View source for Astronomy:9936 Al-Biruni

{{Infobox planet
 | minorplanet     = yes
 | name            = 9936 Al-Biruni
 | background      = #D6D6D6
 | image           = AnimatedOrbitOf9936AlBiruni.gif
 | image_scale      =
 | caption         = {{longitem|Orbit of ''Al-Biruni'' (blue) compared to the inner planets and [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]] (outermost)|style=padding: 5px 0; line-height: 1.3em}}
 | discovery_ref   = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
 | discovered      = 8 August 1986
 | discoverer      = E. W. Elst<br />V. Ivanova
 | discovery_site  = Rozhen Obs.
 | mpc_name        = (9936) Al-Biruni
 | pronounced      = {{IPAc-en|ae|l|b|I|'|r|uː|n|i}}<ref>''The McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of World Biography'' (1973)</ref>
 | alt_names       = {{nowrap|{{mp|1986 PN|4}}{{·}}{{mp|1981 UV|12}}}}
 | named_after     = [[Biography:Al-Biruni|البيروني ''al-Bīrūnī'']]<br />{{small|(Persian astronomer)}}<ref name="springer" />
 | mp_category     = main-belt{{·}}{{small|([[Astronomy:Kirkwood gap|outer]])}}<ref name="lcdb" />
 | orbit_ref       = &thinsp;<ref name="jpldata" />
 | epoch           = 4 September 2017 ([[Astronomy:Julian day|JD]] 2458000.5)
 | uncertainty     = 0
 | observation_arc = 35.62 yr (13,009 days)
 | aphelion        = 3.6534 [[Astronomy:Astronomical unit|AU]]
 | perihelion      = 2.5107 AU
 | semimajor       = 3.0820 AU
 | eccentricity    = 0.1854
 | period          = 5.41 [[Astronomy:Julian year|yr]] (1,976 days)
 | mean_anomaly    = 279.59[[Degree (angle)|°]]
 | mean_motion     = {{Deg2DMS|0.1822|sup=ms}} / day
 | inclination     = 15.404°
 | asc_node        = 310.41°
 | arg_peri        = 13.774°
 | dimensions      = 22.16 km {{small|(calculated)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|23.890|0.170}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><br />{{val|24.187|0.314}} km<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|27.81|1.61}} km<ref name="AKARI" />
 | rotation        = {{val|10.704|0.010}} [[Hour|h]]<ref name="Clark-2003" />
 | albedo          = {{val|0.048|0.006}}<ref name="AKARI" /><br />0.057 {{small|(assumed)}}<ref name="lcdb" /><br />{{val|0.0632|0.0151}}<ref name="WISE" /><br />{{val|0.065|0.012}}<ref name="Masiero-2011" />
 | spectral_type   = [[Astronomy:C-type asteroid|C]]&thinsp;<ref name="lcdb" />
 | abs_magnitude   = 12.1<ref name="jpldata" />{{·}}11.7<ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" />{{·}}12.0<ref name="lcdb" />
}}

'''9936 Al-Biruni''', provisional designation {{mp|1986 PN|4}}, is a carbonaceous [[Astronomy:Asteroid|asteroid]] from the outer region of the [[Astronomy:Asteroid belt|asteroid belt]], approximately 24 kilometers in diameter. It was discovered on 8 August 1986, by Belgian and Bulgarian astronomers Eric Elst and Violeta Ivanova at the Rozhen Observatory, located in Bulgaria's Smolyan province near the border to Greece.<ref name="MPC-Al-Biruni" /> It was named for Persian medieval scholar [[Biography:Al-Biruni|Al-Biruni]].<ref name="springer" />

== Orbit and classification ==

''Al-Biruni'' orbits the Sun in the [[Astronomy:Kirkwood gap|outer]] main-belt at a distance of 2.5–3.7&nbsp;[[Astronomy:Astronomical unit|AU]] once every 5 years and 5 months (1,976 days). Its orbit has an [[Astronomy:Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.19 and an [[Astronomy:Orbital inclination|inclination]] of 15[[Degree (angle)|°]] with respect to the [[Astronomy:Ecliptic|ecliptic]].<ref name="jpldata" /> It was first identified as {{mp|1981 UV|12}} at Crimea-Nauchnij in 1981, extending the body's [[Astronomy:Observation arc|observation arc]] by 5 years prior to its official discovery at Rozhen.<ref name="MPC-Al-Biruni" />

