Agnar Freyr (2017). "Unleashing the 'money machine': the domestic political foundations of VAT adoption". Socio-Economic Review 15 (4): 797–813. doi:10.1093/ser/mwx004. 
  4. ↑ "Les recettes fiscales" (in fr). Le budget et les comptes de l'État. Minister of the Economy, Industry and Employment (France). 30 October 2009. http://www.performance-publique.gouv.fr/le-budget-et-les-comptes-de-letat/approfondir/les-recettes/les-recettes-fiscales.html. "la TVA représente 125,4 milliards d'euros, soit 49,7% des recettes fiscales nettes de l'État." 
  5. ↑ M.A.G. van Meerhaeghe, Taxation and the European Community, Economia delle Scelte Pubbliche, Vol. VII, 1989-1/2, pp. 18–19.
  6. ↑ Europäische Wirtschaftsgemeinschaft – Kommission: Bericht des Steuer- und Finanzausschusses (Neumark Bericht), Brüssel 1963.
  7. ↑ 8.0 8.1 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.5 Lin, Shuanglin (2022). China's Public Finance: Reforms, Challenges, and Options. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-009-09902-8. 
  8. ↑ Bodin, Jean-Paul; Ebril, Liam P.; Keen, Michael; Summers, Victoria P. (5 November 2001). The Modern VAT. International Monetary Fund. ISBN 978-1-58906-026-5. https://books.google.com/books?id=qnI5E3m09d0C&pg=PA49. Retrieved 30 April 2012. 
  9. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Bickley, James M. (3 January 2008). "Value-Added Tax: A New U.S. Revenue Source?" (Report). Congressional Research Service. pp. 1, 3. RL33619. https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/RL33619.pdf. Retrieved 24 September 2016. 
  10. ↑ 11.0 11.1 11.2 Cole, Alan (29 October 2015). "Ted Cruz's "Business Flat Tax:" A Primer". Tax Foundation. http://taxfoundation.org/blog/ted-cruz-s-business-flat-tax-primer. 
  11. ↑ 12.0 12.1 12.2 Beram, Philip. An Introduction to the Value Added Tax (VAT) (Report). United States Chamber of Commerce. https://www.uschamber.com/sites/default/files/legacy/issues/econtax/files/vat_paper_4_25_2010.pdf. Retrieved 24 September 2016. 
  12. ↑ Minh Le, Tuan (1 May 2003). "Value Added Taxation: Mechanism, Design, and Policy Issues". World Bank. "the mechanism provides strong incentives for firms to keep invoices" 
  13. ↑ Brockmeyer, Anne; Mascagni, Giulia; Nair, Vedanth; Waseem, Mazhar; Almunia, Miguel (2024). "Does the Value-Added Tax Add Value? Lessons Using Administrative Data from a Diverse Set of Countries" (in en). Journal of Economic Perspectives 38 (1): 107–132. doi:10.1257/jep.38.1.107. ISSN 0895-3309. 
  14. ↑ 15.0 15.1 15.2 "Why is the VAT administratively superior to a retail sales tax?" (in en). Tax Policy Center. https://taxpolicycenter.org/briefing-book/why-vat-administratively-superior-retail-sales-tax. 
  15. ↑ kristenbickerstaff (2020-12-21). "What is the difference between sales tax and VAT?" (in en-US). https://tax.thomsonreuters.com/blog/what-is-the-difference-between-sales-tax-and-vat/. 
  16. ↑ 17.0 17.1 "Options for Reducing the Deficit: 2019 to 2028". Congressional Budget Office. 13 December 2018. https://www.cbo.gov/budget-options/2018/54820. 
  17. ↑ Brys, Bert; Colin, Céline; Melo, Gioia de; Rehm, Yannic; Sicsic, Michaël (2022). OECD Taxation Working Papers: Reassessing the regressivity of the VAT (Report). OECD Taxation Working Papers. Organisation for Economic Co-Operation and Development (OECD). doi:10.1787/22235558. ISSN 2223-5558. https://www.oecd.org/en/publications/reassessing-the-regressivity-of-the-vat_b76ced82-en.html. 
  18. ↑ Enache, Cristina (13 August 2020). "Contrary to Popular Belief, Value-Added Taxes Found to Be Slightly Progressive". Tax Foundation. https://taxfoundation.org/value-added-tax-vat-progressive/. 
  19. ↑ Chia-Tern Huey Min (October 2004) GST in Singapore: Policy Rationale, Implementation Strategy & Technical Design, Singapore Ministry of Finance.
