View source for Social:Gallaecian language

{{Short description|Extinct Celtic language of Iberia}}
{{About|an extinct Celtic language that was spoken in the Iberian Peninsula|the current
Romance language|Galician language|the extinct Celtic language of Anatolia|Galatian language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Gallaecian
| altname          = Northwestern Hispano-Celtic
| states           = [[Place:Iberian Peninsula|Iberian Peninsula]]
| era              = Attested beginning of the first millennium CE
| ethnicity        = Gallaeci
| ref              = 
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = Celtic
| fam3             = Continental Celtic
| fam4             = Hispano-Celtic
| iso3             = none
| glotto           = none
}}

[[File:Galician-Celtic princeps - albioni.jpg|thumb|100px|The Nicer Clutosi stele inscription.]]

'''Gallaecian''' or '''Northwestern Hispano-Celtic''' is an extinct Celtic language of the Hispano-Celtic group.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cólera |first=Carlos Jordán |date=2007-03-16 |title=Celtiberian |url=https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 |journal=E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=750 |issn=1540-4889 |quote="In the northwest of the Iberian Peninsula, and more specifically between the west and north Atlantic coasts and an imaginary line running north-south and linking Oviedo and Merida, there is a corpus of Latin inscriptions with particular characteristics of its own. This corpus contains some linguistic features that are clearly Celtic and others that in our opinion are not Celtic. The former we shall group, for the moment, under the label northwestern Hispano-Celtic. The latter are the same features found in well-documented contemporary inscriptions in the region occupied by the Lusitanians, and therefore belonging to the variety known as LUSITANIAN, or more broadly as GALLO-LUSITANIAN. As we have already said, we do not consider this variety to belong to the Celtic language family."}}</ref> It was spoken by the Gallaeci in the northwest of the [[Place:Iberian Peninsula|Iberian Peninsula]] around the start of the 1st millennium. The region became the [[Place:Roman province|Roman province]] of Gallaecia, which is now divided between the Spanish regions of Galicia, western Asturias, the west of the Province of León, and the North Region in Portugal.<ref>{{cite book |last=Prósper |first=Blanca María |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4zWlMimm3OYC |title=Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica |publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca |year=2002 |isbn=84-7800-818-7 |pages=422–427}}</ref><ref>Prósper, B.M. (2005). ''Estudios sobre la fonética y la morfología de la lengua celtibérica'' in ''Vascos, celtas e indoeuropeos. Genes y lenguas'' (coauthored with Villar, Francisco). Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca, pp. 333–350. {{ISBN|84-7800-530-7}}.</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Cólera |first=Carlos Jordán |date=2007-03-16 |title=Celtiberian (Page_750) |url=https://dc.uwm.edu/ekeltoi/vol6/iss1/17 |journal=E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=750 |issn=1540-4889}}</ref>

==Overview==
As with the Illyrian, Ligurian and [[Social:Thracian language|Thracian]] languages, the surviving corpus of Gallaecian is composed of isolated words and short sentences contained in local Latin inscriptions or glossed by classical authors, together with a number of names – anthroponyms, ethnonyms, theonyms, toponyms – contained in inscriptions, or surviving as the names of places, rivers or mountains. In addition, some isolated words of Celtic origin preserved in the present-day Romance languages of north-west Iberia, including Galician, [[Social:Portuguese language|Portuguese]], Asturian and Leonese are likely to have been inherited from ancient Gallaecian.<ref>Galician words such as ''crica'' ('vulva, ribbon'), from proto-Celtic *kīkwā ('furrow'), ''laxe'' ('stone slab') from proto-Celtic *φlagēnā ('broad spearhead'), ''leira'' ('patch, field') from proto-Celtic *φlāryo- ('floor'), and ''alboio'' ('shed, pen') from proto-Celtic *φare-bowyo- ('around-cows').</ref>

