View source for Astronomy:Ross 128

{{short description|Small star in constellation of Virgo}}
{{Starbox begin
| name=Ross 128
}}
{{Starbox image
| image = [[File:Artist's impression of the planet Ross 128 b.jpg|335px]]
| caption = Artist's impression of the planet [[Astronomy:Ross 128 b|Ross 128 b]], with the star Ross 128 visible in the background<ref name=eso/>
| credit = [[Organization:European Southern Observatory|European Southern Observatory]]
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch=J2000
| constell=[[Astronomy:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]
| ra={{RA|11|47|44.39727}}<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| dec={{DEC|+00|48|16.4003}}<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| appmag_v=11.13<ref name="RECONS"/>
}}
{{Starbox character
| type = [[Astronomy:Main sequence|Main sequence]] 
| class=M4V<ref name="baas36"/>
| b-v=+1.59<ref name=warren1978/>
| u-b=+2.685<ref name=aass26_275/>
| variable=[[Astronomy:Flare star|Flare star]]<ref name=gcvs>{{cite journal|bibcode=2009yCat....102025S|title=VizieR Online Data Catalog: General Catalogue of Variable Stars (Samus+ 2007–2013)|journal=VizieR On-line Data Catalog: B/GCVS. Originally Published in: 2009yCat....102025S|volume=1|display-authors=0|last1=Samus|first1=N. N.|last2=Durlevich|first2=O. V.|year=2009}}</ref>
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| radial_v=−31.0<ref name=PCRV/><ref name=aaa379/>
| prop_mo_ra={{val|607.299|0.034}}
| prop_mo_dec={{val|−1223.028|0.023}}
| pm_footnote=<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| parallax=296.3053
| p_error=0.0302
| parallax_footnote=<ref name="GaiaDR3"/>
| absmag_v=13.53<ref name="RECONS"/>
}}
{{Starbox detail
| mass={{val|0.176|0.004}}<ref name="Pineda2021"/>
| radius={{val|0.198|0.007}}<ref name="Pineda2021"/>
| luminosity_bolometric={{nowrap|0.00366 ± 0.00005}}<ref name="Pineda2021"/>
| temperature={{val|3189|55|53|fmt=commas}}<ref name="Pineda2021"/>
| gravity=3.40<ref name="rodono"/>
| metal_fe={{val|−0.02|0.08}}<ref name="Mannetal2015"/>
| rotational_velocity={{val|2.1|1.0}}<ref name=fouque2018/>
| age_gyr=5.0<ref name=mcintyre2022/>
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names=FI Virginis, FI Vir, G 010-050, GCTP 2730, GJ 447, HIP 57548, LHS 315, Vyssotsky 286, LTT 13240, LFT 852, LSPM PM I11477+0048.<ref name="APJ"/>
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad=Ross+128
}}
{{Starbox image
|image={{Location map|100x100|AlternativeMap=Virgo_constellation_map.svg
|alt=Ross 128 is located in the constellation Virgo.
|caption=Location of Ross 128 in the constellation [[Astronomy:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]]|border=infobox|mark=Red_pog.png|width=335
|label=&nbsp;Ross 128
|position=bottom
|lat=44.1
|long=90
}}|caption=
}}
{{Starbox end}}
'''Ross 128''' is a [[Astronomy:Red dwarf|red dwarf]] in the [[Celestial equator|equatorial]] [[Astronomy:Zodiac|zodiac]] [[Astronomy:Constellation|constellation]] of [[Astronomy:Virgo (constellation)|Virgo]], near β Virginis. The [[Astronomy:Apparent magnitude|apparent magnitude]] of Ross 128 is 11.13,<ref name="RECONS"/> which is too faint to be seen with the unaided eye. Based upon [[Astronomy:Parallax|parallax]] measurements, the distance of this star from Earth is {{Convert|11.007|ly|pc|abbr=off|lk=on}}, making it the twelfth [[Astronomy:List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs|closest stellar system]] to the [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]]. It was first cataloged in 1926 by American astronomer [[Biography:Frank Elmore Ross|Frank Elmore Ross]].<ref name=aj36_856_124/>

