View source for Astronomy:Outer Solar System Origins Survey

<!--{{Infobox astronomical survey}}-->
{| class="wikitable floatright" style="font-size: 0.9em; width: 270px;"
|+ [[Astronomy:Minor planet|Minor planet]]s discovered: 39&thinsp;<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" />
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| ''see {{section link||List of numbered minor planets discovered by OSSOS}}''
|}

The '''Outer Solar System Origins Survey''' ('''OSSOS''') is an [[Astronomy:Astronomical survey|astronomical survey]] and observing program aimed at discovering and tracking [[Astronomy:Trans-Neptunian object|trans-Neptunian object]]s located in the outermost regions of the [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]] beyond the orbit of [[Astronomy:Neptune|Neptune]]. OSSOS is designed in way that observational biases can be characterized, allowing the numbers and orbits of detected objects to be compared using a survey simulator to the populations predicted in dynamical simulations of the emplacement of trans-Neptunian objects.<ref name="OSSOS" /> Conducted at the Canada-France-Hawaii telescope at [[Organization:Mauna Kea Observatories|Mauna Kea Observatories]] {{Obscode|568}} in Hawaii, the survey has discovered 39 numbered objects as of 2018,<ref name="MPC-Discoverers" /> with potentially hundreds more to follow. The survey's first numbered discovery was the object {{mpl|(496315) 2013 GP|136}} in 2013.

== Description ==
OSSOS observed eight blocks of the sky over a period of five years from 2013–2017 using the MegaPrime camera of the 3.6-meter Canada-France-Hawaii Telescope. Images of these blocks were taken near opposition (when the block is near opposite the sun), two months before, and two months after.<ref name="Lawler-2018a" /> This extended period of observation was designed to remove ephemeris bias which can cause the loss of some objects due to inaccurate predictions of their future positions. Pointing directions, detection efficiencies, and tracking frequencies were determined to allow other observational biases to be identified.<ref name="Bannister-2016a" />

These identified biases are used by the survey simulator developed by the OSSOS group. This survey simulator can estimate the populations of detected objects, for example those in resonances, and set upper limits for the classes of objects not detected. The survey simulator can also predict the number of object that would be detected by OSSOS given the output of dynamical models of the early Solar System, allowing the models to be statistically tested.<ref name="Lawler-2018b" />

[[File:Semimajor axis and eccentricity of objects detected by OSSOS.png|thumb|480px|Semimajor axis and eccentricity of objects detected by OSSOS. Six other objects (not shown) with semimajor axes between 160 AU and 800 AU were also detected.]]

