View source for Astronomy:Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory

{{Use Canadian English|date=August 2019}}
{{Infobox observatory|locmapin=Ontario
|name = Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory
|image = [[File:Cronyn observatory building and Gibbs heliochronometer (sundial).jpg|240px]]
|caption = '''Cronyn Observatory'''
|organization = University of Western Ontario
|location =
|coords =

|altitude =251&nbsp;m
|weather =
|established =  1940
|website=[http://cronyn.uwo.ca/ Official Cronyn Observatory Website]
|telescope1_name = Telescope&nbsp;1
|telescope1_type = 254&nbsp;mm refractor
|telescope2_name = Telescope&nbsp;2
|telescope2_type = 203&nbsp;mm [[Astronomy:Schmidt camera|Schmidt camera]]
|telescope3_name = Telescope&nbsp;3
|telescope3_type = 300&nbsp;mm [[Astronomy:Cassegrain reflector|Cassegrain reflector]]
}}

The '''Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory''' is a public [[Astronomy:Astronomical observatory|astronomical observatory]] located on the campus of the University of Western Ontario, in London, Ontario, {{wipe|Canada}}.

==Brief History==
When London, Ontario lawyer, businessman, and member of federal parliament Hume Blake Cronyn died in 1933, his widow, Frances Amelia Cronyn (granddaughter of John Kinder Labatt) approached the University of Western Ontario with the idea of a memorial for her late husband.  Mathematics and Astronomy professor Harold Kingston suggested that the university was interested in building an astronomical observatory. The result was the construction a new $40,000 observatory on the university campus, funded by Mrs. Cronyn, and named in honor of her late husband. The grand opening was held at 4:00pm on Tuesday, October 25, 1940.<ref name = "THCMO" /><ref name = "COhistorypage" />

==Facilities==
===Building and Dome===
The building is a stone structure, being 31 feet by 45 feet in horizontal dimension, made of Credit Valley Limestone, and trimmed with Indiana Sandstone. The building was designed by local architect O. Roy Moore, and built by the Putherbough Company. The dome was fabricated by Perkin Elmer Corporation in New York, shipped in pieces, and assembled on site.<ref name = "THCMO" /><ref name = "TOOTHCMO" />
===Telescopes===

==== The 254&nbsp;mm refractor ====
[[File:Cronyn Observatory 254mm refractor.jpg|right|thumb|150px|The purple refractor]]
The brass refractor telescope, finders, German equatorial mount, and pier were purchased from Perkin Elmer Corporation of New York for the sum of $7500 CDN.
The objective is a crown and flint [[Physics:Achromatic lens|achromatic lens]], the glass having been poured by Chance Brothers of England. The (then) U.S. firm Bausch and Lomb was first contracted to pour the glass for the objective lens, but because of the war effort was not able to fulfill its commitment. The best guess is that the lens was ground and polished
by Halley Mogey (private family communication), the first employee of Perkin Elmer Corporation and son of famed telescope maker William Mogey.
The telescope tube is brass, having a focal length of 4386mm, which yields a speed of f/17.2.  The telescope is fitted with 25mm and 90mm finders.<ref name = "COhistorypage" /><ref name = "TOOTHCMO" />

====The 203&nbsp;mm Schmidt camera====
When the large refractor was shipped to Canada, Perkin Elmer included the [[Astronomy:Schmidt camera|Schmidt camera]] at no extra charge, even though it was apparently not originally ordered.
It is said that because of the war effort, Perkin Elmer was shifting its focus to military contracts and hence stopped its production of retail telescopes.
The telescope is a classic Schmidt camera, having a 203&nbsp;mm diameter corrector plate, with a 300&nbsp;mm diameter spherical mirror (an 8"/12" design). A small sliding door in the side of the instrument allows the loading of a circular piece of photographic film, mounted in a film holder.<ref name = "Schmidtcamera" /> The provenance of this camera is presently unknown. James Gilbert Baker of [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] was a consultant for Perkin Elmer in 1940 in which year he developed his own version of the camera, to be known as the [[Astronomy:Schmidt camera#Baker-Schmidt|Baker-Schmidt]] camera. He may well have had his hands on this particular instrument while he was a junior fellow at Harvard University at the time Perkin Elmer was founded in 1937 incorporated in Dec. 1939)

====The 300&nbsp;mm Cassegrain reflector====
This telescope was purchased by William H. Wehlau in 1958 and was installed onto the refractor for the purpose of extending the photometric capabilities of the observatory. A new photometer was constructed and first deployed in 1960. The telescope has a 300&nbsp;mm diameter parabolic mirror and has a focal length of 5232&nbsp;mm, yielding a speed of f/17.2.<ref name = "12inCass" />
The manufacturer of this instrument is not known.