==Properties==
[[File:Near-stars-past-future-en.svg|left|thumb|300px|Distances of the nearest stars from 20,000 years ago until 80,000 years in the future]]
This low-mass star has a [[Astronomy:Stellar classification|stellar classification]] of M4&nbsp;V,<ref name="baas36"/> which places it among the category of stars known as red dwarfs. It has about 18%<ref name="Pineda2021"/> of the mass of the Sun and 20%<ref name="Pineda2021"/> of the Sun's radius, but generates energy so slowly that it has only 0.033% of the Sun's visible luminosity;<ref name="RECONS"/> however, most of the energy being radiated by the star is in the [[Astronomy:Infrared astronomy|infrared band]], with the bolometric luminosity being equal to 0.37% of solar.<ref name="Pineda2021"/> This energy is being radiated from the star's [[Astronomy:Stellar atmosphere|outer atmosphere]] at an [[Astronomy:Effective temperature|effective temperature]] of 3,180&nbsp;K.<ref name="baas36"/> This gives it the cool orange-red glow of an M-type star.

Ross 128 is an old disk star, which means it has a low abundance of elements other than hydrogen and helium, what astronomers term the star's [[Astronomy:Metallicity|metallicity]], and it orbits near the plane of the [[Astronomy:Milky Way|Milky Way]] galaxy.<ref name=sanchez1990/>  The star lacks a strong excess of infrared radiation. An [[Astronomy:Infrared excess|infrared excess]] is usually an indicator of a [[Astronomy:Debris disk|dust ring]] in orbit around the star.<ref name=apjss154_1_453/><ref name=apj667_1_527/>

[[File:FIVirLightCurve.png|thumb|left|[[Astronomy:Light curve|Light curve]]s for a flare on FI Virginis, seen in ultraviolet, blue and visual band light, adapted from Lee and Hoxie (1972),<ref name=lee/>]]
In 1972, a flare was detected from Ross 128.  It was observed to increase in brightness by about half a magnitude in the [[Physics:Ultraviolet|ultraviolet]] [[Astronomy:UBV photometric system|U]] band, returning to normal brightness in less than an hour.  At optical wavelengths, the brightness changes were almost undetectable.<ref name=lee/>  It was classified as a [[Astronomy:Flare star|flare star]] and given the [[Astronomy:Variable star designation|variable star designation]] FI Virginis.<ref name=ibvs/>  Because of the low rate of flare activity, it is thought to be a magnetically evolved star. That is, there is some evidence that the [[Astronomy:Magnetic braking|magnetic braking]] of the star's stellar wind has lowered the frequency of flares, but not the net yield.<ref name=apj1_309_858/>

Brightness variations thought to be due to rotation of the star and magnetic cycles similar to the sunspot cycle have also been detected.  These cause changes of just a few thousandths of a magnitude.  The rotation period is found to be 165.1 days, and the magnetic cycle length 4.1 years.<ref name=sm/>

Ross 128 is orbiting through the galaxy with an [[Astronomy:Orbital eccentricity|eccentricity]] of 0.122, causing its distance from the [[Galactic Center]] to range between {{Convert|26.8|-|34.2|kly|kpc|abbr=on|lk=on}}.<ref name=rmaa34_37/> This orbit will bring the star closer to the [[Astronomy:Solar System|Solar System]] in the future. The nearest approach will occur in approximately 71,000 years, when it will come within {{Convert|6.233|+/-|0.085|ly|pc|abbr=on|lk=off}}.<ref name=aaa379 />

==Planetary system==
{{main|Astronomy:Ross 128 b}}

{{OrbitboxPlanet begin
| name = Ross 128
}}
{{OrbitboxPlanet
| exoplanet = [[Astronomy:Ross 128 b|b]]
| mass_earth = {{val|1.8|0.56|0.43}}
| period = {{val|9.8596|0.0056}}
| semimajor = {{val|0.0493|0.0017}}
| eccentricity = {{val|0.036|0.092}}
| radius_earth = {{val|1.6|1.1|0.65}}
}}
{{Orbitbox end}}

