View source for Astronomy:Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope

{{Short description|Space telescope}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name                  = Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope<!--defaults to page title-->
| names_list            = <!--list of previous names if the spacecraft has been renamed. v
Include the dates applicable if possible, and separate each name with a linebreak. 
Omit if the spacecraft has only ever been known by one name. 
Do not include Harvard, COSPAR/NSSDC or SATCAT/NORAD/NASA designations as alternative names-->

<!--image of the spacecraft/mission-->
| image                 = Astro1 sts35 big.jpg<!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| image_caption         = HUT in orbit
| image_alt             = <!--image alt text-->
| image_size            = <!--include px/em; defaults to 220px-->

<!--Basic details-->
| mission_type          = <!--eg. Technology, Reconnaissance, ISS assembly, etc-->
| operator              = <!--organisation(s) that operate(d) the spacecraft-->
| Harvard_designation   = <!--spacecraft launched 1962 and earlier only (eg. 1957 Alpha 2)-->
| COSPAR_ID             = <!--spacecraft launched since 1963 only (aka NSSDC ID; eg. 1998-067A)-->
| SATCAT                = <!--satellite catalogue number, omit leading zeroes (e.g. 25544)-->
| website               = <!--Homepage of the craft/mission, OFFICIAL PAGES ONLY-->
| mission_duration      = <!--How long the mission lasted-->
| distance_travelled    = <!--How far the spacecraft travelled (if known)-->
| orbits_completed      = <!--number of times the spacecraft orbited the Earth - see below for spacecraft beyond Earth orbit-->
| suborbital_range      = <!--downrange distance reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->
| suborbital_apogee     = <!--altitude reached if spacecraft did not enter orbit-->

<!--Spacecraft properties-->
| spacecraft            = <!--Spacecraft name/serial number (eg. Space Shuttle ''Discovery'', Apollo CM-118), etc-->
| spacecraft_type       = <!--eg. GPS Block II, Kobalt-M, US-K, etc-->
| spacecraft_bus        = <!--eg. A2100M, Star-2, etc-->
| manufacturer          = <!--company or companies who built the satellite-->
| launch_mass           = <!--fuelled mass at launch, not including rocket or upper stage-->
| BOL_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit at beginning of operational life, after LEOP phase-->
| landing_mass          = <!--Mass after landing (recovered spacecraft only)-->
| dry_mass              = <!--spacecraft mass in orbit without fuel-->
| payload_mass          = <!--Mass of cargo carried by spacecraft (eg. for Space Shuttle), or total mass of instrumentation/equipment/experiments for mission-->
| dimensions            = <!--body dimensions and solar array span-->
| power                 = <!--end-of-life power, in watts-->

<!--Launch details-->
| launch_date           = {{start-date|2 December 1990, 06:49:00|timezone=yes}}&nbsp;UTC<!--{{start date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}}-->
| launch_rocket         = [[Astronomy:STS-35|STS-35]]/[[Astronomy:STS-67|STS-67]]<!--Rocket that launched the satellite, include upper stage if distinct from rocket* and if possible flight/tail/serial number-->
| launch_site           = Kennedy Space Center <!--Where the rocket launched from, including complex and pad; do not include the full address or country-->
| launch_contractor     = <!--organisation(s) that conducted the launch (eg. United Launch Alliance, Arianespace, etc)-->
| deployment_from       = {{OV|102}} STS-35/{{OV|105}} STS-67<!--place where deployed from-->
| deployment_date       = <!--date deployed-->
| entered_service       = <!--date on which the spacecraft entered service, if it did not do so immediately after launch-->
<!-- * - e.g. Proton-M/Briz-M not Proton-M, but Titan IV(401)A not Titan IV(401)A-Centaur-->

<!--end of mission-->
| disposal_type         = <!--Whether the spacecraft was deorbited, decommissioned, placed in a graveyard orbit, etc-->
| deactivated           = <!--when craft was decommissioned-->
| destroyed             = <!--when craft was destroyed (if other than by re-entry)-->
| last_contact          = <!--when last signal received if not decommissioned-->
| recovery_by           = <!--recovered by-->
| recovery_date         = <!--recovery date-->
| decay_date            = <!--when craft re-entered the atmosphere, not needed if it landed-->
| landing_date          = <!--when the spacecraft made a controlled landing, not needed if it did not return intact-->
| landing_site          = <!--where the craft landed; site/runway or coordinates-->
<!--
    The following template should be used for ONE of the three above fields "end_of_mission", "decay" or "landing" if the spacecraft is no longer operational.
    If it landed intact, use it for the landing time, otherwise for the date it ceased operations, or the decay date if it was still operational when it re-entered.
    {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD|hh|mm|ss|TZ=Z}} (for Zulu/UTC) or {{end date|YYYY|MM|DD}} (if time unknown) 
-->

