Religion:2017–2019 Iranian protests against compulsory hijab

From HandWiki
Girls of Enghelab Street
Part of 2016–2021 Iranian protests
Girl of Enghelab Street.jpg
An Iranian woman showing support for the Girls of Enghelab Street in Hauptplatz in Linz
Date27 December 2017 – 2019
Location
Iran
GoalsRemoval of compulsory hijab law
Methods
  • Civil disobedience
  • Nonviolent resistance
Parties to the civil conflict
Protesters
Iran Government of Iran
Lead figures
  • Ali Khamenei
  • Hassan Rouhani
Casualties
ArrestedAt least 40[1]

Girls of Enghelab Street (Persian: دختران خیابان انقلاب‎) was a series of protests against compulsory hijab in Iran. The protests were inspired by Vida Movahed (Persian: ویدا موحد‎), an Iranian woman known as the Girl of Enghelab Street (Persian: دختر خیابان انقلاب‎), who stood in the crowd on a utility box in the Enghelab Street (Revolution Street) of Tehran on 27 December 2017, tied her hijab, a white headscarf, to a stick, and waved it to the crowd as a flag.[2][3][4][5] She was arrested on that day[4][5] and was released temporary on bail[6][7] a month later, on 28 January 2018.[8] Some people believe that Movahed's action was based on Masih Alinejad's call for White Wednesdays, a protest movement that the presenter at VOA Persian Television started in early 2017.[9][10][11] Other women later re-enacted her protest and posted photos of their actions on social media. These women are described as the "Girls of Enghelab Street"[10] and "The Girls Of Revolution Street"[12] in English sources. Some of the protesters claim that they didn't follow Masih Alinejad's call.[13][14][15][16]

Islamic Republic's Penal Code

In the Islamic law of Iran imposed shortly after the 1979 Islamic revolution, article 638 of 5th book of Islamic Penal Code (called Sanctions and deterrent penalties) women who do not wear a hijab may be imprisoned from ten days to two months, and/or required to pay fines from 50,000 up to 500,000 rials.[17] Fines are recalculated in the courts to index for inflation. This has been translated and published by the Legal Information Institute of Cornell Law School.[18]

Article 639 of the same book says, two types of people shall be sentenced one year to ten years' imprisonment; first a person who establishes or directs a place of immorality or prostitution, second, a person who facilitates or encourages people to commit immorality or prostitution.[19][20]

These are some of the laws under which some protesters were charged.[19]

Background

Before the Iranian Islamic Revolution of 1979 (during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, the last Shah of Iran), the hijab was not compulsory,[21] though some Iranian women during this period wore headscarfs or chador.[22]

After the 1979 Islamic revolution, the hijab gradually became compulsory.[23] In 1979, Ruhollah Khomeini announced that women should observe Islamic dress code;[23][24] His statement sparked demonstrations, the International Women's Day Protests in Tehran, 1979, which were met by government assurances that the statement was only a recommendation.[23][24] Hijab was subsequently made mandatory in government and public offices in 1980, and in 1983 it became mandatory for all women.[23]

In 2018, a government run survey dating back to 2014, was released by President Hassan Rouhani, showing that 49.8% of Iranians were against compulsory or mandatory hijab.[25][26] The report was released by the Center for Strategic Studies, the research arm of the Iranian President's office, and was titled "Report of the first hijab special meeting" in July 2014 in a PDF format.[27]

On 2 February 2018, a poll conducted by the Center for International and Security Studies at Maryland (CISSM) showed that a few Iranians agreed with "changing Iran's political system or relaxing strict Islamic law".[28]

Iran is the only country in the world that requires non-Muslim women to wear a headscarf.[29] For example, in January 2018, a Chinese female musician was forcibly veiled in the middle of her concert performance.[30]

Timeline

December 2017

27 December

On 27 December 2017, pictures and videos of Movahed waving her scarf went viral through the hashtag "Where_is_she?" (#دختر_خیابان_انقلاب_کجاست, "Where is the girl of Enghelab Street" in Persian) on social media. While at first she was unknown, days later, Nasrin Sotoudeh (Persian: نسرین ستوده‎), the human rights activist and lawyer who has also been arrested, found out that the woman is 31 years old and was arrested on the spot with her 19-month-old baby.[2][3][4]

January 2018

28 January

On 28 January 2018, according to Nasrin Sotoudeh, the lawyer investigating the case, Vida Movahed was released;[8] temporary on bail.[6][7]