====Gibbs Heliochronometer====
[[File:Gibbs_Heliochronometer_at_Cronyn_Observatory.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Gibbs Heliochronometer]]In 1906 astronomer and engineer George James Gibbs applied for a patent for what he called a "Universal Equinoctial Mean Time Heliochronometer",  basically a fancy [[Engineering:Sundial|sundial]]. In the same year he formed a partnership with Pilkington to sell the instrument as the Pilkington-Gibbs Heliochronometer.<ref name = "Gibbshelio" />  About 1,000 were made. The instrument at Western is stamped No. 953. A cam device on the instrument takes into account the equation of time, thereby converting local solar time to within about a minute of mean solar time.

This instrument, along with a Ginko tree were presented to the university by the Arts Class of 1925, the first class to graduate from the newly finished University College building. The tree and heliochronometer were originally placed on the northeast lawn of University College. The heliochronometer was subsequently moved in front of Cronyn Observatory in 1952. After also being moved, the Ginko tree now thrives in its original location, turning a blazing yellow in about the first or second week of November.
===Classroom===
Building renovations of 1996 resulted in the replacement of the main floor foyer and two offices with a modern classroom that can seat approximately 70 people.

===History rooms===
For the celebration of the 75th anniversary in 2015, part of the basement of the observatory was converted into one 1940 historical period room and one science demonstration room. Since that time a 1967 Elginfield Observatory room as well as a William Colgrove historic workshop have been added. These are all open to the public during public events.

==Research==
While the observatory's prime vision was as an educational and outreach facility, some very important research publications came out of work done with the telescopes and other equipment at the observatory.

===Variable stars===
The important research work of William H. Wehlau, staff, and students could not be summarized better than the obituary written by Bill's last graduating PhD student, Professor Jaymie Matthews, when he wrote, after Bill's sudden death in 1995, "Bill laid the foundation  for  many  of the astronomical  period-searching  techniques  we take  for  granted  today.  His  1964 paper  with  Kam-Ching  Leung  (ApJ  139,  843)<ref name = "deltaDelph" />  on  the  multiple  periods  of  Delta  Delphini  was  the  first  published  use  of  Fourier  integral  techniques  to  interpret  stellar  light  curves.   The  quality  and  quantity  of  data  (25  nights  of  three-colour  photometry)  and  sophistication  of  the  fit  (a  sum  of  6  cosines)  would  not  be  out  of  place  in  the  modern  literature  on  asteroseismology  of  Delta Scuti  variables  (see his paper  in these  Proceedings).  In  the  next  decade,  Bill  again  was  a  pioneer;  this  time  in  stellar  surface  imaging  through  inversion  of  spectral  line-profile  variations  into  abundance  and  temperature  maps  of  Ap  stars.   Such  techniques  are  now  widely  used  to  analyse  high-degree  NRP  in rapid  rotators.  By the  1980s, Bill's  diverse interests  in  pulsation  and  spectral  peculiarity  converged  in the  rapidly  oscillating Ap stars.  He  played  key roles in the  first  detection  of velocity  oscillations  in an roAp (rotating Ap) star  and  in translating  optical-IR  photometry  of roAp  pulsations  into  the  first  empirical  atmospheric  temperature  profile  for  a star  other  than  the  Sun."<ref name = "Wehlauobit" />

===Iris Photometry===
A locally modified Becker iris photometer was housed in the kitchenette in the basement of the observatory.<ref name = "irisphot" />
In 1964 Amelia F. Wehlau discovered a 1938 nova while using this photometer to study photographic plates of [[Astronomy:Messier 14|Messier 14]] that had been taken by Helen Sawyer Hogg.<ref name = "novam14" /> The plates were taken with the 74" telescope at the David Dunlap Observatory and 72" telescope at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory between the years 1932 and 1963. The nova was only found on the 1938 plates taken at the David Dunlap Observatory.

===Photometry===
A photometer was deployed on the 254&nbsp;mm (10") refractor roughly between the years 1957 and 1960.
The first research from this instrument was the study of the brightness of Comet Arend-Roland by William and Amelia Wehlau, using data from 1957 and 1958.<ref name = "cometAR" /> This combination of instruments was also used in the published search for variability in the stars Gamma Equulei and HD 149728, using 1958 and 1959 data from the refracting telescope.<ref name = "gammaeq" />

In 1960 a 300&nbsp;mm (12") Cassegrain reflector (purchased in 1958) came online with a locally built photometer, and this combination of equipment supplanted the photometer on the refractor.  The first published use was in the successful search for light variablility in the star HD 173650, published in 1962 and using data from the summer of 1960.
In later work using data from this instrument, William Wehlau pioneered Fourier techniques of detecting multiple periodicities in stars. The ground breaking work was the paper "The Multiple Periodicity of Delta Delphinii", Ap.J., Vol.139,April 1964, co-authored with graduate student Kam-Ching Leung.<ref name = "deltaDelph" />