OSSOS has detected 838 objects, bring the total objects detected by well characterized surveys to more than 1100.<ref name="Bannister-2018">{{cite journal|last1=Bannister|first1=Michelle|display-authors=0|title=OSSOS. VII. 800+ Trans-Neptunian Objects—The Complete Data Release|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series|date=2018|volume=236|issue=1|page=18|arxiv=1805.11740|bibcode=2018ApJS..236...18B|doi=10.3847/1538-4365/aab77a |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="Kavelaars-2017" /> Among these objects are a possible dwarf planet in a 9:2 resonance with Neptune,<ref name="Bannister-2016b" /> and two objects in a 9:1 resonance with Neptune.<ref name="Volk-2018" /> Other resonant objects have been detected and their populations estimated.<ref name="Volk-2016" /> A previously identified 'kernel' in the cold classical Kuiper belt has been confirmed and other cold classical objects beyond the 2:1 resonance with Neptune have been identified.<ref name="Bannister-2016a" /> OSSOS detected 3 potential members of the Haumea family, but none of these were faint, indicating that the family has a shallow size distribution.<ref name="Pike_etal_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Pike |first1=Rosemary |display-authors=et al |title=A dearth of small members in the Haumea family revealed by OSSOS |journal=Nature Astronomy |date=2019 |volume=4 |pages=89–96 |arxiv=1908.10286 |doi=10.1038/s41550-019-0867-z}}</ref> Analysis of the size distribution of the scattering population revealed a break in its slope.<ref name="Lawler-2018a" /><ref name="Shankman-2016" /> The inclination distribution of these scattering objects had more with inclinations greater than 45 degrees than predicted using simulations that included only the known planets and the influence of the galaxy, but also fewer with inclinations between 15 and 30 degrees than predicted when Planet Nine was added to the simulations.<ref name="Kaib_etal_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Kaib |first1=Nathan A. |display-authors=0 |title=OSSOS XV: Probing the Distant Solar System with Observed Scattering TNOs |date=2019 |journal=The Astronomical Journal |volume=158 |issue=1 |page=43 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab2383 |pmid=31379385 |pmc=6677154 |arxiv=1905.09286 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Extreme trans-Neptunian objects (eTNOs) have been found including one with a semi-major axis of 730&nbsp;[[Astronomy:Astronomical unit|AU]], {{mp|2013 SY|99}},<ref name="Bannister-2017a" /> and seven other objects with semi-major axes greater than 150&nbsp;AU and perihelia greater than 30&nbsp;AU. After accounting for OSSOS's known biases the orbital elements of these objects are consist with a uniformly distributed population.<ref name="Shankman-2017" /> Four scattered disk objects with high perihelia have been detected with semi-major axes smaller than nearby resonances, consistent with their escape during a slow grainy migration of Neptune.<ref name="Lawler_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Lawler |first1=S. M. |display-authors=0|title=OSSOS. XIII. Fossilized Resonant Dropouts Tentatively Confirm Neptune's Migration Was Grainy and Slow |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2018 |volume=157 |issue=6 |page=253 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab1c4c |arxiv=1808.02618 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Closer to the Sun, 20 centaurs were found, none of which were active.<ref name="Cabral_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Cabral |first1=N. |display-authors=0|title=OSSOS: XI. No active Centaurs in the Outer Solar System Origins Survey |date=2019 |journal=Astronomy & Astrophysics  |volume=621 |page=A102 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201834021 |arxiv=1810.03648}}</ref> The number of centaurs detected and their inclinantion distribution were consistent with a model of the early Solar System that included a slow, long range migration of Neptune.<ref name="Nesvorny_etal_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Nesvorny |first1=David |display-authors=et al |title=OSSOS. XIX. Testing Early Solar System Dynamical Models Using OSSOS Centaur Detections |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2019 |volume=158 |issue=3 |page=132 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/ab3651 |arxiv=1907.10723 |doi-access=free }}</ref> 65 of the smaller objects discovered by OSSOS were later observed using the Subaru telescope to determine the variability of their brightness.<ref name="Alexanderson_etal_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Alexandersen |first1=Mike |display-authors=0 |title=OSSOS XII: Variability studies of 65 Trans-Neptunian Objects using the Hyper Suprime-Cam |date=2018 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=244 |issue=1 |page=19 |arxiv=1812.04304|doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ab2fe4 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

[[File:Semimajor axis and inclination of objects detected by OSSOS.png|thumb|480px|Semimajor axis and inclination of objects detected by OSSOS. Seven other objects (not shown) with semimajor axes between 160 AU and 800 AU or inclinations above 50 degrees were also detected.]]

Operating in conjunction with OSSOS is the Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey (Col-OSSOS). Col-OSSOS observes OSSOS objects with red magnitudes brighter than 23.5 simultaneously using the Gemini-North and Canada-France-Hawaii telescopes.<ref name="Col-OSSOS" /> The simultaneous observation allows the colors of these object to be measured more accurately by removing variations in their brightness due to the rotation of the objects and changes in atmospheric conditions. These observations have revealed three surface types among the TNOs,<ref name="Pike-2017" /> and have identified numerous binaries including loosely bound neutrally colored 'blue binaries' that could have been pushed out into their current orbits during Neptune's migration.<ref name="Fraser-2017" /> Among the dynamically excited populations the ratio of neutral to red objects has been estimated to be between 4:1 and 11:1.<ref name="Schwamb_etal_2018">{{cite journal |last1=Schwamb |first1=Megan E.  |display-authors=0|title=Col-OSSOS: The Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey |date=2018 |journal=The Astrophysical Journal Supplement Series |volume=243 |issue=1 |page=12 |arxiv=1809.08501|doi=10.3847/1538-4365/ab2194 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The inclination distributions were found to vary with color, with the red objects having lower inclinations.<ref name="Marsset_etal_2019">{{cite journal |last1=Marsset |first1=Michaël |display-authors=et al |title=Col-OSSOS: Color and Inclination Are Correlated throughout the Kuiper Belt |journal=The Astronomical Journal |date=2019 |volume=157 |issue=3 |page=94 |doi=10.3847/1538-3881/aaf72e |arxiv=1812.02190 |doi-access=free }}</ref> The Col-OSSOS team has also measured the color and light curve of [[Astronomy:ʻOumuamua|ʻOumuamua]].<ref name="Bannister-2017b" />