Ross 128 b was discovered in July 2017 by the [[Astronomy:High Accuracy Radial Velocity Planet Searcher|HARPS]] instrument at the La Silla Observatory in Chile, by measuring changes in [[Astronomy:Radial velocity|radial velocity]] of the host star. Its existence was confirmed on 15 November 2017. It is the second-closest known Earth-size exoplanet, after [[Astronomy:Proxima Centauri b|Proxima b]].<ref name="Atlantic">{{cite web|last1=Koren|first1=Marina|title=An Earth-Sized Exoplanet in Our Cosmic Neighborhood|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/11/ross-128-planet-discovered/545852/|website=The Atlantic|date=15 November 2017|publisher=The Atlantic Monthly Group.|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref> It is calculated that Ross 128 b has a mass of 1.8 times the Earth, a radius 1.6 times that of the Earth, and orbits 20 times closer to its star than Earth orbits the Sun, intercepting only about 1.38 times more solar radiation than Earth,<ref name="TaskerLaneuville2020"/><ref name="4-planet"/><ref>[https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-41995572 Nearby planet is 'excellent' target in search for life].  Paul Rincon, ''BBC News''. 15 November 2017.</ref> increasing the chance of retaining an atmosphere over a geological timescale. Ross 128 b is a closely orbiting planet, with a year (orbital period) lasting about 9.9 days.<ref name="1-planet">{{cite journal |last=Bonfils |first=Xavier |title=A temperate exo-Earth around a quiet M dwarf at 3.4 parsecs |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics |date=2017 |volume=613 |pages=A25 |doi=10.1051/0004-6361/201731973|arxiv=1711.06177 |bibcode=2018A&A...613A..25B |s2cid=37148632 }}</ref><ref name='AstronomyMag'>[http://www2.astronomy.com/news/2017/11/a-potentially-habitable-planet-11-light-years-away A potentially habitable planet has been discovered just 11 light-years away]. John Wenz, ''Astronomy Magazine''. 15 November 2017.</ref> At that close distance from its host star, the planet is most likely [[Astronomy:Tidal locking|tidally locked]], meaning that one side of the planet would have eternal daylight and the other would be in darkness.<ref name=Locked>[https://science.howstuffworks.com/nearby-earth-sized-alien-world-orbits-quiet-star-boosting-habitable-potential.htm Nearby Earth-sized Alien World Orbits 'Quiet' Star, Boosting Habitable Potential]. Ian O'Neill, ''How Stuff Works''. 15 November 2017. Quote: ''"Tidal lock[ing] is expected for Ross 128 b," says Nicola Astudillo-Defru, who works at the Geneva Observatory, University of Geneva in Switzerland, and is co-author of the study.''</ref><ref>[http://www.solstation.com/stars/ross128.htm Ross 128]. ''Sol Station''. November 2017.</ref> Near-infrared high-resolution spectra from [[Astronomy:Sloan Digital Sky Survey#APO Galactic Evolution Experiment (APOGEE)|APOGEE]] have demonstrated that Ross 128 has near solar metallicity; Ross 128 b therefore most likely contains rock and iron. Furthermore, recent models generated with these data support the conclusion that Ross 128 b is a "temperate exoplanet in the inner edge of the habitable zone."<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Souto|first1=Diogo|last2=Unterborn|first2=Cayman T.|last3=Smith|first3=Verne V.|last4=Cunha|first4=Katia|last5=Teske|first5=Johanna|last6=Covey|first6=Kevin|last7=Bárbara Rojas-Ayala|last8=García-Hernández|first8=D. A.|last9=Stassun|first9=Keivan|date=2018|title=Stellar and Planetary Characterization of the Ross 128 Exoplanetary System from APOGEE Spectra|url=http://stacks.iop.org/2041-8205/860/i=1/a=L15|journal=The Astrophysical Journal Letters|language=en|volume=860|issue=1|pages=L15|doi=10.3847/2041-8213/aac896|issn=2041-8205|arxiv=1805.11633|bibcode=2018ApJ...860L..15S|hdl=10150/628573|s2cid=89612773 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