  20. ↑ "Rätt lagat? Effekter av sänkt moms på restaurang- och cateringtjänster i Sverige". https://www.nationalekonomi.se/sites/default/files/2016/09/44-5-bfjmst.pdf. 
  21. ↑ Law, Henry (30 September 2022). "The dead loss of VAT - September 2022". Land Value Tax Campaign. https://landvaluetax.org/comment/current-affairs/taxation/the-dead-loss-of-vat-september-2022/. 
  22. ↑ "The impact of VAT compliance on business". PriceWaterhouseCoopers. September 2010. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/tax/pdf/impact-of-vat.pdf. 
  23. ↑ "The impact of VAT compliance on business". PricewaterhouseCoopers. https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/tax/pdf/impact-of-vat.pdf. 
  24. ↑ Abolins, Jon (1 May 2002). "VAT Software: compliance costs". https://www.accountancydaily.co/vat-software-compliance-costs. 
  25. ↑ Crawford, Ian; Keen, Michael; Smith, Stephen. "Value Added Tax and Excises". Institute for Fiscal Studies. https://ifs.org.uk/mirrleesreview/dimensions/ch4.pdf. 
  26. ↑ "VAT Gap - European Commission". https://taxation-customs.ec.europa.eu/taxation/vat/fight-against-vat-fraud/vat-gap_en. 
  27. ↑ O'Grady, Sean (26 July 2007) "Carousel fraud 'has cost UK up to £16bn'", The Independent.
  28. ↑ "Now is the Time to Reform the Income Tax with a VAT! | Economy in Crisis". http://economyincrisis.org/content/now-is-the-time-to-reform-the-income-tax-with-a-vat. 
  29. ↑ "China to increase export tax rebates on 397 products". Reuters. 7 September 2018. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-economy-tax-idINKCN1LN1BR/. 
  30. ↑ "Border Adjusted Taxation / Value Added Tax (VAT)". Amtacdc.org. http://www.amtacdc.org/Pages/Policy-Issues.aspx#VAT. 
  31. ↑ Thiessen, Marc A. (17 January 2017). "Yes, Trump can make Mexico pay for the border wall. Here's how.". The Washington Post. https://www.washingtonpost.com/opinions/yes-trump-can-make-mexico-pay-for-the-border-wall-heres-how/2017/01/17/7edf7872-dcbf-11e6-ad42-f3375f271c9c_story.html. 
  32. ↑ 33.0 33.1 "A Better Way— Our Vision for a Confident America". Republican Party. 24 June 2016. https://abetterway.speaker.gov/_assets/pdf/ABetterWay-Tax-PolicyPaper.pdf. 
  33. ↑ Freund, Caroline (18 January 2017). "Trump Is Right: 'Border Adjustment' Tax Is Complicated". BloombergView (Bloomberg LP). https://www.bloomberg.com/view/articles/2017-01-18/trump-is-right-border-adjustment-tax-is-complicated. 
  34. ↑ Benzarti, Youssef; Tazhitdinova, Alisa (2021). "Do Value-Added Taxes Affect International Trade Flows? Evidence from 30 Years of Tax Reforms" (in en). American Economic Journal: Economic Policy 13 (4): 469–489. doi:10.1257/pol.20190492. ISSN 1945-7731. http://www.nber.org/papers/w26195.pdf. 
  35. ↑ 36.0 36.1 "Armenia - Corporate - Other taxes". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/armenia/corporate/other-taxes. 
  36. ↑ The tax system in Armenia: Economy: Armenia travel, history, Archeology & Ecology: Tourarmenia: Travel guide to Armenia. THE TAX SYSTEM IN ARMENIA | Economy | Armenia Travel, History, Archeology & Ecology | TourArmenia | Travel Guide to Armenia. (n.d.). Retrieved December 3, 2022.
  37. ↑ Armenia to change VAT rules covering digital services supplied by non-residents. Vertex, Inc. (2022, March 14). Retrieved December 3, 2022
  38. ↑ "5.pdf". National Board of Revenue. https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/5.pdf. 
  39. ↑ 40.0 40.1 "বাংলাদেশ জাতীয় সংসদ". National Board of Revenue. https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/6.pdf. 
  40. ↑ "8.pdf". National Board of Revenue. http://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/rules/8.pdf. 
  41. ↑ "13.pdf". National Board of Revenue. http://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/rules/13.pdf. 
  42. ↑ "NBR seeks extension of time, cost for VAT online project". New Age: pp. 1. August 8, 2017. https://www.newagebd.net/article/21547/nbr-seeks-extension-of-time-cost-for-vat-online-project. 