== Team ==
=== Core members ===

The core members of the Outer Solar System Origin Survey are:<ref name="OSSOS-people" />
* [[Biography:Brett J. Gladman|Brett J. Gladman]] –  ''co-principal investigator, orbit analysis''
* [[Biography:John J. Kavelaars|John J. Kavelaars]] –  ''co-principal investigator, data, discovery''
* Jean-Marc Petit –  ''co-principal investigator, orbit analysis, survey simulator''
* [[Biography:Michele Bannister|Michele Bannister]] – ''data, discovery, telescope operations'', ''(see {{MoMP|10463|cite}})''
* Stephen Gwyn – ''astrometric catalogue'', ''(see {{MoMP|358376|cite}})''
* Kat Volk – ''orbit classification''
* Ying-Tung (Charles) Chen – ''data analysis''
* Mike Alexandersen – ''survey cadence & design''

=== Collaborators ===

Collaborators of the Outer Solar System Origin Survey are:<ref name="OSSOS-people" />
{{Div col|colwidth=16em}}
* Andrew C. Becker
* Susan D. Benecchi (née Kern)
* Federica Bianco
* Steven Bickerton
* Ramon Brasser
* [[Biography:Audrey C. Delsanti|Audrey C. Delsanti]]
* Wesley Fraser
* Mikael Granvik
* Will Grundy
* Aurelie Guilbert-Lepoutre
* Amanda Sickafoose Gulbis
* Daniel Hestroffer
* Wing Ip
* Marian Jakubik
* Lynne Jones
* Nathan Kaib
* Pavlo Korsun
* Simon Krughoff
* Irina Kulyk
* Pedro Lacerda
* Sam Lawler
* Matthew Lehner
* Edward Lin
* Tim Lister
* Patryk Lykawka
* Ruth Murray-Clay
* Keith Noll ''(see {{MoMP|6386|cite}})''
* Alex Parker
* Nuno Peixinho
* Rosemary Pike
* Philippe Rousselot
* [[Biography:Megan Schwamb|Megan Schwamb]]
* Cory Shankman
* Bruno Sicardy
* Scott Tremaine 
* Pierre Vernazza ''(see {{MoMP|20607|cite}})''
* Shiang-Yu Wang
{{Div col end}}

== List of numbered minor planets discovered by OSSOS==

{| class="wikitable collapsible collapsed sortable"
|-
!Name||Date||List
|-
| '''{{mpl|(496315) 2013 GP|136}}''' || 2013/02/08 || {{LoMP|496315|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500828) 2013 GR|136}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500828|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500829) 2013 GT|136}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500829|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500830) 2013 GU|136}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500830|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500831) 2013 GV|136}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500831|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500832) 2013 GZ|136}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500832|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500833) 2013 GD|137}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500833|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500834) 2013 GK|137}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500834|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500835) 2013 GN|137}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500835|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500836) 2013 GQ|137}} || 2013/04/04 || {{LoMP|500836|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500837) 2013 GT|137}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500837|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500838) 2013 GV|137}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500838|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500839) 2013 GW|137}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500839|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500840) 2013 GA|138}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500840|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500856) 2013 HT|156}} || 2013/04/09 || {{LoMP|500856|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500876) 2013 JD|64}} || 2013/05/08 || {{LoMP|500876|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500877) 2013 JE|64}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500877|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500878) 2013 JG|64}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500878|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500879) 2013 JH|64}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500879|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500880) 2013 JJ|64}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500880|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500881) 2013 JM|64}} || 2013/05/08 || {{LoMP|500881|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500882) 2013 JN|64}} || 2013/05/08 || {{LoMP|500882|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500883) 2013 JJ|65}} || 2013/05/08 || {{LoMP|500883|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500884) 2013 JK|65}} || 2013/05/08 || {{LoMP|500884|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500885) 2013 JL|65}} || 2013/05/08 || {{LoMP|500885|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500886) 2013 JN|65}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500886|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500887) 2013 JO|65}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500887|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(500888) 2013 JP|65}} || 2013/05/07 || {{LoMP|500888|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(505446) 2013 SP|99}} || 2013/08/05 || {{LoMP|505446|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(505447) 2013 SQ|99}} || 2013/08/05 || {{LoMP|505447|list}}
|-
| '''{{mpl|(505448) 2013 SA|100}}''' || 2013/08/05 || {{LoMP|505448|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(505476) 2013 UL|15}} || 2013/08/02 || {{LoMP|505476|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(505477) 2013 UM|15}} || 2013/08/02 || {{LoMP|505477|list}}
|-
| '''{{mpl|(505478) 2013 UT|15}}''' || 2013/08/02 || {{LoMP|505478|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(511551) 2014 UD|225}} || 2013/08/08 || {{LoMP|511551|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(511552) 2014 UE|225}} || 2013/08/08 || {{LoMP|511552|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(511553) 2014 UK|225}} || 2013/11/29 || {{LoMP|511553|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(511554) 2014 UL|225}} || 2013/09/01 || {{LoMP|511554|list}}
|-
| {{mp|(511555) 2014 UM|225}} || 2013/08/08 || {{LoMP|511555|list}}
|}
{{clear}}