29 January

On 29 January 2018, a woman was arrested in Tehran after reenacting Movahed's protest by standing on the same utility box in Enqelab Street, taking off her white Hijab, and holding it up on a stick. Photos has been posted on social media show that at least three other women reenacted Movahed's protest in Tehran on 29 January, including one near Ferdowsi Square.[10]

30 January

According to Nasrin Sotoudeh on 30 January 2018, the second woman who was arrested on 29 January 2018 was Narges Hosseini (Persian: نرگس حسینی‎); her age is 32.[31]

On 30 January 2018, several more women, but also men, protested against the compulsory hijab law by reenacting Movahed's protest.[11][9] This took place in Tehran, as well as other cities as well including Esfahan and Shiraz.[19][32]

February 2018

1 February

On 1 February 2018 the Iranian Police department announced they had arrested 29 women for taking off their hijab.[32][33][34][35]

2 February

According to Nasrin Sotoudeh, the Iranian lawyer, Narges Hosseini known as the second girl of Enghelab street, who is 32 years old was unable to pay the US$135,000 bail set by the judge presiding over her case, facing a possible 10 years in prison and up to 74 lashes on charges including openly committing a sinful act.[19]


15 February

New photos and video shared on social media shows another woman re-enacting Movahed's protest on the same street, Enghelab Street (Revolution Street) on 15 February 2018 was identified as Azam Jangravi (Persian: اعظم جنگروی‎), videos shows that the police took her down aggressively. According to her latest Instagram picture, she said that she a part of Iranian women Reformists and Executives of Construction Party and has taken no orders from neither someone from inside nor outside the country, she said she has done that to protest against compulsory hijab.[13][36][37]

17 February

Narges Hosseini and Azam Jangravi were released from the custody temporary on bail.[36]

21 February

Another female protester named Shaparak Shajarizadeh (Persian: شاپرک شجری زاده‎) was arrested protesting with a white scarf on Wednesday, 21 February 2018 in a Gheytarieh street; eyewitnesses said that the police attacked her from behind and took her in custody.[36][38][39]

The original utility box that Vida Movahed and other protesters stood on top of, located in the Enghelab–Vesal Junction in Tehran. It has since been altered by the government to prevent protesters from standing on its top.

Photos shared on social media shows that the government was placing an inverted v-shaped iron structure on the utility boxes so as to inhibit anyone standing on top of the boxes.[40] She was sentenced to two years in prison in addition to an 18-year suspended prison term.[41] In addition, she stated that she left Iran.[42]

22 February

Another woman named Maryam Shariatmadari (Persian: مریم شریعتمداری‎) was protesting compulsory hijab in the afternoon on a utility box; the police asked her to come down and the woman refused and questioned the police what's her crime, "disturbing the peace" the police replied. Then, as she was violently ejected by the police, she was injured and her leg was broken.[38][43][lower-alpha 1]

Shaparak Shajarizadeh was beaten up in custody.[38] She was released later temporary on bail.[38]

24 February

Eyewitnesses said that another women named Hamraz Sadeghi (Persian: همراز صادقی‎) was protesting compulsory hijab on Saturday, 24 February 2018 when suddenly she was attacked by an unknown security force, her arm was broken and was arrested.[45]

July 2018

8 July

On 8 July 2018, Iranian teenager Maedeh Hojabri was arrested after she posted videos of herself dancing to Western and Iranian music on her Instagram account without her headscarf.[46] She was among several popular Instagram users, with more than 600,000 followers.[46] Her videos were shared by hundreds of people.[46] Several Iranian women posted videos of themselves dancing to protest her arrest.[47]

October 2018

27 October

On 27 October 2018, students in Islamic Azad University, Central Tehran Branch protested after a morality police van entered the campus and attempted to arrest several women for improper hijab. Videos showed a student standing in front of the van, attempting to block its exit, which lead to the driver of the van attempting to run her over.[48]

29 October

On 29 October 2018, an Iranian woman stood on the dome of Enghelab square in Tehran, and removed her headscarf in protest to the compulsory hijab. She was arrested minutes later by the police.[49] On 14 April 2019, it was revealed that she was Vida Movahed, the original Girl of Enghelab Street, that was protesting for the second time.[50]

