View source for Astronomy:OSIRIS-REx

{{Short description|NASA sample return mission, launched in 2016}}
{{Infobox spaceflight
| name               = OSIRIS-REx<br/>OSIRIS-APEX
| names_list         = OSIRIS-REx<br />OSIRIS-APEX
| image              = OSIRIS-REx spacecraft model.png
| image_caption      = Artist's rendering of the ''OSIRIS-REx'' spacecraft
| image_size         = 
| mission_type       = Asteroid sample return<ref name="pressrelease">{{cite web |first=Dwayne C. |last=Brown |date=25 May 2011 |title=NASA to launch new science mission to asteroid in 2016 |publisher=NASA |url=http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-163_New_Frontier.html |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=29 April 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120429034636/http://www.nasa.gov/home/hqnews/2011/may/HQ_11-163_New_Frontier.html |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| operator           = [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] / [[Company:Lockheed Martin|Lockheed Martin]]
| COSPAR_ID          = 2016-055A
| SATCAT             = 41757
| website            = {{URL|https://www.asteroidmission.org}}
| mission_duration   = 7 years (planned)<br />{{time interval|3 December 2018|10 May 2021|show=d}} at asteroid (actual)<br />{{time interval|8 September 2016 23:05|show=ymd|sep=,}} (elapsed)
| spacecraft         = 
| spacecraft_type    = 
| manufacturer       = Lockheed Martin
| launch_mass        = {{cvt|2110|kg}}<ref name="press kit">{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris-rex_press_kit.pdf|title=OSIRIS-REx: Asteroid Sample Return Mission|type=Press Kit|publisher=NASA|date=August 2016|access-date=18 September 2016|archive-date=6 July 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706225547/https://www.nasa.gov/sites/default/files/atoms/files/osiris-rex_press_kit.pdf|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| dry_mass           = {{cvt|880|kg}}
| dimensions         = {{cvt|2.44|xx|2.44|xx|3.15|m}}
| power              = 1226 to 3000 watts
| launch_date        = 8 September 2016, 23:05 [[UTC]]<ref name="nasasf20160908">{{cite news |first=William |last=Graham |date=8 September 2016 |title=Atlas V begins OSIRIS-REx's round trip to the asteroid Bennu |website=NASASpaceFlight.com |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/atlas-v-osiris-rexs-round-trip-asteroid-bennu/ |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624122338/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/atlas-v-osiris-rexs-round-trip-asteroid-bennu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| launch_rocket      = [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] 411 (AV-067)
| launch_site        = Cape Canaveral SLC-41
| launch_contractor  = [[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]] (ULA)

<!--end of mission-->| disposal_type      = '''Sample Return Capsule''': Recovered
| last_contact       = <!--Use for OSIRIS-APEX's end of mission-->
| recovery_by        = <!--recovered by-->
| decay_date         = <!--Use for OSIRIS-APEX's end of mission-->
| landing_date       = '''Sample Return Capsule''': 24 September 2023, 14:52 UTC<ref name="NASA SRC Landing">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=Capsule Containing Asteroid Bennu Sample Has Landed – OSIRIS-REx Mission |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/09/24/capsule-containing-asteroid-bennu-sample-has-landed/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924160955/https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/09/24/capsule-containing-asteroid-bennu-sample-has-landed/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
| landing_site       = Utah Test and Training Range<ref name="NASA SRC Landing"/>
| orbit_reference    = [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|Bennu]]-centric
| orbit_altitude     = {{cvt|0.68|–|2.1|km}}<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission breaks another orbit record |date=13 June 2019 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-enters-orbit-around-bennu-breaking-record |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312164612/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-enters-orbit-around-bennu-breaking-record |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="mu-20190225">{{cite web |title=Mission Update |date=25 February 2019 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?mission_update=feb-25-2019 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312085345/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?mission_update=feb-25-2019 |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
| orbit_period       = 22–62 hours<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission Update |date=12 August 2019 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?mission_update=aug-12-2019 |access-date=19 July 2020 |archive-date=12 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200312100045/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?mission_update=aug-12-2019 |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="mu-20190225"/>
| interplanetary     = {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
  | type            = flyby
  | object          = [[Astronomy:Earth|Earth]]
  | arrival_date    = 22 September 2017<ref name="press kit"/><ref name="earth flyby">{{cite web |title=NASA'S OSIRIS-REx spacecraft slingshots past Earth |date=2017-09-22 |website=nasa.gov |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth |access-date=2018-04-26 |archive-date=23 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190323123035/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
  | distance        = {{cvt|17237|km}}
   
 }}
 {{Infobox spaceflight/IP
  | type            = orbiter
  | object          = [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|Bennu]]
  | arrival_date    = 31 December 2018<ref name=orbit-insertion-31-Dec>{{cite web |title=NASA'S OSIRIS-REx spacecraft arrives at asteroid Bennu |date=3 December 2018 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-arrives-asteroid-bennu |access-date=6 December 2018 |archive-date=5 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205103244/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-arrives-asteroid-bennu |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><br />(Rendezvous: 3 December 2018)
  | departure_date  = 10 May 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission plans for May asteroid departure |website=nasa.gov |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=27 January 2021 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-mission-plans-for-may-asteroid-departure |access-date=27 January 2021 |archive-date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210126170208/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-mission-plans-for-may-asteroid-departure |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
  | sample_mass     = ~{{cvt|249|g}}<ref name="NYT-20231011"/>
}}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
 | type         = lander
 | object       = [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|Bennu]]
 | arrival_date = {{start-date|<!---df=yes--->|20 October 2020, 22:13}}&nbsp;[[Physics:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]]
 | location     = "Nightingale"
 }}
{{Infobox spaceflight/IP
  | type            = flyby
  | object          =  [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|Bennu]]
  | arrival_date    = 7 April 2021<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx to fly a farewell tour of Bennu |date=8 February 2021 |website=nasa.gov |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/osiris-rex-to-fly-a-farewell-tour-of-bennu |access-date=1 April 2021 |archive-date=8 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208190715/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/osiris-rex-to-fly-a-farewell-tour-of-bennu |url-status=live }}</ref>
  | departure       = 10 May 2021 
| distance        = {{cvt|3.5|km}}
   
}}
| instruments_list   = {{Infobox spaceflight/Instruments
  | acronym1 = OCAMS  | name1 = OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite
  | acronym2 = OLA    | name2 = OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter
  | acronym3 = OTES   | name3 = OSIRIS-REx [[Physics:Thermal Emission Spectrometer|Thermal Emission Spectrometer]]
  | acronym4 = OVIRS  | name4 = OSIRIS-REx Visible and Infrared Spectrometer
  | acronym5 = REXIS  | name5 = Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer
  | acronym6 = TAGSAM | name6 = [[Engineering:TAGSAM|Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism]]
 }}
| insignia           = OSIRIS-REx mission logo (circa 2015).png
| insignia_caption   = OSIRIS-REx mission logo
| insignia_size      = 175px
| programme          = '''[[Astronomy:New Frontiers program|New Frontiers program]]'''
| previous_mission   = ''[[Engineering:Juno (spacecraft)|Juno]]''
| next_mission       = ''[[Engineering:Dragonfly (spacecraft)|Dragonfly]]''
}}
[[File:KSC-20160819-PH GEB01 0024 (28869645070).jpg|thumb|OSIRIS-REx in Launch Configuration]]

'''OSIRIS-REx'''{{efn|Origins, Spectral Interpretation, Resource Identification, Security, Regolith Explorer}} was a [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] asteroid-study and [[Astronomy:Sample-return mission|sample-return mission]] that visited and collected samples from [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|101955 Bennu]], a [[Astronomy:C-type asteroid|carbonaceous]] [[Astronomy:Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]].<ref>{{cite press release |last1=Brown |first1=Dwayne |last2=Neal-Jones |first2=Nancy |date=31 March 2015 |id=Release 15-056 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx mission passes critical milestone |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2015/march/nasa-s-osiris-rex-mission-passes-critical-milestone/ |access-date=4 April 2015}} {{PD-notice}}<br />
<br />{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=5 September 2016 |title=NASA aims at an asteroid holding clues to the Solar system's roots |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/06/science/nasa-osiris-rex-asteroid-bennu-sample.html |access-date=6 September 2016}}<br />
{{cite news |last=Corum |first=Jonathan |date=8 September 2016 |title=NASA launches the Osiris-Rex spacecraft to asteroid Bennu |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2016/09/08/science/space/nasa-osiris-rex-launch.html |access-date=9 September 2016}}<br />
{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=8 September 2016 |title=The Osiris-Rex spacecraft begins chasing an asteroid |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/09/09/science/nasa-launches-osiris-rex-spacecraft-to-retrieve-asteroid-pieces.html |access-date=9 September 2016}}</ref> The material, returned in September 2023, is expected to enable scientists to learn more about the [[Astronomy:Formation and evolution of the Solar System|formation and evolution of the Solar System]], its initial stages of planet formation, and the source of [[Chemistry:Organic compound|organic compound]]s that led to the [[Biology:Abiogenesis|formation of life]] on Earth.<ref name=selected>{{cite press release |title=OSIRIS-REx mission selected for concept development |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=http://gsfctechnology.gsfc.nasa.gov/ORIRIS.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120606151314/http://gsfctechnology.gsfc.nasa.gov/ORIRIS.htm |archive-date=6 June 2012}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Following the completion of the primary OSIRIS-REx (Regolith Explorer) mission, the spacecraft is planned to conduct a flyby of asteroid [[Astronomy:99942 Apophis|99942 Apophis]], now as '''OSIRIS-APEX''' (Apophis Explorer).<ref name="APEX announcement">{{cite web |date=25 April 2022 |title=NASA gives green light for OSIRIS-REx spacecraft to visit another asteroid |url=https://news.arizona.edu/story/nasa-gives-green-light-osiris-rex-spacecraft-visit-another-asteroid |access-date=25 April 2022 |website=University of Arizona News}}</ref>