Classical authors Pomponius Mela and Pliny the Elder wrote about the existence of Celtic<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pomponius |first=Mela |url=https://www.thelatinlibrary.com/pomponius3.html |title=Chorographia, III.7–9 |pages=7, 9 |language=Latin |quote=Among them the Praestamarci, Supertamarci, Nerii, Artabri, and in general all people living by the seashore except for the Grovi of southern Galicia and northern Portugal: 'Totam Celtici colunt, sed a Durio ad flexum Grovi, fluuntque per eos Avo, Celadus, Nebis, Minius et cui oblivionis cognomen est Limia. Flexus ipse Lambriacam urbem amplexus recipit fluvios Laeron et Ullam. Partem quae prominet Praesamarchi habitant, perque eos Tamaris et Sars flumina non longe orta decurrunt, Tamaris secundum Ebora portum, Sars iuxta turrem Augusti titulo memorabilem. Cetera super Tamarici Nerique incolunt in eo tractu ultimi. Hactenus enim ad occidentem versa litora pertinent. Deinde ad septentriones toto latere terra convertitur a Celtico promunturio ad Pyrenaeum usque. Perpetua eius ora, nisi ubi modici recessus ac parva promunturia sunt, ad Cantabros paene recta est. In ea primum Artabri sunt etiamnum Celticae gentis, deinde Astyres.}}</ref> and non-Celtic populations in Gallaecia and [[Place:Lusitania|Lusitania]], but several modern scholars have  postulated [[Social:Lusitanian language|Lusitanian]] and Gallaecian as a single archaic Celtic language.<ref>cf. Wodtko 2010: 355–362</ref> Others point to major unresolved problems for this hypothesis, such as the mutually incompatible phonetic features, most notably the proposed preservation of Indo-European ''*p'' and the loss of ''*d'' in Lusitanian and the inconsistent outcome of the vocalic liquid consonants, which has led them to the conclusion that Lusitanian is a non-Celtic language and is not closely related to Gallaecian.<ref>[https://redib.org/Record/oai_articulo474796-indo-european-origin-two-lusitanian-theonyms-laebo-reve   Krzysztof Tomasz Witczak, '''On the Indo-European origin of two Lusitanian theonyms ("Laebo" and "Reve"'''), 1999, p.67]</ref><ref>Prósper 2002: 422 and 430</ref><ref>Prósper 2005: 336–338</ref><ref>Prósper 2012: 53–55</ref>

==Characteristics==
===Features shared with Celtiberian and the other Celtic languages (reconstructed forms are Proto-Celtic unless otherwise indicated)===
* [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|Indo-European]] ''*-ps-'' and ''*-ks-'' became ''*-xs-'' and were then reduced to -s-: place name AVILIOBRIS from ''*Awil-yo-brix-s'' < Proto-Celtic ''*Awil-yo-brig-s'' 'Windy hill (fort)',<ref>Curchin 2008: 117</ref><ref>Prósper 2002: 357–358</ref> modern place name ''Osmo'' (Cenlle, ''Osamo'' 928 AD) from ''*Uχsamo-'' 'the highest one'.<ref>Prósper 2005: 282</ref>
* Original PIE ''*p'' has disappeared, having become a ''*φ'' sound before being lost completely:<ref name="Prósper 2005: 336">Prósper 2005: 336</ref><ref>Prósper 2002: 422</ref>
;Examples
:*place names C(ASTELLO) OLCA from ''*φolkā-'' 'Overturned', C(ASTELLO) ERITAECO from ''*φerito-'' 'surrounded, enclosed'
:*personal name ARCELTIUS, from ''*φari-kelt-y-os''
:*place name C(ASTELLO) ERCORIOBRI, from ''*φeri-kor-y-o-brig-s'' 'Overshooting hillfort'
:*place name C(ASTELLO) LETIOBRI,<ref>Curchin 2008: 123</ref> from ''*φle-tyo-brig-s'' 'wide hillfort', or ''*φlei-to-brig-s'' 'grey hillfort';<ref>Prósper 2005: 269</ref>
:*place name Iria Flavia, from ''*φīweryā-'' (nominative ''*φīwerī'') 'fertile' (feminine form, cf. [[Social:Sanskrit|Sanskrit]] feminine ''pīvari-'' "fat");<ref>Delamarre 2012: 165</ref>
