View source for Astronomy:Commercial Crew Development

{{short description|NASA space program partnership with space companies}}
{{Infobox space program
|name= Commercial Crew Development Program
|image= File:NASA Commercial Crew Program logo.svg
|image_size= 150px
|organization= [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]
|purpose= Earth-to-orbit crew and cargo transport
|status= Ongoing
|duration= 2010–present
|firstflight= [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Crew Dragon Demo-1]]<br>March 2, 2019
|firstcrewed= [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|Crew Dragon Demo-2]] or [[Engineering:Boeing Crewed Flight Test|Boeing Crewed Flight Test]]<br>April 2020
|lastflight= 
|successes= 4
|failures= 
|partialfailures= 1 
|launchsite=
* LC-39A ([[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]])
* SLC-41 ([[Company:Boeing|Boeing]])
| crewvehicle  = 
* [[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] (SpaceX)
* CST-100 (Boeing) 
| launcher     = 
*  [[Engineering:Falcon 9|Falcon 9]] (SpaceX)
*  [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] (Boeing)
|capacity= 7
}}
{{United States space program sidebar}}
'''Commercial Crew Development''' ('''CCDev''') is a [[Astronomy:Human spaceflight|human spaceflight]] development program that is funded by the U.S. government and administered by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]. CCDev will result in US and international astronauts flying to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] (ISS) on privately operated crew vehicles.

Operational contracts to fly astronauts were awarded in September 2014 to [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]] and [[Company:Boeing|Boeing]].<ref name=CCtCapBlogAnnounce/> An uncrewed test flight was performed by each company in 2019. Space-X's [[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Crew Dragon Demo-1]] flight of [[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] arrived at the International Space Station in March 2019 and returned via splashdown in the Atlantic Ocean. Due to a [[Physics:Mission Elapsed Time|Mission Elapsed Time]] anomaly, the [[Engineering:Boeing Orbital Flight Test|Boeing Orbital Flight Test]] of the CST-100 spacecraft failed to reach the station in December 2019, but completed some test objectives and performed a safe airbag landing in the New Mexico desert two days after launch.

Pending completion of the demonstration flights, each company is contracted to supply six flights to ISS between 2019 and 2024.<ref name="govconwire.com">{{Cite web|url=https://www.govconwire.com/2017/01/boeing-spacex-secure-additional-crewed-missions-under-nasas-commercial-space-transport-program/|title=Boeing, SpaceX Secure Additional Crewed Missions Under NASA's Commercial Space Transport Program}}</ref> The first group of astronauts was announced on 3 August 2018.<ref name=firstastronauts>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-assigns-crews-to-first-test-flights-missions-on-commercial-spacecraft|title=NASA Assigns Crews to First Test Flights, Missions on Commercial Spacecraft|date=August 3, 2018|publisher=NASA}}</ref>

==Requirements==
Key high-level requirements for the Commercial Crew vehicles include:
*Safely deliver and return four crew members and their equipment to the [[Astronomy:International Space Station|International Space Station]] (ISS)<ref name="nasa20110726">{{cite web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 |title=Commercial Crew Program: Key Driving Requirements Walkthrough |last=Bayt |first=Rob |date=July 26, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=July 27, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328055242/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=107 |archivedate=March 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref name="CCfactsheet">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/660622main_2012.06.18_CCP.pdf |title=Commercial Crew Program – fact sheet |date=February 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=14 July 2012}}</ref>
*Provide assured crew return in the event of an emergency<ref name=nasa20110726/>
*Serve as a 24-hour safe haven in the event of an emergency<ref name=nasa20110726/><ref name=CCfactsheet/>
*Capable of remaining docked to the station for 210 days<ref name=nasa20110726/><ref name=CCfactsheet/>

==Development program overview==

After the retirement of STS in 2011, NASA had no domestic vehicles capable of launching astronauts to space.<ref name="space.com">{{cite news |last1=Denise Chow |title=NASA Faces Awkward, Unfortunate Spaceflight Gap |url=https://www.space.com/11387-nasa-future-human-spaceflight-hurdles-nss27.html |accessdate=August 10, 2018 |work=Space.com |date=April 14, 2011}}</ref> The next major human spaceflight initiative will launch in 2022 as [[Astronomy:Artemis 2|Artemis 2]] on the [[Astronomy:Space Launch System|Space Launch System]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-first-flight-with-crew-will-mark-important-step-on-journey-to-mars|title=First Flight With Crew Will Mark Important Step on Journey to Mars|first=Gary|last=Daines|date=December 1, 2016|publisher=}}</ref>