February 2019

15 February

On 15 February 2019, the morality police attempted to arrest two girls for improper hijab in the Narmak area of Tehran and were met with resistance from bystanders. A group of people gathered around the van, breaking the windows, tearing the door off, and freeing the two girls inside. A video from the incident shows police firing shots into the air to disperse the crowd. Tehran police later confirmed the incident.[51][52]

March 2019

7 March

On 7 March 2019, two women were arrested in Kangavar after they protested the compulsory hijab by walking the streets of the city without their hijab on.[53]

8 March

On International Women's Day (8 March), groups of women in Tehran appeared unveiled and protested the oppression of women. A video showed two unveiled women holding a red sign, which read "International Women's Day is a promise of a just world for all of humanity", on a Valiasr Street. Another video showed a group of unveiled women on a Tehran Metro car handing out flowers to passengers.[54]

11 March

On 11 March 2019, a man stood on a box on Enghelab street and waved a white scarf on a stick. He was arrested on the scene by the security forces.

May 2019

13 May

On 13 May 2019, students at the University of Tehran gathered to protest the increasing pressures to obey the mandatory headscarf rule.[55] Plainclothes vigilantes attacked students who were protesting. Students also carried signs demanding freedom and free elections.[56]

August 2019

In August 2019, Iranian civil rights activist Saba Kord Afshari was sentenced to 24 years behind bars, including a 15-year term for taking off her hijab in public, which Iranian authorities say promoted "corruption and prostitution".[57]

Reactions

National

  • Iranian chief prosecutor, Mohammad Jafar Montazeri reacted to the protests on 31 January 2018 by calling them "trivial" and "childish" moves that were incited by foreigners.[citation needed]
  • The deputy speaker of parliament, Ali Motahari, said on 31 January 2018 that there was no compulsory hijab in Iran, since women would show up wearing whatever they liked.[58][59][60][61]
  • A member of the Iranian parliament, Soheila Jolodarzadeh said on 31 January 2018 that the protests resulted from the unnecessary restriction of women.[35]
  • Iranian Judiciary spokesman, Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i on 4 February 2018 said that some of the arrested women were on "synthetic drugs"; he also declared that if it was proven that their protests were organized, their crime would be much heavier.[19]
  • President Hassan Rouhani said on 11 February, the 39th anniversary of Islamic Revolution, that under the article 59 of the constitution, any conflicts in Iranian society could be resolved with a constitutional referendum.[62]
  • Iranian senior actress and director Marzieh Boroumand stated on 14 February 2018 that she was against compulsory hijab but she did not support Masih Alinejad's lead on the movement. She believed that Alinejad was trying to connect all protests inside the country to her own by telling the government that the protesters were receiving orders from her.[14][15][16]
  • Nahid Khodakarami, an Iranian midwife and a member of City Council of Tehran said that choosing their own clothes is the simplest right that women could have. Her reaction to the video of Azam Jangravi's arrest was "Which one has more sin, the hairs of Azam Jangravi or that man's hand?"[63]
  • An academic – "Who and based on what article of the law allowed the police to eject that woman like that?", asked Abdollah Ramezanzadeh on 22 February 2018.
Seyyed Mehdi Tabatabaei, an Iranian Shia cleric, said that forcing hijab on people was against Islam and would have a reverse result.[64]
  • Seyyed Mehdi Tabatabaei, an Iranian Shia cleric reacted to the arrests on 22 February 2018 by saying that hijab was a requirement in Islam, while questioning the act of forcing it on people.[64]
  • The Iranian police officially warned on 23 February 2018 that the punishment of removing hijabs was of up to 10 years of imprisonment, based on Article 639 of the law.[65]
  • The Ghanoon (The Law) Newspaper published a main page article on 24 February 2018 written by Mehrshad Imani, titled "Let's not call hijabless people prostitutes," based on Article 639 of the law.[66]
  • In a speech at the University of Isfahan in 2018, Farhad Meysamy called the Girls of Enghelab Street movement an example of civil non-violence movements.