== See also ==
* {{section link|List of minor planet discoverers|OSSOS}}
* [[Astronomy:List of trans-Neptunian objects|List of trans-Neptunian objects]]

== References ==
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name="OSSOS">{{cite web
  |title      = Welcome to the Outer Solar System Origins Survey
  |website    = www.ossos-survey.org
  |url        = http://www.ossos-survey.org/
  |accessdate = 7 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="OSSOS-people">{{cite web
  |title      = People – The OSSOS collaboration
  |website    = www.ossos-survey.org
  |url        = http://www.ossos-survey.org/people.html
  |accessdate = 7 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Lawler-2018b">{{cite arXiv
  |last1      = Lawler |first1=S. M.
  |display-authors=0
  |title      = OSSOS: X. How to use a Survey Simulator: Statistical Testing of Dynamical Models Against the Real Kuiper Belt
  |date       = 2018
  |class=astro-ph.EP
 |eprint      = 1802.00460}}</ref>

<ref name="Kavelaars-2017">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = J. J. |last1 = Kavelaars
  |first2     = Michele T. |last2 = Bannister
  |first3     = Brett |last3 = Gladman
  |first4     = Jean-Marc |last4 = Petit
  |first5     = Stephen |last5 = Gwyn
  |first6     = Mike |last6 = Alexandersen
  |first7     = Ying-Tung |last7 = Chen
  |first8     = Kathryn |last8 = Volk
  |last9 = OSSOS Collaboration
  |date       = October 2017
  |title      = The Outer Solar System Origin Survey full data release orbit catalog and characterization.
  |journal    = American Astronomical Society
  |pages = 405.02 |bibcode    = 2017DPS....4940502K
  }}</ref>

<ref name="Bannister-2016b">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Michele T. |last1 = Bannister
  |first2     = Mike |last2 = Alexandersen
  |first3     = Susan D. |last3 = Benecchi
  |first4     = Ying-Tung |last4 = Chen
  |first5     = Audrey |last5 = Delsanti
  |first6     = Wesley C. |last6 = Fraser
  |first7     = Brett J. |last7 = Gladman
  |first8     = Mikael |last8 = Granvik
  |first9     = Will M. |last9 = Grundy
  |first10    = Aurélie |last10 = Guilbert-Lepoutre
  |first11    = Stephen D. J. |last11 = Gwyn
  |first12    = Wing-Huen |last12 = Ip
  |first13    = Marian |last13 = Jakubik
  |first14    = R. Lynne |last14 = Jones
  |first15    = Nathan |last15 = Kaib
  |first16    = J. J. |last16 = Kavelaars
  |first17    = Pedro |last17 = Lacerda
  |first18    = Samantha |last18 = Lawler
  |first19    = Matthew J. |last19 = Lehner
  |first20    = Hsing Wen |last20 = Lin
  |first21    = Patryk Sofia |last21 = Lykawka
  |first22    = Michael |last22 = Marsset
  |first23    = Ruth |last23 = Murray-Clay
  |first24    = Keith S. |last24 = Noll
  |first25    = Alex |last25 = Parker
  |first26    = Jean-Marc |last26 = Petit
  |first27    = Rosemary E. |last27 = Pike
  |first28    = Philippe |last28 = Rousselot
  |first29    = Megan E. |last29 = Schwamb
  |first30    = Cory |last30 = Shankman
  |first31    = Peter |last31 = Veres
  |first32    = Pierre |last32 = Vernazza
  |first33    = Kathryn |last33 = Volk
  |first34    = Shiang-Yu |last34 = Wang
  |first35    = Robert |last35 = Weryk
  |date       = December 2016
  |title      = OSSOS. IV. Discovery of a Dwarf Planet Candidate in the 9:2 Resonance with Neptune
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 152
  |issue      = 6
  |page       = 8
  |bibcode    = 2016AJ....152..212B 
  |doi        = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/6/212
  |arxiv      = 1607.06970
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Volk-2018">{{cite journal
  |last1     = Volk |first1 = Kathryn
  |display-authors=0
  |title     = OSSOS IX: two objects in Neptune's 9:1 resonance -- implications for resonance sticking in the scattering population
  |date      = 2018
  |journal   = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume    = 155
  |issue     = 6
  |page      = 260
  |doi       = 10.3847/1538-3881/aac268
  |arxiv     = 1802.05805
 |doi-access = free
 }}</ref>