OSIRIS-REx was launched on 8&nbsp;September 2016, flew past Earth on 22&nbsp;September 2017, and rendezvoused with [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|Bennu]] on 3&nbsp;December 2018.<ref name="NYT-20181203"/> It spent the next two years analyzing the surface to find a suitable site from which to extract a sample. On 20&nbsp;October 2020, OSIRIS-REx touched down on Bennu and successfully collected a sample.<ref name=samplecollection>{{cite news |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft collects significant amount of asteroid |date=23 October 2020 |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-collects-significant-amount-of-asteroid |accessdate=April 26, 2021}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20201020">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=20 October 2020 |title=Seeking Solar system's secrets, NASA's OSIRIS-REX mission touches Bennu asteroid |quote=The spacecraft attempted to suck up rocks and dirt from the asteroid, which could aid humanity's ability to divert one that might slam into Earth. |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/20/science/osiris-rex-mission.html |access-date=21 October 2020}}</ref><ref name="NatGeo20201029">{{cite news |last=Greshko |first=Michael |date=2020-10-29 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx secures asteroid sample after surprise leak |publisher=National Geographic |url=https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/10/nasa-osiris-rex-secures-asteroid-sample-after-leak-bennu/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101064543/https://www.nationalgeographic.com/science/2020/10/nasa-osiris-rex-secures-asteroid-sample-after-leak-bennu/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=1 November 2020 |access-date=2020-11-03 |quote=The spacecraft grabbed so much of the asteroid Bennu, its sample-collection device got jammed. Now the material is safe and sound.}}</ref><ref name="SciAm20201031">{{cite news |last=Wall |first=Mike |date=2020-10-31 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe successfully stows space-rock sample |quote=The spacecraft will deliver the pristine material from asteroid Bennu back to Earth in 2023. |magazine=Scientific American |url=https://www.scientificamerican.com/article/nasas-osiris-rex-probe-successfully-stows-space-rock-sample/ |access-date=2020-11-03}}</ref> OSIRIS-REx left Bennu on 10&nbsp;May 2021<ref name="NYT-20210510">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=10 May 2021 |title=Bye-Bye, Bennu: NASA Heads Back to Earth With Asteroid Stash in Tow – The OSIRIS-REX mission will spend two years cruising home with space rock samples that could unlock secrets of the early solar system. |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/05/10/science/nasa-osiris-rex-asteroid.html |accessdate=11 May 2021}}</ref><ref name="returninghome" /> and returned its sample to Earth on 24&nbsp;September 2023,<ref>{{cite report |title=OSIRIS-REx factsheet |date=August 2011 |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |department=Explorers and Heliophysics Projects Division |place=[[Organization:Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard SFC]] |website=ehpd.gsfc.nasa.gov |url=https://ehpd.gsfc.nasa.gov/documents/552572main_OSIRIS_REx_Factsheet.pdf}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> subsequently starting its extended mission to study [[Astronomy:99942 Apophis|99942 Apophis]], where it will arrive  in April 2029.

Bennu was chosen as the target of study because it is a "[[Astronomy:Time capsule|time capsule]]" from the birth of the [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]].<ref>{{cite news |first=Mike |last=Wall |date=8 September 2016 |title=Next stop, Bennu! NASA launches bold asteroid-sampling mission |website=SPACE.com |url=http://www.space.com/34007-nasa-launches-osiris-rex-asteroid-sampling-mission.html}}</ref> Bennu has a very dark surface and is classified as a [[Astronomy:B-type asteroid|B-type asteroid]], a sub-type of the carbonaceous [[Astronomy:C-type asteroid|C-type asteroid]]s. Such asteroids are considered primitive, having undergone little geological change from their time of formation. In particular, Bennu was selected because of the availability of pristine carbonaceous material, a key element in [[Chemistry:Organic compound|organic molecules]] necessary for life as well as representative of matter from before the formation of Earth. Organic molecules, such as [[Chemistry:Amino acid|amino acid]]s, have previously been found in meteorite and comet samples, indicating that some ingredients necessary for life can be naturally synthesized in outer space.<ref name=pressrelease/>

The cost of the OSIRIS-REx mission is approximately US$800&nbsp;million,<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA aims to grab asteroid dust in 2020 |date=26 May 2011 |newspaper=Science Magazine |url=http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2011/05/nasa-aims-to-grab-asteroid-dust.html |access-date=26 May 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110529114319/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/2011/05/nasa-aims-to-grab-asteroid-dust.html |archive-date=29 May 2011}}</ref> not including the [[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas&nbsp;V]] launch vehicle, which is about US$183.5&nbsp;million.<ref name="aug2013release">{{cite press release |last1=Buck |first1=Joshua |last2=Diller |first2=George |date=5 August 2013 |title=NASA selects launch services contract for OSIRIS-REx mission |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press/2013/august/nasa-selects-launch-services-contract-for-osiris-rex-mission/ |access-date=8 September 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The OSIRIS-APEX extended mission costs an additional US$200&nbsp;million.<ref name="APEX announcement" /> It is the third planetary science mission selected in the [[Astronomy:New Frontiers program|New Frontiers program]], after [[Engineering:Juno (spacecraft)|''Juno'']] and ''[[Astronomy:New Horizons|New Horizons]]''. The principal investigator is [[Biography:Dante Lauretta|Dante Lauretta]] from the [[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]], having taken over in 2011 after the original PI [[Biography:Michael Julian Drake|Michael Julian Drake]] died four months after the mission won approval from NASA.

OSIRIS-REx was the first United States spacecraft to return samples from an asteroid. Previous asteroid returns include the Japanese probes ''[[Astronomy:Hayabusa|Hayabusa]]'', which visited [[Astronomy:25143 Itokawa|25143 Itokawa]] in 2010; and ''[[Astronomy:Hayabusa2|Hayabusa2]]'', which visited [[Astronomy:162173 Ryugu|162173 Ryugu]] in June of 2018.

== Mission ==
Overall management, engineering, and navigation for the OSIRIS missions are provided by [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]{{'s}} [[Organization:Goddard Space Flight Center|Goddard Space Flight Center]], while the [[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]]{{'s}} [[Organization:Lunar and Planetary Laboratory|Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]] provides principal science operations. [[Company:Lockheed Martin Space|Lockheed Martin Space Systems]] built the spacecraft and provides mission operations.<ref name="press kit"/> The science team includes members from the United States, Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and Italy.<ref name="eoportal">{{cite web |last=Kramer |first=Herbert J. |title=OSIRIS-REx |publisher=Earth observation portal directory |url=https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/osiris-rex |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427124708/https://directory.eoportal.org/web/eoportal/satellite-missions/o/osiris-rex |url-status=live }}</ref>

After traveling for approximately two years, the spacecraft [[Astronomy:Space rendezvous|rendezvoused]] with asteroid [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|101955 Bennu]] in December&nbsp;2018,<ref name=nasa-20170109>{{cite press release |last=Hille |first=Karl |date=9 January 2018 |title=NASA selects participating scientists for mission to asteroid Bennu |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/nasa-selects-participating-scientists-for-mission-to-asteroid-bennu |access-date=2 February 2018 |archive-date=7 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107013212/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/nasa-selects-participating-scientists-for-mission-to-asteroid-bennu/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> and began 505&nbsp;days of surface mapping at a distance of approximately {{cvt|5|km}}.<ref name="pressrelease"/> Results of that mapping were used by the mission team to select the site from which to take a sample of the asteroid's surface.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA successfully launch OSIRIS-REx asteroid mission |date=9 September 2016 |website=borntoengineer.com |url=http://www.borntoengineer.com/nasa-successfully-launch-osiris-rex-asteroid-mission/ |access-date=9 September 2016 |archive-date=3 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180703104004/https://www.borntoengineer.com/nasa-successfully-launch-osiris-rex-asteroid-mission |url-status=live }}</ref> Then a close approach (without landing) was carried out to allow extension of a robotic arm to gather the sample.<ref>{{cite news |title=UA gets US$1.2&nbsp;million to aid in asteroid mission |newspaper=Tucson Citizen |date=26 May 2011 |url=http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/10/31/31046-ua-gets-1-2m-to-aid-in-asteroid-mission/ |url-status=dead |access-date=26 May 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011131345/http://tucsoncitizen.com/morgue/2006/10/31/31046-ua-gets-1-2m-to-aid-in-asteroid-mission/ |archive-date=11 October 2014}}</ref>

Following the collection of material (>60&nbsp;grams), the sample was returned to Earth in a {{cvt|46|kg}} capsule similar to that which returned the samples of Comet 81P/Wild on the space probe [[Engineering:Stardust (spacecraft)|''Stardust'']]. The return trip to Earth was shorter than the outbound trip. The capsule landed by parachute at the Utah Test and Training Range on September 24,&nbsp;2023 and was transported to the [[Organization:Johnson Space Center|Johnson Space Center]] for processing in a dedicated research facility.<ref name=pressrelease/>
<gallery>
File:Asteroid-Bennu-OSIRIS-RExArrival-GifAnimation-20181203.gif|Asteroid [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|Bennu]], imaged by the OSIRIS-REx probe, 3&nbsp;December 2018
File:To Bennu and Back.webm|OSIRIS-REx mission overview video
File:Liftoff-of-OSIRIS-REx.ogg|OSIRIS-REx launch
</gallery>

=== Launch ===
The launch was on 8&nbsp;September 2016 at 23:05 [[Physics:Coordinated Universal Time|UTC]] on a [[Company:United Launch Alliance|United Launch Alliance]] {{nowrap|[[Engineering:Atlas V|Atlas V]] 411}} from Cape Canaveral, Space Launch Complex&nbsp;41.<ref name="nasasf20160908"/> The 411 rocket configuration consists of a RD-180 powered first stage with a single [[Engineering:AJ-60A|AJ-60A]] solid fuel booster, and a [[Engineering:Centaur (rocket stage)|Centaur]] [[Astronomy:Multistage rocket|upper stage]].<ref>{{cite news |first=William |last=Graham |date=8 September 2016 |title=Atlas&nbsp;V begins OSIRIS-REx's round trip to the asteroid Bennu |publisher=NASASpaceFlight.com |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/atlas-v-osiris-rexs-round-trip-asteroid-bennu/ |access-date=9 September 2016 |archive-date=24 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180624122338/https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2016/09/atlas-v-osiris-rexs-round-trip-asteroid-bennu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> OSIRIS-REx separated from the launch vehicle 55&nbsp;minutes after ignition.<ref name="press kit"/> The launch was declared "exactly perfect" by the mission's [[Principal investigator|principal investigator]], with no anomalies before or during launch.<ref name="exactlyperfect">{{cite news |last1=Wall |first1=Mike |title='Exactly perfect'! NASA hails asteroid sample-return mission's launch |website=space.com |url=http://www.space.com/34020-nasa-hails-osiris-rex-asteroid-mission-launch.html |publisher=SPACE.com |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=26 October 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171026213733/https://www.space.com/34020-nasa-hails-osiris-rex-asteroid-mission-launch.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== Cruise phase===
OSIRIS-REx entered the cruise phase shortly after separation from the launch vehicle, following successful solar panel deployment, propulsion system initiation, and establishment of a communication link with Earth.<ref name="exactlyperfect"/> Its [[Astronomy:Hyperbolic trajectory|hyperbolic escape speed]] from Earth was about {{cvt|5.41|km/s}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx mission & trajectory design |date=Sep 2016 |website=Spaceflight101.com |url=http://spaceflight101.com/osiris-rex/osiris-rex-mission-profile/ |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=7 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181207124909/http://spaceflight101.com/osiris-rex/osiris-rex-mission-profile/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 28&nbsp;December 2016, the spacecraft successfully performed its first deep space maneuver to change its velocity by {{cvt|431|m/s|km/h}} using {{cvt|354|kg}} of fuel.<ref name="nasa20170117">{{cite press release |title=Successful Deep Space Maneuver for NASA's OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |first=Nancy |last=Neal-Jones |date=17 January 2017 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/successful-deep-space-maneuver-for-nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft |access-date=7 March 2017 |archive-date=27 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170127152154/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/successful-deep-space-maneuver-for-nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="sfnow20170201">{{cite news |first=Stephen |last=Clark |date=1 February 2017 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx probe moonlights as asteroid sleuth |website=Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/02/01/nasas-osiris-rex-probe-moonlights-as-asteroid-sleuth/ |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-date=12 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170312051115/https://spaceflightnow.com/2017/02/01/nasas-osiris-rex-probe-moonlights-as-asteroid-sleuth/ |url-status=live }}</ref> An additional, smaller firing of its thrusters on 18&nbsp;January 2017 further refined its course for an Earth [[Astronomy:Gravity assist|gravity assist]] on 22&nbsp;September 2017.<ref name="nasa20170117"/> The cruise phase lasted until its encounter with Bennu in December 2018,<ref name=nasa-20170109/> after which it entered its science and sample collection phase.<ref name="nasa20170117"/>