International

  • Amnesty International on 24 January 2018 called on the Iranian government to free the arrested woman unconditionally.[67] On 2 February 2018 Amnesty International repeated their statement to release six human rights defenders including protester Shima Babaei, who was arrested on 1 February 2018.[68][69][70]
  • Heather Nauert, spokeswoman of the United States Department of State, issued a statement on 2 February 2018 condemning "the reported arrests of at least 29 individuals for exercising their human rights and fundamental freedoms by standing up against the compulsory hijab."[71][72][73][74][75][76]
  • On 6 February 2018, a campaign on social media with the hashtag #NoHijabDay trended, with women from around the world burning their hijabs in solidarity with Iranian women forced to wear hijab.[77][78]
  • The director of the Middle East Program at Wilson Center, Haleh Esfandiari an Iranian-born American based in Washington stated in a February 2018 interview with Axios that her opinion was that the protests were causing a stir but were not a movement yet.[79]
  • Sarah Leah Whitson, former director of the Middle East division of Human Rights Watch, requested on 24 February 2018 for the Iranian government to drop the charges against the protesters.[36][38]
  • 45 Members of the European Parliament on 28 February 2018 called on EU Foreign Policy Chief Federica Mogherini to support the Iranian Women's Anti-Compulsory-Hijab Protests.[80][81]

See also

  • Homa Darabi
  • Yasmine Mohammed

Notes

  1. ↑ In September 2020, Maryam Shariatmadari, a 32-year-old computer science student at Amir Kabir University who escaped to Turkey after two days detention in Iran in 2018, was arrested in Denizli to be deported back to Iran.[44]