<ref name="Volk-2016">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Kathryn |last1 = Volk
  |first2     = Ruth |last2 = Murray-Clay
  |first3     = Brett |last3 = Gladman
  |first4     = Samantha |last4 = Lawler
  |first5     = Michele T. |last5 = Bannister
  |first6     = J. J. |last6 = Kavelaars
  |first7     = Jean-Marc |last7 = Petit
  |first8     = Stephen |last8 = Gwyn
  |first9     = Mike |last9 = Alexandersen
  |first10    = Ying-Tung |last10 = Chen
  |first11    = Patryk Sofia |last11 = Lykawka
  |first12    = Wing |last12 = Ip
  |first13    = Hsing Wen |last13 = Lin
  |date       = July 2016
  |title      = OSSOS III---Resonant Trans-Neptunian Populations: Constraints from the first quarter of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 152
  |issue      = 1
  |page       = 25
  |bibcode    = 2016AJ....152...23V 
  |doi        = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/1/23
  |arxiv      = 1604.08177
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Bannister-2016a">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Michele T. |last1 = Bannister
  |first2     = J. J. |last2 = Kavelaars
  |first3     = Jean-Marc |last3 = Petit
  |first4     = Brett J. |last4 = Gladman
  |first5     = Stephen D. J. |last5 = Gwyn
  |first6     = Ying-Tung |last6 = Chen
  |first7     = Kathryn |last7 = Volk
  |first8     = Mike |last8 = Alexandersen
  |first9     = Susan D. |last9 = Benecchi
  |first10    = Audrey |last10 = Delsanti
  |first11    = Wesley C. |last11 = Fraser
  |first12    = Mikael |last12 = Granvik
  |first13    = Will M. |last13 = Grundy
  |first14    = Aurélie |last14 = Guilbert-Lepoutre
  |first15    = Daniel |last15 = Hestroffer
  |first16    = Wing-Huen |last16 = Ip
  |first17    = Marian |last17 = Jakubik
  |first18    = R. Lynne |last18 = Jones
  |first19    = Nathan |last19 = Kaib
  |first20    = Catherine F. |last20 = Kavelaars
  |first21    = Pedro |last21 = Lacerda
  |first22    = Samantha |last22 = Lawler
  |first23    = Matthew J. |last23 = Lehner
  |first24    = Hsing Wen |last24 = Lin
  |first25    = Tim |last25 = Lister
  |first26    = Patryk Sofia |last26 = Lykawka
  |first27    = Stephanie |last27 = Monty
  |first28    = Michael |last28 = Marsset
  |first29    = Ruth |last29 = Murray-Clay
  |first30    = Keith S. |last30 = Noll
  |first31    = Alex |last31 = Parker
  |first32    = Rosemary E. |last32 = Pike
  |first33    = Philippe |last33 = Rousselot
  |first34    = David |last34 = Rusk
  |first35    = Megan E. |last35 = Schwamb
  |first36    = Cory |last36 = Shankman
  |first37    = Bruno |last37 = Sicardy
  |first38    = Pierre |last38 = Vernazza
  |first39    = Shiang-Yu |last39 = Wang
  |date       = September 2016
  |title      = The Outer Solar System Origins Survey. I. Design and First-quarter Discoveries
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 152
  |issue      = 3
  |page       = 25
  |bibcode    = 2016AJ....152...70B 
  |doi        = 10.3847/0004-6256/152/3/70
  |arxiv      = 1511.02895
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Lawler-2018a">{{cite journal
  |last1      = Lawler |first1 = S. M.
  |display-authors=0
  |title      = OSSOS. VIII. The Transition Between Two Size Distribution Slopes in the Scattering Disk
  |journal    = Astrophysical Journal
  |volume     = 155
  |issue      = 5
  |page       = 197
  |date       = 2018
  |arxiv      = 1803.07521|bibcode= 2018AJ....155..197L|doi= 10.3847/1538-3881/aab8ff
 |doi-access = free
 }}</ref>