During its cruise phase, OSIRIS-REx was used to search for a class of [[Astronomy:Near-Earth object|near-Earth object]]s known as [[Astronomy:Earth trojan|Earth-Trojan asteroids]] as it passed through Sun–Earth {{L4}} [[Astronomy:Lagrange point|Lagrange point]]. Between 9–20&nbsp;February 2017, the OSIRIS-REx team used the spacecraft's MapCam camera to search for the objects, taking about 135&nbsp;survey images each day for processing by scientists at the University of Arizona. The search was beneficial even though no new trojans were found,<ref name="trojanresults">{{cite press release |title=OSIRIS-REx Asteroid Search Tests Instruments |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |website=asteroidmission.org |url=http://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-asteroid-search-tests-instruments-science-team |access-date=2018-12-20 |archive-date=20 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181220230326/http://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-asteroid-search-tests-instruments-science-team |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> as it closely resembled the operation required as the spacecraft approached Bennu, searching for natural satellites and other potential hazards.<ref name="sfnow20170201"/><ref name="nasa20170209">{{cite press release |publisher=NASA |first1=Erin |last1=Morton |first2=Nancy |last2=Neal-Jones |date=9 February 2017 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx begins Earth-trojan asteroid search |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-begins-earth-trojan-asteroid-search |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-date=7 February 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180207092541/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-begins-earth-trojan-asteroid-search/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
On 12&nbsp;February 2017, while {{cvt|673|e6km}} from [[Astronomy:Jupiter|Jupiter]], the PolyCam instrument aboard OSIRIS-REx successfully imaged the giant planet and three of its moons, [[Astronomy:Callisto (moon)|Callisto]], [[Astronomy:Io (moon)|Io]], and [[Astronomy:Ganymede (moon)|Ganymede]].<ref name="nasa20170215">{{cite press release |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx takes closer image of Jupiter |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=15 February 2017 |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-takes-closer-image-of-jupiter |access-date=9 March 2017 |archive-date=8 March 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170308221148/https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-takes-closer-image-of-jupiter/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

OSIRIS-REx flew by Earth on 22&nbsp;September 2017.<ref>{{cite press release |last=Hille |first=Karl |date=2017-09-22 |title=NASA'S OSIRIS-REx spacecraft slingshots past Earth |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=http://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth |access-date=22 October 2020 |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112014113/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2017/osiris-rex-spacecraft-slingshots-past-earth/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Arrival and survey ===
On 3&nbsp;December 2018, NASA confirmed that OSIRIS-REx had matched the speed and orbit of Bennu at a distance of about {{cvt|19|km}}, effectively reaching the asteroid. OSIRIS-REx performed closer passes of the Bennu surface, initially at about {{cvt|6.5|km}} through December to further refine the shape and orbit of Bennu. Preliminary spectroscopic surveys of the asteroid's surface by the OSIRIS-REx spacecraft detected the presence of [[Earth:Mineral hydration|hydrated minerals]] in the form of [[Earth:Clay|clay]]. While researchers suspect that Bennu was too small to host water, the hydroxyl groups may have come from water present in its parent body before Bennu split off.<ref>{{cite press release |title=NASA's newly arrived OSIRIS-REx spacecraft already discovers water on asteroid |date=11 December 2018 |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-newly-arrived-osiris-rex-spacecraft-already-discovers-water-on-asteroid |access-date=13 January 2019 |archive-date=12 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181212193729/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-newly-arrived-osiris-rex-spacecraft-already-discovers-water-on-asteroid/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Water found on asteroid, confirming Bennu as excellent mission target |date=10 December 2018 |website=Science Daily |url=https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181210150554.htm |access-date=10 December 2018 |archive-date=11 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181211023622/https://www.sciencedaily.com/releases/2018/12/181210150554.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

OSIRIS-REx entered orbit around Bennu on 31&nbsp;December 2018 at about {{cvt|1.75|km}} to start its extensive remote mapping and sensing campaign for the selection of a sample site. This is the closest distance that any spacecraft has orbited a celestial object, closer than the [[Engineering:Rosetta (spacecraft)|''Rosetta'']]{{'s}} orbit of comet 67P/Churyumov–Gerasimenko at {{cvt|7|km}}.<ref name="NYT-20181203">{{cite news |first=Kenneth |last=Chang |date=3 December 2018 |title=NASA's Osiris-Rex Arrives at Asteroid Bennu After a Two-Year Journey |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/science/osiris-rex-bennu-asteroid-arrival.html |access-date=3 December 2018 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108102801/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/03/science/osiris-rex-bennu-asteroid-arrival.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |first=Eric |last=Morten |date=31 December 2018 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft enters close orbit around Bennu, breaking record |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/805/nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-enters-close-orbit-around-bennu-breaking-record/ |access-date=1 January 2019 |archive-date=2 January 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190102154838/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/805/nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-enters-close-orbit-around-bennu-breaking-record/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> At this altitude, it took the spacecraft 62&nbsp;hours to orbit Bennu.<ref>{{cite press release |first=Lonnie |last=Shekhtman |date=31 December 2018 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft enters close orbit around Bennu, breaking record |website=OSIRIS-Rex mission |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-enters-close-orbit-around-bennu-breaking-record |access-date=9 January 2019 |archive-date=22 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122053107/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-spacecraft-enters-close-orbit-around-bennu-breaking-record |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> At the end of its detailed survey, the spacecraft entered a closer orbit with a radius of {{cvt|1|km}}.<ref>{{cite press release |title=Orbital&nbsp;B phase |series=Osiris-Rex |website=asteroidmission.org |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/asteroid-operations/#detailedsurveybaseballdiamond |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-date=9 July 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180709133325/https://www.asteroidmission.org/asteroid-operations/#detailedsurveybaseballdiamond |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

{{multiple image| align = center| direction = horizontal| width = 
|header =Animation of OSIRIS-REx
|image1=Animation of OSIRIS-REx trajectory.gif
|caption1=Around the Sun
|image2=Animation of OSIRIS-Rex trajectory around 101955 Bennu.gif
|caption2=Around [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|101955 Bennu]]
|image3=Animation of OSIRIS-REx around Bennu - touch down on Bennu.gif
|caption3=Touchdown on Bennu
|image4=Animation of Osiris-REx SRC around Earth - Landing on Earth.gif
|caption4=Landing on Earth
|footer={{legend2|magenta|OSIRIS-REx}}{{·}}{{legend2|lime|[[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|101955 Bennu]]}}{{·}}{{legend2|royalblue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|yellow|Sun}}
}}
{{clear}}

=== Sample acquisition ===
[[File:Artist's concept of OSIRIS-REx TAGSAM in operation.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Artist's concept of TAGSAM instrument in operation]]

==== Procedure ====
Rehearsals were performed before sampling, during which the solar arrays were raised into a Y-shaped configuration to minimize the chance of dust accumulation during contact and provide more ground clearance in case the spacecraft tipped over (up to 45°) during contact.<ref name="eoportal"/> The descent was very slow, minimizing thruster firings prior to contact to reduce the likelihood of asteroid surface contamination by unreacted [[Chemistry:Hydrazine|hydrazine]] propellant. Contact with the surface of Bennu was detected using accelerometers, and the impact force was dissipated by a spring in the TAGSAM arm.<ref>{{cite web|last=OrbitalHub|title=OrbitalHub|url=https://orbitalhub.com/?m=202010#:~:text=The%20descent%20will%20be%20very,contamination%20by%20unreacted%20hydrazine%20propellant|access-date=22 October 2020|archive-date=26 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026110749/https://orbitalhub.com/?m=202010#:~:text=The%20descent%20will%20be%20very,contamination%20by%20unreacted%20hydrazine%20propellant|url-status=live}}</ref>

Upon surface contact by the TAGSAM instrument, a burst of [[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]] gas was released, to blow regolith particles smaller than {{cvt|2|cm||1}} into the sampler head at the end of the robotic arm. A five-second timer limited the collection time to mitigate the chance of a collision, and the probe then executed a back-away maneuver to depart safely.<ref name="eoportal"/>

The plan was then for OSIRIS-REx to perform a braking maneuver a few days later to halt the drift away from the asteroid in case it was necessary to return for another sampling attempt. It would then take images of the TAGSAM head to verify a sample had been acquired. If a sample was acquired, the spacecraft would rotate about the short axis of the sample arm to determine sample mass by measuring momentum of inertia and determine if it was in excess of the required {{cvt|60|g}}.