References

  1. ↑ "دختر معترض به "حجاب اجباری" در میدان انقلاب بازداشت شد". Radio Farda. 29 October 2018. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/arrest-of--a-protester-to-the-forced-veil/29570536.html. Retrieved 16 January 2019. 
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 D'Ignoti, Stefania (18 January 2018). "Women's campaigns flourish beyond Iran protests". Al Monitor. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/veils-role-in-iran-protests.html. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Alfatlawi, Rosie (20 January 2018). "'#Where is She?' Iranians Seek Answers Over Disappearance of Hijab-waving Icon". Al Bawaba. https://www.albawaba.com/loop/where-she-iranians-seek-answers-over-disappearance-hijab-waving-icon-1076774. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 "Iran lawyer raises concern over missing hijab protester". The Daily Star (Lebanon). 22 January 2018. http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Middle-East/2018/Jan-22/434875-iran-lawyer-raises-concern-over-missing-hijab-protester.ashx. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 Norman, Greg (23 January 2018). "Iranian woman in iconic video feared to have been arrested after waving hijab on a stick". Fox News. http://www.foxnews.com/world/2018/01/23/iranian-woman-in-iconic-video-feared-to-have-been-arrested-after-waving-hijab-on-stick.html. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 ""Girls of Revolution St" Protest Ignites Debate on Iran's Compulsory Hijab". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 31 January 2018. https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/01/girls-of-revolution-st-protest-ignites-debate-on-irans-compulsory-hijab/. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  7. ↑ 7.0 7.1 Wright, Robin (7 February 2018). "Hijab Protests Expose Iran's Core Divide". The New Yorker. https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/hijab-protests-expose-irans-core-divide. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Lusher, Adam (29 January 2018). "Girl of Enghelab Street: Iranian woman who stood in Tehran street without a hijab released from custody, says lawyer". The Independent. https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/girl-of-enghlelab-street-iran-woman-tehran-street-no-hijab-headscarf-custody-release-nasrin-sotoudeh-a8183716.html. Retrieved 29 January 2018. 
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Alimardani, Mahsa (30 January 2018). "The 'Girls of Revolution Street' Protest Iran's Compulsory Hijab Laws". Global Voices (NGO). https://globalvoices.org/2018/01/30/the-girls-of-enghelab-street-protest-irans-compulsory-hijab-laws/. Retrieved 31 January 2018. 
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 "Second woman arrested in Tehran for hijab protest". The Guardian. 29 January 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jan/29/second-woman-arrested-tehran-hijab-protest-iran. Retrieved 29 January 2018. 
  11. ↑ 11.0 11.1 Esfandiari, Golnaz (30 January 2018). "Uncovered 'Girl From Revolution Street' Picks Up Steam in Iran". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-hijab-islamic-dress-women-protests-girl-from-enghelab-street/29007848.html. Retrieved 31 January 2018. 
  12. ↑ "In Tehran, New Hijab Protester Led Off By Police". https://www.voanews.com/a/in-tehran-new-hijab-protester-led-off-by-police/4635838.html. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  13. ↑ 13.0 13.1 "Another Woman Arrested in Iran For Protesting Against Compulsory Veiling". Radio Farda. 16 February 2018. https://en.radiofarda.com/a/woman-protests-against-compulsory-veil-iran/29043773.html. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  14. ↑ 14.0 14.1 "مرضیه برومند در واکنش به اعتراض‌ها: با حجاب اجباری مخالفم". Radio Zamaneh. 15 February 2018. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/381844. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  15. ↑ 15.0 15.1 "مرضیه برومند: من با حجاب اجبارى مخالفم اما ...". Asr-e-Iran. 15 February 2018. http://www.asriran.com/fa/news/593148/مرضیه-برومند-من-با-حجاب-اجبارى-مخالفم-اما-. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  16. ↑ 16.0 16.1 "مرضیه برومند: این خانم "وِزوِزی" از جان زنان ما چه می‌خواهد؟". Tasnim News Agency. 14 February 2018. https://www.tasnimnews.com/fa/news/1396/11/25/1656997/فیلم-مرضیه-برومند-این-خانم-وِزوِزی-از-جان-زنان-ما-چه-می-خواهد. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  17. ↑ (in fa) Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties). 
  18. ↑ "The Islamic Penal Code of Iran, Book 5". https://www.law.cornell.edu/women-and-justice/resource/the_islamic_penal_code_of_iran_book_5. 
  19. ↑ 19.0 19.1 19.2 19.3 19.4 "Woman Arrested For Removing Hijab in Tehran Refuses to Repent Despite Facing 10 Years in Prison". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 6 February 2018. https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/02/woman-arrested-for-removing-hijab-in-tehran-refuses-to-repent-despite-facing-10-years-in-prison/. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  20. ↑ (in fa) Book #5 of the Islamic Penal Code (Sanctions and deterrent penalties). 