<ref name="Shankman-2016">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = C. |last1 = Shankman
  |first2     = JJ. |last2 = Kavelaars
  |first3     = B. J. |last3 = Gladman
  |first4     = M. |last4 = Alexandersen
  |first5     = N. |last5 = Kaib
  |first6     = J.-M. |last6 = Petit
  |first7     = M. T. |last7 = Bannister
  |first8     = Y.-T. |last8 = Chen
  |first9     = S. |last9 = Gwyn
  |first10    = M. |last10 = Jakubik
  |first11    = K. |last11 = Volk
  |date       = February 2016
  |title      = OSSOS. II. A Sharp Transition in the Absolute Magnitude Distribution of the Kuiper Belt's Scattering Population
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 151
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 11
  |bibcode    = 2016AJ....151...31S 
  |doi        = 10.3847/0004-6256/151/2/31
  |arxiv      = 1511.02896
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Bannister-2017a">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Michele T. |last1 = Bannister
  |first2     = Cory |last2 = Shankman
  |first3     = Kathryn |last3 = Volk
  |first4     = Ying-Tung |last4 = Chen
  |first5     = Nathan |last5 = Kaib
  |first6     = Brett J. |last6 = Gladman
  |first7     = Marian |last7 = Jakubik
  |first8     = J. J. |last8 = Kavelaars
  |first9     = Wesley C. |last9 = Fraser
  |first10    = Megan E. |last10 = Schwamb
  |first11    = Jean-Marc |last11 = Petit
  |first12    = Shiang-Yu |last12 = Wang
  |first13    = Stephen D. J. |last13 = Gwyn
  |first14    = Mike |last14 = Alexandersen
  |first15    = Rosemary E. |last15 = Pike
  |date       = June 2017
  |title      = OSSOS. V. Diffusion in the Orbit of a High-perihelion Distant Solar System Object
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 153
  |issue      = 6
  |page       = 11
  |bibcode    = 2017AJ....153..262B 
  |doi        = 10.3847/1538-3881/aa6db5
  |arxiv      = 1704.01952
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Shankman-2017">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Cory |last1 = Shankman
  |first2     = J. J. |last2 = Kavelaars
  |first3     = Michele T. |last3 = Bannister
  |first4     = Brett J. |last4 = Gladman
  |first5     = Samantha M. |last5 = Lawler
  |first6     = Ying-Tung |last6 = Chen
  |first7     = Marian |last7 = Jakubik
  |first8     = Nathan |last8 = Kaib
  |first9     = Mike |last9 = Alexandersen
  |first10    = Stephen D. J. |last10 = Gwyn
  |first11    = Jean-Marc |last11 = Petit
  |first12    = Kathryn |last12 = Volk
  |date       = August 2017
  |title      = OSSOS. VI. Striking Biases in the Detection of Large Semimajor Axis Trans-Neptunian Objects
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 154
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 8
  |bibcode    = 2017AJ....154...50S 
  |doi        = 10.3847/1538-3881/aa7aed
  |arxiv      = 1706.05348
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Col-OSSOS">{{cite web
  |last1      = Fraser |first1=Wesley
  |title      = Colours of the Outer Solar System Origins Survey
  |url        = https://www.colossos.net/
  |accessdate = 7 April 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Pike-2017">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Rosemary E. |last1 = Pike
  |first2     = Wesley C. |last2 = Fraser
  |first3     = Megan E. |last3 = Schwamb
  |first4     = J. J. |last4 = Kavelaars
  |first5     = Michael |last5 = Marsset
  |first6     = Michele T. |last6 = Bannister
  |first7     = Matthew J. |last7 = Lehner
  |first8     = Shiang-Yu |last8 = Wang
  |first9     = Mike |last9 = Alexandersen
  |first10    = Ying-Tung |last10 = Chen
  |first11    = Brett J. |last11 = Gladman
  |first12    = Stephen |last12 = Gwyn
  |first13    = Jean-Marc |last13 = Petit
  |first14    = Kathryn |last14 = Volk
  |date       = September 2017
  |title      = Col-OSSOS: z-Band Photometry Reveals Three Distinct TNO Surface Types
  |journal    = The Astronomical Journal
  |volume     = 154
  |issue      = 3
  |page       = 8
  |bibcode    = 2017AJ....154..101P 
  |doi        = 10.3847/1538-3881/aa83b1
  |arxiv      = 1708.03079
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="Fraser-2017">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Wesley C. |last1 = Fraser
  |first2     = Michele T. |last2 = Bannister
  |first3     = Rosemary E. |last3 = Pike
  |first4     = Michael |last4 = Marsset
  |first5     = Megan E. |last5 = Schwamb
  |first6     = J. J. |last6 = Kavelaars
  |first7     = Pedro |last7 = Lacerda
  |first8     = David |last8 = Nesvorný
  |first9     = Kathryn |last9 = Volk
  |first10    = Audrey |last10 = Delsanti
  |first11    = Susan |last11 = Benecchi
  |first12    = Matthew J. |last12 = Lehner
  |first13    = Keith |last13 = Noll
  |first14    = Brett |last14 = Gladman
  |first15    = Jean-Marc |last15 = Petit
  |first16    = Stephen |last16 = Gwyn
  |first17    = Ying-Tung |last17 = Chen
  |first18    = Shiang-Yu |last18 = Wang
  |first19    = Mike |last19 = Alexandersen
  |first20    = Todd |last20 = Burdullis
  |first21    = Scott |last21 = Sheppard
  |first22    = Chad |last22 = Trujillo
  |date       = April 2017
  |title      = All planetesimals born near the Kuiper belt formed as binaries
  |journal    = Nature Astronomy
  |volume     = 1
  |issue = 4 |pages = 0088 |bibcode    = 2017NatAs...1E..88F 
  |doi        = 10.1038/s41550-017-0088
  |arxiv      = 1705.00683
  }}</ref>