:*place name ONTONIA, from ''*φont-on-'' 'path';<ref>Delamarre 2012: 2011</ref>
:*personal name LATRONIUS,<ref>Vallejo 2005: 326</ref> to ''*φlā-tro-'' 'place; trousers'
:*personal name ROTAMUS, to ''*φro-tamo-'' 'foremost';<ref>Koch 2011:34</ref>
:*modern place names ''Bama'' (Touro, ''Vama'' 912) to ''*uφamā-''<ref>Cf. Koch 2011: 76</ref> 'the lowest one, the bottom' (feminine form), ''Iñobre'' (Rianxo) to ''*φenyo-brix-s''<ref>Prósper 2002: 377</ref> 'Hill (fort) by the water', ''Bendrade'' (Oza dos Ríos) to ''*Vindo-φrātem'' 'White fortress', and ''Baiordo'' (Coristanco) to ''*Bagyo-φritu-'', where the second element is proto-Celtic for 'ford'.<ref>Búa 2007: 38–39</ref> Galician-Portuguese appellative words ''leira'' 'flat patch of land' from ''*φlāryā'',<ref>cf. DCECH s.v. lera</ref> ''lavego'' 'plough' from ''*φlāw-aiko-'',<ref>cf. DCECH s.v. llaviegu</ref> ''laxe/lage'' 'flagstone', from medieval lagena, from ''*φlagĭnā'',<ref>cf. DCECH s.v. laja</ref> ''rega'' and ''rego'' 'furrow' from ''*φrikā''.<ref>cf. DCECH s.v. regar</ref>
:The frequent instances of preserved PIE /p/ are assigned by some authors, namely Carlos Búa<ref>Búa 2007</ref> and Jürgen Untermann, to a single and archaic Celtic language spoken in Gallaecia, Asturia and Lusitania, while others (Francisco Villar, Blanca María Prósper, Patrizia de Bernado Stempel, Jordán Colera) consider that they belong to a Lusitanian or Lusitanian-like dialect or group of dialects spoken in northern Iberia along with (but different from) Western Hispano-Celtic:<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca M.|title=Shifting the evidence: new interpretation of Celtic and non-Celtic personal names of Western Hispania|pages=1|url=https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31550329/download_file?st=MTM5NDc0NjkyNiw3Ny4yNy40My4xOTQ%3D&ct=MTM5NDc0NjkzMg%3D%3D|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref>
:* in Galicia: divinity names and epithets PARALIOMEGO, PARAMAECO, POEMANAE, PROENETIAEGO, PROINETIE, PEMANEIECO, PAMUDENO, MEPLUCEECO; place names ''Lapatia'', ''Paramo'', ''Pantiñobre'' if from ''*palanti-nyo-brig-s'' (Búa); Galician-Portuguese appellative words ''lapa'' 'stone, rock' (cfr. Lat. lapis) and ''pala'' 'stone cavity', from ''*palla'' from ''*plh-sa'' (cfr. [[Social:German language|Germ.]] fels, [[Social:Old Irish|O.Ir.]] All).
:* in Asturias the ethnic name ''Paesici''; personal names PENTIUS, PROGENEI; divinity name PECE PARAMECO; in León and Bragança place names PAEMEIOBRIGENSE, ''Campo Paramo'', ''Petavonium''.
:* in other northwestern areas: place names ''Pallantia'', ''Pintia'', ''Segontia Paramica''; ethnic name ''Pelendones''.

* Indo-European sonorants between vowels, ''*n̥'', and ''*m̥'' have become an, am; ''*r̥'', and ''*l̥'' have become ri, li:<ref>Prósper 2005: 342.</ref> place name ''Brigantia'' from ''*brig-ant-yā'' < Proto-Celtic ''*br̥g-n̥t-y-ā'' < post-[[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]] (post-PIE) ''*bʰr̥gʰ-n̥t-y-ā'' 'The towering one, the high one'; modern place names in Portugal and Galicia ''Braga'', ''Bragança'', ''Berganzo'', ''Berganciños'', ''Bergaña'';<ref>Moralejo 2010: 105</ref> ancient place names AOBRIGA, CALIABRIGA, CALAMBRIGA, CONIMBRIGA, CORUMBRIGA, MIROBRIGA, NEMETOBRIGA, COELIOBRIGA, TALABRIGA with second element *brigā < Proto-Celtic ''*br̥g-ā'' < post-[[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*bʰr̥gʰ-ā'' 'high place',<ref>Luján 2006: 727–729</ref> and AVILIOBRIS, MIOBRI, AGUBRI with second element ''*bris'' < ''*brix-s'' < Proto-Celtic ''*brig-s'' < ''*br̥g-s'' < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*bʰr̥gʰ-s'' 'hill (fort)';<ref>Prósper 2002: 357–382</ref> cf. English cognate ''borough'' < [[Social:Old English|Old English]] ''burg'' "fort" < Proto-Germanic ''*burg-s'' < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*bʰr̥gʰ-s''.