  43. ↑ "Microsoft Word - 3472-Act-20-National Parliament-21 November 2015_9075-9077". National Board of Revenue. https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/acts/26.pdf. 
  44. ↑ "VATR2016". National Board of Revenue. https://nbr.gov.bd/uploads/rules/VATR2016.pdf. 
  45. ↑ "Import Tariffs". International Trade Administration. 2021-09-25. https://www.trade.gov/country-commercial-guides/barbados-import-tariffs. 
  46. ↑ "Caribbean National Budgets | 2011 Barbados Budget Address". http://www.caribbeanelections.com/knowledge/budget/bb_budget/bb_budget_2011.asp. 
  47. ↑ "Barbados Taxes". https://barbados.org/barbados-taxes.htm. 
  48. ↑ "Value Added Tax (V.A.T.)". https://www.bra.gov.bb/Portal/Value-Added-Tax-V-A-T.aspx. 
  49. ↑ "Ley No. 825 Sobre Impuesto a las Ventas y Servicios". https://www.sii.cl/pagina/jurisprudencia/leyviva1_2.htm. 
  50. ↑ "SII | Servicio de Impuestos Internos". https://www.sii.cl/ayudas/aprenda_sobre/3072-1-3079.html. 
  51. ↑ Musto, Luke (2022-06-28). "Chile Tax Law Update: VAT to be levied on services" (in en-US). Harris Gomez Group Pty Ltd. https://www.hgomezgroup.com/taxation/chile-tax-law-update-vat-to-be-levied-on-services/. 
  52. ↑ "¿Cómo es el Sistema Tributario de Chile? - Programa de Educación Fiscal - SII Educa" (in es). https://www.sii.cl/destacados/educacion/siieduca/aprende-con-nosotros/como-es-el-sistema-tributario-de-chile.html. 
  53. ↑ Lan, Xiaohuan (2024). How China Works: An Introduction to China's State-led Economic Development. Palgrave Macmillan. doi:10.1007/978-981-97-0080-6. ISBN 978-981-97-0079-0. 
  54. ↑ "Informace GFŘ ke změnám sazeb DPH od 1. 1. 2024" (in cs). https://www.financnisprava.cz/cs/financni-sprava/media-a-verejnost/tiskove-zpravy-gfr/tiskove-zpravy-2024/informace-gfr-ke-zmenam-sazeb-dph-od-20240101-20444.aspx. 
  55. ↑ "Sazby daně z přidané hodnoty a změny DPH | Aktuálně.cz" (in cs). 2015-04-01. https://www.aktualne.cz/wiki/finance/dph-dan-z-pridane-hodnoty-sazby-zmeny/r~0d2bd12edbab11e488b0002590604f2e/. 
  56. ↑ "Změny DPH přehledně. Tady je kompletní seznam" (in cs). https://www.penize.cz/dph/442212-zmeny-dph-prehledne-kompletni-seznam. 
  57. ↑ Directive 2006/112/EC
  58. ↑ "VAT rates applied in the Member States of the European Union". European Commission. 2021-01-01. https://ec.europa.eu/taxation_customs/sites/default/files/vat_rates_en.pdf. 
  59. ↑ Thacker, Sunil (2008–2009). "Taxation in the Gulf: Introduction of a Value Added Tax". Michigan State Journal of International Law 17 (3): 721. 
  60. ↑ Diaa, Sarah (15 June 2016). "UAE outlines VAT threshold for firms in Phase 1". Gulf News. http://gulfnews.com/business/economy/uae-outlines-vat-threshold-for-firms-in-phase-1-1.1847025. 
  61. ↑ PricewaterhouseCoopers. "UAE to implement VAT on 1 January 2018". https://ncalc.ru/en/news/uae-to-implement-vat-on-1-january-2018.pdf. 
  62. ↑ "Saudi Arabia triples VAT to support coronavirus-hit economy". BBC News. 11 May 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52612785. 
  63. ↑ 64.0 64.1 Takahashi, Ryotaro (2024). "Tale of a Missed Opportunity: Japan's Delay in Implementing a Value-Added Tax" (in en). Social Science History 48 (3): 545–569. doi:10.1017/ssh.2024.1. ISSN 0145-5532. 
  64. ↑ "Japan - Corporate - Other taxes" (in en-gb). https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/japan/corporate/other-taxes. 
  65. ↑ "Rates of VAT". 1 September 2024. https://www.vero.fi/en/businesses-and-corporations/taxes-and-charges/vat/rates-of-vat/. 
  66. ↑ "The Value Added Tax Act with subsequent amendments". Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs. 9 October 2014. http://eng.fjarmalaraduneyti.is/media/log-reglur/The_Value_Added_Tax_Act_with_subsequent_amendments.pdf. 