  21. ↑ El Guindi, Fadwa (1999). Veil: Modesty, Privacy and Resistance. Oxford; New York: Berg Publishers; Bloomsbury Academic. pp. 3, 13–16, 130, 174–176. ISBN 9781859739242. https://archive.org/details/veilmodestypriva00guin_753. 
  22. ↑ Abrahamian, Ervand (2008). A History of Modern Iran. Cambridge, UK; New York: Cambridge University Press. pp. 84, 94–95. ISBN 9780521528917. https://archive.org/details/historymodernira00abra. 
  23. ↑ 23.0 23.1 23.2 23.3 Milani, Farzaneh (1992). Veils and Words: The Emerging Voices of Iranian Women Writers. Syracuse, New York: Syracuse University Press. p. 19, 34-37. ISBN 9780815602668. https://archive.org/details/veilswordsemergi0000mila/page/19. 
  24. ↑ 24.0 24.1 Algar, Hamid (2001). Roots of the Islamic Revolution in Iran: Four Lectures. Oneonta, New York: Islamic Publications International (IPI). p. 84. ISBN 9781889999265. https://archive.org/details/rootsofislamicre00alga/page/84. 
  25. ↑ Erdbrink, Thomas (4 February 2018). "Compulsory Veils? Half of Iranians Say 'No' to Pillar of Revolution". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/04/world/middleeast/iran-hijab-veils.html. Retrieved 5 February 2018. 
  26. ↑ Erdbrink, Thomas (4 February 2018). "Half of Iranians say 'no' to compulsory veils, a pillar of the 1979 Islamic Revolution". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. http://www.post-gazette.com/news/world/2018/02/05/Half-of-Iranians-say-no-to-compulsory-veils-a-pillar-of-the-1979-Islamic-Revolution/stories/201802040201. Retrieved 5 February 2018. 
  27. ↑ "گزارش اولین نشست تخصصی حجاب" (in fa). Center for Strategic Studies. July 2014. http://www.css.ir/Media/PDF/1396/11/14/636532375414083535.pdf. Retrieved 5 February 2018. 
  28. ↑ Taylor, Adam. "Most Iranians feel Trump's comments in support of protesters didn't help, poll finds". https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/worldviews/wp/2018/02/02/most-iranians-feel-trumps-comments-in-support-of-protesters-didnt-help-poll-finds/. 
  29. ↑ "Protests against mandatory hijab in Iran reignite debate that has preoccupied Islamic nation since its founding". Firstpost. 8 February 2018. http://www.firstpost.com/world/protests-against-mandatory-hijab-in-iran-reignite-debate-that-has-preoccupied-islamic-nation-since-its-founding-4341269.html. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  30. ↑ "Chinese Musician 'Humiliated' in Iran as Hijab Imposed Mid-performance". https://www.albawaba.com/loop/chinese-musician-humiliated-iran-hijab-imposed-mid-performance-1074470. 
  31. ↑ "Iran headscarf protester arrested: Lawyer". The Straits Times. 30 January 2018. http://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-headscarf-protester-arrested-lawyer. Retrieved 30 January 2018. 
  32. ↑ 32.0 32.1 "Iran arrests 29 women for not wearing hijab in protests". Aljazeera.com. 2 February 2018. http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/02/iran-arrests-29-women-wearing-hijab-protests-180202084416823.html. Retrieved 4 February 2018. 
  33. ↑ Gerretsen, Isabelle (1 February 2018). "Iran: 29 women arrested over anti-hijab protests inspired by 'girl of Enghelab Street'". International Business Times UK. http://www.ibtimes.co.uk/iran-29-women-arrested-over-anti-hijab-protests-inspired-by-girl-enghelab-street-1658143. Retrieved 2 February 2018. 
  34. ↑ "Iranian Police Arrest 29 Women Protesting Against Veiling Law". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 2 February 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-police-arrest-hijab-head-scarf-protest-tehran/29013882.html. Retrieved 2 February 2018. 
  35. ↑ 35.0 35.1 Dehghan, Saeed Kamali (2 February 2018). "Tehran hijab protest: Iranian police arrest 29 women". The Guardian. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/feb/02/tehran-hijab-protest-iranian-police-arrest-29-women. Retrieved 2 February 2018. 
  36. ↑ 36.0 36.1 36.2 36.3 "Iran: Stop Prosecuting Women Over Dress Code". Human Rights Watch. 24 February 2018. https://www.hrw.org/news/2018/02/24/iran-stop-prosecuting-women-over-dress-code. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  37. ↑ "یک دختر خیابان انقلاب دیگر: از اصلاحات خسته شده‌ام" (in fa). Radio Zamaneh. 15 February 2018. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/381893. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  38. ↑ 38.0 38.1 38.2 38.3 38.4 "HRW Urges Iran To Drop Charges Against Women Protesting Compulsory Hijab". Radio Farda. 24 February 2018. https://en.radiofarda.com/a/hrw-urges-iran-not-to-prosecute-women-protesting-hijab/29060644.html. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  39. ↑ "بازداشت یک دختر دیگر خیابان انقلاب" (in fa). Radio Zamaneh. 21 February 2018. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/382742. Retrieved 22 February 2018. 