In the meantime, NASA continued to send astronauts to the ISS on [[Engineering:Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] spacecraft seats purchased from Russia.<ref name="arstechnica.com">{{cite web|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2016/09/nasa-officials-mulling-the-possibility-of-purchasing-soyuz-seats-for-2019/|title=NASA officials mulling the possibility of purchasing Soyuz seats for 2019|publisher=}}</ref> The price has varied over time, with the batch of seats from 2016 to 2017 costing 70.7 million per passenger per flight.<ref name="space.com1">{{cite web|url=http://www.space.com/20897-nasa-russia-astronaut-launches-2017.html|title=NASA to Pay $70 Million a Seat to Fly Astronauts on Russian Spacecraft|publisher=}}</ref> The intent of CCDev is to develop safe and reliable commercial ISS crew launch capabilities to replace the Soyuz flights. CCDev follows [[Astronomy:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services|Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]] (COTS), an ISS commercial cargo program.<ref name=nasa20091208/> CCDev contracts are issued for fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones.<ref name="nasaRendezvous2010-2">{{cite web |title=Moving Forward: Commercial Crew Development Building the Next Era in Spaceflight |url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/475795main_rendezvous_v4n3.pdf |work=Rendezvous |publisher=NASA |pages=10–17 |year=2010 |accessdate= February 14, 2011 |quote="Just as in the COTS projects, in the CCDev project we have fixed-price, pay-for-performance milestones," Thorn said. "There's no extra money invested by NASA if the projects cost more than projected."}}</ref>

===CCDev 1===
[[File:CST-100 pressure vessel.jpg|thumbnail|Construction of the CST-100 pressure vessel was one of Boeing's CCDev 1 milestones]]
Commercial Crew Development {{nowrap|phase 1}} (CCDev 1) consisted of $50 million awarded in 2010 to five US companies to develop human spaceflight concepts and technologies.<ref name="nasa20091208">{{Cite web |url=http://hobbyspace.com/AAdmin/archive/Reference/CCDev_Source_Selection_Statement_signed-1.pdf |title=Selection Statement For Commercial Crew Development |work=JSC-CCDev-1 |date= December 9, 2008 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= February 10, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Anasa20100201">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |title=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |date=February 1, 2010 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate=February 2, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |title=Commercial Crew and Cargo Program |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100305034240/http://www.aiaa.org/pdf/industry/presentations/Lindenmoyer_C3PO.pdf |archivedate=March 5, 2010 |df=mdy }}</ref>

NASA awarded development funds to five companies under CCDev 1:
* [[Company:Blue Origin|Blue Origin]]: $3.7M for a 'pusher' Launch Abort System (LAS) and composite [[Physics:Pressure vessel|pressure vessel]]s.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.newspacejournal.com/2010/02/18/blue-origin-proposes-orbital-vehicle/ |title=Blue Origin proposes orbital vehicle |author=Jeff Foust}}</ref>
* [[Company:Boeing|Boeing]]: $18M for development of the CST-100<ref>{{Citation|url=http://boeing.mediaroom.com/index.php?s=43&item=1054|title=NASA Selects Boeing for American Recovery and Reinvestment Act Award to Study Crew Capsule-based Design}}</ref>
* Paragon Space Development Corporation: $1.4M for a plug-and-play [[Engineering:Life support system|environmental control and life support system]] (ECLSS) Air Revitalization System (ARS) Engineering Development Unit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/partners/ccdev_info.html |title=CCDev Information |date=July 20, 2010 |publisher=NASA}}</ref>
* Sierra Nevada Corporation: $20M for development of the Dream Chaser<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |title=SNC receives largest award of NASA's CCDev Competitive Contract |date=February 1, 2010 |publisher=SNC |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100207081838/http://sncorp.com/news/press/pr10/snc_ccdev_spacenews.shtml |archivedate=February 7, 2010 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
* [[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]]: $6.7M for an [[Engineering:Emergency Detection System|Emergency Detection System]] (EDS) for [[Astronomy:Human-rating certification|human-rating]] [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45 |title=NASA Selects United Launch Alliance for Commercial Crew Development Program |date=February 2, 2010 |access-date=May 19, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131207160150/http://www.ulalaunch.com/site/pages/News.shtml#/45 |archive-date=December 7, 2013 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

===CCDev 2===
[[File:DragonRider Mock-up - Musk and Bolden.jpg|thumbnail|The construction of a Dragon crew mock-up was one of SpaceX's CCDev 2 milestones{{disputed inline|date=August 2019}}]]
On 18 April 2011, NASA awarded nearly $270 million to four companies for developing U.S. vehicles that could fly astronauts after the Space Shuttle fleet's retirement.<ref name="ft20110418">Dean, James. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110511143351/http://space.flatoday.net/2011/04/nasa-awards-270-million-for-commercial.html "NASA awards $270 million for commercial crew efforts"]. space.com, April 18, 2011.</ref>