<ref name="Bannister-2017b">{{Cite journal
  |display-authors = 6
  |first1     = Michele T. |last1 = Bannister
  |first2     = Megan E. |last2 = Schwamb
  |first3     = Wesley C. |last3 = Fraser
  |first4     = Michael |last4 = Marsset
  |first5     = Alan |last5 = Fitzsimmons
  |first6     = Susan D. |last6 = Benecchi
  |first7     = Pedro |last7 = Lacerda
  |first8     = Rosemary E. |last8 = Pike
  |first9     = J. J. |last9 = Kavelaars
  |first10    = Adam B. |last10 = Smith
  |first11    = Sunny O. |last11 = Stewart
  |first12    = Shiang-Yu |last12 = Wang
  |first13    = Matthew J. |last13 = Lehner
  |date       = December 2017
  |title      = Col-OSSOS: Colors of the Interstellar Planetesimal 1I/'Oumuamua
  |journal    = The Astrophysical Journal Letters
  |volume     = 851
  |issue      = 2
  |page       = 7
  |bibcode    = 2017ApJ...851L..38B 
  |doi        = 10.3847/2041-8213/aaa07c
  |arxiv      = 1711.06214
  |doi-access = free }}</ref>

<ref name="MPC-Discoverers">{{cite web
  |title      = Minor Planet Discoverers (by number)
  |work       = Minor Planet Center
  |url        = http://www.minorplanetcenter.net/iau/lists/MPDiscsNum.html
  |date       = 31 March 2018
  |accessdate = 10 April 2018}}</ref>

}} <!-- end of reflist -->

== External links ==
* [http://www.ossos-survey.org/ Outer Solar System Origins Survey], website
* {{YouTube |id=_w9N6yABAW4 |title=Exploring the outer Solar System: now in vivid colour}}, SETI Talks, Michele Bannister
* [http://www.astro.uvic.ca/~micheleb/ Michele Bannister], at the ''Astronomy Research Centre'' (ARC)


[[Category:Astronomical surveys]]

{{Sourceattribution|Outer Solar System Origins Survey}}