Social:Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages
| Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands | |
|---|---|
| Barrier Islands–Batak | |
| Geographic distribution | Sumatra |
| Linguistic classification | Austronesian
|
| Glottolog | nort2829[1] |
The Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands languages are a group of languages spoken by the Batak and related peoples in the interior of North Sumatra and by the Nias, Mentawai people, and others on the Barrier islands (Simeulue, Nias, and Mentawai Islands Regency) off the western coast of Sumatra.
Classification
The languages of the Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands subgroup are:
- Gayo
- Batak languages
- Simeulue
- Nias–Sikule
- Mentawai
- Enggano (?)
This subgroup was first proposed by Lafeber (1922), who called it "Batak-Nias".[2] Nothofer (1986) presented lexical and phonological evidence in support of this subgroup, calling it "Barrier Islands-Batak".[3]
The position of the highly divergent Enggano language is controversial. Both Lafeber (1922) and Nothofer (1986) include Enggano as a probable daughter language.[2][3] This is rejected by Edwards (2015) who considers Enggano a primary branch of the Malayo-Polynesian languages.[4] Recent research by Smith (2017) however supports the inclusion of Enggano within his tentative "Sumatran" subgroup, which is an extended version of Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands that further includes the Nasal language spoken in Bengkulu in southwestern Sumatra.[5]
Lexicon
Edwards (2015: 78)[4] provides the following table comparing body part vocabulary items across various languages of the Barrier Islands. Edwards (2015: 89) considers the aberrant Enggano language as not part of the Barrier Islands-Batak languages.
| Gloss | PMP | Enggano | Mentawai | Nias | Sikule | Simeulue |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| head | *qulu | e-(ʔ)udu | uteʔ | həɡə | tuhu | ulu |
| hair, head | *buhek | e-pududui | alai | bu | bu | buʔ |
| face | *daqih | e-baka | mata | bava | muko | bobaŋon |
| eye | *mata | e-baka | mata | hərə | mata | mata |
| nose | *ijuŋ | ẽ-pãnũ | asak | ixu | nixu | ixuŋ |
| mouth | *baqbaq | e-kaʔa | ŋaŋa | bava | bafa | ba(ʔ)ba |
| lips | *biRbiR | e-ukudipo | bibo | beve | befe | befil |
| tongue | *dilaq | e-dio† | lila, ʤala | lela | l/nela | dila |
| tooth | *nipen | e-kaʔa | ʧon | ifɨ | ifɨ | ehen |
| ear | *taliŋa | e-kadiha | taliŋa | taliŋa | ɡuɡuyu | (k)oeuʔ |
| neck | *liqeR | ẽ-ũʔũ | lolokat | baɡi | ʔoɡu | leŋɡəl |
| hand | *kamay/*lima | e-ʔapo | kabei | bələxa,taŋa | taŋa | kaoʔ,siʔu |
| fingernail | *kanuhkuh | ẽ-kanũʔũnũ | sulet | siʔa | tena | tenab˺ |
| breast | *titi(q)/*susu | e-koko | tottot | susu | totoʔ | totuʔ |
| belly | *tian | e-kitai | baɣa | talu | amatan | besil |
| leg | *qaqay | e-ae | dere | ahe | ae | haɨ |
| knee | *tuhud | ẽ-pũʔũ u-ae | bókolo | tuhi | bohun | boxul |
| hair, body | *bulu | e-pududui | bulu | bu | bu | buʔ |
| skin | *kulit | e-ʔudi | kulit | uli | bebi | bebiʔ |
| meat/flesh | *hesi | e-heda | akkelak | naɡole | ö(h)i | isi |
| fat/grease | *miñak/*himaR | ẽ-mĩnãʔ㇠| lainak | tavə | tafɨ | tafɨ |
| bone | *tuqelaŋ | e-ʔaa | tolat | təla | tɨ/öla | sod˺ |
| heart | *pusuq | e-báhau, ẽ-kẽmã | teinuŋ | tədə | ɨlaxa, oho | ate |
| blood | *daRaq | e-kiaki | loɣau | do | do | dala |
| liver | *qatay | ẽ-nĩũnĩũ | atei | ate | bala | |
| urine | *iheq | ẽ-ĩkõ | kia | iə | xiɨ | k/xiɨ |
| excrement | *taqi | e-kai | tanai | tai | tai | tai |
References
- ↑ Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin, eds (2017). "Northwest Sumatra–Barrier Islands". Glottolog 3.0. Jena, Germany: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History. http://glottolog.org/resource/languoid/id/nort2829.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Lafeber, Abraham (1922). Vergelijkende klankleer van het Niasisch. s'-Gravenhage: Hadi Poestaka. https://resolver.kb.nl/resolve?urn=MMKB02A:000030153:00001.
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Nothofer, Bernd (1986). "The Barrier Island Languages in the Austronesian Language Family". In Geraghty, P., Carrington, L. and Wurm, S.A. (eds.) Focal II: Papers From the Fourth International Conference on Austronesian Linguistics, pp. 87–109. Pacific Linguistics, Series C, No. 94, Canberra, Research School of Pacific and Asian Studies, The Australian National University.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Edwards, Owen (2015). "The Position of Enggano within Austronesian". Oceanic Linguistics 54(1): 54-109
- ↑ Smith, Alexander D. (2017). "The Western Malayo-Polynesian Problem". Oceanic Linguistics 56(2): 435-490
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