==Radio signals==
In the spring of 2017, Arecibo astronomers detected strange radio signals thought to originate from Ross 128 that were unlike any they had seen before.<ref name="TA-20170717"/> [[Organization:SETI Institute|SETI]]'s  Allen Telescope Array was used for follow-up observations and was unable to detect the signal but did detect man made interference, making it seem clear that the Arecibo detections were due to transmissions from Earth satellites in geosynchronous orbit. Ross 128 has a declination (a coordinate which can be likened to latitude) of close to 0 degrees, which places it in the thick of a phalanx of these satellites.  Therefore, it can be concluded that the signal was a result of man-made interference.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shostak |first1=Seth |title=Signals from A Nearby Star System? |url=https://www.seti.org/signals-nearby-star-system |website=seti.org |access-date=17 September 2017}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Astronomy:List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs|List of nearest stars and brown dwarfs]]
* [[Astronomy:PSR B1919+21|PSR B1919+21]] – pulsar mistaken for an alien radio signal (LGM-1)

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<ref name=eso>{{cite web|title=Closest Temperate World Orbiting Quiet Star Discovered – ESO's HARPS instrument finds Earth-mass exoplanet around Ross 128|url=https://www.eso.org/public/news/eso1736/|website=www.eso.org|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>

<!-- REFERENCES NOT USED IN ARTICLE DUE TO CONTENT REMOVAL IN NOV 2018
<ref name="TW-20170716">{{cite web |last=Mendez |first=Abel |title=Confirmed! We have the data of #Barnard's Star and #Ross128 |url=https://twitter.com/ProfAbelMendez/status/886788583851479041 |date=July 16, 2017 |work=[[Company:Twitter|Twitter]] |access-date=July 19, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="PHL-20170717">{{cite web |last=Mendez |first=Abel |title=Strange Signals from the Nearby Red Dwarf Star Ross 128 |url=http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/ross128 |date=July 17, 2017 |work=Planetary Habitability Laboratory at University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo |archive-date=July 17, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717181621/http://phl.upr.edu/library/notes/ross128 |access-date=July 17, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="NW-20170717">{{cite news |last=Osborne |first=Hannah |title=Ross 128: Mystery Radio signals Detected From Red Dwarf Star Just 11 Light-Years Away |url=http://www.newsweek.com/mystery-radio-signals-ross-128-star-637682 |date=July 17, 2017 |work=Newsweek |access-date=July 17, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="TV-20170717">{{cite web |last=Grush |first=Loren |title=Astronomers don't know what's causing these weird radio waves from a nearby star – Probably not aliens, though |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/7/17/15982656/arecibo-observatory-ross-128-red-dwarf-radio-waves-signal |date=July 17, 2017 |work=[[The Verge]] |access-date=July 17, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="UCB-20170720">{{cite arxiv |eprint=1710.08404 |last1=Enriquez |first1=J. E |title=Breakthrough Listen Follow-up of the Reported Transient Signal Observed at the Arecibo Telescope in the Direction of Ross 128 |last2=Siemion |first2=A |last3=Dana |first3=R |last4=Croft |first4=S |last5=Méndez |first5=A |last6=Xu |first6=A |last7=DeBoer |first7=D |last8=Gajjar |first8=V |last9=Hellbourg |first9=G |last10=Isaacson |first10=H |last11=Lebofsky |first11=M |last12=MacMahon |first12=D. H. E |last13=Price |first13=D. C |last14=Werthimer |first14=D |last15=Zuluaga |first15=J |class=astro-ph.SR |year=2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="PHL-20170721">{{cite web |last1=Méndez |first1=Abel |last2=Zuluaga |first2=Jorge |title=The Weird! Signal |url=http://phl.upr.edu/press-releases/theweirdsignal |date=July 21, 2017 |work=University of Puerto Rico at Arecibo |access-date=July 22, 2017 }}</ref>
<ref name="SP-20170721">{{cite web |last=Wall |first=Mike |title=Not Aliens: Weird Radio Signal from Star Likely Has Duller Explanation |url=https://www.space.com/37579-weird-radio-signal-ross-128-star-satellite.html |date=July 21, 2017 |work=Space.com |access-date=July 22, 2017 }}</ref>-->

