View source for Astronomy:Savilian Professor of Astronomy

[[File:Henry Savile.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|alt=A tall elderly man with a beard, wearing long black robes and a large white ruff.  He is standing with a fan in his right hand and with his left hand resting on books on a table.|Sir Henry Savile, founder of the professorship]]
The position of '''Savilian Professor of Astronomy''' was established at the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] in 1619.  It was founded (at the same time as the Savilian Professorship of Geometry) by Sir Henry Savile, a mathematician and classical scholar who was Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and Provost of Eton College. He appointed John Bainbridge as the first professor, who took up his duties in 1620 or 1621.

There have been 21 astronomy professors in all; Steven Balbus, the professor {{as of|2020|lc=1}}, was appointed in 2012. Past professors include Christopher Wren (1661–73), architect of St Paul's Cathedral in London and the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford; he held the professorship at the time of his commission to rebuild the cathedral after it was destroyed by the Great Fire of London in 1666.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-history.mcs.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Wren.html|title=Wren biography|first1=J J |last1=O'Connor |first2=E F |last2=Robertson|publisher=University of St Andrews|date=February 2002|access-date=29 June 2012}}</ref>  Three professors have been awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society: Charles Pritchard (1870–93), Harry Plaskett (1932–60) and Joseph Silk (1999–2012). The two Savilian chairs have been linked with professorial fellowships at [[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College, Oxford]], since the late 19th century. In the past, some of the professors were provided with an official residence, either near New College or at the Radcliffe Observatory, although this practice ended in the 19th century. The astronomy professor is a member of the Sub-Department of Astrophysics at Oxford.

==Foundation and duties==
Sir Henry Savile, the Warden of Merton College, Oxford, and Provost of Eton College, was deeply saddened by what the 20th-century mathematician Ida Busbridge has described as "the wretched state of mathematical studies in England",<ref name=Maths1>{{cite web|url=https://www.maths.ox.ac.uk/about-us/history|title=Oxford Mathematics and Mathematicians|first=I. W.|last=Busbridge|publisher=Mathematical Institute, University of Oxford|date=August 1974|access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>{{#tag:ref|Savile began the Latin document by which he established the professorships thus: "I, Henry Savile, Knight, seeing that Mathematical studies are uncultivated by our countryman, and being desirous of supplying a remedy in a quarter almost given up in despair, and to redeem so far as in me lies, almost from destruction, sciences of the noblest kind, do, of the King's authority, and with the consent of the University of Oxford, found and establish for all future times in the said University, two lectureships or public professorships in the Mathematical sciences, one in Geometry and the other in Astronomy."<ref name=Laud>{{cite book| chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/statutes00oxfogoog#page/n340/mode/1up|pages=272–284|title=Oxford University Statutes|volume=1|others=translated by G.R.M. Ward|location=London|year=1845|publisher=William Pickering|chapter=The Foundation of Two Lectureships in the Mathematical Sciences by Henry Savile, Warden of Merton College (1619)}}</ref>|group="n"}} and so founded professorships in geometry and [[Astronomy:Astronomy|astronomy]] at the [[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]] in 1619; both chairs were named after him. He also donated his books to the university's Bodleian Library.<ref name=Maths1/> He required the professors to be men of good character, at least 26 years old, and to have "imbibed the purer philosophy from the springs of [[Biography:Aristotle|Aristotle]] and [[Biography:Plato|Plato]]" before acquiring a thorough knowledge of science.<ref name=Savile>{{cite web|first=R. D.|last=Goulding|title=Savile, Sir Henry (1549–1622)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]|date=January 2008 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/24737|access-date=19 February 2015}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> The professors could come from any Christian country, but he specified that a professor from England should have a Master of Arts degree as a minimum.<ref name=Historical>{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/stream/historicalregist00univuoft#page/50/mode/2up|pages=51–52|title=Savilian Professors of Geometry and Astronomy|work=The historical register of the University of Oxford : being a supplement to the Oxford University calendar, with an alphabetical record of University honours and distinctions completed to the end of Trinity term 1888 |date=1888|publisher=Clarendon Press, Oxford}}</ref> He wanted students to be educated in the works of the leading scientists of the ancient world; in addition, the astronomy professor should cover Copernicus and the work of Arab astronomers. Tuition in [[Trigonometry|trigonometry]] was to be shared by the two professors.  