* Reduction of diphthong ''*ei'' to ē: theonym DEVORI, from ''*dēwo-rīg-ē'' < Proto-Celtic *deiwo-rēg-ei 'To the king of the gods'.<ref>Prósper 2005: 338; Jordán Cólera 2007: 754.</ref>
* Lenition of ''*m'' in the group ''*-mnV-'' to -unV-:<ref>Prósper 2002: 425–426.</ref><ref>Prósper 2005: 336.</ref> ARIOUNIS MINCOSEGAECIS, dative form from ''*ar-yo-uno-'' ''*menekko-seg-āk-yo-'' 'To the (deities of the) fields of the many crops' < Proto-Celtic ''*ar-yo-mno-'' ... .<ref>Prósper 2002: 205–215.</ref>
* Assimilation ''*p .. kʷ'' > ''*kʷ .. kʷ'': tribe name ''Querquerni'' from ''*kʷerkʷ-'' < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*perkʷ-'' 'oak, tree'.<ref>Luján 2006: 724</ref> Although this name has also been interpreted as Lusitanian by B. M. Prósper,<ref>Prósper 2002: 397</ref> she proposed recently for that language a ''*p .. kʷ'' > ''*kʷ .. kʷ'' > ''*p .. p'' assimilation.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=B. M.|author2=Francisco Villar|title=NUEVA INSCRIPCIÓN LUSITANA PROCEDENTE DE PORTALEGRE|journal=EMERITA, Revista de Lingüística y Filología Clásica (EM)|year=2009|volume=LXXVII|issue=1|pages=1–32|url=http://emerita.revistas.csic.es/index.php/emerita/article/view/304/313|access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref>
* Reduction of diphthong ''*ew'' to ''*ow'', and eventually to ō:<ref name="Prósper 2002: 423">Prósper 2002: 423.</ref> personal names TOUTONUS / TOTONUS 'of the people' from ''*tout-'' 'nation, tribe' < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*teut-''; personal names CLOUTIUS 'famous', but VESUCLOTI 'having good fame' < Proto-Celtic ''*Kleut-y-os'', ''*Wesu-kleut(-y)-os'';<ref>Prósper 2002: 211</ref> CASTELLO LOUCIOCELO < PIE ''*leuk-'' 'bright'.<ref>{{cite book|last=González García|first=Francisco Javier|title=Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica|date=2007|publisher=Ediciones Akal|location=Madrid|isbn=9788446036210|page=409}}</ref> In Celtiberian the forms ''toutinikum/totinikum'' show the same process.<ref>Jordán Cólera 2007: 755</ref>
* Superlatives in -is(s)amo:<ref name="Wodtko 2010: 356">Wodtko 2010: 356</ref> place names BERISAMO < ''*Berg-isamo-'' 'The highest one',<ref>Prósper 2005: 266, 278</ref> SESMACA < ''*Seg-isamā-kā'' 'The strongest one, the most victorious one'.<ref>Prósper 2002: 423</ref> The same etymology has been proposed for the modern place names ''Sésamo'' (Culleredo) and ''Sísamo'' (Carballo), from ''*Segisamo-'';<ref>Prósper 2005: 282.</ref> modern place name ''Méixamo'' from Magisamo- 'the largest one'.<ref>Moralejo 2010: 107</ref>
* Syncope (loss) of unstressed vowels in the vicinity of liquid consonants: CASTELLO DURBEDE, if from ''*dūro-bedo-''.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca M.|title=Shifting the evidence: new interpretation of Celtic and non-Celtic personal names of Western Hispania|pages=6–8|url=https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31550329/download_file?st=MTM5NDc0NjkyNiw3Ny4yNy40My4xOTQ%3D&ct=MTM5NDc0NjkzMg%3D%3D|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref>
* Reduction of Proto-Celtic ''*χt'' cluster to Hispano-Celtic ''*t:''<ref name="Koch 2015"/> personal names AMBATUS, from Celtic *''ambi-aχtos'', PENTIUS < ''*k<sup>w</sup>enχto-'' 'fifth'.