== Lightcurve ==

A rotational [[Astronomy:Lightcurve|lightcurve]] of ''Al-Biruni'' was obtained from photometric observations made at the U.S. Goodsell Observatory ({{small|741}}), Minnesota, in August 2002. The lightcurve gave a [[Rotation period|rotation period]] of {{val|10.704|0.010}} hours with a brightness amplitude of 0.14 in [[Astronomy:Magnitude|magnitude]] ({{small|U=2}})<ref name="Clark-2003" />

== Diameter and albedo ==

According to the space-based surveys carried out by the Japanese [[Astronomy:Akari (satellite)|Akari]] satellite and the [[Astronomy:NEOWISE|NEOWISE]] mission of NASA's [[Astronomy:Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer|Wide-field Infrared Survey Explorer]], ''Al-Biruni'' measures between 23.9 and 27.8 kilometers in diameter, and its surface has a corresponding [[Astronomy:Astronomical albedo|albedo]] of 0.048 to 0.065.<ref name="Masiero-2011" /><ref name="WISE" /><ref name="AKARI" /> The ''Collaborative Asteroid Lightcurve Link'' assumes a standard albedo for [[Astronomy:C-type asteroid|carbonaceous asteroids]] of 0.057 and calculates a diameter of 22.2 kilometers with an [[Astronomy:Absolute magnitude|absolute magnitude]] of 12.0.<ref name="lcdb" />

== Naming ==

The [[Astronomy:Minor planet|minor planet]] was named after the Persian scholar and polymath [[Biography:Al-Biruni|Al-Biruni]] (973–1048). Regarded as the founder of Indology and the father of [[Geodesy|geodesy]], he made important contributions to anthropology, mathematics and astronomy. In particular, he is known for developing a method for the summation of series, for solving algebraic equations, and for the triangulation of distances on Earth's surface.<ref name="springer" /> The official naming citation was published by the [[Organization:Minor Planet Center|Minor Planet Center]] on 26 September 2007 ({{small|M.P.C. 60728}}).<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive" /> The lunar crater ''[[Astronomy:Al-Biruni (crater)|Al-Biruni]]'' is also named in his honour.

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="jpldata">{{cite web
  |type       = 2017-06-05 last obs.
  |title      = JPL Small-Body Database Browser: 9936 Al-Biruni (1986 PN4)
  |url        = https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/sbdb.cgi?sstr=2009936
  |publisher  = [[Organization:Jet Propulsion Laboratory|Jet Propulsion Laboratory]]
  |access-date = 22 June 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="springer">{{cite book
  |title      = Dictionary of Minor Planet Names – (9936) Al-Biruni
  |last       = Schmadel | first = Lutz D.
  |publisher  = Springer Berlin Heidelberg
  |page       = 712
  |date       = 2003
  |url        = https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg=PA712
  |isbn       = 978-3-540-29925-7
  |access-date = 13 May 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Al-Biruni">{{cite web
  |title      = 9936 Al-Biruni (1986 PN4)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/db_search/show_object?object_id=9936
  |access-date = 13 May 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Circulars-Archive">{{cite web
  |title      = MPC/MPO/MPS Archive
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/ECS/MPCArchive/MPCArchive_TBL.html
  |access-date = 13 May 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="lcdb">{{cite web
  |title      = LCDB Data for (9936) Al-Biruni
  |publisher  = Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)
  |url        = http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/generateOneAsteroidInfo.php?AstInfo=9936%7CAl-Biruni
  |access-date = 13 May 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="AKARI">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Fumihiko |last1 = Usui
  |first2     = Daisuke |last2 = Kuroda
  |first3     = Thomas G. |last3 = Müller
  |first4     = Sunao |last4 = Hasegawa
  |first5     = Masateru |last5 = Ishiguro
  |first6     = Takafumi |last6 = Ootsubo
  |first7     = Daisuke |last7 = Ishihara
  |first8     = Hirokazu |last8 = Kataza
  |first9     = Satoshi |last9 = Takita
  |first10    = Shinki |last10 = Oyabu
  |first11    = Munetaka |last11 = Ueno
  |first12    = Hideo |last12 = Matsuhara
  |first13    = Takashi |last13 = Onaka
  |date       = October 2011
  |title      = Asteroid Catalog Using Akari: AKARI/IRC Mid-Infrared Asteroid Survey
  |journal    = Publications of the Astronomical Society of Japan
  |volume     = 63
  |issue      = 5
  |pages      = 1117–1138
  |bibcode    = 2011PASJ...63.1117U
  |doi        = 10.1093/pasj/63.5.1117
  }} ([http://vizier.cfa.harvard.edu/viz-bin/VizieR-5?-source=J/PASJ/63/1117/acua_v1&Num=9936 online], [https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43545172.pdf AcuA catalog p. 153])</ref>