As many students would have had little mathematical knowledge, the professors were also permitted to provide instruction in basic mathematics in English (as opposed to Latin, the language used in education at Oxford at the time).<ref name=Savile/> He also required the astronomy professor "to take astronomical observations as well by night as by day (making choice of proper instruments prepared for the purpose, and at fitting times and seasons)", and to place in the library records of his discoveries.<ref name=Laud/>  Savile prohibited the professors from practicing astrology or preparing horoscopes, and stated that accepting any position as a priest or as an officer of the university or of a college would cause forfeiture of the professorship. Each professor was required to lecture in public for 45&nbsp;minutes twice weekly during the university terms and would be fined 10&nbsp;shillings for every day missed (except in cases of "grievous bodily ailment", although this excuse was only permitted for three weeks before the professor was required to provide a substitute lecturer).<ref name=Laud/> Students who were required to attend, but who failed to do without good cause, were to be fined sixpence. Savile provided that the rents from specified properties in Kent and Essex were to be divided equally between the professors, giving each £160 annually.<ref name=Laud/>{{#tag:ref|Updating for inflation using the [[Finance:Retail Price Index|Retail Price Index]] (RPI), £160 in 1619 was worth approximately £27,500 in 2013 (the latest year for which data is available {{as of|2015|2|lc=y}}).  Updating the sum to represent an equivalent share of the United Kingdom's [[Finance:Gross domestic product|gross domestic product]] (GDP), £160 in 1620 was worth approximately £6.3M in 2013.<ref name=inflation>{{cite web|title=Five Ways to Compute the Relative Value of a UK Pound Amount, 1270 to Present|url=http://www.measuringworth.com/ukcompare/|year=2011|publisher=MeasuringWorth|access-date=19 February 2015}}</ref>|group="n"}}

==Appointment==
Savile selected John Bainbridge to be the first astronomy professor; Bainbridge had impressed him with a description of a comet seen in 1618.<ref name=Savile/> In the documents establishing the professorship ([[Seal (emblem)|sealed]] by Savile and the university in August 1619), Savile reserved to himself the right to appoint the professors during his lifetime, although he died in 1622 before the position fell vacant.  He provided that after his death, vacancies should be filled by a majority of a group of "most distinguished persons":<ref name=ch6/> the [[Religion:Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop of Canterbury]], the Lord Chancellor, the Chancellor of the university, the Bishop of London, the Secretary of State, the Chief Justice of the Common Pleas, the Chief Justice of the King's Bench, the Chief Baron of the Exchequer and the Dean of the Court of Arches. The Vice-Chancellor of the university was to inform the electors of any vacancy, and could be summoned to advise them.  The appointment could either be made straight away, or delayed for some months to see whether "any eminent mathematician can be allured" from abroad.<ref name=ch6>{{cite book|title=Oxford University Statutes Volume 1 – containing the Caroline Code or Laudian Statutes promulgated A.D. 1630|others=trans. Ward, G. R. M. |location=London|publisher=William Pickering|date=1845|chapter=Savilian Statutes chapter 6|pages=277–278, 284|chapter-url=https://archive.org/stream/statutes00oxfogoog#page/n345/mode/1up}}</ref>

As part of reforms of the university in the 19th century, the University of Oxford commissioners laid down new statutes for the chair in 1881, replacing Savile's original instructions and requirements. The 1881&nbsp;statute provided that the professor was to "lecture and give instruction in theoretical and practical Astronomy", and was to be a Fellow of [[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]].<ref name=Statute/> The electors for the professorship were to be the Warden of New College (or a person nominated by the college in his place), the Chancellor of the university, the President of the Royal Society, the Astronomer Royal, the Radcliffe Observer, a person nominated by the university council and one other nominated by New College.