Funded proposals:<ref name="aw20110422">{{cite news |last=Morring |first=Frank, Jr. |title=Five Vehicles Vie To Succeed Space Shuttle |url=http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news/awst/2011/04/25/AW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |newspaper=Aviation Week |date=2011-04-22 |accessdate=2011-02-23 |quote=''the CCDev-2 awards, ... went to Blue Origin, Boeing, Sierra Nevada Corp. and Space Exploration Technologies Inc. (SpaceX).'' |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111221070704/http://www.aviationweek.com/aw/generic/story_generic.jsp?channel=awst&id=news%2Fawst%2F2011%2F04%2F25%2FAW_04_25_2011_p24-313867.xml&headline=Five%20Vehicles%20Vie%20To%20Succeed%20Space%20Shuttle |archivedate=December 21, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

* [[Company:Blue Origin|Blue Origin]]: $22 million. Technologies in support of a [[Physics:Nose cone design#Bi-conic|biconic nose cone design]] orbital vehicle, including launch abort system [[Physics:Liquid oxygen|liquid oxygen]]/[[Chemistry:Liquid hydrogen|liquid hydrogen]] engines.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |title=Archived copy |accessdate=2013-12-05 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215051509/http://procurement.ksc.nasa.gov/documents/NNK11MS02S_SAA_BlueOrigin_04-18-2011.pdf |archivedate=February 15, 2013 |df=mdy }}, p. 2-1</ref><ref>[https://www.blueorigin.com/technology " Blue Origin Technology"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180110171630/https://www.blueorigin.com/technology |date=January 10, 2018 }}. Blue Origin. Retrieved February 1, 2016.</ref>
* Sierra Nevada Corporation: $80 million. [[Engineering:Dream Chaser|Dream Chaser]]
* [[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]: $75 million. [[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]] integrated launch abort system<ref name="sxu20110117">{{cite web |title=Taking the next step: Commercial Crew Development Round 2 |url=http://www.spacex.com/updates.php |work=SpaceX Updates webpage |publisher=[[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]] |date=2010-01-17 |accessdate=2011-01-17}}</ref>
* [[Company:Boeing|Boeing]]: $92.3 million. Additional CST-100 development<ref name="mab20101214">[http://moonandback.com/2010/12/14/boeing-submits-proposal-for-2nd-round-of-commercial-crew-dev/ Boeing Submits Proposal for 2nd Round Of Commercial Crew Dev]. ''moonandback.com'' spaceflight news, December 14, 2010, accessed December 27, 2010.</ref>

Proposals selected without NASA funding:
* [[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]]: extend development work on [[Astronomy:Human-rating certification|human-rating]] the [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]]<ref name="NASA-ULA">{{cite web |title=NASA Begins Commercial Partnership With United Launch Alliance |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2011/release-20110718.html |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |accessdate=18 July 2011}}</ref>
* [[Company:Alliant Techsystems|Alliant Techsystems]] (ATK) and [[Company:Astrium|Astrium]] proposed development of [[Engineering:Liberty (rocket)|Liberty]].<ref name="sdc20110208">{{cite news |last=Malik|first=Tariq |title=Scrapped NASA Rocket May be Resurrected for Commercial Launches |url=http://www.space.com/10792-liberty-rocket-ressurects-scrapped-nasa-ares1.html |accessdate=2010-02-10 |publisher=SPACE.com |date= 2010-02-08}}</ref> NASA will share expertise and technology.<ref>{{cite web |url= https://www.usatoday.com/tech/science/space/story/2011-09-13/NASA-atk-liberty-rocket/50386970/1 |title= NASA, private firm may team up on Liberty rocket |accessdate= 2011-09-13 |publisher= USA Today}}</ref><ref>[http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278 "Commercial Crew Program Forum Presentation"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111020145602/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=278 |date=October 20, 2011 }}, p. 7. commercialcrew.nasa.gov, September 16, 2011.</ref>
* [[Company:Excalibur Almaz|Excalibur Almaz]] Inc. was developing a crewed system with modernized Soviet-era hardware intended for tourism flights to orbit. An unfunded Space Act Agreement to establish a framework to further develop EAI's spacecraft concept for low Earth orbit crew transportation.<ref name="Excalibur Almaz Agreement">{{cite web|title=CCP and Excalibur Sign Space Act Agreement|url=http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/CCP-Excalibur.html|publisher=NASA}}</ref><ref>[http://www.floridatoday.com/article/20111103/NEWS02/311030050/Excalibur-Almaz-NASA-sign-commercial-spaceflight-deal "Excalibur Almaz, NASA sign commercial spaceflight deal"]</ref>