Both the braking and rotation maneuvers were canceled when images of the sample container clearly showed a large excess of material was collected, some of which was able to escape through the container's seal because some material had jammed the mechanism open. The collected material was scheduled for immediate storage in the Sample-Return Capsule.<ref name="NASA-release">{{cite press release |last1=Hautaluoma |first1=Grey |last2=Johnson |first2=Alana |last3=Neal Jones |first3=Nancy |last4=Morton |first4=Erin |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft collects significant amount of asteroid |website=nasa.gov |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-collects-significant-amount-of-asteroid |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025124102/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-collects-significant-amount-of-asteroid/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="eoportal"/> On 28&nbsp;October 2020, the sample collector head was secured in the return capsule. Following the separation of the head from the collector arm, the arm was retracted into its launch configuration, and the Sample-Return Capsule lid was closed and latched preparing to return to Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=Sample-return capsule |website=Spaceflight101.com |url=http://spaceflight101.com/osiris-rex/osiris-rex-sample-return-capsule/ |access-date=25 October 2017 |archive-date=4 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171104095744/http://spaceflight101.com/osiris-rex/osiris-rex-sample-return-capsule |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |first=Karl |last=Hille |title=OSIRIS-REx in the midst of sample stowage |website=nasa.gov |url=https://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2020/osiris-rex-in-the-midst-of-sample-stowage |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101015332/http://www.nasa.gov/image-feature/goddard/2020/osiris-rex-in-the-midst-of-sample-stowage/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

In addition to the bulk sampling mechanism, contact pads on the end of the sampling head made of tiny stainless steel loops (Velcro)<ref name="DSLAURETTA">{{cite web |last=Lauretta |first=Dante |date=5 February 2014 |title=How do we know when we have collected a sample of Bennu? |website=dslauretta.com |url=https://dslauretta.com/2014/02/05/riding-the-vomit-comet/ |access-date=23 August 2016 |archive-date=21 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161021174310/https://dslauretta.com/2014/02/05/riding-the-vomit-comet/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> passively collected dust grains smaller than {{val|1|u=mm}}.

==== Operations ====
[[File:OSIRIS-REx candidate sample sites on Bennu.png|thumb|upright=1.6|center|The final four candidate sample sites]]
[[File:OSIRIS-REX SamCam TAGSAM Event 2020-10-20 small.gif|thumb|upright=1.0|The successful October 2020 sample collection, showing OSIRIS-REx touching down on the Nightingale sample site]]
[[File:OSIRIS-REx-AsteroidBennu-TakingSample-20201020.webm|thumb|upright=1.0|Sample collection as seen by the navigation camera (00:47; October 20, 2020)]]
[[File:OSIRIS-REx TAGSAM head during sample imaging 2020-10-22.gif|thumb|upright=1.0|Images of the TAGSAM head showing that it is full of rocks and dust collected from Bennu and that it is leaking material into space]]
[[File:OSIRIS-RExStowsAsteroidBennuSample-20201029.png|thumb|upright=1.0|OSIRIS-REx successfully stows its sample of asteroid Bennu in October 2020.]]
[[File:Sample container closes-Osiris-Rex.webm|thumb|upright=1|The sample container closes.]]
NASA selected the final four candidate sample sites in August 2019, named Nightingale, Kingfisher, Osprey, and Sandpiper.<ref name="final four sample sites">{{cite press release|title=NASA Mission Selects Final Four Site Candidates for Asteroid Sample Return|url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-mission-selects-final-four-site-candidates-for-asteroid-sample-return|agency=NASA|date=2019-09-12|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=1 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191001113824/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-mission-selects-final-four-site-candidates-for-asteroid-sample-return/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> On 12 December 2019, they announced that Nightingale had been selected as the primary sample site and Osprey was selected as the backup site.<ref name="site-selected">{{cite press release|title=X Marks the Spot: Sample Site Nightingale Targeted for Touchdown|url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=x-marks-the-spot-nasa-selects-site-for-asteroid-sample-collection|work=AsteroidMission|publisher=NASA|date=2019-12-12|access-date=2019-12-28|archive-date=12 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191212201601/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=x-marks-the-spot-nasa-selects-site-for-asteroid-sample-collection|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> Both were within craters, with Nightingale near Bennu's north pole while Osprey was near the equator.<ref>{{cite web|date=2020-03-24|title=Twelve features on asteroid Bennu get official names|url=https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/twelve-features-on-asteroid-bennu-get-official-names/|access-date=2020-10-22|publisher=Spaceflight Insider|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027091124/https://www.spaceflightinsider.com/missions/solar-system/twelve-features-on-asteroid-bennu-get-official-names/|url-status=live}}</ref>

NASA planned to perform the first sampling in late August 2020;<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.universetoday.com/145295/osiris-rex-did-its-closest-flyover-yet-just-250-meters-above-its-sample-site/|title=OSIRIS-REx did its Closest Flyover Yet, just 250 Meters Above its Sample Site|last=Gough|first=Evan|date=2020-03-09|publisher=Universe Today|access-date=2020-03-10|archive-date=10 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200410110455/https://www.universetoday.com/145295/osiris-rex-did-its-closest-flyover-yet-just-250-meters-above-its-sample-site/|url-status=live}}</ref> NASA's originally planned Touch-and-Go (TAG) sample collection was scheduled for 25 August 2020, but was rescheduled for 20 October 2020, at 22:13 UTC.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2020-05-nasa-osiris-rex-ready-touchdown-asteroid.html|title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx ready for touchdown on asteroid Bennu|last=Enos|first=Brittany|publisher=NASA|agency=Goddard Space Flight Center|date=2020-05-21|access-date=2020-05-21|archive-date=30 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200530131800/https://phys.org/news/2020-05-nasa-osiris-rex-ready-touchdown-asteroid.html|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=WATCH: OSIRIS-REx Sample Collection Activities - OSIRIS-REx Mission|website=asteroidmission.org|publisher=NASA|url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=watch-osiris-rex-sample-collection-activities|access-date=16 October 2020|archive-date=17 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017195911/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=watch-osiris-rex-sample-collection-activities|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> On 15 April 2020, the first sample collection rehearsal was successfully performed at the Nightingale sample site. The exercise took OSIRIS-REx as close as {{cvt|65|m}} from the surface before performing a back-away burn.<ref>{{cite web |last=Morton |first=Erin |date=April 16, 2020 |title=One step closer to touching asteroid Bennu |website=phys.org |url=https://phys.org/news/2020-04-closer-asteroid-bennu.html |access-date=April 16, 2020 |archive-date=27 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230227184547/https://phys.org/news/2020-04-closer-asteroid-bennu.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release|title=OSIRIS-REx Buzzes Sample Site Nightingale|date=14 April 2020|url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/checkpoint-rehearsal-movie/|website=asteroidmission.org|publisher=NASA|access-date=16 April 2020|archive-date=7 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230207105634/https://www.asteroidmission.org/checkpoint-rehearsal-movie/|url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> A second rehearsal was successfully completed on 11 August 2020, bringing OSIRIS-REx down to {{cvt|40|m}} from the surface. This was the final rehearsal before the sample collection scheduled for 20 October 2020, at 22:13 UTC.<ref>{{cite press release |title=OSIRIS-REx cruises over site Nightingale during final dress rehearsal |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?attachment_id=24775#main |access-date=13 August 2020 |archive-date=22 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200922045432/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?attachment_id=24775#main |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |title=Watch: OSIRIS-REx sample collection activities - OSIRIS-REx mission |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=watch-osiris-rex-sample-collection-activities |access-date=16 October 2020 |archive-date=17 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201017195911/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=watch-osiris-rex-sample-collection-activities |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

At 22:13&nbsp;{{sc|UTC}}, on 20&nbsp;October 2020, OSIRIS-REx successfully touched down on Bennu at a distance of {{convert|200|e6mi|e6km|sp=us|abbr=off}} from Earth.<ref>{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx TAGS Asteroid Bennu |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-tags-asteroid-bennu |website=OSIRIS-Rex Asteroid Sample Return Mission |publisher=The  University of Arizona |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=October 21, 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |last=Potter |first=Sean |date=20 October 2020 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft successfully touches asteroid |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=http://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-successfully-touches-asteroid |access-date=21 October 2020 |archive-date=21 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021083559/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-successfully-touches-asteroid/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> NASA confirmed via images taken during sampling that the sampler had made contact. The spacecraft touched down within {{cvt|92|cm}} of the target location.<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-tags-asteroid-bennu |title=OSIRIS-REx TAGS Asteroid Bennu |date=October 21, 2020 |access-date=October 24, 2020 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=NASA |archive-date=23 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023143141/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-tags-asteroid-bennu |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>[https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/touching-the-asteroid/ "Touching the Asteroid" (video, 54:03 minutes)] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201022155221/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/video/touching-the-asteroid/ |date=22 October 2020 }}, ''[[Physics:Nova (American TV program)|Nova]]'' on PBS 21 October 2020 Retrieved on 22 October 2020</ref> A sample of the asteroid which was estimated to weigh at least {{convert|2|oz|g|abbr=off}} was collected by OSIRIS-REx following the touch down.<ref name=samplecollection/> After imaging the TAGSAM head, NASA concluded that there were rocks wedged in the mylar flap  meant to keep the sample inside, causing the sample to slowly escape into space.<ref name=SAANASA/> In order to prevent further loss of the sample through the flaps, NASA canceled the previously planned spinning maneuver meant to determine the mass of the sample as well as a navigational braking maneuver, and decided to stow the sample on 27&nbsp;October 2020 rather than 2&nbsp;November 2020 as originally planned, which was completed successfully. The collector head was observed hovering over the [[Astronomy:Sample-return mission|Sample Return Capsule]] (SRC) after the TAGSAM arm moved it into the proper position for capture, and the collector head was later secured onto the capture ring in the SRC.<ref name=SAANASA>{{cite press release |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-collects-significant-amount-of-asteroid |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Collects Significant Amount of Asteroid |date=23 October 2020 |website=nasa.gov |publisher=NASA |access-date=24 October 2020 |archive-date=25 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025124102/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-spacecraft-collects-significant-amount-of-asteroid/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