<ref name=Statute>{{cite book| url=https://archive.org/stream/statutesmadeforu00univuoft#page/70/mode/2up|title=Statutes made for the University of Oxford and for the Colleges and Halls therein, in pursuance of the Universities of Oxford and Cambridge Act, 1877, approved by the Queen in Council|date=1883|publisher=Clarendon Press|pages=70, 372}}</ref> Changes to the university's internal legislation in the 20th and early 21st centuries abolished specific statutes for the duties of, and rules for appointment to, individual chairs such as the Savilian professorships. The University Council is now empowered to make appropriate arrangements for appointments and conditions of service, with the college to which any professorship is allocated (New College in the case of the Savilian chairs) to have two representatives on the board of electors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/375-092.shtml|publisher=University of Oxford|title=Preface: Constitution and Statute-making Powers of the University|date=16 June 2003|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/788-121.shtml|title=Statute XIV: Employment of Academic and Support Staff by the University|date=18 December 2009|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref> The professorship is one of two permanent chairs attached to Oxford's Sub-Department of Astrophysics.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www-astro.physics.ox.ac.uk/~aelg/archive/Research_Booklet/astro-booklet-2005.pdf|title=Astrophysics|publisher=University of Oxford|first1=Roger|last1=Davies|first2=Joseph|last2=Silk|access-date=26 June 2012}}</ref>

==Professors' houses==
Two official residences have been provided for the astronomy professor.  The first was in New College Lane, in central Oxford.  [[Biography:John Wallis|John Wallis]] (geometry professor 1649–1703) rented a house there from New College from 1672 until his death in 1703; at some point, it was divided into two houses.  Towards the end of his life, David Gregory (astronomy professor 1691–1708) lived in the eastern part of the premises.  Wallis's son gave the unexpired portion of the lease to the university in 1704 in honour of his father's long tenure of the geometry chair, to provide official residences for the two Savilian professors. New College renewed the lease at a low rent from 1716 and thereafter at intervals until the last renewal in 1814. Records of who lived in each house are not available throughout the period, but surviving documentation shows that the professors often sub-let the houses and that for about 20 years in the early 18th century the premises were being used as a lodging house.<ref name=house>{{cite journal|title=The Savilian Professors' Houses and Halley's Observatory at Oxford|first=H. E. |last=Bell|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London |date=November 1961|volume=16|issue=2|pages=179–186|publisher=The Royal Society|jstor=530886 |doi=10.1098/rsnr.1961.0037|doi-access=free}}<!--|access-date=25 June 2012--></ref>

The second official residence was built during the time of Thomas Hornsby (astronomy professor 1763–1810), who proposed that an observatory should be built at a site to the north of the city centre. In 1772, construction began of the Radcliffe Observatory and of an adjoining house for the astronomy professor, to which Hornsby moved.<ref name=Hornsby/> Thereafter the university sub-let his former residence.  Both of his successors, Abraham Robertson (1810–1827) and Stephen Rigaud (1827–1839), were the geometry professor at their appointment to the astronomy chair, and in turn they moved from New College Lane to the Radcliffe Observatory. The university then sub-let the astronomy professor's house.<ref name=house/> The link between the professorship and the observatory was broken in 1839 with the appointment of George Johnson; he had little practical astronomical experience and the officers in charge of the observatory appointed Manuel Johnson as Radcliffe Observer instead. In the early 19th century, New College decided that it wished to use the properties for itself and the lease expired without renewal in 1854.<ref name=house/> Charles Pritchard (1870–1893) had a new observatory built in the University Parks, but his attempts to persuade the university to add a residence for the Savilian professor were unsuccessful.<ref name=Pritchard/>

==List of professors==
{{Gallery
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 |General biography; or, Lives, critical and historical, of the most eminent persons of all ages, countries, conditions, and professions, arranged according to alphabetical order (1818) (14784572853).jpg
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| John Greaves, professor 1643–1648, also an Orientalist who surveyed the Great Pyramid of Giza. 
 |Seth Ward (1617-1689).jpg
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| Seth Ward, professor 1649–1660 and later Bishop of Salisbury
 |Christopher Wren by Godfrey Kneller 1711.jpg 
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 |The architect Christopher Wren (painted here by Sir Godfrey Kneller in 1711) was astronomy professor from 1661 to 1673.
 |David gregory mathematician.jpg
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|The Scottish mathematician David Gregory was astronomy professor from 1691 to 1708.
 |James Bradley by Thomas Hudson.jpg
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|James Bradley (professor 1721–1762) was also Astronomer Royal for 20 years.
 |William Donkin.jpg
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| William Donkin held the chair from 1842 to 1869.