  67. ↑ "Main features of the Government's tax programme for 2011". Ministry of Finance. 5 October 2010. http://www.statsbudsjett.no/Statsbudsjettet-2011/English/?pid=48921#hopp. 
  68. ↑ "Merverdiavgiftsloven §§ 6–21 to 6–33" (in no). lovdata.no. http://www.lovdata.no/all/hl-20090619-058.html#map015. 
  69. ↑ "Merverdiavgiftsloven §§ 6-1 to 6–20" (in no). lovdata.no. http://www.lovdata.no/all/hl-20090619-058.html#map012. 
  70. ↑ "List of VAT rates" (in en-US). https://www.podatki.gov.pl/en/value-added-tax/general-vat-rules-and-rates/list-of-vat-rates/. 
  71. ↑ "Legea nr. 227/2015 privind Codul fiscal - ART. 291 - Cotele". ANAF. https://static.anaf.ro/static/10/Anaf/legislatie/Cod_fiscal_norme_2023.htm#A291. 
  72. ↑ "Russian Federation - Other taxes impacting corporate entities". http://taxsummaries.pwc.com/ID/Russian-Federation-Corporate-Other-taxes. 
  73. ↑ "Налоговый кодекс Российской Федерации. Часть вторая от 5 августа 2000 г. N 117-ФЗ". https://rg.ru/2007/03/12/nalog-kodeks2.html. "3. Налогообложение производится по налоговой ставке 18 процентов в случаях, не указанных в пунктах 1, 2 и 4 настоящей статьи." 
  74. ↑ TAX CODE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION PART II, Article 164 Tax Rates. Russian Ministry of Finance. pp. 41. https://www.nalog.ru/html/sites/www.eng.nalog.ru/Tax%20Code%20Part%20Two.pdf. 
  75. ↑ "НДС в России поднимут до 22% ради «финансирования обороны и безопасности». Как это отразится на потребителях?" (in ru). BBC. https://www.bbc.com/russian/articles/c4gqv7dq4peo. 
  76. ↑ Removčíková, Libuša (2024-12-06). "Výška DPH na Slovensku: v sadzbách vládne zmätok" (in sk). https://www.podnikajte.sk/dan-z-pridanej-hodnoty/vyska-dph-na-slovensku. 
  77. ↑ (Tax Court 2024). Text
  78. ↑ PricewaterhouseCoopers. "Taiwan Pocket Tax Book" (in zh-tw). https://www.pwc.tw/zh/publications/topic-tax/taiwan-pocket-tax-book.html. 
  79. ↑ "What is VAT and how does it work?". BBC News. 24 September 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/explainers-53334098. 
  80. ↑ Trinova Corp. v. Michigan Dept. of Treasury, 498 U.S. 358, 362 (United States Supreme Court 1991) ("Although in Europe and Latin America VAT's are common,...in the United States they are much studied but little used.").
  81. ↑ Gulino, Denny (18 September 2015). "Puerto Rico May Finally Get Attention of Republican Lawmakers". MNI. https://mninews.marketnews.com/content/puerto-rico-may-finally-get-attention-republican-lawmakers. "The concept of a value added tax in any form as part of the U.S. tax regime has consistently raised the hackles of Republican policy makers and even some Democrats because of fears it could add to the tax burden rather than just redistribute it to consumption from earnings. For decades one of the most hotly debated tax policy topics, a VAT imposes a sales tax at every stage where value is added." 
  82. ↑ "Puerto Rico adopts VAT system and broadens sales and use tax". PricewaterhouseCoopers. 26 June 2015. https://www.pwc.com/us/en/state-local-tax/newsletters/salt-insights/assets/pwc-puerto-rico-adopts-vat-tax-system-broadens-sales-use-tax.pdf. 
  83. ↑ Harpaz, Joe (17 September 2015). "Puerto Rico Brings First-Ever Value-Added Tax to the U.S.". Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/joeharpaz/2015/09/17/puerto-rico-brings-first-ever-value-added-tax-to-the-u-s/#1586ac30201d. 
  84. ↑ "Examining Puerto Rico Tax Regime Changes: Addition of Value Added Tax and Amendments to Sales and Use, Income Taxes". Bloomberg BNA. 11 January 2016. http://www.bna.com/examining-puerto-rico-n57982066022/. "Puerto Rico's adoption of a VAT represents a major shift in tax policy and renders the Commonwealth as the first U.S. jurisdiction to adopt this tax regime." 