When the head was seated into the Sample-Return Capsule's capture ring on 28 October 2020, the spacecraft performed a "backout check", which commanded the TAGSAM arm to back out of the capsule. This maneuver is designed to tug on the collector head and ensure that the latches – which keep the collector head in place – are well secured. Following the test, the mission team received telemetry confirming that the head was properly secured in the Sample-Return Capsule. Thereafter, on 28 October 2020, two mechanical parts on the TAGSAM arm were disconnected – these are the tube that carried the nitrogen gas to the TAGSAM head during sample collection and the TAGSAM arm itself. Over the next several hours, the mission team commanded the spacecraft to cut the tube that stirred up the sample through the TAGSAM head during sample collection, and separate the collector head from the TAGSAM arm. Once the team confirmed these activities were done, it commanded the spacecraft on 28 October 2020, to close and seal the Sample-Return Capsule, the final step of the sample stowage process of Bennu's samples.<ref name=Goddard>{{cite press release |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx spacecraft is stowing samples |date=27 October 2020 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-in-the-midst-of-stow |access-date=28 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101012446/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=osiris-rex-in-the-midst-of-stow |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> To seal the SRC, the spacecraft closed the lid and then secured two internal latches. On inspecting images, it was observed that a few particles had escaped from the collector head during the stowage procedure, but it was confirmed that no particles would hinder the stowage process, since the team was confident that a plentiful amount of material remained inside of the head, more than the {{cvt|60|g}} needed, and as much as {{cvt|2000|g}}. The sample of Bennu was safely stored and ready for its journey to Earth. With the collector head secure inside the SRC, pieces of the sample would no longer be lost.<ref name=SampleStowing>{{cite press release |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-successfully-stows-sample-of-asteroid-bennu |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Samples stowing process completed |date=28 October 2020 |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=NASA |access-date=29 October 2020 |archive-date=1 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201101035918/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasas-osiris-rex-successfully-stows-sample-of-asteroid-bennu |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Sample return ===
{{multiple image
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 
 | image1 = OSIRIS-REx Sample Return (NHQ202309240005).jpg
 | caption1 = Two members of the recovery team examine the return capsule after landing
 | image2 = OSIRIS-REx Sample Return (NHQ202309240002).jpg
 | caption2 = Close-up photo of the return capsule upon landing
 | image3 = OSIRIS-REx expected landing area map.jpg
 | caption3 = Expected landing area of return capsule in Utah
}}
On 7&nbsp;April 2021, OSIRIS-REx completed its final flyover of Bennu and began drifting away from the asteroid.<ref>{{cite press release |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx completes final tour of asteroid Bennu |date=April 7, 2021 |publisher=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-osiris-rex-completes-final-tour-of-asteroid-bennu |access-date=April 26, 2021 |archive-date=22 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210422112934/https://www.nasa.gov/feature/goddard/2021/nasa-osiris-rex-completes-final-tour-of-asteroid-bennu/ |url-status=live }}</ref> On 10&nbsp;May 2021, the spacecraft departed the vicinity of Bennu and began its two-year journey to Earth with the asteroid sample.<ref>{{cite news |first=Marcia |last=Dunn |date=10 May 2021 |title=NASA spacecraft begins 2-year trip home with asteroid rubble |agency=Associated Press |website=WJHL |url=https://www.wjhl.com/news/national/nasa-spacecraft-begins-2-year-trip-home-with-asteroid-rubble/ |access-date=10 May 2021 |archive-date=30 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211130235359/https://www.wjhl.com/news/national/nasa-spacecraft-begins-2-year-trip-home-with-asteroid-rubble/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="NASA-20201029">{{cite press release |last1=Hautaluoma |first1=Grey |last2=Johnson |first2=Alana |last3=Jones |first3=Nancy Neal |last4=Morton |first4=Erin |id=Release 20-109 |title=NASA's OSIRIS-REx successfully stows sample of asteroid Bennu |date=29 October 2020 |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-successfully-stows-sample-of-asteroid-bennu |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201030172652/https://www.nasa.gov/press-release/nasa-s-osiris-rex-successfully-stows-sample-of-asteroid-bennu/ |url-status=live}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref name="NYT-20201029">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |date=29 October 2020 |title=NASA's asteroid mission packs away its cargo. Next stop: Earth |newspaper={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/science/nasa-osirix-rex-mission.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029225008/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/29/science/nasa-osirix-rex-mission.html |archive-date=29 October 2020 |quote=The OSIRIS-REX spacecraft stowed the rock and dust it collected from Bennu, setting itself up to return the sample to our planet.}}</ref> 

On 24 September 2023, at 4:42&nbsp;a.m. MDT (UTC-06:00), at a distance of {{convert|63,000|mi|sp=us|km|abbr=off}} from Earth, it ejected the sample return capsule, which re-entered [[Earth:Atmosphere of Earth|the atmosphere]] at {{convert|27,650|mph}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=NASA’s First Asteroid Sample Has Landed, Now Secure in Clean Room |url=https://www.nasa.gov/news-release/nasas-first-asteroid-sample-has-landed-now-secure-in-clean-room/ |publisher=NASA |access-date=29 September 2023 |date=September 24, 2023}}</ref> Due to a mistake in wiring, the drogue parachute did not deploy as planned at 100,000 feet (30,400 meters).<ref name="drogueproblem">{{cite news |title=NASA Finds Likely Cause of OSIRIS-REx Parachute Deployment Sequence – OSIRIS-REx Mission |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/12/05/nasa-finds-likely-cause-of-osiris-rex-parachute-deployment-sequence/ |access-date=1 January 2024 |work=blogs.nasa.gov |agency=[[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |date=5 December 2023 |language=en}}</ref> However, the main parachute was released when the spacecraft reached about 9,000 feet (2,700 meters), and it  survived deployment despite higher than anticipated speeds.<ref name="drogueproblem"/> About 8:52&nbsp;a.m. MDT the capsule landed at {{convert|11|mph|abbr=on}} at the Utah Test and Training Range, one minute earlier than predicted.<ref name="drogueproblem"/><ref>{{Cite web |date=2023-09-08 |title=Here's How Sept. 24 Asteroid Sample Delivery Will Work – OSIRIS-REx Mission |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/09/08/heres-how-sept-24-asteroid-sample-delivery-will-work/ |access-date=2023-09-16 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=13 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230913100443/https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/09/08/heres-how-sept-24-asteroid-sample-delivery-will-work/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="planetary20180705">{{cite web |first=Jason |last=Davis |date=5 July 2018 |title=What's the benefit of sample return? |publisher=The Planetary Society |url=http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/why-sample-return.html |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=12 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181012003849/http://www.planetary.org/blogs/jason-davis/why-sample-return.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The main spacecraft maneuvered to a trajectory away from Earth for its extended mission to Apophis in 2029 called ''OSIRIS-APEX.''<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2023-09-24 |title=OSIRIS-REx Spacecraft Departs for New Mission – OSIRIS-REx Mission |url=https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/09/24/osiris-rex-spacecraft-departs-for-new-mission/ |access-date=2023-09-24 |website=blogs.nasa.gov |language=en-US |archive-date=24 September 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230924193457/https://blogs.nasa.gov/osiris-rex/2023/09/24/osiris-rex-spacecraft-departs-for-new-mission/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

At 10:15 a.m. MDT (UTC-06:00), the capsule was taken from the landing site by helicopter. The sample will be [[Astronomy:Extraterrestrial sample curation|analyzed]] at NASA's [[Astronomy:Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate|Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate]] (ARES) and at Japan's [[Astronomy:Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center|Extraterrestrial Sample Curation Center]].<ref name="planetary20180705"/><ref name="jaxa-cur">{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx Project |publisher=[[Organization:JAXA|JAXA]] |department=Astromaterial Science Research Group |url=https://curation.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/osiris/index.html |access-date=2 September 2018 |archive-date=25 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180925180519/https://curation.isas.jaxa.jp/curation/osiris/index.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> Asteroid sample material requests will be considered and distributed to organizations worldwide by ARES.<ref name=returninghome>{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx |publisher=NASA |department=Astromaterials Research and Exploration Science Directorate |url=https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/missions/osiris-rex/ |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=13 February 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230213090046/https://ares.jsc.nasa.gov/missions/osiris-rex/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

On 11 October 2023, the recovered capsule was opened to reveal a "first look" at the asteroid sample contents.<ref name="NYT-20231011">{{cite news |last=Chang |first=Kenneth |title=NASA Unveils First Glimpse of ‘Scientific Treasure’ Collected From Asteroid - Scientists said they got more material than expected from the Osiris-Rex mission during its seven-year journey to the asteroid Bennu. |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/11/science/nasa-asteroid-osiris-rex-bennu.html |date=11 October 2023 |work={{wipe|The New York Times}} |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231011174611/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/10/11/science/nasa-asteroid-osiris-rex-bennu.html |archivedate=11 October 2023 |accessdate=12 October 2023 }}</ref> Further looks were reported on 13 December 2023 and revealed organic molecules and unknown materials that require study to determine their composition.<ref name="LS-20231213">{{cite news |last=Kuthunur |first=Sharmila |title='What is that material?': Potentially hazardous asteroid Bennu stumps scientists with its odd makeup - Scientists found signs of organic molecules in the first samples of potentially hazardous asteroid Bennu, as well as a 'head scratching' material that has yet to be identified. |url=https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/what-is-that-material-potentially-hazardous-asteroid-bennu-stumps-scientists-with-its-odd-makeup |date=13 December 2023 |work=LiveScience |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231214014121/https://www.livescience.com/space/space-exploration/what-is-that-material-potentially-hazardous-asteroid-bennu-stumps-scientists-with-its-odd-makeup |archivedate=14 December 2023 |accessdate=13 December 2023 }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20231215">{{cite news |last=Rabie |first=Passant |title=It's Been 2 Months. Why Can't NASA Open the Asteroid Sample Container? - The space agency is having to develop new tools to crack open the canister containing bits from asteroid Bennu |url=https://gizmodo.com/nasa-osiris-rex-asteroid-samples-bennu-stuck-container-1851102598 |date=15 December 2023 |work=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20231215230642/https://gizmodo.com/nasa-osiris-rex-asteroid-samples-bennu-stuck-container-1851102598 |archivedate=15 December 2023 |accessdate=16 December 2023 }}</ref>

Some damaged fasteners prevented immediate opening, but, after three months, on 13 January 2024, NASA reported fully opening the recovered container.<ref name="EG-20240113">{{cite news |last=MacDonald |first=Cheyenne |title=NASA finally got the stuck lid off its asteroid Bennu sample container - Thanks to some stubborn fasteners, the agency spent three months locked out of the sample OSIRIS-REx dropped off. |url=https://www.engadget.com/nasa-finally-got-the-stuck-lid-off-its-asteroid-bennu-sample-container-185814782.html |date=13 January 2024 |work=[[Software:Engadget|Engadget]] |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240114015754/https://www.engadget.com/nasa-finally-got-the-stuck-lid-off-its-asteroid-bennu-sample-container-185814782.html |archivedate=13 January 2024 |accessdate=13 January 2024 }}</ref><ref name="GZM-20240122">{{cite news |last=Rabie |first=Passant |title=NASA Finally Opened the Asteroid Container and Holy Crap That’s a Lot of Asteroid - After months of struggling to get to the bulk of the OSIRIS-REx asteroid sample, the space agency has unveiled a treasure trove of ancient rocks and dust. |url=https://gizmodo.com/nasa-osiris-rex-canister-reveal-asteroid-sample-trove-1851184737 |date=22 January 2024 |work=Gizmodo |url-status=live |archiveurl=https://archive.today/20240123011843/https://gizmodo.com/nasa-osiris-rex-canister-reveal-asteroid-sample-trove-1851184737 |archivedate=22 January 2024 |accessdate=22 January 2024 }}</ref>