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{|class="wikitable sortable"
|+Details about the professors and their work
! scope="column" width=12%|Name
! scope="column" width=7%|Years
! scope="column" width=12%|Education<ref group="n">At the University of Oxford, unless otherwise indicated</ref>
! scope="column" width=12%|College as professor<ref group="n">As a Fellow of the college, unless otherwise indicated</ref>
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|John|Bainbridge|John Bainbridge (astronomer)}}
|align="center"|1620 or 1621 – 1643{{#tag:ref|The ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'' entry for Bainbridge says that he was appointed in 1620;<ref name=Bainbridge/> a list of the professors published by the university in the 19th century gives 1621 as his starting date.<ref name=Historical/>|group="n"}}
|{{hs|Cambridge, Emm}}[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] (Emmanuel College)
|Bainbridge practised as a physician in Leicestershire and London after leaving Cambridge. His first book, ''An Astronomicall Description of the Late Comet'', was published in 1619 and described the comet of the previous year. He was already known by this time to Sir Henry Savile and Henry Briggs (who Savile appointed as his first geometry professor). After his appointment to the chair, Bainbridge also lectured and practised in medicine. Although only a few other publications of his survive, they have been said to "reveal an acute intellect and deep learning."<ref name=Bainbridge/> He demonstrated a knowledge of contemporary developments in astronomy, such as the work of [[Biography:Johannes Kepler|Johannes Kepler]], and studied Arabic to acquire details of astronomical observations in ancient sources. He also exposed the many mistakes that Joseph Scaliger made when attempting to explain the origins of the [[Julian calendar]] in observations of [[Astronomy:Sirius|Sirius]] from ancient Egypt – an achievement that was recorded by his successor John Greaves on his memorial in Merton College Chapel.<ref name=Bainbridge>{{cite web|first=A. J.|last=Apt|title=Bainbridge, John (1582–1643)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=January 2008|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/1082|access-date=26 June 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|John|Greaves}}
|align="center"|1643–1648
|{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
|[[Organization:Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]
|Greaves began studying astronomical texts in Greek, Arabic and Persian at about the time that he was appointed to a fellowship of Merton College in 1624. He was appointed Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, London, in 1631. He undertook an expedition to the [[Place:Levant|Levant]] region of the Mediterranean in 1637 to carry out astronomical observations and to acquire learned books in oriental languages for William Laud (Chancellor of the University of Oxford and [[Religion:Archbishop of Canterbury|Archbishop of Canterbury]]). Some of the instruments he took with him are now held by the Museum of the History of Science in Oxford. He returned home in 1640, and succeeded Bainbridge in 1643. During the English Civil War, he was expelled from Oxford by the Parliamentary authorities in charge of the university in 1648, and moved to London, where he published various works drawing upon the research carried out in his expedition.<ref name=Greaves>{{cite web|first=Francis|last=Maddison|title=Greaves, John (1602–1652)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11371|access-date=5 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> He was a friend of Seth Ward and was able to help him succeed to the chair that he had been forced to vacate.<ref name=Ward/>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Seth|Ward|Seth Ward (bishop of Salisbury)}}
|align="center"|1649–1660
|{{hs|Cambridge, Sidney}}[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] (Sidney Sussex College)
|Wadham College and Trinity College
|When still an undergraduate, Ward impressed John Bainbridge (the first astronomy professor) during a mathematical disputation. Ward was appointed as university lecturer in mathematics at Cambridge in 1643, but was deprived of his fellowship in the following year for refusing to agree to the religious oaths required by the Parliamentary authorities. He spent the following years tutoring and improving his mathematical knowledge, before succeeding his friend John Greaves in the Savilian chair, with Greaves's assistance. University lectures in astronomy were resumed under Ward, who was the first Savilian professor to teach the [[Astronomy:Copernican heliocentrism|Copernican]] discovery that the Earth and other planets revolved around the Sun. He studied comets and the movements of the planets, observing them from the room at the top of the tower of Wadham College in which he lived; he also preached and published theological works. He was elected Principal of Jesus College, Oxford, in 1657, but Oliver Cromwell installed Francis Howell instead, raising Ward's stipend as compensation. He was President of Trinity College, Oxford, from 1659 but resigned 1660 at The Restoration in favour of his ejected predecessor; he also gave up the professorship in the same year. He later became Bishop of Exeter and then Bishop of Salisbury, where he did much to restore the cathedrals, but did not continue his astronomical studies.