Proposals not selected:
* Orbital Sciences proposed the [[Engineering:Prometheus (spacecraft)|Prometheus]] lifting-body spaceplane vehicle<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.orbital.com/NewsInfo/Publications/OrbitalQuarterly_Winter2011.pdf?prid=762#search=%22prometheus%22 |title=The Shape of Things to Come – Orbital's Prometheus™ Space Plane Ready for NASA's Commercial Crew Development Initiative}}</ref>
* Paragon Space Development Corporation proposed additional development of the Commercial Crew Transport-Air Revitalization System.<ref>{{cite web |title=(press release) Paragon Space Development Corporation Completes All Development Milestones on the NASA Commercial Crew Development Program |url=http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf |publisher=Paragon |date=2011-01-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110715043642/http://www.paragonsdc.com/docs/CCT-ARS%20Press%20Release.pdf |archivedate=July 15, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
*t/Space proposed a reusable eight-person crew or cargo transfer spacecraft<ref name="cl20110211">{{cite web |last=Boyle |first=Alan |title=Let's talk about the final frontier |url=http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier |work=Cosmic Log |publisher=MSNBC |accessdate=2011-02-13 |date=2011-02-11 |quote=''the proposal calls for the development of a spaceship that could be sent into space on a variety of launch vehicles. ... "Up to eight crew, Soyuz-like architecture (recoverable reusable crew element, expendable orbital/cargo module).  Incorporates HMX's patented integral abort system (uses OMS/RCS propellant in separate abort engines).  Can fly on Atlas 401 [a configuration for the Atlas 5 rocket], F9 [SpaceX's Falcon 9] or Taurus II (enhanced) but with a reduced cargo and crew capability on the latter vehicle.  Goal is to be the lowest-price provider on a per-seat basis.  Nominal land recovery with water backup."'' |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110215002006/http://cosmiclog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/02/11/6035600-lets-talk-about-the-final-frontier |archivedate=February 15, 2011 |df=mdy }}</ref>
*[[Company:United Space Alliance|United Space Alliance]] proposed to commercially fly the two remaining Space Shuttle vehicles.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nbcnews.com/id/41397955|title=NASA weighs plan to keep shuttle until 2017 – Technology & science – Space – NBC News|work=NBC News}}</ref>

===CCiCap===
[[File:Dream Chaser pre-drop tests.3.jpg|thumbnail|Flight testing of the Dream Chaser Engineering Test Article was one of Sierra Nevada's CCiCap milestones{{disputed inline|date=August 2019}}]]
Commercial Crew integrated Capability (CCiCap) was originally called CCDev 3.<ref name="gov">{{cite web |url=https://www.fbo.gov/index?s=opportunity&mode=form&id=230715a3035c3af460f542da1ad80562&tab=core&_cview=0 |title=COMMERCIAL CREW INTEGRATED CAPABILITY |date=2012-01-23 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=25 January 2012}}</ref>
For this phase of the program, NASA wanted proposals to be complete, end-to-end concepts of operation, including spacecraft, launch vehicles, launch services, ground and mission operations, and recovery. In September 2011, NASA released a draft request for proposals (RFP).<ref name="Gerstenmaier_statement">{{cite web |url=http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/101211_Gerstenmaier.pdf |title=Statement of William H. Gerstenmaier, Associate Administrator for Human Exploration and Operations, National Aeronautics and Space Administration; before the Subcommittee on Space and Aeronautics Committee on Science, Space and Technology; U. S. House of Representatives |pages=6–7 |date=October 12, 2011 |access-date=October 12, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120921125017/http://science.house.gov/sites/republicans.science.house.gov/files/documents/hearings/101211_Gerstenmaier.pdf |archive-date=September 21, 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

The final RFP was released on February 7, 2012, with proposals due on March 23, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848 |title=CCiCap Solicitation |date=2012-02-07 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 February 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216214755/http://prod.nais.nasa.gov/cgi-bin/eps/sol.cgi?acqid=149848 |archivedate=February 16, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579 |title=Commercial Crew Integrated Capability Pre-Proposal Conference |date=February 14, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=February 14, 2012 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130217052232/http://commercialcrew.nasa.gov/document_file_get.cfm?docid=579 |archivedate=February 17, 2013 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>

The funded Space Act Agreements were awarded on August 3, 2012, and amended on August 15, 2013.<ref name="nasa20120803">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20120803.html |title= NASA Announces Next Steps in Effort to Launch Americans from U.S. Soil |date= August 3, 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= August 3, 2012}}</ref><ref name=srnasa20130815/>

The selected proposals were announced 3 August 2012:
* Sierra Nevada Corporation: $212.5 million. [[Engineering:Dream Chaser|Dream Chaser]]/[[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]]<ref name=nasa20120803/>
* SpaceX: $440 million. [[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]/[[Engineering:Falcon 9|Falcon 9]]<ref name=nasa20120803/>
* Boeing: $460 million. CST-100/[[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]]<ref name=nasa20120803/>