  40. ↑ "سکوی دختران خیابان انقلاب تغییر شکل داد (Girls of Enghelab street platform has changed shape)" (in fa). Radio Zamaneh. 22 February 2018. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/382931. Retrieved 22 February 2018. 
  41. ↑ "Iranian woman gets 20-year punishment for publicly taking off hijab". 10 July 2018. https://stepfeed.com/iranian-woman-gets-20-year-punishment-for-publicly-taking-off-hijab-9989. 
  42. ↑ "Iranian Woman Who Protested Hijab Rule Gets Two-Year Sentence, Leaves Country". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 10 July 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/iranian-woman-hijab-protest-two-year-sentence/29354892.html. 
  43. ↑ "باز هم دختر خیابان انقلاب و برخورد خشن پلیس (Another Girl of Enghelab Street and Police violent)" (in fa). Radio Zamaneh. 22 February 2018. https://www.radiozamaneh.com/383027. Retrieved 22 February 2018. 
  44. ↑ "Turkey slated to deport Iranian anti-Hijab activist who faces execution". 8 September 2020. https://www.jpost.com/international/turkey-slated-to-deport-iranian-anti-hijab-activist-who-faces-execution-641443. 
  45. ↑ "یکی دیگر از "دختران خیابان انقلاب" ضرب‌وشتم و "بازداشت شد"" (in fa). Radio Farda. 25 February 2018. https://www.radiofarda.com/a/b21-enghelab-protests-against-hejab/29061795.html. Retrieved 25 February 2018. 
  46. ↑ 46.0 46.1 46.2 "Woman arrested in Iran for Instagram video of her dancing". 8 July 2018. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/jul/08/iran-woman-arrested-instagram-video-dancing. 
  47. ↑ Barron, Laignee (9 July 2018). "Women in Iran Are Dancing to Protest the Arrest of a Teenage Instagrammer". http://time.com/5332944/iran-arrest-teenage-dancer-maedeh-hojabri/. 
  48. ↑ "حواشی زیر گرفتن یک دختر دانشجو توسط "گشت ارشاد" در یکی از شعبه‌های دانشگاه آزاد". https://ir.voanews.com/a/iran-police-hijab/4632492.html. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  49. ↑ "دختر معترض به "حجاب اجباری" در میدان انقلاب بازداشت شد". https://www.radiofarda.com/a/arrest-of--a-protester-to-the-forced-veil/29570536.html. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  50. ↑ "محکومیت دختر خیابان انقلاب به یک سال حبس". http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/83277052. Retrieved 14 April 2019. 
  51. ↑ "Iranians attack morality police van to save women from arrest". 19 February 2019. https://observers.france24.com/en/20190219-iranians-morality-police-save-women. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  52. ↑ "دخالت مردم در بازداشت زنان توسط گشت ارشاد منجر به شلیک تیرهوایی در نارمک تهران شد". https://ir.voanews.com/a/tehran-protest/4789777.html. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  53. ↑ ""بازداشت دو زن معترض" به حجاب اجباری در کنگاور". https://www.radiofarda.com/a/29809570.html. Retrieved 14 March 2019. 
  54. ↑ "Activists Appear Unveiled in Tehran on Women's Day". https://www.voanews.com/a/activists-appear-unveiled-in-tehran-on-women-s-day-/4821178.html. 
  55. ↑ "Archived copy". https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/iranian-students-protest-mandatory-headscarf-rule/2019/05/13/78762fec-7585-11e9-a7bf-c8a43b84ee31_story.html. 
  56. ↑ "Vigilantes Attack Tehran University Students Protesting Strict Hijab". https://en.radiofarda.com/a/vigilantes-attack-tehran-university-students-protesting-strict-hijab/29938079.html. 
  57. ↑ "Iranian civil rights activist gets prison for taking off hijab in public". 29 August 2019. https://nypost.com/2019/08/29/iranian-civil-rights-activist-gets-prison-for-taking-off-hijab-in-public/. 
  58. ↑ "Iran cracks down on women protesting against headscarves". The National (Abu Dhabi). 2 February 2018. https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/iran-cracks-down-on-women-protesting-against-headscarves-1.701223. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  59. ↑ "Protests against compulsory hijab trigger debate in Iran". Al Monitor. 31 January 2018. https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2018/01/iran-protest-compulsory-hijab-women.html. Retrieved 4 February 2018. 
  60. ↑ "Iran arrests 29 women as headscarf protests intensify-". The Times of India. 2 February 2018. https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-arrests-29-women-as-headscarf-protests-intensify-/articleshow/62757087.cms. Retrieved 4 February 2018. 
  61. ↑ "29 women held as protests against dress code intensify in Iran". DAWN. 3 February 2018. https://www.dawn.com/news/1387016. Retrieved 4 February 2018. 
  62. ↑ Erdbrink, Thomas (12 February 2018). "In Iran, Environmentalists Are Now Seen as Spies". The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/02/12/world/middleeast/iran-environmentalists-spies.html. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  63. ↑ "نسرین ستوده به یورونیوز: وثیقه نرگس حسینی آماده است/ اعظم جنگروی بازداشت شد" (in fa). Euronews Persian. 16 February 2018. http://fa.euronews.com/2018/02/16/nasrin-sotoudeh-said-to-euronews-that-narges-hosseini-s-bail-is-ready. Retrieved 17 February 2018. 