<ref name=Maths1/><ref name=Ward>{{cite web|first=John|last=Henry|title=Ward, Seth (1617–1689)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2006|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/28706|access-date=5 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Christopher|Wren}}
|align="center"|1661–1673
|{{hs|Oxford, Wadham}}Wadham College
|[[Organization:All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]
|As an undergraduate, Wren joined the circle of mathematicians and natural scientists at Wadham under the leadership of the [[Social:Warden (college)|Warden]], John Wilkins. He developed an interest for telescopes and astronomy, building with Wilkins an {{convert|80|ft|adj=on}} long instrument to observe the Moon in 1655. Oliver Cromwell appointed Wren in 1657 as Professor of Geometry at Gresham College, London, on the recommendation of Wilkins; Wren lectured on [[Astronomy:Saturn|Saturn]] (the appearance and phases of which he had earlier studied), Kepler's works, light, and lenses. He provided partial solutions in 1658 to problems relating to curves set by [[Biography:Blaise Pascal|Blaise Pascal]], the answers to which would help calculations for planetary orbits. He resigned from Gresham College upon his appointment to the Savilian chair, lecturing on topics such as spheres and navigation. He developed an interest in architecture from his mathematical studies, with early work including the chapel of [[Organization:Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College, Cambridge]], and the Sheldonian Theatre in Oxford. His architectural skills led to his role in rebuilding London after the Great Fire of 1666 (including St Paul's Cathedral) and his appointment as Surveyor of the King's Works in 1669. [[Biography:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]] described him as "one of the foremost geometers of this age".<ref name=Wren>{{cite web|first=Kerry|last=Downes|title=Wren, Sir Christopher (1632–1723)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2009|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/30019|access-date=5 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref> Wren appointed Edward Bernard as his deputy in the chair in 1669, on his appointment as Surveyor of the King's Works, and Bernard succeeded him four years later.<ref name=Bernard/>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Edward|Bernard}}
|align="center"|1673–1691
|{{hs|Oxford, St John}}St John's College
|St John's College
|Bernard studied Hebrew, Arabic, Syriac and Coptic with Edward Pococke (Laudian Professor of Arabic at the university) and mathematics with [[Biography:John Wallis|John Wallis]] (Savilian Professor of Geometry). When Christopher Wren was appointed as Surveyor of the King's Works in 1669, he appointed Bernard as his deputy in the astronomy chair; he succeeded Wren in 1673 and was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society on the same day. Bernard's interests, as demonstrated in his lectures, were more in ancient mathematics and astronomy than in modern developments; he published comparatively few works. Tiring of his academic duties, he moved to Paris to tutor two of the illegitimate sons of King Charles II, the Duke of Grafton and the Duke of Northumberland, but returned after falling out with their mother, the King's mistress. He unsuccessfully sought other positions abroad, including the chair of Arabic at the University of Leiden. He resigned in 1691 when appointed to a lucrative parish position as [[Religion:Rector (ecclesiastical)|rector]] of Brightwell-cum-Sotwell near Oxford.<ref name=Bernard>{{cite ODNB|first=Hugh|last=de Quehen|title=Bernard, Edward (1638–1697)|date=May 2009|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/2240 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/2240|access-date=5 March 2010}} </ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|David|Gregory|David Gregory (mathematician)}}
|align="center"|1691–1708
|{{hs|Aberdeen}}Marischal College and University of Aberdeen, and [[Organization:Leiden University|Leiden University]]
|[[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