===CPC phase 1===
The first phase of the Certification Products Contract (CPC) involved the development of a certification plan with engineering standards, tests, and analyses.<ref name="CPC1">{{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/centers/kennedy/news/releases/2012/release-20121210.html |title= NASA Awards Contracts In Next Step Toward Safely Launching American Astronauts From U.S. Soil |date=10 December 2012 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=11 December 2012}}</ref>

Winners of funding of phase 1 of the CPC, announced on December 10, 2012, were:<ref name=CPC1/>
* Sierra Nevada Corporation: $10 million
* SpaceX: $9.6 million
* Boeing: $9.9 million

===CCtCap - crew flights awarded===
The Commercial Crew Transportation Capability (CCtCap) is the second phase of the CPC and included the final development, testing and verifications to allow crewed demonstration flights to the ISS.<ref name=CPC1/> <ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719"/> NASA issued the draft CCtCap contract's Request For Proposals (RFP) on 19 July 2013 with a response date of 15 August 2013.<ref name="CCtCap RFP 20130719">{{cite news |title=NASA Commercial Crew Transportation Capability Contract CCTCAP Draft RFP |url=http://www.spaceref.com/news/viewsr.html?pid=44387 |date=July 19, 2013 |work=SpaceREF |accessdate=July 22, 2013 }}</ref>

On 16 September 2014, NASA announced that Boeing and SpaceX had received contracts to provide crewed launch services to the ISS. Boeing could receive up to US$4.2 billion, while SpaceX could receive up to US$2.6 billion.<ref name="CCtCapBlogAnnounce">{{cite web |title=American Companies Selected to Return Astronaut Launches to American Soil |last=Bolden |first=Charlie |url=http://blogs.nasa.gov/bolden/2014/09/16/american-companies-selected-to-return-astronaut-launches-to-american-soil/ |website=NASA.gov |accessdate=September 16, 2014}}</ref> In November 2019 NASA published a first cost per seat estimate: US$55 million for SpaceX's Dragon and US$90 million for Boeing's Starliner. Boeing was also granted an additional $287.2 million above the fixed price contract. Seats on Soyuz had an average cost of US$80 million.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/nasa-report-finds-boeing-seat-prices-are-60-higher-than-spacex/|title=NASA report finds Boeing seat prices are 60% higher than SpaceX|date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

Both the [[Astronomy:CST-100 Starliner|CST-100 Starliner]] and [[Engineering:Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]] will fly an uncrewed flight, then a crewed certification flight, then up to six operational flights to the ISS.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Foust|first1=Jeff |title=NASA Commercial Crew Awards Leave Unanswered Questions |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/civil-space/41924nasa-commercial-crew-awards-leave-unanswered-questions |accessdate=2014-09-21 |work=Space News |date=2014-09-19 |quote= "We basically awarded based on the proposals that we were given," Kathy Lueders, NASA commercial crew program manager, said in a teleconference with reporters after the announcement. "Both contracts have the same requirements. The companies proposed the value within which they were able to do the work, and the government accepted that."}}</ref><ref name="NASApress20140916">{{cite web |title=RELEASE 14-256 NASA Chooses American Companies to Transport U.S. Astronauts to International Space Station |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2014/september/nasa-chooses-american-companies-to-transport-us-astronauts-to-international |website=www.nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |accessdate=29 October 2014}}</ref>

==Timeline==
[[File:NASA Commercial Crew.jpg|right|frameless]]
===Ongoing delays===
The first flight of the CCDev program was planned to occur in 2015, but insufficient funding caused delays.<ref name="AvBolden">{{cite web|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense-space/space/nasa-chief-repeats-commercial-crew-warning|title=NASA Chief Repeats Warnings On Commercial Crew Delays|last=Norris|first=Guy|date=31 May 2013|website=Aviation Week|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=sfnAp2013/><ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=http://www.commercialspaceflight.org/2013/05/csf-president-michael-lopez-alegria-statement-on-nasa-contract-extension-with-roscosmos/ |title=CSF President Michael Lopez-Alegria Statement on NASA Contract Extension with Roscosmos |date=2 May 2013 |publisher=Commercial Spaceflight Federation |accessdate=2 May 2013}}</ref>

As the spacecraft entered the testing and production phase, technical issues have also caused delays, especially the parachute system, propulsion, and the launch abort system of both capsules.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://oig.nasa.gov/docs/IG-20-005.pdf|title=NASA's management of crew transportation to the International Space Station|publisher=NASA Office of Audits|date=November 14, 2019|page=3}}</ref>