  85. ↑ Outline of the Michigan Tax System, Citizens Research Council of Michigan, January 2011
  86. ↑ "General Excise Tax (GET) Information | Department of Taxation" (in en-US). https://tax.hawaii.gov/geninfo/get/. 
  87. ↑ Ryan Ellis (5 January 2017), "Tax Reform, Border Adjustability, and Territoriality: When tax and fiscal policy meets political reality", Forbes, https://www.forbes.com/sites/ryanellis/2017/01/05/tax-reform-border-adjustability-and-territoriality/#1c5a048973d1, retrieved 18 February 2017 
  88. ↑ William G. Gale (7 February 2017). "A quick guide to the 'border adjustments' tax" (in en-US). Brookings Institution. https://www.brookings.edu/opinions/a-quick-guide-to-the-border-adjustments-tax/. 
  89. ↑ "Vietnam – indirect tax guide". KPMG. 19 September 2023. https://kpmg.com/xx/en/home/insights/2019/10/vietnam-indirect-tax-guide.html#:~:text=Exempt%3A%20there%20are%2026%20categories%20of%20VAT%20exempt,temporary%20imported%20goods%20for%20re-export%20and%20technology%20transfer.. 
  90. ↑ "VAT rules and rates: standard, special & reduced rates" (in en). https://europa.eu/youreurope/business/taxation/vat/vat-rules-rates/index_en.htm. 
  91. ↑ "BMF - Umsatzsteuer Info zum Steuerreformgesetz 2015/2016". https://www.bmf.gv.at/steuern/selbststaendige-unternehmer/umsatzsteuer/Steuerreformgesetz_2015-2016.html. 
  92. ↑ "2016 AGN VAT Brochure - European Comparison". http://agn.org/iagn/AGN_Shared_Content/Publications/EU/2016VAT.pdf. 
  93. ↑ 94.0 94.1 "2016 AGN VAT Brochure - European Comparison". http://agn.org/iagn/AGN_Shared_Content/Publications/EU/2016VAT.pdf. 
  94. ↑ Companies welcome VAT resolved. Prague Monitor (27 December 2012). Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  95. ↑ Tax in Denmark: An introduction – for new citizens . SKAT.dk (November 2005)
  96. ↑ "Change in VAT". https://www.deutschepost.de/content/dpag/en/m/aenderungen-mwst.html. 
  97. ↑ Οι νέοι συντελεστές ΦΠΑ από 1 Ιουλίου. Madata.GR (9 October 2008). Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  98. ↑ Index – Gazdaság – Uniós csúcsra emeljük az áfát. Index.hu (16 September 2011). Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  99. ↑ Áfa kulcsok és a tevékenység közérdekű vagy egyéb sajátos jellegére tekintettel adómentes tevékenységek köre 2015. január 1-jétől (PDF; in Hungarian)
  100. ↑ VAT Rates. Revenue.ie. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  101. ↑ 102.0 102.1 "2014 EU VAT rates". VAT Live. http://www.vatlive.com/vat-rates/european-vat-rates/eu-vat-rates/. 
  102. ↑ 103.0 103.1 "Portail de la fiscalité indirecte - Luxembourg". 6 June 2023. http://www.aed.public.lu/tva/loi/Loi-TVA-2015.pdf. 
  103. ↑ Prezydent podpisał ustawę okołobudżetową – VAT wzrośnie do 23 proc. Wyborcza.biz (14 December 2010). Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  104. ↑ Sara Kuleta. "Podatek VAT w Polsce – podatek od towarów i usług" (in pl-PL). Ernst & Young. https://www.ey.com/pl_pl/insights/tax/podatki-posrednie-vat-akcyza-clo/podatek-vat-w-polsce-co-warto-wiedziec-o-podatku-od-towarow-i-uslug. 
  105. ↑ "Ustawa z dn. 11 marca 2004 r. o podatku od towarów i usług." (in pl-PL). https://isap.sejm.gov.pl/isap.nsf/download.xsp/WDU20040540535/U/D20040535Lj.pdf. 
  106. ↑ "List of VAT rates" (in en-US). https://www.podatki.gov.pl/en/value-added-tax/general-vat-rules-and-rates/list-of-vat-rates/. 
  107. ↑ 108.0 108.1 108.2 "CAPÍTULO IV | Taxas | Artigo 18.º | Taxas do imposto". https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/civa_rep/pages/iva18.aspx. 
  108. ↑ 109.0 109.1 109.2 "Código do Imposto sobre o Valor Acrescentado" (in pt). https://dre.pt/web/guest/legislacao-consolidada/-/lc/153302675/202012310000/73934123/diploma/indice. 