|Gregory studied in his native Scotland and befriended the Edinburgh physician Archibald Pitcairne before travelling through Europe and continuing his education. He inherited the papers of his uncle [[Biography:James Gregory (mathematician)|James Gregory]], a mathematician and astronomer, which he studied carefully. He succeeded his uncle at the [[Organization:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]] in 1683, giving a history of the progress of mathematics as his inaugural lecture. In 1690, Gregory refused to swear an oath of loyalty to the regime of William III and Mary II but was not removed from his post. He enlisted the support of [[Biography:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]] and John Flamsteed, the Astronomer Royal, in his efforts to obtain the Oxford chair, and was elected in December 1691, becoming a Fellow of Balliol and obtaining an Oxford doctorate in February 1692. As professor, he lectured less often than required by the terms of his appointment, and covered only relatively uncomplicated material rather than Newton's work. He moved to London in 1704 and was appointed overseer of the Scottish Mint in 1707 to supervise recoinage in Scotland. He died in 1708. He has been described as "not a notable observational astronomer", but instead a talented "correspondent, communicator and teacher".<ref>{{cite web|first=Anita|last=Guerrini|title=Gregory, David (1659–1708)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=January 2008|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/11456|access-date=19 Aug 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|John|Caswell}}
|align="center"|1709–12
|{{hs|Oxford, Wadham}}Wadham College
|Hart Hall
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|John|Keill}}
|align="center"|1712–1721
|{{hs|Edinburgh}}[[Organization:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]] and [[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|James|Bradley}}
|align="center"|1721–1762
|{{hs|Oxford, Balliol}}[[Organization:Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]
|Bradley was the nephew of James Pound, a leading astronomer who was a colleague of [[Biography:Edmond Halley|Edmond Halley]] and [[Biography:Isaac Newton|Isaac Newton]], and helped his uncle with his observations near London even when Bradley was appointed as vicar of a church in Monmouthshire. He had a particular interest in the [[Astronomy:Moons of Jupiter|moons of Jupiter]], correcting errors in published astronomical tables, [[Astronomy:Mars|Mars]] and nebulae, and was highly regarded by Halley.  Bradley resigned as a clergyman on appointment to the chair in 1721. His major discovery, in 1725, was the [[Astronomy:Aberration of light|aberration of light]], in which stars appeared to move position as the Earth moved, which led him to be able to calculate the speed of light and the time it took to travel from the Sun to the Earth.  He moved to the Savilian professors' house in 1732, and succeeded Halley as Astronomer Royal in 1742, improving the state of the buildings and instruments at the Greenwich observatory. His continued observations on the positions of the stars (to help with navigation), the Moon, and comets led to the discovery of [[Astronomy:Nutation|nutation]]: the "nodding" of the Earth on its axis as it travelled around the Sun.  He recorded observations for 18 years to measure the phenomenon, which helped to show (as Newton argued) that the Earth was flatter at the poles. He was awarded the [[Physics:Copley Medal|Copley Medal]] of the Royal Society for this work. He carried on his astronomical observations, receiving many honours from home and abroad, until his death in 1762. Legal disputes about whether the state or his inheritors owned his papers led to a long delay in publication of his papers, but they eventually formed the starting point for further important work about the positions of the stars.<ref>{{cite web|first=Mari E. W. |last=Williams|title=Bradley, James (bap. 1692, d. 1762)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |publisher=Oxford University Press|date=October 2009 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/3187|access-date=29 May 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Thomas|Hornsby}}
|align="center"|1763–1810
|{{hs|Oxford, Corpus Christi}}Corpus Christi College
|Corpus Christi College
|Hornsby, who had an observatory at Corpus Christi, gained a high reputation for his lectures, and was the first Savilian astronomy professor required to provide courses each year. He presented papers about the [[Astronomy:Transit of Venus|transits of Venus]] in 1761 and 1769 and the [[Earth:Solar eclipse|solar eclipse]] of 1764 to the Royal Society, of which he was a Fellow. He proposed that an observatory should be built at Oxford for the professor, and construction of the Radcliffe Observatory (and an adjoining house for him) began in 1772. The observatory began operation in 1774 and was completed in 1797. He was called upon to prepare the papers of his predecessor, James Bradley, for publication, but ill-health and his other duties as astronomy professor, experimental philosophy professor (from 1763), Sedleian Professor of Natural Philosophy (from 1782) and Radcliffe Librarian (from 1783) caused delays. He has been described as "a lucid lecturer" and "a remarkably accurate observer".<ref name=Hornsby>{{cite web|first=Ruth |last=Wallis|title=Hornsby, Thomas (1733–1810)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=January 2008 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/13805|access-date=20 June 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Abraham|Robertson}}