===CST-100 valve issue===

===Crew Dragon explosion===
On 20 April 2019, an issue arose during a static fire test of Crew Dragon.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Bridenstine |first1=Jim |title=NASA has been notified about the results of the @SpaceX Static Fire Test and the anomaly that occurred during the final test. We will work closely to ensure we safely move forward with our Commercial Crew Program.  |url=https://twitter.com/JimBridenstine/status/1119754804258062337 |website=TWITTER |accessdate=21 April 2019}}</ref> The accident destroyed the capsule which was planned to be used for the In-Flight Abort Test (IFAT).<ref name="nsf-20170811">{{cite news|url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2017/08/spacex-boeing-home-stretch-commercial-crew-readiness/|title=SpaceX and Boeing in home stretch for Commercial Crew readiness|last=Gebhardt|first=Chris|date=August 11, 2017|accessdate=August 17, 2017|publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com}}</ref> SpaceX confirmed that the capsule exploded.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/spacex-crew-dragon-spaceship-test-explosion-2019-5|title=SpaceX confirmed that its Crew Dragon spaceship for NASA was 'destroyed' by a recent test. Here's what we learned about the explosive failure.|last=Mosher|first=Dave|website=Business Insider|access-date=2019-05-06}}</ref> NASA has stated that the explosion will delay the planned in-flight abort and crewed orbital tests.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.journalpioneer.com/news/world/nasa-boss-says-no-doubt-spacex-explosion-delays-flight-program-323465/ |title=NASA boss says no doubt SpaceX explosion delays flight program |date=June 18, 2019 |access-date=June 18, 2019}}</ref>

==Test flights==
NASA has ordered twelve operational missions to deliver astronauts to the International Space Station, six with each supplier.<ref name="govconwire.com"/> Astronaut selections for the first four missions were announced on August 2, 2018.<ref name=firstastronauts />
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|-
!Spacecraft
!Mission
!Description
!Crew
!Date
!Outcome
|-
|[[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]
|Dragon 2 pad abort test
|Pad abort test, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, Florida
|None
|6 May 2015
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]
|{{center|[[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-1|Crew Dragon Demo-1]]}}
|Uncrewed test flight. DM-1 launched on 2 March 2019 and docked to ISS PMA-2/IDA-2 docking port a little under 24 hours after launch. The Dragon spent five days docked to ISS before undocking and landing on 8 March 2019.
|None
|2 March 2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/commercialcrew/2019/02/22/demo-1-flight-readiness-concludes/|title=Demo-1 Flight Readiness Concludes|website=blogs.nasa.gov|language=en-US|access-date=2019-02-22}}</ref>
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[Astronomy:CST-100 Starliner|CST-100 Starliner]]
|{{center| Boe-Pad Abort }}
|Uncrewed Pad Abort Test
|None
|4 November 2019
|{{Success}}
|-
|-
|[[Astronomy:CST-100 Starliner|CST-100 Starliner]]
|{{center|[[Engineering:Boe-OFT|Boe-OFT]]}}
|Uncrewed test flight. Was the first flight of an [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] with a dual engine [[Engineering:Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur]] upper stage. Was originally planned to spend eight days docked to ISS before landing. However, Starliner was unable to rendezvous with the station due to the MET anomaly forcing it to enter a lower-than-expected orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://twitter.com/JimBridenstine/status/1208020657583341569?s=19 |title=Update: #Starliner had a Mission Elapsed Time (MET) anomaly causing the spacecraft to believe that it was in an orbital insertion burn, when it was not. More information at 9am ET:http://NASA.gov/live |last=Bridenstine |first=Jim |date=2019-12-20 |website=@JimBridenstine |language=en |access-date=2019-12-20}}</ref> The spacecraft returned on 22 December 2019 after spending two days in orbit.
|None
|20 December 2019<ref>{{cite web |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |title=Boeing, SpaceX press towards commercial crew test flights this year |url=https://spacenews.com/boeing-spacex-press-towards-commercial-crew-test-flights-this-year/ |website=Spacenews |accessdate=9 October 2019}}</ref>
|{{partial failure}} due to a [[Physics:Mission Elapsed Time|MET]] anomaly. Rendezvous with ISS cancelled.
|-
|-
|[[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]
|{{center|[[Engineering:Dragon 2#In-flight abort test (IFA)|In-Flight Abort Test]]}}
|A Falcon 9 booster launched a Dragon 2 capsule from LC-39A to perform an in-flight abort shortly after [[Physics:Max q|Max q]] in order to test Dragon 2's launch abort system. Abort occurred at 84 seconds after launch and Dragon 2 successfully separated from the Falcon 9 and flew away using its SuperDraco thrusters. The Falcon 9 booster disintegrated as a result of aerodynamic forces on hollow interstage not normally exposed to such conditions. Dragon 2 splashed down nine minutes after launch after successfully deploying its four parachutes.
|None
|19 January 2020
|{{Success}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Dragon 2|Dragon 2]]
|{{center|[[Engineering:Crew Dragon Demo-2|Crew Dragon Demo-2]]}}
|Crewed test flight. Dragon 2 will launch with two crew members and dock to the ISS under 24 hours later. The Dragon will spend one to two weeks docked to the ISS before returning to Earth.
|{{flagicon|USA}} Robert Behnken <br> {{flagicon|USA}} Douglas Hurley
|April 2020
|{{Planned}}
|-
|[[Astronomy:CST-100 Starliner|CST-100 Starliner]]
|{{center|[[Engineering:Boe-CFT|Boe-CFT]]}} 
|Extended crewed test flight, might deliver ISS Expedition 62/63 crew to ISS.
|{{flagicon|USA}} Michael Fincke <br>{{nowrap|{{flagicon|USA}} Christopher Ferguson}}<br> {{flagicon|USA}} Nicole Aunapu Mann
|NET Mid 2020<ref>{{cite web |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/launch-schedule/ |title=Launch Schedule |date=January 17, 2020 |access-date=January 19, 2020}}</ref>
|{{Planned}}
|}