  64. ↑ 64.0 64.1 "سید مهدی طباطبایی: در بحث حجاب شاهد لجبازی بین برخی مردم و مجریان هستیم/ ساز و کار اعتراض در کشور به طور واقعی روشن نیست/ فقها سعی کنند استقلال حوزه را حفظ کنند" (in fa). Jamaran.ir. 23 February 2018. https://www.jamaran.ir/بخش-سیاست-12/867883-سید-مهدی-طباطبایی-در-بحث-حجاب-شاهد-لجبازی-بین-برخی-مردم-مجریان-هستیم-ساز-کار-اعتراض-در-کشور-به-طور-واقعی-روشن-نیست-فقها-سعی-کنند-استقلال-حوزه-را-حفظ-کنند. Retrieved 24 February 2018. 
  65. ↑ "کشف حجاب از جرائم مشهود است/ تشویق مردم به نداشتن حجاب یک تا ۱۰ سال حبس دارد" (in fa). Fars News Agency. 23 February 2018. http://www.farsnews.com/newstext.php?nn=13961204001165. Retrieved 26 February 2018. 
  66. ↑ "روزنامه‌های تهران: به معترضان حجاب، اتهام فساد و فحشا نبندیم" (in fa). BBC Persian. 24 February 2018. http://www.bbc.com/persian/iran-press-review-43177806. Retrieved 25 February 2018. 
  67. ↑ "Iran Urged To Free Woman Who Took Stand Against Compulsory Veiling". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 25 January 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-woman-compulsory-veiling-protest-amnesty/28997687.html. Retrieved 27 January 2018. 
  68. ↑ "Iran: At least six young human rights defenders arrested in coordinated raids at risk of torture". Amnesty International. 2 February 2018. https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2018/02/iran-at-least-six-young-human-rights-defenders-arrested-in-coordinated-raids-at-risk-of-torture/. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  69. ↑ "Rights Defender Calls on Iran to 'Immediately Release' Activists". Radio Farda. 4 February 2018. https://en.radiofarda.com/a/amnesty-international-condemns-new-arrests-iran-/29017133.html. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  70. ↑ "Young human rights activists arrested in coordinated raids across Iran". Ekklesia. 4 February 2018. http://www.ekklesia.co.uk/node/25142. Retrieved 16 February 2018. 
  71. ↑ Nauert, Heather (2 February 2018). "Protests and Arrests in Iran, February 2, 2018". United States Department of State. https://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2018/02/277865.htm. Retrieved 3 February 2018. 
  72. ↑ "Iran arrests 29 linked to protests against compulsory hijab". The Straits Times. 2 February 2018. http://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/iran-arrests-29-linked-to-protests-against-compulsory-hijab. Retrieved 4 February 2018. 
  73. ↑ "U.S. Condemns Iran's Arrest of Protesters Against Compulsory Hijab". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 3 February 2018. https://www.rferl.org/a/iran-hijab-protests-united-states-condemns-arrests/29016012.html. Retrieved 3 February 2018. 
  74. ↑ "US extends support to protests against forced hijab in Iran". United News of India. 3 February 2018. http://www.uniindia.com/us-extends-support-to-protests-against-forced-hijab-in-iran/world/news/1126470.html. Retrieved 3 February 2018. 
  75. ↑ "US criticises Iran against apprehension of compulsory hijab protesters". Pakistan Today. 3 February 2018. https://www.pakistantoday.com.pk/2018/02/03/us-criticises-iran-against-apprehension-of-compulsory-hijab-protesters/. Retrieved 3 February 2018. 
  76. ↑ "Washington supports Iranian women protesting against compulsory hijab". Egypt Today. 3 February 2018. https://www.egypttoday.com/Article/1/41801/Washington-supports-Iranian-women-protesting-against-compulsory-hijab. Retrieved 3 February 2018. 
  77. ↑ Dunphy, Liz (6 February 2018). "Women around world burn headscarves to mark No Hijab Day saying: "We are not candies to be covered"". Daily Mirror. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/women-around-world-burn-headscarves-11979107. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  78. ↑ Khalaf, Rayana (6 February 2018). "#NoHijabDay: Women burn their hijabs, sparking online debate". StepFeed. https://stepfeed.com/nohijabday-women-burn-their-hijabs-sparking-online-debate-9895. Retrieved 7 February 2018. 
  79. ↑ Britzky, Haley (17 February 2018). "The high stakes of hijab protests in Iran". Axios. https://www.axios.com/hijab-protests-in-iran-da243ead-3bf2-4e3f-9115-e117e7f9cc62.html. Retrieved 25 February 2018. 
  80. ↑ "45 European MPs Call on EU Foreign Policy Chief to Support Iranian Women's Anti-Compulsory-Hijab Protest". Center for Human Rights in Iran. 28 February 2018. https://www.iranhumanrights.org/2018/02/45-european-mps-call-on-eu-foreign-policy-chief-to-support-iranian-womens-anti-compulsory-hijab-protest/. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 
  81. ↑ Marietje Schaake (20 February 2018). "Letter to HR/VP on anti-hijab protests in Iran". marietjeschaake.eu. https://marietjeschaake.eu/en/letter-to-hr-vp-on-anti-hijab-protests-in-iran. Retrieved 1 March 2018. 

External links




Retrieved from "https://handwiki.org/wiki/index.php?title=Religion:2017–2019_Iranian_protests_against_compulsory_hijab&oldid=3222984"