===Features ''not'' shared with Celtiberian===
* In contact with ''*e'' or ''*i'', intervocalic consonant ''*-g-'' tends to disappear:<ref name="Prósper 2002: 423"/> theonym DEVORI from ''*dēworīgē'' 'To the king of the gods'; adjective derived of a place name SESMACAE < ''*Seg-isamā-kā'' 'The strongest one, the most victorious one'; personal names MEIDUENUS < ''*Medu-genos'' 'Born of mead', CATUENUS < ''*Katu-genos'' 'Born of the fight';<ref>Prósper 2005: 266</ref> inscription NIMIDI FIDUENEARUM HIC < ''*widu-gen-yā''.<ref name="Wodtko 2010: 356"/> But Celtiberian place name SEGISAMA and personal name ''mezukenos'' show preservation of /g/.<ref>Jordán Cólera 2007: 763–764.</ref>
* ''*-lw-'' and ''*-rw-'' become -lβ-, -rβ- (as in Irish):<ref name="Prósper 2005: 336"/> MARTI TARBUCELI < ''*tarwo-okel-'' 'To Mars of the Hill of the Bull', but Celtiberian TARVODURESCA.
* Late preservation of ''*(-)φl-'' which becomes (-)βl- and only later is reduced to a simple (-)l- sound:<ref>Prósper 2002: 422, 427</ref><ref name="Prósper 2005: 345">Prósper 2005: 345</ref> place names BLETISAM(AM), BLETIS(AMA),<ref>Prósper, Blanca María. "El topónimo hispano–celta Bletisama: Una aproximación desde la lingüística". In: I. Sastre y F. J. Sánchez Palencia (eds.). ''El bronce de Pino del Oro'' Valladolid. 2010. pp. 217–23.</ref> modern Ledesma (Boqueixón) < ''*φlet-isamā'' 'widest'; BLANIOBRENSI,<ref>Sometimes it has been read ELANIOBRENSI</ref> medieval Laniobre < ''*φlān-yo-brigs'' 'hillfort on the plain'.<ref>Luján 2006: 727</ref> But Celtiberian place name ''Letaisama''.<ref>Jordán Cólera 2007: 757.</ref>
* ''*wl-'' is maintained:<ref>Prósper 2002: 426</ref> VLANA < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*wl̥Hn-eh₂'' 'wool', while Celtiberian has l-: launi < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*wl̥H-mn-ih₂'' 'woolly' (?).
* Sometimes ''*wo-'' appears as wa-:<ref>Prósper 2005: 346</ref> VACORIA < ''*(d)wo-kor-yo-'' 'who has two armies', VAGABROBENDAM < ''*uφo-gabro-bendā'' 'lower goat mountain' (see above).
* Dative plural ending -bo < [[Social:Proto-Indo-European language|PIE]] ''*bʰo'', while Celtiberian had -bos:<ref name="Prósper 2005: 345"/> LUGOUBU/LUCUBO 'To (the three gods) Lug'.
===Q-Celtic===
Under the P/Q Celtic hypothesis, Gallaecian appears to be a Q-Celtic language, as evidenced by the following occurrences in local inscriptions: ARQVI, ARCVIVS, ARQVIENOBO, ARQVIENI[S], ARQVIVS, all probably from IE Paleo-Hispanic ''*arkʷios'' 'archer, bowman', retaining proto-Celtic ''*kʷ''.<ref name=koch2011>{{cite book|last=Koch|first=John T|title=Tartessian 2: The Inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the Verbal Complex. Preliminaries to Historical Phonology|year=2011|url=http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow|publisher=Oxbow Books, Oxford, UK|isbn=978-1-907029-07-3|pages=53–54,144–145|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723195518/http://www.oxbowbooks.com/bookinfo.cfm/ID/91450//Location/Oxbow|archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref><ref>Abad, Rubén Abad. (2008). "La divinidad celeste/solar en el panteón céltico peninsular". In: ''Espacio, Tiempo y Forma''. Serie II, Historia Antigua, 21: 101.</ref> It is also noteworthy the ethnonyms ''Equaesi'' ( < PIE ''*ek̂wos'' 'horse'), a people from southern Gallaecia,<ref>Cf. Vallejo 2005: 321, who wrongly assign them to the Astures.</ref> and the ''Querquerni'' ( < ''*perkʷ-'' 'oak'). Nevertheless, some old toponyms and ethnonyms, and some modern toponyms, have been interpreted as showing kw / kʷ > p: ''Pantiñobre'' (Arzúa, composite of ''*kʷantin-yo-'' '(of the) valley' and ''*brix-s'' 'hill(fort)') and ''Pezobre'' (Santiso, from ''*kweityo-bris''),<ref>Prósper 2002: 422, 378–379</ref> ethnonym COPORI "the Bakers" from ''*pok<sup>w</sup>ero-'' 'to cook',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca M.