  109. ↑ "Disposições finais". https://info.portaldasfinancas.gov.pt/pt/informacao_fiscal/codigos_tributarios/civa_rep/Pages/c-iva-listas.aspx. 
  110. ↑ Andra, Timu (3 September 2015). "Romania Passes Scaled-Down Tax Cuts After Warnings Over Budget". Bloomberg. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2015-09-03/romania-passes-scaled-down-tax-cuts-after-warnings-over-budget. 
  111. ↑ "Pravilnik o spremembah in dopolnitvah Pravilnika o izvajanju Zakona o davku na dodano vrednost". Ministry of Finance. 24 June 2013. http://www.uradni-list.si/1/objava.jsp?urlid=201354&stevilka=2056. 
  112. ↑ "Spain raises VAT from 18% to 21% 1 September 2012". VAT Live. 13 July 2012. http://www.vatlive.com/european-news/spain-raises-vat-from-18-to-21-1-september-2012/. 
  113. ↑ "Dr. Freda Lewis-Hall Joins Pfizer As Chief Medical Officer - London Stock Exchange". http://www.londonstockexchange.com/exchange/prices-and-news/news/market-news/market-news-detail.html?announcementId=10010395. 
  114. ↑ "Swedish VAT compliance and rates". VAT Live. http://www.vatlive.com/country-guides/sweden/swedish-vat-compliance-and-rates/. 
  115. ↑ "Momsen - hur fungerar den? | Skatteverket". Skatteverket.se. 1 January 2014. http://www.skatteverket.se/foretagorganisationer/moms/vadarmoms.4.18e1b10334ebe8bc80005374.html. 
  116. ↑ "Albania - Other taxes impacting corporate entities". PwC. 6 September 2019. http://taxsummaries.pwc.com/ID/Albania-Corporate-Other-taxes. 
  117. ↑ "Andorra crea un IVA con un tipo general del 4,5% y uno reducido del 1%". La Vanguardia. 4 July 2010. http://www.lavanguardia.es/economia/noticias/20100704/53958607595/andorra-crea-un-iva-con-un-tipo-general-del-45-y-uno-reducido-del-1.html. 
  118. ↑ "Angola Tax Changes for 2021". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/angola/corporate/other-taxes. 
  119. ↑ "The Government of The Bahamas - VAT Bahamas". VAT Bahamas. 5 June 2015. https://www.bahamas.gov.bs/wps/portal/public/!ut/p/b1/vZfZjptKEIafJQ8wcTdb40t2MNBgNgM3yCxjFoM3bAxPHyYnkTI5Z8bnIjEtkBB_6-_6qqqBRbwIF3G3vVW7bV8duu3-7T5mkjUP1q6xJDlW0iXAAWRwjMKRUEOzIJoFJFBMjqNYU6EBAzTfNjgbqYRFge_zP3oM6cVmEarRxIsHbZAkJ7n7V9uLi41bg6qKGVMmTEFG9prfHBstF6kkiC0zwa15Ojpelt-rrXXi8-m6hxnMRtfiGsPduy0dJw3VqaokeBkPkzZlDcdOmo2sErp9GoTgVkbZiM0N39OejMbTCzsKvQt1VtyG1zy2ut0EQTnC7XA1ymzPeQWdJzsRKiuK-xEz-ODgHsb8ObNZ8BnzGek_8z8R_K-cfSSwyEfzV4u4StuvQ9Z-BV8hCREkIKIQQkuahsyc0vhTAjrxQPAWwXfBZ4g_XeRbDI8oRrMA_bIGLwBAg4BzXLgGLIYLbxECKnHr8ahNzeTUaA1wjW3TW2nzGkYseh729xhjC_bSjoBioOEzBy6iY5i1OV6wZ-eB4_OcgOqSKX43tAhvORsKkNF9GriA-tuGCm2xM2Xk2RxNAMWCzzYkn4pUsS3w1yN8VzTU-s_n8F2vsUsG0oilliwDKIpFi6COqERgtUE23cQ9RqrV1gWSIyl03NBvD6Eb9xp326sv_dlPiZdDRVkiSMhreq5rI12eD92O482BRoC8LRs87LTr9LpzTd0vOd2v1_p45rSwdLuuIodGZ_l0KrxDUq-GDDgxDsvNqSfEzrynLXwpYoWQ2rvbHPYbF2z6tj0Vu5uWoKsXeEvlHBi0BMwqinrr5gWiLLVUE-ZOg6k4GUY2STsJheOR7OhuKJovC6we2p_IP2zkf1cxGO54Pl1xtYK1fzdF28eeBN-QY6m3wNkf3CkwPb83e6nUzVz9gVzsOEIfHxjq4NmGxLMN6WcboicbCtSzDZ9dpQL5ZEP3z7fF-60PESyLKEASDM1SLLMIjGx3Fw_cTpRE58TWaximxMoqq9NJj3xBjCpMFxE9vYygMG7BK1Ydfn1Ow3xFdN1KEsJS3XF0rG0O2iZYZpS1lWgnDNaZvR91uald60a9btVleuh6eKkjr7hHL6YyKbbQINBQXx4B-a-inrDoD9iH-tu-b3qhMwMZL70wA6ExmHzCRCvNrHOMxYyYLz_fBW3VrN0HhgTzbEP6yYYaeLbhs5Fqfx7puy4CzJw1lqIISCCWZSh6_oLwGSRe5r8v-xLsy9uRzO4b_SIJUaMcckkNcVU57H7FYCu8CSk3mH07GvktovYb486BtW8ytHkmzuVV4OT2dcnzjqdosiIf4y6QeJHVdTays7IiOCMXpz69wJCfNLmBhRwW52l7uW7VuChe48pAIuP0S2UIQtTwmpeEWXXqmNXmFI6atu7S3SEp2koeozovZdgB4laiwY5JzoLsSV7G144XF8fWv-m6btAryVGn8JdRKLf298HCX8bwDRzn5t8!/dl4/d5/L2dJQSEvUUt3QS80SmtFL1o2X1FCMFFTTDkzQThFS0UwQTA3TEE2R0EzMTQw/. 