==Extended mission==
On 25 April 2022, NASA confirmed that the mission would be extended. After dropping off its sample to Earth on 24 September 2023, the mission became '''''OSIRIS-APEX''''' ('APophis EXplorer').<ref name=":0" /> As its new name suggests, its next target will be the [[Astronomy:Near-Earth object|near-Earth asteroid]] (and [[Astronomy:Potentially hazardous object|potentially hazardous object]]) [[Astronomy:99942 Apophis|99942 Apophis]]. Apophis will make an extremely close pass to the Earth on 13 April 2029. Observations of Apophis will commence on 8 April 2029, and a few days later, on 21 April, OSIRIS-APEX is planned to rendezvous with the asteroid.<ref name="Lauretta2020">{{cite conference |title=OSIRIS-REx at Apophis: Opportunity for an Extended Mission |url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/apophis2020/pdf/2008.pdf |date=6 November 2020 |first1=D. S. |last1=Lauretta |first2=E. B. |last2=Bierhaus |first3=R. P. |last3=Binzel |first4=B. J. |last4=Bos |conference=Apophis T–9 Years: Knowledge Opportunities for the Science of Planetary Defense |conference-url=https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/apophis2020/ |access-date=26 April 2022 |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327065351/https://www.hou.usra.edu/meetings/apophis2020/pdf/2008.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> OSIRIS-APEX will orbit Apophis for around 18 months in a regime similar to that at Bennu. The spacecraft will perform a maneuver, similar to sample collection at Bennu, by using its thrusters to disturb Apophis's surface, in order to expose and spectrally study the subsurface and the material beneath it.<ref name="APEX announcement" />

{{multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| width             = 250
| header            = Animation of OSIRIS-APEX
| image1            = Animation of OSIRIS-REx around Sun - Extended mission.gif
| caption1          = Around the Sun
| image2            = Animation of OSIRIS-APEX around 99942 Apophis.gif
| caption2          = Around 99942 Apophis
| footer            = {{legend2|magenta|OSIRIS-APEX}}{{·}}{{legend2|cyan| 99942 Apophis}}{{·}}{{legend2|blue|Earth}}{{·}}{{legend2|yellow|Sun}}
}}
{{clear}}

== Name ==
OSIRIS-REx and OSIRIS-APEX are acronyms, and each letter or combination of letters relates to part of the respective projects:<ref name="asteroidmission.org">{{cite press release |title=OSIRIS-REx acronym |website=asteroidmission.org |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/objectives/osiris-rex-acronym/ |access-date=15 December 2018 |archive-date=15 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181215174029/https://www.asteroidmission.org/objectives/osiris-rex-acronym/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*'''O''' – Origins
*'''SI''' – Spectral Interpretation
*'''RI''' – Resource Identification
*'''S''' – Security
*'''REx''' – Regolith Explorer
*'''APEX''' – Apophis Explorer

Each of these words was chosen to represent an aspect of this mission.<ref name="asteroidmission.org"/> For example, the S, for security means the security of Earth from impact by hazardous [[Astronomy:Near-Earth object|near-Earth object]]s (NEOs).<ref name="asteroidmission.org"/> Specifically it refers to better understanding the [[Yarkovsky effect]], which can alter the trajectories of orbiting bodies.<ref name="asteroidmission.org"/> Regolith Explorer means that the mission will study the texture, morphology, [[Chemistry:Geochemistry|geochemistry]], and spectral properties of the regolith of asteroid Bennu while Apophis Explorer corresponds to the study of Apophis asteroid.<ref name="asteroidmission.org"/>

When its heritage concept was proposed in the [[Astronomy:Discovery Program|Discovery Program]] in 2004, it was called only OSIRIS, with REx for "Regolith Explorer" used descriptively rather than as part of the name.<ref name="sci.esa.int">{{cite web |last=Lauretta |first=Dante |title=Asteroid sample-return mission OSIRIS – OSIRIS regolith explorer (REx) |publisher=[[Organization:European Space Agency|European Space Agency]] |url=http://sci2.esa.int/Conferences/MarcoPolo-ws08/The_OSIRIS_mission_-_Dante_Lauretta.pdf |url-status=dead |access-date=2020-07-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181123131540/http://sci2.esa.int/Conferences/MarcoPolo-ws08/The_OSIRIS_mission_-_Dante_Lauretta.pdf |archive-date=2018-11-23}}</ref>

The asteroid for the second mission is named after the ancient Egyptian god [[Unsolved:Apep|Apophis]], who was associated with chaos and destruction.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Strickland |first=Ashley |date=2023-09-25 |title=OSIRIS-APEX mission sets off for new asteroid target |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/09/25/world/osiris-apophis-mission-scn/index.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230926134324/https://edition.cnn.com/2023/09/25/world/osiris-apophis-mission-scn/index.html |archive-date=2023-09-26 |access-date=2023-09-26 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> The mission name itself was a reference to the god [[Biology:Osiris|Osiris]]. Dante Lauretta, deputy PI of the mission, was called "a mythology buff" by the mission PI Michael Drake: "he was doodling on a pad and trying to capture the principal themes of what we are trying to do with this mission study life origins, identify resources, planetary security in the form of asteroid deflection and he realized he got the name of Osiris out of that, an ancient god of Egypt who may have been one of the first pharaohs."<ref name="NASAcronyms">{{cite news |last=Wolchover |first=Natalie |date=27 May 2011 |title=NASAcronyms: How OSIRIS-REx got its name |website=LiveScience |url=http://www.livescience.com/33309-nasa-acronyms-osiris-rex-asteroid-spacecraft-mission.html |url-status=live |access-date=12 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150207040220/http://www.livescience.com/33309-nasa-acronyms-osiris-rex-asteroid-spacecraft-mission.html |archive-date=7 February 2015}} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Moskowitz |first=Clara |date=27 May 2011 |title=Why NASA chose potentially threatening asteroid for new mission |publisher=Space.com |url=http://www.space.com/11802-nasa-asteroid-mission-dangerous-1999-rq36.html |url-status=live |access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170531092011/http://www.space.com/11802-nasa-asteroid-mission-dangerous-1999-rq36.html |archive-date=31 May 2017}}</ref>

== Science objectives ==
[[File:OSIRIS-REx Sample Return Capsule (Schematic).png|thumb|upright=1.0|Sample Return Capsule infographic]]

The science objectives of the mission are:<ref>{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx info-sheet |department=[[Organization:Lunar and Planetary Laboratory|Lunar and Planetary Laboratory]] |publisher=[[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]] |url=http://osiris-rex.lpl.arizona.edu/downloads/OSIRIS_REx_infosheet.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120417120453/http://osiris-rex.lpl.arizona.edu/downloads/OSIRIS_REx_infosheet.pdf |archive-date=17 April 2012}}</ref>
* Return and analyze a sample of pristine [[Astronomy:C-type asteroid|carbonaceous asteroid]] regolith in an amount sufficient to study the nature, history, and distribution of its constituent minerals and [[Chemistry:Organic compound|organic compound]]s
* Map the global properties, chemistry, and mineralogy of a primitive carbonaceous asteroid to characterize its geologic and dynamic history and provide context for the returned samples
* Document the texture, morphology, [[Chemistry:Geochemistry|geochemistry]], and [[Physics:Spectroscopy|spectral properties]] of the regolith at the sampling site ''in situ'' at scales down to millimeters
* Measure the [[Yarkovsky effect]] (a thermal force on the object) on a potentially hazardous asteroid and constrain the asteroid properties that contribute to this effect
* Characterize the integrated global properties of a primitive carbonaceous asteroid to allow for direct comparison with ground-based telescopic data of the entire asteroid population

Telescopic observations have helped define the orbit of [[Astronomy:101955 Bennu|101955 Bennu]], a [[Astronomy:Near-Earth object|near-Earth object]] (NEO) with a mean diameter in the range of {{cvt|480|to|511|m}}.<ref>{{cite journal |first1=T.G. |last1=Müller |first2=L.|last2=O'Rourke |first3=A.M. |last3=Barucci |first4=A. |last4=Pál |first5=C. |last5=Kiss |first6=P. |last6=Zeidler |first7=B. |last7=Altieri |first8=B.M. |last8=González-García |first9=M. |last9=Küppers |date=December 2012 |title=Physical properties of OSIRIS-REx target asteroid {{mp|101955|1999 RQ|36}}. Derived from Herschel, VLT/ VISIR, and Spitzer observations |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics |volume=548 |at=A36 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201220066 |bibcode=2012A&A...548A..36M |arxiv=1210.5370 |s2cid=55689658}}</ref> It completes an orbit of the [[Astronomy:Sun|Sun]] every 436.604&nbsp;days (1.2&nbsp;years). This orbit takes it close to the Earth every six years. Although the orbit is reasonably well known, scientists continue to refine it. It is critical to know the orbit of Bennu because recent calculations produced a cumulative probability of 1 in 1410 (or 0.071%) of impact with Earth from 2169 to 2199.<ref>{{cite web |title=Earth impact risk summary for 101955&nbsp;Bennu |date=5 August 2010 |department=Near Earth Object Program |publisher=[[Organization:JPL|JPL]] / [[Organization:NASA|NASA]] |url=http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/a101955.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090209010346/http://neo.jpl.nasa.gov/risk/a101955.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=9 February 2009 |access-date=29 April 2013}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> One of the mission objectives is to refine understanding of non-gravitational effects (such as the [[Yarkovsky effect]]) on this orbit, and the implications of those effects for Bennu's collision probability. Knowing Bennu's physical properties will be critical for future scientists to understand when developing an [[Astronomy:Asteroid impact avoidance|asteroid impact avoidance]] mission.<ref name="asteroidmission">{{cite press release |title=OSIRIS-REx - The Mission |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=NASA |url=http://www.asteroidmission.org/mission/ |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-date=8 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181008214128/https://www.asteroidmission.org/mission/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

== Specifications ==
{{multiple image|direction=vertical|align=right|total_width=250
 |image1=OSIRIS-REx.stl|caption1=3D model of OSIRIS-REx
 |image2=OSIRIS-REx instrument deck.png|caption2=OSIRIS-REx instrument deck
}}
* Dimensions: Length {{cvt|2.4|m}}, width {{cvt|2.4|m}}, height {{cvt|3.15|m}}<ref name="press kit"/>
* Width with [[Physics:Solar panels on spacecraft|solar arrays]] deployed: {{cvt|6.17|m}}<ref name="press kit"/>
* Power: Two solar arrays generate 1226 to 3000&nbsp;Watts, depending on the spacecraft's distance from the Sun. Energy is stored in [[Engineering:Lithium-ion battery|Li-ion batteries]].<ref name="press kit"/>
* Propulsion system: Based on a [[Chemistry:Hydrazine|hydrazine]] monopropellant system developed for the ''[[Astronomy:Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter|Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter]]'', carrying {{cvt|1230|kg}} of propellant and helium.<ref>{{cite web |first=Dante |last=Lauretta |date=16 December 2014 |title=Integration of the OSIRIS-REx main propellant tank |website=Dslauretta.com |url=http://dslauretta.com/2014/12/16/integration-of-the-osiris-rex-main-propellant-tank/ |access-date=20 April 2015 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427111549/http://dslauretta.com/2014/12/16/integration-of-the-osiris-rex-main-propellant-tank/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* The sample-return capsule reentered the Earth's atmosphere with a parachute assisted landing. The capsule with encased samples was retrieved from Earth's surface and is being studied, as was done with the ''[[Engineering:Stardust (spacecraft)|Stardust]]'' mission.