|title=Shifting the evidence: new interpretation of Celtic and non-Celtic personal names of Western Hispania|pages=10|url=https://www.academia.edu/attachments/31550329/download_file?st=MTM5NDc0NjkyNiw3Ny4yNy40My4xOTQ%3D&ct=MTM5NDc0NjkzMg%3D%3D|access-date=13 March 2014}}</ref> old place names ''Pintia'', in Galicia and among the Vaccei, from PIE ''*penk<sup>w</sup>tó-'' > Celtic ''*k<sup>w</sup>enχto-'' 'fifth'.<ref name="Koch 2015">{{cite journal|last1=John T.|first1=Koch|title=Some Palaeohispanic Implications of the Gaulish Inscription of Rezé (Ratiatum)|journal=Mélanges en l'honneur de Pierre-Yves Lambert|date=2015|pages=333–46|url=https://www.academia.edu/12949702|access-date=16 July 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=de Bernardo Stempel|first=Patrizia|title=El nombre -¿céltico?- de la "Pintia vaccea"|journal=BSAA Arqueología: Boletín del Seminario de Estudios de Arqueología|date=2009|issue=75|url=http://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3627410.pdf|access-date=14 March 2014}}</ref>
===Roman inscriptions===
<gallery class="center" caption="Some local Roman inscriptions incorporating autochthonous names, appellatives, and phrases" widths="200px" heights="200px">
File:Latronius Celtiati.JPG|Anthropomorphic stele with Latin inscription, and local anthroponyms (from Verín, Ourense, Galicia): LATRONIUS CELTIATI F(ilius) H(ic) S(itus) E(st)
File:Galician Celtic Stele - Estela Galaica .jpg|Stele with Latin inscription (from Mera town, Lugo, Galicia): APANA AMBOLLI F(ilia) CELTICA SVPERTAM(arica) [Castello] MIOBRI AN(norum) XXV H(ic) S(itus) E(st) APANVS FR(ater) F(aciendum) C(uravit).
File:Lucoubu arquien.jpg|Votive inscription to Lug (from Sinagogas town, Lugo, Galicia): LUCOUBU ARQUIEN(obu) SILONIUS SILO EX VOTO
File:Cosou Daviniago.jpg|Votive inscription to the local deity Coso (from Meiras town, A Coruña, Galicia): COSOU DAVINIAGO Q(uintus) V() C() EX VOTO
File:Fonte do Ídolo Braga.jpg|Inscriptions in Braga, Portugal: [Ce]LICUS FRONTO ARCOBRIGENSIS AMBIMOGIDUS FECIT; and TONGOE NABIAGOI CELICUS FECIT FRONT[o]
File:VECIUS VEROBLII.JPG|Galician Latin inscription (from Lugo city,  Galicia): VECIUS VEROBLII F(ilius) PRICE[ps ...] CIT(...) C(ASTELLO) CIRCINE AN(norum) LX [...]O VECI F(ilius) PRINCEPS CO[...]
</gallery>

==Revival==
In the 19th century a group of Romantic and Nationalist writers and scholars, among them Eduardo Pondal and Manuel Murguía,<ref>{{cite book|last=González García|first=F. J. (coord.)|title=Los pueblos de la Galicia céltica|date=2007|publisher=Ediciones Akal|location=Madrid|isbn=9788446022602|pages=19–49}}</ref> led a Celtic revival initially based on the historical testimonies of ancient Roman and Greek authors (Pomponius Mela, Pliny the Elder, Strabo and Ptolemy), who wrote about the Celtic peoples who inhabited Galicia; <ref>{{Cite journal| volume = 6| pages = 74| last = García Quintela| first = Marco V| title = Celtic Elements in Northwestern Spain in Pre-Roman times| journal = E-Keltoi: Journal of Interdisciplinary Celtic Studies| date = 2005}}</ref> there is currently a revival movement within Galicia (Spain) which often extends into Asturias, North Portugal and Sometimes Cantabria funded by the Celtic League in Galicia,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gallaicrevivalmovement.page.tl/|title=Gallaic Language Revival Movement - GLEUSSAXTA ATEBIVOCANA TENGUA GALLAICA|website=gallaicrevivalmovement.page.tl}}</ref> this movement is championed by people like Vincent F. Pintado, Founder of the Gallaecian Language Revival Movement, Member of the United Celtic Nations, Sponsor of the Gallaecian Celtic League, Author of the Old Celtic Dictionary, However it is worth noting whether or not this is a legitimate language revitalisation project or a conlanging project.