  120. ↑ "Bahamas Planning to Introduce 7.5 Percent Value Added Tax in 2015". 30 May 2014. http://caribjournal.com/2014/05/30/bahamas-planning-to-introduce-7-5-percent-value-added-tax-in-2015/. 
  121. ↑ "Botswana Standard Tax". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/botswana/corporate/other-taxes. 
  122. ↑ "VAT Rates in Eswatini". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/eswatini/corporate/other-taxes. 
  123. ↑ "Gambia Revenue Authority - VAT". Gambia Revenue Authority. 19 December 2014. http://www.gra.gm/vat/. 
  124. ↑ "2019 Worldwide VAT, GST and Sales Tax Guide - XMLQS". Ernst & Young. https://www.ey.com/content/dam/ey-unified-site/ey-com/en-gl/technical/tax-guides/documents/en-gl-vat-guide-2025.pdf#page=813. 
  125. ↑ "VAT Rates in India". https://wise.com/gb/vat/india. 
  126. ↑ "VAT Rates in Indonesia". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/indonesia/corporate/other-taxes. 
  127. ↑ VAT in Eilat , ECCB
  128. ↑ "VAT Rates in Jamaica". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/jamaica/corporate/other-taxes. 
  129. ↑ "VAT Rates in Liechtenstein". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/liechtenstein/corporate/other-taxes. 
  130. ↑ Song, Sophie (25 October 2013). "Malaysia Budget 2014: 6% New Tax Effective April 2015, Sugar Subsidy Abolished". https://www.ibtimes.com/malaysia-budget-2014-6-new-tax-effective-april-2015-sugar-subsidy-abolished-1441950. 
  131. ↑ "Transitioning into sales tax and service tax – clarifying the confusion | ACCA Global". https://www.accaglobal.com/lk/en/student/exam-support-resources/foundation-level-study-resources/ftx/ftx-technical-articles/mys-sst.html. 
  132. ↑ "Monaco capital gains tax rates, and property income tax". Globalpropertyguide.com. http://www.globalpropertyguide.com/Europe/Monaco/Taxes-and-Costs. 
  133. ↑ "VAT Rates in Mozambique". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/mozambique/corporate/other-taxes. 
  134. ↑ "Exempt supplies". Government of New Zealand. http://www.ird.govt.nz/gst/additional-calcs/calc-spec-supplies/calc-exempt/calc-exempt.html. 
  135. ↑ "Norway confirms electric car incentives until 2018". Thegreencarwebsite.co.uk. http://www.thegreencarwebsite.co.uk/blog/index.php/2012/06/28/norway-confirms-electric-car-incentives-until-2018/. 
  136. ↑ "VAT Rates in Pakistan". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/pakistan/corporate/other-taxes. 
  137. ↑ "Palau Goods & Services Tax (PGST) – PalauGov.pw" (in en-US). https://www.palaugov.pw/taxreform/pgst/. 
  138. ↑ Bureau of Internal Revenue Website. Bir.gov.ph. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  139. ↑ "Value-added tax to rise from 18% to 20% in Russia". http://tass.com/economy/1038487. 