== Instruments ==
In addition to its telecommunication equipment, the spacecraft carries a suite of instruments to image and analyze the asteroid on many wavelengths,<ref name="instruments"/> and retrieve a physical sample to return to Earth. [[Organization:The Planetary Society|The Planetary Society]] coordinated a campaign to invite interested persons to have their names or artwork on the mission's spirit of exploration saved on a microchip now carried in the spacecraft.<ref>{{cite news |title=NASA invites public to send artwork to an asteroid |publisher=[[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]] |date=19 February 2016 |url=http://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasa-invites-public-send-artwork-asteroid |access-date=1 April 2016 |archive-date=26 March 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160326075227/http://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=nasa-invites-public-send-artwork-asteroid |url-status=live }}<br />
{{cite web |title=OSIRIS-REx: Messages to Bennu! |publisher=The Planetary Society |url=http://www.planetary.org/get-involved/messages/bennu/ |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913163337/http://www.planetary.org/get-involved/messages/bennu/ |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== OCAMS ===
[[File:Osiris-Rex Ocams 007.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|Imaging camera suite]]

The OSIRIS-REx Camera Suite (OCAMS) consists of the PolyCam, the MapCam, and the SamCam.<ref name="instruments">{{cite web |title=Instruments: Science Payload |publisher=University of Arizona |url=http://www.asteroidmission.org/objectives/instruments/ |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=13 September 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160913011512/http://www.asteroidmission.org/objectives/instruments/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Together, they acquire information on asteroid Bennu by providing global mapping, sample site reconnaissance and characterization, high-resolution imaging, and records of the sample acquisition.<ref>{{cite web |title=OCAMS – The Eyes of OSIRIS-REx |website=Dslauretta.com |first=Dante |last=Lauretta |date=11 January 2014 |url=https://dslauretta.com/2014/01/11/ocams-the-eyes-of-osiris-rex/ |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=14 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114165045/https://dslauretta.com/2014/01/11/ocams-the-eyes-of-osiris-rex/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* PolyCam, an {{cvt|20|cm}} telescope, acquired visible-light images with increasingly higher resolution on approach the asteroid and high-resolution surface images from orbit
* MapCam searches for satellites and outgassing plumes. It maps the asteroid in four blue, green, red and near infrared channels, and informs the model of Bennu's shape and provides high resolution imaging of the potential sample sites
* SamCam continuously documents the sample acquisitions

=== OVIRS ===
[[File:Osiris-Rex Ovirs gsfc 20150619 2015-12655 019-023.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|OVIRS]]

The OSIRIS-REx Visible and IR Spectrometer (OVIRS) is a [[Physics:Spectrometer|spectrometer]] which maps minerals and organic substances on the asteroid's surface.<ref name="instruments"/> It provides full-disc asteroid spectral data at 20&nbsp;m resolution. It maps blue to near-infrared, {{nowrap|400–4300 nm}}, with a [[Physics:Spectral resolution|spectral resolution]] of {{nowrap|7.5–22 nm}}.<ref name="simonmiller2013">{{cite conference |first1=A.A. |last1=Simon-Miller |first2=D.C. |last2=Reuter |title=OSIRIS-REx OVIRS: A scalable, visible to near-IR spectrometer for planetary study |conference=44th Lunar and Planetary Science Conference |date=18–22 March 2013 |place=The Woodlands, Texas |bibcode=2013LPI....44.1100S |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1100.pdf |access-date=18 September 2016 |archive-date=27 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150427162926/http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/lpsc2013/pdf/1100.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> This data will be used in concert with OTES spectra to guide sample-site selection. The spectral ranges and resolving powers are sufficient to provide surface maps of [[Chemistry:Carbonate|carbonate]]s, [[Chemistry:Silicate|silicate]]s, [[Chemistry:Sulfate|sulfate]]s, [[Chemistry:Oxide|oxide]]s, [[Chemistry:Adsorption#Adsorbed water|adsorbed water]] and a wide range of [[Chemistry:Organic compound|organic compound]]s.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== OTES ===
[[File:Osiris-Rex Otes-3.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|OTES]]

The OSIRIS-REx Thermal Emission Spectrometer (OTES) provides [[Physics:Thermal infrared spectroscopy|thermal emission spectral]] maps and local spectral information of candidate sample sites in the [[Physics:Infrared spectroscopy|thermal infrared]] channel covering 4–50&nbsp;µm, again to map mineral and organic substances.<ref name="instruments"/> The [[Wavelength|wavelength]] range, spectral resolution, and radiometric performance are sufficient to resolve and identify silicates, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, oxides, and hydroxide minerals. OTES is also used to measure the total thermal emission from Bennu in support of the requirement to measure emitted radiation globally.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Based on the performance of [[Physics:Mini-TES|Mini-TES]] in the dusty surface environment of Mars, OTES was designed to be resilient to extreme dust contamination on the optical elements.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

=== REXIS ===
The Regolith X-ray Imaging Spectrometer (REXIS) will provide an [[Physics:X-ray spectroscopy|X-ray spectroscopy]] map of Bennu to map element abundances.<ref name="instruments"/> REXIS is a collaborative development by four groups within [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT) and [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]], with the potential to involve more than 100&nbsp;students throughout the process. REXIS is based on flight heritage hardware, thereby minimizing elements of technical risk, schedule risk, and cost risk.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Carte |first=David B. |last2=Inamdar |first2=Niraj K. |last3=Jones |first3=Michael P. |last4=Masterson |first4=Rebecca A. |date=2014-05-01 |title=Design and Test of a Deployable Radiation Cover for the REgolith X-Ray Imaging Spectrometer |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150004054 |journal=The 42nd Aerospace Mechanism Symposium |language=en |access-date=25 September 2023 |archive-date=5 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210805005342/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/citations/20150004054 |url-status=live }}</ref>

REXIS is a [[Astronomy:Coded aperture|coded aperture]] soft X-ray (0.3–7.5 keV) telescope that images X-ray fluorescence line emission produced by the absorption of solar [[Physics:X-rays|X-rays]] and the [[Astronomy:Solar wind|solar wind]] with elements in the regolith of Bennu leading to local X-ray emissions. Images are formed with 21&nbsp;arcminute resolution (4.3&nbsp;m spatial resolution at a distance of 700&nbsp;m). Imaging is achieved by correlating the detected X-ray image with a 64×64&nbsp;element random mask (1.536&nbsp;mm pixels). REXIS will store each X-ray event data in order to maximize the data storage usage and to minimize the risk. The [[Pixel|pixel]]s will be addressed in 64×64&nbsp;bins and the 0.3–7.5&nbsp;keV range will be covered by five broad bands and 11&nbsp;narrow line bands. A 24-second resolution time tag will be interleaved with the event data to account for Bennu rotation. Images will be reconstructed on the ground after downlink of the event list. Images are formed simultaneously in 16&nbsp;energy bands centered on the dominant lines of abundant surface elements from O-K (0.5&nbsp;keV) to Fe-Kß (7&nbsp;keV) as well the representative continuum. During orbital phase&nbsp;5B, a 21-day orbit 700&nbsp;m from the surface of Bennu, a total of at least 133&nbsp;events/asteroid pixel/energy band are expected under 2&nbsp;keV; enough to obtain significant constraints on element abundances at scales larger than 10 m.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

On 11&nbsp;November 2019, while observing the asteroid with REXIS, university students and researchers involved in the mission unexpectedly discovered an X-ray burst from a [[Astronomy:Black hole|black hole]] named MAXI J0637-430 located 30,000&nbsp;light-years away.<ref>{{cite AV media |title=OSIRIS-REx Observes a Black Hole |date=3 March 2020 |publisher=NASA Goddard |medium=video |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Erry315AwmI | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/Erry315AwmI| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|access-date=5 March 2020 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== OLA ===
The OSIRIS-REx Laser Altimeter (OLA) is a scanning and [[Engineering:Lidar|lidar]] instrument that will provide high resolution topographical information throughout the mission.<ref name="instruments"/> The information received by OLA creates global topographic maps of Bennu, local maps of candidate sample sites, ranging in support of other instruments, and support navigation and gravity analyses.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

OLA scans the surface of Bennu at specific intervals to rapidly map the entire surface of the asteroid to achieve its primary objective of producing local and global topographic maps. The data collected by OLA will also be used to develop a control network relative to the center of mass of the asteroid and to enhance and refine gravitational studies of Bennu.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

OLA has a single common receiver and two complementary transmitter assemblies that enhance the resolution of the information brought back. OLA's high-energy laser transmitter is used for ranging and mapping from {{cvt|1|to|7.5|km}}. The low-energy transmitter is used for ranging and imaging from {{cvt|0.5|to|1|km}}. The repetition rate of these transmitters sets the data acquisition rate of OLA. Laser pulses from both the low and high energy transmitters are directed onto a movable scanning mirror, which is co-aligned with the field of view of the receiver telescope limiting the effects of background solar radiation. Each pulse provides target range, azimuth, elevation, received intensity and a time-tag.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

OLA was funded by the [[Organization:Canadian Space Agency|Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA) and was built by MDA at Brampton, Ontario, Canada.<ref>{{cite news |title=OLA, Canada's Contribution to OSIRIS-REx |publisher=Canadian Space Agency |date=4 March 2013 |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/osiris-rex/ola.asp |access-date=15 October 2014 |archive-date=19 October 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141019093440/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/osiris-rex/ola.asp |url-status=live }}</ref> OLA was delivered for integration with the spacecraft on 17 November 2015.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nancy N. |last=Jones |date=17 July 2014 |title=Canada Contributes to NASA's OSIRIS-REx Mission |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/canada-contributes-to-nasa-s-osiris-rex-mission |access-date=26 October 2017 |archive-date=18 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918104529/https://www.nasa.gov/content/goddard/canada-contributes-to-nasa-s-osiris-rex-mission/ |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}<br />
{{cite news |url=https://www.kelownanow.com/news/news/National_News/15/12/17/Canada_to_Invest_in_Space_Exploration_with_New_Laser/ |title=Canada to invest in space exploration with new laser |newspaper=Kelowna Now |first=Cassandra |last=Jeffery |date=17 December 2015 |access-date=21 December 2015 |archive-date=17 October 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181017001757/https://www.kelownanow.com/news/news/National_News/15/12/17/Canada_to_Invest_in_Space_Exploration_with_New_Laser/ |url-status=live }}</ref> The lead instrument scientist of OLA is Michael Daly from York University.<ref>{{cite web |title=Canada's role in OSIRIS-REx |date=4 March 2013 |website=asc-csa.gc.ca |url=http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/osiris-rex/canadas-role.asp |access-date=2019-10-02 |archive-date=3 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190903121623/http://www.asc-csa.gc.ca/eng/satellites/osiris-rex/canadas-role.asp |url-status=live }}</ref>