==See also==
* List of Celtic place names in Galicia
* List of Celtic place names in Portugal
* [[Social:Celtiberian language|Celtiberian language]]
* Continental Celtic languages
* List of Galician words of Celtic origin
* Portuguese vocabulary
* Galician Institute for Celtic Studies

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
* Búa, Carlos (2007) ''O Thesaurus Paleocallaecus'', in {{cite book|editor-last=Kremer|editor-first=Dieter |title=Onomástica galega : con especial consideración da situación prerromana : actas do primeiro Coloquio de Trier 19 e 20 de maio de 2006|year=2007|publisher=Universidade de Santiago de Compostela|location=Santiago de Compostela|isbn=978-84-9750-794-3}}
* Curchin, Leonard A. (2008) [http://estudiosgallegos.revistas.csic.es/index.php/estudiosgallegos/article/view/41 Estudios Gallegos''The toponyms of the Roman Galicia: New Study'']. CUADERNOS DE ESTUDIOS GALLEGOS '''LV''' (121): 109-136.
* DCECH = Coromines, Joan (2012). Diccionario crítico etimológico castellano e hispánico. Madrid: Gredos. {{ISBN|978-84-249-3654-9}}.
* {{cite book|last=Delamarre|first=Xavier|title=Noms de lieux celtiques de l'Europe ancienne (−500 / +500): dictionnaire|year=2012|publisher=Errance|location=Arles|isbn=978-2-87772-483-8}}
* {{cite journal|last=Jordán Cólera|first=Carlos|title=Celtiberian|journal=E-Keltoi|date=March 16, 2007|volume=6|url=http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf|access-date=16 June 2010|archive-date=24 June 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110624081159/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_17/jordan_6_17.pdf|url-status=dead}}
* {{cite book|last=Koch|first=John T.|title=Tartessian 2 : The inscription of Mesas do Castelinho ro and the verbal complex preliminaries to historical phonology|year=2011|publisher=University of Wales, Centre for Advanced Welsh and Celtic Studies|location=Aberystwyth|isbn=978-1-907029-07-3}}
* Luján Martínez, Eugenio R. (2006) [http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_16/lujan_6_16.pdf ''The Language(s) of the Callaeci''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409155114/http://www4.uwm.edu/celtic/ekeltoi/volumes/vol6/6_16/lujan_6_16.pdf |date=2014-04-09 }}. e-Keltoi '''6''': 715-748.
* {{cite journal|last=Moralejo|first=Juan José|title=TOPÓNIMOS CÉLTICOS EN GALICIA|journal=Paleohispánica|date=2010|volume=10|url=http://ifc.dpz.es/recursos/publicaciones/30/23/07moralejo.pdf|access-date=14 March 2014}}
* {{cite book|last=Prósper|first=Blanca María|title=Lenguas y religiones prerromanas del occidente de la península ibérica|year=2002|publisher=Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca|isbn=84-7800-818-7|pages=422–427}}
* Prósper, Blanca María and Francisco Villar (2005). ''Vascos, Celtas e Indoeuropeos: Genes y lenguas.'' Ediciones Universidad de Salamanca. {{ISBN|978-84-7800-530-7}}.
* {{cite journal|last=Prósper|first=Blanca María|title=Indo-European Divinities that Protected Livestock and the Persistence of Cross-Linguistic Semantic Paradigms: Dea Oipaingia|journal=The Journal of Indo-European Studies|year=2012|volume=40|issue=1–2|pages=46–58|url=https://www.academia.edu/1417828|access-date=25 February 2013}}
* {{cite book|last=Vallejo Ruiz|first=José María|title=Antroponimia indígena de la Lusitania romana|year=2005|publisher=Univ. del País Vasco [u.a.]|location=Vitoria-Gasteiz|isbn=8483737469}}
* {{cite book |last=Wodtko |first=Dagmar S. |date=2010 |chapter=The Problem of Lusitanian |editor1-last=Cunliffe|editor1-first=Barry |editor2-first=John T. |editor2-last=Koch |title=Celtic from the West|year=2010|publisher=Oxbow books|location=Oxford, UK|isbn=978-1-84217-475-3}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Gallaecian language}}
[[Category:Extinct languages of Europe]]

{{Sourceattribution|Gallaecian language}}