<ref name="WISE">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = A. |last1 = Mainzer
  |first2     = T. |last2 = Grav
  |first3     = J. |last3 = Masiero
  |first4     = E. |last4 = Hand
  |first5     = J. |last5 = Bauer
  |first6     = D. |last6 = Tholen
  |first7     = R. S. |last7 = McMillan
  |first8     = T. |last8 = Spahr
  |first9     = R. M. |last9 = Cutri
  |first10    = E. |last10 = Wright
  |first11    = J. |last11 = Watkins
  |first12    = W. |last12 = Mo
  |first13    = C. |last13 = Maleszewski
  |date       = November 2011
  |title      = NEOWISE Studies of Spectrophotometrically Classified Asteroids: Preliminary Results
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...90M
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal
  |volume     = 741
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 25
  |bibcode    = 2011ApJ...741...90M
  |doi        = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/90
  |arxiv      = 1109.6407
  |s2cid = 118700974 |access-date= 13 May 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Clark-2003">{{cite journal
  |author    = Clark, Maurice
  |author2    = Joyce, Brian
  |date       = December 2002
  |title      = Asteroid lightcurve photometry from Goodsell Observatory (741)
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2003MPBu...30....4C
  |journal    = The Minor Planet Bulletin
  |volume     = 30
  |issue      = 1
  |pages      = 4–7
  |issn       = 1052-8091
  |bibcode    = 2003MPBu...30....4C
  |access-date= 18 December 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Masiero-2011">{{cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Joseph R. |last1 = Masiero
  |first2     = A. K. |last2 = Mainzer
  |first3     = T. |last3 = Grav
  |first4     = J. M. |last4 = Bauer
  |first5     = R. M. |last5 = Cutri
  |first6     = J. |last6 = Dailey
  |first7     = P. R. M. |last7 = Eisenhardt
  |first8     = R. S. |last8 = McMillan
  |first9     = T. B. |last9 = Spahr
  |first10    = M. F. |last10 = Skrutskie
  |first11    = D. |last11 = Tholen
  |first12    = R. G. |last12 = Walker
  |first13    = E. L. |last13 = Wright
  |first14    = E. |last14 = DeBaun
  |first15    = D. |last15 = Elsbury
  |first16    = T. IV |last16 = Gautier
  |first17    = S. |last17 = Gomillion
  |first18    = A. |last18 = Wilkins
  |date       = November 2011
  |title      = Main Belt Asteroids with WISE/NEOWISE. I. Preliminary Albedos and Diameters
  |url        = http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/bib_query?bibcode=2011ApJ...741...68M
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal
  |volume     = 741
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 20
  |bibcode    = 2011ApJ...741...68M
  |doi        = 10.1088/0004-637X/741/2/68
  |arxiv      = 1109.4096
  |s2cid = 118745497 |access-date= 4 December 2016}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090708113747/http://www.astro.bas.bg/rozhen.html Rozhen Observatory], Smolyan, Bulgaria
* [http://www.minorplanet.info/PHP/lcdbsummaryquery.php Asteroid Lightcurve Database (LCDB)], query form ([http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html info] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171216050541/http://www.minorplanet.info/lightcurvedatabase.html |date=16 December 2017 }})
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=aeAg1X7afOoC&pg Dictionary of Minor Planet Names], Google books
* [http://obswww.unige.ch/~behrend/page_cou.html Asteroids and comets rotation curves, CdR] – Observatoire de Genève, Raoul Behrend
* [https://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/NumberedMPs005001.html Discovery Circumstances: Numbered Minor Planets (5001)-(10000)] – Minor Planet Center
* {{AstDys|9936}}
* {{JPL small body}}

{{Small Solar System bodies}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Al-Biruni}}
[[Category:Background asteroids|009936]]
[[Category:Named minor planets]]

{{Sourceattribution|9936 Al-Biruni}}