===Post 1969===
With the opening of the Elginfield Observatory in 1969 the use of Cronyn Observatory for research observing diminished. The last photometric observations published using Cronyn Observatory data was in 1995 in a paper by J. Bax,  W.H. Wehlau and S. Sharpe.<ref name = "FMComae" />  However, very active machine and electronics shops based in Cronyn Observatory supported the research work of Elginfield Observatory until the 1.2m telescope at Elginfield was mothballed in 2010.

==Public Outreach==
The prime vision of this observatory was as an educational facility for the university and the local community.
Since its inception, Cronyn Observatory has held "public nights" for the community members, normally running every Saturday evening throughout the summer and currently also running twice a month throughout winter..<ref name = "COpubnitpage" />  Large groups can also book a day or evening visit through the "Exploring the Stars Program"<ref name = "COETSpage" />, and finally private events for small groups are also available<ref name = "COprivnitpage" />

==References==
<references>
<ref name = "THCMO" > Kingston, H.R.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1940JRASC..34...95K "The Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory"], ''JRASC Vol. 34, p. 95'', 1940</ref>
<ref name = "TOOTHCMO" >Kingston, H.R.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1940JRASC..34..393K "The Opening of the Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory"], ''JRASC Vol. 34, p. 393'', 1940</ref>
<ref name = "12inCass" >Wehlau, W.H.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1959JRASC..53R.190. "Notes from Observatories: Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory"], ''JRASC Vol. 53, p. 190'', 1959</ref>
<ref name = "Schmidtcamera" >Wehlau, W.H.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1957JRASC..51..189W "Canadian Scientists Report- V. The Schmidt Telescope and its Applications"], ''JRASC Vol. 51, p. 189'', 1957</ref>
<ref name = "Gibbshelio" > MacDonald, Rory,  [https://www.uclan.ac.uk/students/assets/files/Rory_MacDonald.pdf "George James Gibbs: Engineer, Astronomer, Inventor and Public Science Lecture"] </ref>
<ref name = "Wehlauobit" > Matthews, J, Walker, G.,  [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/234417863_Obituary_William_Henry_Wehlau_1926-1995 "Obituary: William Henry Wehlau, 1926-1995"], ''Bulletin AAS Vol. 57, p. 1484'', 1995</ref>
<ref name = "irisphot" > Wehlau, W.H.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1963PASP...75..188W "A Servo System for Iris Diaphragm Photometers"], ''PASP Vol. 75, No. 443, p. 188'', 1963</ref>
<ref name = "novam14" > Hogg, H.S., Wehlau, A.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1964AJ.....69S.141H "Probable Nova in the Globular Cluster M 14"], ''AJ Vol. 69, p. 141'', 1964</ref>
<ref name = "cometAR" > Wehlau, A., Wehlau, William,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1959AJ.....64..463W "Photoelectric photometry of Comet Arend-Roland (1956h)"], ''AJ Vol. 64, p. 463'', 1959</ref>
<ref name = "gammaeq" > Wehlau, William,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1962PASP...74..286W "Photometry of γ Equulei and HD 140728"], ''PASP Vol. 74, No.439,  p. 286'', 1962</ref>
<ref name = "deltaDelph" > Wehlau, W.H., Leung, Kam-Ching,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1964ApJ...139..843W "The Multiple Periodicity of Delta Delphini"], ''ApJ Vol. 139, p. 843'', 1964</ref>
<ref name = "FMComae" > Bax, J., Wehlau, W.H., Sharpe, S.,  [http://articles.adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1995JRASC..89..245B "Another look at the delta Scuti star FM Comae"], ''JRASC Vol. 89, p. 245'', 1995</ref>
<ref name = "COhistorypage" >[http://physics.uwo.ca/outreach/cronyn/cronyn_history.html "Cronyn Observatory history web page"] </ref>
<ref name = "COpubnitpage" >[http://physics.uwo.ca/outreach/cronyn/public_nights.html "Cronyn Observatory public nights web page"] </ref>
<ref name = "COETSpage" >[http://physics.uwo.ca/outreach/cronyn/ets/index.html "Cronyn Observatory Exploring the Stars web page"] </ref>
<ref name = "COprivnitpage" >[http://physics.uwo.ca/outreach/cronyn/private_events.html "Cronyn Observatory events web page"] </ref>

{{Sourceattribution|Hume Cronyn Memorial Observatory|1}}