<!--orbit parameters-->
<!--as science-related articles, SI units should be the principal units of measurement, however we usually use {{convert}} to display imperial units in parentheses after the initial values-->
| orbit_reference       = <!--geocentric, selenocentric, etc - please link (e.g. [[Astronomy:Geocentric orbit|Geocentric]])-->
| orbit_regime          = <!--high, low, medium, molniya, GSO - please link (e.g. [[Astronomy:Low Earth orbit|Low Earth]] - please don't use acronyms-->
| orbit_longitude       = <!--geosynchronous satellites only-->
| orbit_slot            = <!--Designation of orbital position or slot, if not longitude (e.g plane and position of a GPS satellite)-->
| orbit_semimajor       = <!--semimajor axis-->
| orbit_eccentricity    = <!--orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_periapsis       = <!--periapsis altitude--> 
| orbit_apoapsis        = <!--apoapsis altitude--> 
| orbit_inclination     = <!--orbital inclination--> 
| orbit_period          = <!--time taken to complete an orbit-->
| orbit_RAAN            = <!--right ascension of the ascending node-->
| orbit_arg_periapsis   = <!--argument of perigee/periapsis-->
| orbit_mean_anomaly    = <!--mean anomaly at epoch, only use in conjunction with an epoch value-->
| orbit_mean_motion     = <!--mean motion of the satellite, usually measured in orbits per day-->
| orbit_repeat          = <!--repeat interval/revisit time-->
| orbit_velocity        = <!--speed at which the spacecraft was travelling at epoch - only use for spacecraft with low orbital eccentricity-->
| orbit_epoch           = <!--the date at which the orbit parameters were correct-->
| orbit_rev_number      = <!--revolution number-->
| apsis                 = <!--planet specific apsis term (eg. gee/helion/selene/etc - defaults to generic "apsis")-->

<!--Telescope parameters-->
| instrument_type       = Ultraviolet Telescope<!--converts telescope fields to suit a camera or other similar instrument-->
| telescope_name        = <!--name, if different to the satellite-->
| telescope_type        = <!--type of telescope, mirror arrangement, etc--> 
| telescope_diameter    = {{convert|90|cm|abbr=on}}<!--diameter of telescope-->
| telescope_focal_length= <!--focal length of telescope-->
| telescope_area        = <!--collecting area-->
| telescope_wavelength  = <!--wavelengths at which the telescope operates--> 
| telescope_resolution  = <!--resolution of telescope-->
| instruments           = <!--a list of instruments on the satellite-->

<!--Only use where a spacecraft/mission is part of a clear programme of sequential missions. 
If in doubt, leave it out-->
| programme             = 
| previous_mission      =
| next_mission          =

<!--mission insignia or patch-->
| insignia              = <!--omit the "file" prefix-->
| insignia_caption      = <!--image caption-->
| insignia_alt          = <!--image alt text-->
| insignia_size         = <!--include px/em; defaults to 180px-->
}}

The '''Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope''' ('''HUT''') was a space telescope designed to make spectroscopic observations in the far-ultraviolet region of the [[Physics:Electromagnetic spectrum|electromagnetic spectrum]]. It was flown into orbit on the [[Engineering:Space Shuttle|Space Shuttle]] and operated from the Shuttle's payload bay on two occasions: in December 1990, as part of Shuttle mission [[Astronomy:STS-35|STS-35]], and in March 1995, as part of mission [[Astronomy:STS-67|STS-67]].<ref>{{cite web|title=What is HUT and what does it do? |url=http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/instruments/what_is_hut2.html |author=Bill Blair |access-date=2009-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180653/http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/instruments/what_is_hut2.html |archive-date=2009-02-07 }}</ref>

HUT was designed and built by a team based at [[Organization:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins University]], led by Arthur Davidsen.<ref name='hut tech'>{{cite web|title=HUT Technical Summary |url=http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/instruments/hut_info2.html |author=Bill Blair |access-date=2009-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080703234433/http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/instruments/hut_info2.html |archive-date=2008-07-03 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Arthur Davidsen, 57, Johns Hopkins Astrophysicist, Dies | url = https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D01E4DB133AF931A15754C0A9679C8B63 | author = Dennis Overbye | work = {{wipe|New York Times}} | date = 2001-07-22 | access-date=2009-02-22}}</ref> The telescope consisted of a 90&nbsp;cm main mirror used to focus ultraviolet light onto a spectrograph situated at the prime focus. This instrument had a spectroscopic range of 82.5 to 185 nms, and a spectral resolution of about 0.3&nbsp;nm.<ref name='hut tech' />
It weighed 789 kilograms (1736 pounds).<ref name='hut tech' />

HUT was used to observe a wide range of astrophysical sources, including supernova remnants, active galactic nuclei, cataclysmic variable stars, as well as various planets in the [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Achievements of ASTRO-2 |url=http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/astro2/astro2_achieve.html |author=Bill Blair |date=1995-10-16 |access-date=2009-02-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090915182214/http://praxis.pha.jhu.edu/astro2/astro2_achieve.html |archive-date=2009-09-15 }}</ref> During the 1990 flight, HUT was used to make 106 observations of 77 astronomical targets. During the 1995 flight, 385 observations were made of 265 targets.<ref>{{cite journal | title = The Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope - VizieR On-line Data Catalog | bibcode = 2001yCat.6103....0H | date = June 2001 |url=https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2001yCat.6103....0H/abstract | author1 = Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope Team | journal = Vizier Online Data Catalog }}</ref>

HUT was co-mounted with WUPPE, HIT, and [[Astronomy:Broad Band X-ray Telescope|BBXRT]] on the [[Astronomy:STS-35|Astro-1 mission]] (1990) and with just WUPPE and HIT on [[Astronomy:STS-67|Astro-2]] (in 1995).<ref>[http://archive.stsci.edu/uit/project/ Ultraviolet Imaging Telescope]</ref>

As of January 2023, HUT is now in storage at the Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum in Washington, D.C. in the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-03-18 |title=Telescope Module, Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/telescope-module-hopkins-ultraviolet-telescope/nasm_A20010307000 |access-date=January 3, 2023 |website=National Air and Space Museum |language=en}}</ref>

==References==
<references/>

==External links==
*[https://icmic.rad.jhmi.edu/ HUT webpage] at Johns Hopkins University

{{Space observatories}}

[[Category:Space telescopes]]
[[Category:Ultraviolet telescopes]]
[[Category:Space Shuttle program]]

{{Sourceattribution|Hopkins Ultraviolet Telescope}}