==ISS crew rotation flights==
{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Spacecraft
!Mission
!Description
!Crew
!Date
!Outcome
|-
|[[Engineering:Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]
|[[Engineering:USCV-1|USCV-1]]
|Deliver ISS Expedition 64/65 crew
|{{flagicon|USA}} Michael S. Hopkins <br> {{flagicon|USA}} Victor Glover <br> {{flagicon|JPN}}Soichi Noguchi
|July 2020
|{{Planned}}
|-
|[[Astronomy:CST-100 Starliner|CST-100 Starliner]]
|[[Engineering:USCV-2|USCV-2]]
|Deliver ISS Expedition 66/67 crew. Would be only the fourth US Spaceflight to have a female Commander.
|{{flagicon|USA}} Sunita Williams <br> {{flagicon|USA}} Josh Cassada <br> {{flagicon|FRA}} Thomas Pesquet <br> {{flagicon|RUS}} Andrei Borisenko
|December 2020
|{{Planned}}
|-
|[[Engineering:Dragon 2|Crew Dragon]]
|USCV-3
|Will transport four astronauts to the ISS who will spend 6 months aboard the ISS.
|
|May 2021
|{{Planned}}
|}

==Funding summary==
[[File:CCP Budget requests.png|right|thumb|upright=1.35|Requested vs appropriated funding by year up to 2015]]
The first flight of the CCDev program was planned to occur in 2015, but insufficient funding caused delays.<ref name="AvBolden"/><ref name="auto"/>

For the fiscal year (FY) 2011 budget, US$500 million was requested for the CCDev program, but Congress granted only $270 million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/072110senate-panel-cuts-commercial-crew-adds-funds-for-orion-and-heavy-lift.html |title=Senate Panel Cuts Commercial Crew, Adds Funds for Orion and Heavy Lift |date=July 21, 2010 |publisher=Space News |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> For the FY 2012 budget, $850 million was requested and $406 million approved.<ref name="sfnAp2013">{{cite web |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/news/n1111/23commercialcrew/|title=Reduced budget threatens delay in private spaceships|last=Clark|first=Stephen |date=2011-11-23 |publisher=Spaceflightnow |accessdate=18 April 2012}}</ref> For the FY 2013 budget, 830 million was requested and $488 million approved.<ref name="April2013">{{cite web|url=http://www.nasa.gov/pdf/742926main_20130419_heoc_mcalisiter%20=TAGGED.pdf|title=Commercial Spaceflight Update |last=McAlister |first=Phillip |date=18 April 2013 |publisher=NASA |accessdate=10 August 2013}}</ref> For the FY 2014 budget, $821 million was requested and $696 million approved.<ref name=AvBolden/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.popularmechanics.com/science/space/nasa/is-the-relationship-between-nasa-and-private-space-about-to-sour-16441487|title=Is the Relationship Between NASA and Private Space About to Sour?|author=Joe Pappalardo|date=September 16, 2014|work=Popular Mechanics}}</ref> In FY 2015, $848 million was requested and $805 million, or 95%, was approved.<ref name="sfn20141214">{{cite news |last1=Clark |first1=Stephen |title=NASA gets budget hike in spending bill passed by Congress |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/14/nasa-gets-budget-hike-in-spending-bill-passed-by-congress/ |accessdate=2014-12-15 |work=Spaceflight Now |date=2014-12-14}}</ref>

The funding of all commercial crew contractors for each phase of the CCP program is as follows—CCtCap values are maxima and include post-development operational flights.{{how many|are the number of flights the same for all providers?|date=March 2019}}