=== TAGSAM ===
{{main|Engineering:TAGSAM}}
[[File:Osiris-Rex Sample-return-arm-test-167.jpg|thumb|upright=1.0|TAGSAM arm test before launch]]

The sample-return system, called Touch-And-Go Sample Acquisition Mechanism (TAGSAM), consists of a sampler head with an articulated {{cvt|3.35|m}} arm.<ref name="press kit"/><ref name="instruments"/> An on-board nitrogen source supports up to three separate sampling attempts to acquire at least {{cvt|60|g}} of sample in all. The surface contact pads also collect fine-grained material.{{Citation needed|date=October 2020}}

Highlights of the TAGSAM instrument and technique include:
* Relative approach velocity of {{cvt|10|cm/s}}<ref>{{cite web |first=Dante |last=Lauretta |date=27 November 2013 |title=How to get to Bennu and back |website=Dslauretta.com |url=https://dslauretta.com/2013/11/27/how-to-get-to-bennu-and-back/ |access-date=10 September 2016 |archive-date=8 May 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508225543/https://dslauretta.com/2013/11/27/how-to-get-to-bennu-and-back/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* Contact within {{cvt|25|m}} of selected location
* OCAMS documents sampling at 1&nbsp;Hz
* Collect samples in less than five seconds, direct nitrogen (N<sub>2</sub>) annular jet fluidizes regolith, surface-contact pad captures surface sample
* Verify bulk sample collection via spacecraft inertia change; surface sample by imaging sampler head
* Sampler head stored in sample-return capsule and returned to Earth

== Cooperation with JAXA ==
[[Astronomy:Hayabusa2|Hayabusa2]] is a similar mission from [[Organization:JAXA|JAXA]] to collect samples from near-Earth asteroid [[Astronomy:162173 Ryugu|162173 Ryugu]]. It arrived at the [[Astronomy:Asteroid|asteroid]] in June&nbsp;2018, left in November&nbsp;2019 after two successful sample collections, and returned to Earth in December&nbsp;2020. The recovery capsule of Hayabusa2 re-entered Earth atmosphere and landed in Australia, as planned, on 5&nbsp;December 2020. The sample contents were to be extensively analyzed, including water content, to provide clues on the initial formation of the asteroid. The main module of Hayabusa2 is performing a swing-by procedure to "push" it onward to its next destination, asteroid 1998KY26, by 2031. Because the two missions were similar and had overlapping timelines (OSIRIS-REx was still in the return phase), NASA and JAXA signed an agreement to collaborate on sample exchange and research.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Stephen |last1=Clark |date=15 December 2014 |title=NASA, JAXA reach asteroid sample-sharing agreement |website=Spaceflight Now |url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/15/nasa-jaxa-reach-asteroid-sample-sharing-agreement/ |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=31 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031235853/https://spaceflightnow.com/2014/12/15/nasa-jaxa-reach-asteroid-sample-sharing-agreement/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite press release |first1=Keiko |last1=Nakamura-Messenger |first2=Kevin |last2=Righter |first3=Christopher |last3=Snead |first4=Francis |last4=McCubbin |first5=Lisa |last5=Pace |first6=Ryan |last6=Zeigler |first7=Cindy |last7=Evans |year=2017 |title=NASA curation preparation for Ryugu sample returned by JAXA's Hayabusa2 mission |publisher=NASA |url=https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20170008918.pdf |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=24 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024132751/https://ntrs.nasa.gov/archive/nasa/casi.ntrs.nasa.gov/20170008918.pdf |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The two teams visited each other, with representatives from JAXA visiting the OSIRIS-REx Science Operations Center at the [[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]], and members of the OSIRIS-REx team traveling to Japan to meet with the Hayabusa2 team.<ref>{{cite web |title=Mission Update Apr. 22, 2019 |date=22 April 2019 |website=AsteroidMission.org |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?mission_update=apr-22-2019 |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=26 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201026175638/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?mission_update=apr-22-2019 |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Science Team Meeting&nbsp;12 |date=29 March 2017 |quote=This week we're hosting Science Team Meeting&nbsp;12 at @uarizona. More than 100&nbsp;members of @nasa's OSIRIS-REx team and @jaxajp's Hayabusa2 team are gathered in Tucson to exchange information, share ideas and plan ways the two #asteroid-bound missions can collaborate. #science |website=Instagram |publisher=OSIRIS-REx |url=https://www.instagram.com/p/BSO5YjKBLwf/  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/iarchive/s/instagram/BSO5YjKBLwf |archive-date=26 December 2021 |url-access=registration|access-date=12 February 2020}}{{cbignore}}</ref> The teams are sharing software, data, and techniques for analysis, and will eventually exchange portions of the samples that are returned to Earth.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Christine |last1=Hoekenga |date=22 June 2018 |title=Two Pieces of a Cosmic Puzzle: Hayabusa2 and OSIRIS-REx |website=asteroidmission.org |publisher=NASA |url=https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=two-pieces-cosmic-puzzle-hayabusa2-osiris-rex |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=8 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201108104600/https://www.asteroidmission.org/?latest-news=two-pieces-cosmic-puzzle-hayabusa2-osiris-rex |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first1=Dante |last1=Lauretta |date=20 October 2014 |title=Collaboration between OSIRIS-REx and Hayabusa2 |publisher=The Planetary Society |url=https://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/dante-lauretta/20141020-collaboration-between.html |access-date=12 February 2020 |archive-date=13 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213071311/https://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/dante-lauretta/20141020-collaboration-between.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

== OSIRIS-REx II ==
OSIRIS-REx II was a 2012 mission concept to replicate the original spacecraft for a double mission, with the second vehicle collecting samples from the two moons of Mars, [[Astronomy:Phobos (moon)|Phobos]] and [[Astronomy:Deimos (moon)|Deimos]]. It was stated that this mission would be both the quickest and least expensive way to get samples from the moons. Mars I and II are now the aims of another mission, led by JAXA, called [[Astronomy:Martian Moons eXploration (MMX)|MMX]], to be launched in 2024.<ref>{{cite conference |first=T.L. |last=Elifritz |title=OSIRIS-REx II to Mars - Mars sample return from Phobos and Deimos |conference=Concepts and Approaches for Mars Exploration |date=12–14 June 2012 |place=Houston, Texas |bibcode=2012LPICo1679.4017E |url=http://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4017.pdf |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=28 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200928020720/https://www.lpi.usra.edu/meetings/marsconcepts2012/pdf/4017.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Graham |last=Templeton |date=31 May 2016 |title=OSIRIS-REx is about to go collect (and return) samples from an asteroid |publisher=ExtremeTech |url=https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/229171-osiris-rex-is-about-to-go-collect-and-return-samples-from-an-asteroid |access-date=24 November 2016 |archive-date=25 November 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161125110212/https://www.extremetech.com/extreme/229171-osiris-rex-is-about-to-go-collect-and-return-samples-from-an-asteroid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=MMX - Martian Moons eXploration |url=http://mmx.isas.jaxa.jp/ |access-date=2023-09-15 |website=MMX - Martian Moons eXploration |language=en |archive-date=22 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222002655/http://mmx.isas.jaxa.jp/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Gallery ==
<gallery mode="packed" heights="180px">
File:Tour of Asteroid Bennu.webm|Narrated tour of Bennu's most prominent surface features, as seen by OSIRIS-REx
File:Asteroid Bennu's Surprising Surface Revealed by OSIRIS-REx (long form).webm|Effects of OSIRIS-REx sampling attempt on Bennu
NASA’s OSIRIS-REx Captures New Earth-Moon Image (cropped).png|Earth–Moon system during an engineering test (January 2018)
OSIRIS-REx_First_Image_of_Asteroid_Bennu.gif|First images of asteroid Bennu (August 2018).
OSIRIX-REx views Asteroid Bennu.jpg|Asteroid Bennu from {{cvt|330|km}} away (29 October 2018)
NASA-EarthMoonLowerLeft-BennuAsteroidUpperRight-20190108.jpg|Earth-Moon (lower left) and asteroid Bennu (upper right) (December 2018)<ref name="AP-20190108">{{cite news|last=Dunn|first=Marcia|title=Asteroid-circling spacecraft grabs cool snapshot of home width2=200|url=https://apnews.com/de76da4abcc04c288109201c33e22a2c|date=8 January 2019|work=AP News|access-date=8 January 2019|archive-date=9 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190109010956/https://apnews.com/de76da4abcc04c288109201c33e22a2c|url-status=live}}</ref>
OSIRIS-REx SRC and Bennu.png|The Sample Return Capsule (SRC) with asteroid Bennu in the background (December 2019)
OSIRIS-REx Sampling Before and After (Dated Frames).gif|The "Nightingale" sample site pictured before and after the sampling maneuver.
</gallery>

== See also ==
<!-- alphabetical order please WP:SEEALSO -->
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{{div col|colwidth=20em|small=yes}}
* {{annotated link|Astronomy:Asteroidal water}}
{{div col end}}
<!-- alphabetical order please WP:SEEALSO -->

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== External links ==
* {{cite web |url=http://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/osiris-rex/ |title=OSIRIS-REx|date=20 February 2015}} mission website at [[Organization:NASA|NASA]]
* {{cite web |url=http://www.asteroidmission.org |title=OSIRIS-REx}} mission website at the [[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]]
* {{cite web |url=https://pdssbn.astro.umd.edu/data_sb/missions/orex/index.shtml |title=''OSIRIS-REx'' Mission Archive |department=NASA Planetary Data System, Small Bodies Node |publisher=University of Maryland, Department of Astronomy}}
* [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5dA15GCrAXk Video (2:53)] – Asteroid Bennu Mission Overview ([[Organization:NASA|NASA]]; 11 May 2021).
{{Asteroid spacecraft}}
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{{Planetary defense}}
{{Astrobiology}}
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{{2018 in space}}
{{2020 in space}}
{{Solar System probes}}

[[Category:Astrobiology space missions]]
[[Category:Missions to near-Earth asteroids]]
[[Category:NASA space probes]]
[[Category:Orbiters (space probe)]]
[[Category:Sample return missions]]

{{Sourceattribution|OSIRIS-REx}}