<ref name="TA-20170717">{{cite web |last=Koren |first=Marina |title=The Strange Radio Signals Coming From a Nearby Star – Astronomers have detected a mystery transmission at a frequency they haven't observed before. |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/science/archive/2017/07/the-strange-radio-signals-coming-from-a-nearby-star-ross-128/533907/ |date=July 17, 2017 |work=The Atlantic |access-date=July 17, 2017 }}</ref>

<ref name="APJ">{{cite journal|last1=Mann|first1=Andrew W.|last2=Feiden|first2=Gregory A.|last3=Gaidos|first3=Eric|last4=Boyajian|first4=Tabetha|last5=Braun|first5=Kaspar von|title=How to Constrain Your M Dwarf: Measuring Effective Temperature, Bolometric Luminosity, Mass, and Radius|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=4 May 2015|volume=804|issue=1|page=64|doi=10.1088/0004-637X/804/1/64|doi-access=free|bibcode=2015ApJ...804...64M|arxiv=1501.01635|hdl=2152/34940|s2cid=19269312}}</ref>

<ref name=ibvs>{{cite journal|bibcode= 1975IBVS..961....1K |title= 60th Name-List of Variable Stars |journal= Information Bulletin on Variable Stars |volume= 961 |page= 1 |last1= Kukarkin |first1= B. V |last2= Kholopov |first2= P. N |last3= Kukarkina |first3= N. P |last4= Perova |first4= N. B |year= 1975 }}</ref>

<ref name=lee>{{cite journal|bibcode=1972IBVS..707....1L|title=The Observation of a Stellar Flare in the dM5 Star Ross 128|journal=Information Bulletin on Variable Stars|volume=707|page=1|last1=Lee|first1=T. A|last2=Hoxie|first2=D. T|year=1972}}</ref>

<ref name=sm>{{cite journal|bibcode=2016MNRAS.463.1844S|arxiv=1607.03049|title=A path towards understanding the rotation-activity relation of M dwarfs with K2 mission, X-ray and UV data|journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society|volume=463|issue=2|page=1844|last1=Stelzer|first1=B|last2=Damasso|first2=M|last3=Scholz|first3=A|last4=Matt|first4=S. P|year=2016|doi=10.1093/mnras/stw1936|s2cid=55906368}}</ref>

<ref name=fouque2018>{{cite journal
 | title=SPIRou Input Catalogue: global properties of 440 M dwarfs observed with ESPaDOnS at CFHT
 | last1=Fouqué | first1=Pascal | last2=Moutou | first2=Claire 
 | last3=Malo | first3=Lison | last4=Martioli | first4=Eder
 | last5=Lim | first5=Olivia | last6=Rajpurohit | first6=Arvind
 | last7=Artigau | first7=Etienne | last8=Delfosse | first8=Xavier
 | last9=Donati | first9=Jean-François | last10=Forveille | first10=Thierry
 | last11=Morin | first11=Julien | last12=Allard | first12=France
 | last13=Delage | first13=Raphaël | last14=Doyon | first14=René
 | last15=Hébrard | first15=Elodie | last16=Neves | first16=Vasco
 | display-authors=1 | journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
 | volume=475 | issue=2 | pages=1960–1986 | date=April 2018
 | doi=10.1093/mnras/stx3246 | arxiv=1712.04490
 | bibcode=2018MNRAS.475.1960F }}</ref>

}}

==External links==
* [https://www.skymania.com/wp/2017/11/earth-sized-temperate-planet-found-direction-mystery-radio-signals.html/18504/ Astronomers heard "weird" signals from direction of Ross 128]{{Dead link|date=September 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} (Skymania)
* [http://www.solstation.com/stars/ross128.htm SolStation.com: Ross 128]
{{Sky|11|47|44.4|+|00|48|16|10.92}}
{{nearest systems|3}}
{{Virgo}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Ross 128}}
[[Category:M-type main-sequence stars]]
[[Category:Virgo (constellation)]]
[[Category:Flare stars]]
[[Category:Gliese and GJ objects|0447]]
[[Category:Hipparcos objects|057548]]
[[Category:Objects with variable star designations|Virginis, FI]]
[[Category:Emission-line stars]]
[[Category:Orion–Cygnus Arm]]
[[Category:Planetary systems with one confirmed planet]]

{{Sourceattribution|Ross 128}}