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:right"
|+ Funding Summary (millions of US$)
! Round<br><small>(years)</small>
! CCDev1<ref name="Bnasa20100201">{{Cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2010/feb/HQ_C10-004_Commercia_Crew_Dev.html |title=NASA Selects Commercial Firms to Begin Development of Crew Transportation Concepts and Technology Demonstrations for Human Spaceflight Using Recovery Act Funds |date=February 1, 2010 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate=June 9, 2012}}</ref> <br><small>(2010–2011)</small>
! CCDev2<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/offices/c3po/home/agreementsfeature.html |title=NASA Awards Next Set Of Commercial Crew Development Agreements |work=press release |date= April 18, 2011 |publisher=NASA |accessdate= June 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/sep/HQ_11-312_CCDEV_Announ.html |title=NASA Releases Commercial Crew Draft RFP, Announces CCDEV2 Optional Milestones |date=September 19, 2011 |work=press release |publisher=NASA |accessdate= June 9, 2012}}</ref><br><small>(2011–2012)</small>
! CCiCap<ref name=nasa20120803/><ref name="srnasa20130815">{{cite web|title=NASA Announces Additional Commercial Crew Development Milestones|url=http://spaceref.biz/2013/08/nasa-announces-additional-commercial-crew-development-milestones.html|work=Space Ref|date= August 15, 2013|publisher=SpaceRef Interactive Inc.|accessdate=August 16, 2013}}</ref> <br><small>(2012–2014)</small>
! CPC1<ref name=CPC1/><br><small>(2013–2014)</small>
! CCtCap<ref name=NASApress20140916/><br><small>(2014-current)</small>
! Total<br><small>(2010–current{{update after|2019|3|3|df=US}}</small>
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="7"| '''Manufacturers of spacecraft'''
|-
! style="text-align:left"  |[[Company:Boeing|Boeing]]
| 18.0
| 112.9
| 480.0
| 9.9
| 4,200.0
| '''4,820.9'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Company:SpaceX|SpaceX]]
| –
| 75.0
| 460.0
| 9.6
| 2,600.0
| '''3,144.6'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |Sierra Nevada Corporation
| 20.0
| 105.6
| 227.5
| 10.0
| –
| '''362.1'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Company:Blue Origin|Blue Origin]]
| 3.7
| 22.0
| –
| –
| –
| '''25.7'''
|-
| style="text-align:center" colspan="7" | '''Manufacturers of launch vehicles and equipment'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |[[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]]
| 6.7
| -
| –
| –
| –
| '''6.7'''
|-
! style="text-align:left" |Paragon Space Development Corporation
| 1.4
| –
| –
| –
| –
| '''1.4'''
|-
! Total: 
! 49.8
! 315.5
! 1,167.5
! 29.6
! 6,800.0
! 8,362.4
|}

On November 14, 2019, NASA's inspector general published an auditing report listing per-seat prices of $90 million for Starliner and $55 million for Dragon Crew. With these, Boeing's price is higher than what NASA has paid the Russian space corporation, Roscosmos, for Soyuz spacecraft seats to fly US and partner-nation astronauts to the space station. The report also states that NASA agreed to pay an additional $287.2 million above Boeing's fixed prices to mitigate a perceived 18-month gap in ISS flights anticipated in 2019 and to ensure the contractor continued as a second commercial crew provider, without offering similar opportunities to SpaceX.<ref>{{cite web |last1=BERGER |first1=ERIC |title=NASA report finds Boeing seat prices are 60% higher than SpaceX |url=https://arstechnica.com/science/2019/11/nasa-report-finds-boeing-seat-prices-are-60-higher-than-spacex/?comments=1 |website=Arstechnica |accessdate=14 November 2019}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomy:Commercial Orbital Transportation Services|Commercial Orbital Transportation Services]]
* [[Astronomy:Commercial Resupply Services|Commercial Resupply Services]]
* [[Engineering:NASA Docking System|NASA Docking System]]
* [[Engineering:Private spaceflight|Private spaceflight]]
* Review of United States Human Space Flight Plans Committee
* [[Engineering:Space Shuttle retirement#Current and future Space Shuttle successors|Space Shuttle successors]]

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/crew/index.html Official NASA Commercial Crew Program page]
*[https://www.nasa.gov/specials/ccp-press-kit/main.html Official NASA Press Kit relating to the Commercial Crew Program]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/exploration/commercial/document_library.html Commercial Crew & Cargo Document Library on NASA.gov]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/centers/johnson/news/contracts/CCDev.html CCDev 1 Space Act agreements]
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dMrlv-YAjTs Partners Mature Spacecraft Designs], NASA video update, 14 January 2014.
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/Boeing-CCtCap-Contract(1).pdf Boeing CCtCap Contract (redacted)]
* [http://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/files/SpaceX-CCtCap-Contract.pdf SpaceX CCtCap Contract (redacted)]

{{Crewed ISS flights}}
{{ISS modules}}
{{US human spaceflight programs}}
{{Crewed spacecraft}}
{{NASA navbox}}

[[Category:Human spaceflight programs]]
[[Category:NASA programs]]
[[Category:Private spaceflight]]
[[Category:International Space Station]]

{{Sourceattribution|Commercial Crew Development|1}}