  140. ↑ Blic Online | Opšta stopa PDV od 1. oktobra biće 20 odsto. Blic.rs. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  141. ↑ "Od danas veća niža stopa PDV-a". January 2014. https://www.b92.net/biz/vesti/srbija.php?yyyy=2014&mm=01&dd=01&nav_id=795544. 
  142. ↑ "Value-Added Tax". http://www.sars.gov.za/TaxTypes/VAT/Pages/default.aspx. 
  143. ↑ "Sri Lanka: Amendments to VAT law enacted". KPMG. https://kpmg.com/us/en/taxnewsflash/news/2024/03/tnf-sri-lanka-amendments-to-vat-law-enacted.html. 
  144. ↑ 145.0 145.1 "Value-added tax, VAT rates and registration". https://www.ch.ch/en/vat-rates-switzerland/. 
  145. ↑ "VAT Rates in Tunisia". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/tunisia/corporate/other-taxes. 
  146. ↑ "Budget: How the rise in VAT will work". BBC News. 23 June 2010. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10373992. 
  147. ↑ "VAT rates on different goods and services - Detailed guidance - GOV.UK". https://www.gov.uk/guidance/rates-of-vat-on-different-goods-and-services. 
  148. ↑ "VAT Rates in Vanuatu". https://customsinlandrevenue.gov.vu/taxes-and-licensing/taxes/value-added-tax-vat/introduction.html. 
  149. ↑ "VAT Rates in Venezuela". https://taxsummaries.pwc.com/venezuela/corporate/other-taxes. 
  150. ↑ "VAT Rates in Yemen". https://www.rivermate.com/guides/yemen/taxes. 
  151. ↑ "TAX RATES". taxrates web site. http://www.taxrates.cc/index.html. 

Scholarly sources

  • "Lög nr. 50/1988 um virðisaukaskatt" (in is). 1988. http://www.rsk.is/skattalagasafn/virdisaukaskattur/log/log_0501988.htm. 
  • Ahmed, Ehtisham and Nicholas Stern. 1991. The Theory and Practice of Tax Reform in Developing Countries (Cambridge University Press).
  • Bird, Richard M. and P.-P. Gendron .1998. "Dual VATs and Cross-border Trade: Two Problems, One Solution?" International Tax and Public Finance, 5: 429–42.
  • Bird, Richard M. and P.-P. Gendron .2000. "CVAT, VIVAT and Dual VAT; Vertical 'Sharing' and Interstate Trade", International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 753–61.
  • Keen, Michael and S. Smith .2000. "Viva VIVAT!" International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 741–51.
  • Keen, Michael and S. Smith .1996. "The Future of Value-added Tax in the European Union", Economic Policy, 23: 375–411.
  • McLure, Charles E. (1993) "The Brazilian Tax Assignment Problem: Ends, Means, and Constraints", in A Reforma Fiscal no Brasil (São Paulo: Fundaçäo Instituto de Pesquisas Econômicas).
  • McLure, Charles E. 2000. "Implementing Subnational VATs on Internal Trade: The Compensating VAT (CVAT)", International Tax and Public Finance, 7: 723–40.
  • Muller, Nichole. 2007. Indisches Recht mit Schwerpunkt auf gewerblichem Rechtsschutz im Rahmen eines Projektgeschäfts in Indien, IBL Review, VOL. 12, Institute of International Business and law, Germany. Law-and-business.de
  • Muller, Nichole. 2007. Indian law with emphasis on commercial legal insurance within the scope of a project business in India. IBL Review, VOL. 12, Institute of International Business and law, Germany.
  • MOMS, Politikens Nudansk Leksikon 2002, ISBN 978-87-604-1578-4.
  • OECD. 2008. Consumption Tax Trends 2008: VAT/GST and Excise Rates, Trends and Administration Issues. Paris: OECD.
  • Serra, J. and J. Afonso. 1999. "Fiscal Federalism Brazilian Style: Some Reflections", Paper presented to Forum of Federations, Mont Tremblant, Canada, October 1999.
  • Shome, Parthasarathi and Paul Bernd Spahn (1996) "Brazil: Fiscal Federalism and Value Added Tax Reform", Working Paper No. 11, National Institute of Public Finance and Policy, New Delhi
  • Silvani, Carlos and Paulo dos Santos (1996) "Administrative Aspects of Brazil's Consumption Tax Reform", International VAT Monitor, 7: 123–32.
  • Tait, Alan A. (1988) Value Added Tax: International Practice and Problems (Washington: International Monetary Fund).



Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Finance:Value-added_tax&oldid=4113675#Bangladesh"