|align="center"|1810–1826
|{{hs|Oxford, Christ}}Christ Church
|Christ Church{{#tag:ref|Robertson was a chaplain of Christ Church before the college appointed him as vicar of a parish in Northampton, but he continued to reside in Oxford. There is no record in ''Alumni Oxoniensis'' of him holding a college fellowship.<ref>{{alox2|title=Robertson, Abraham}}</ref>|group="n"}}
|Robertson started studying at Oxford aged 24, having previously run (unsuccessfully) an evening school in Oxford for mechanics. He was supported by John Smith (Savilian Professor of Geometry 1766–96), for whom he deputised in 1784 before succeeding him in 1797. He held the post of Radcliffe Observer in addition to the astronomy chair. Robertson was well-regarded as a lecturer, noted for his clarity and the assistance he gave in encouraging students. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1795 to mark his work on [[Conic section|conic section]]s (the subject of his main work, ''Sectionum conicarum libri septem'', in 1792) and his "literary attainments and diligence in the pursuit of science".<ref name=Robertson/> He also oversaw publication of an edition of the works of [[Biography:Archimedes|Archimedes]].<ref name=Robertson>{{cite web|first=W. F.|last=Sedgwick|title=Robertson, Abram (1751–1826)|author2=Yoshioka, Alan |work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher= Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23782|access-date=4 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Stephen|Rigaud|Stephen Peter Rigaud}}
|align="center"|1827–1839
|{{hs|Oxford, Exeter}}[[Organization:Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]
|align="center"|—{{#tag:ref|Rigaud was a Fellow of Exeter College until 1810; thereafter he is not recorded in ''Alumni Oxoniensis'' as holding a college appointment.<ref>{{alox2|title=Rigaud, Stephen Peter}}</ref>|group="n"}}
|Rigaud, whose father was the observer at Kew Observatory, made his first recorded observations in astronomy when at Exeter College, and was elected to a fellowship of the college when still an undergraduate. From about 1805, he substituted for Thomas Hornsby, astronomy professor and reader in experimental philosophy, because of Hornsby's illness. When Abraham Robertson succeeded Hornsby in 1810, Rigaud was appointed as Savilian Professor of Geometry; he succeeded his father at Kew in 1814, becoming joint observer with his grandfather. He succeeded Robertson in the astronomy and experimental philosophy positions in 1827. His wife died in the same year, and Rigaud devoted himself to his children and his work; he has been described as "the foremost historian of astronomy and mathematics in his generation", and as "renowned for his personal and scholarly integrity".<ref name=Rigaud>{{cite web|first=Rogers|last=Hutchins|title=Rigaud, Stephen Peter (1774–1839)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/23642|access-date=4 March 2010}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|George|Johnson|George Johnson (priest)}}
|align="center"|1839–1842
|{{hs|Oxford, Queens}}[[Organization:The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]
|{{hs|Queen's}}The Queen's College
|Johnson was a mathematician and priest with little practical knowledge of astronomy. His appointment led to the Radcliffe Trust, which oversaw the Radcliffe Observatory, appointing Manuel Johnson as the Radcliffe Observer instead. George Johnson became [[Biography:White's Professor of Moral Philosophy|White's Professor of Moral Philosophy]] in 1842 and then Dean of Wells in 1854, where his time was marred by a dispute about his unpopular decision to hold a parish position in Wells in addition to the deanery to supplement his income.<ref name=Johnson>{{cite web|first=M. C. |last=Curthoys|title=Johnson, George Henry Sacheverell (1808–1881)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date= 2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/14881|access-date=31 May 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
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! scope="row"|{{sortname|William|Donkin|William Fishburn Donkin}}
|align="center"|1842–1869
|{{hs|Oxford, St Edmund}}[[Organization:St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]] and [[Organization:University College, Oxford|University College]]
|University College
|Donkin, a talented linguist, mathematician and musician, published papers on various astronomical and mathematical topics, including the movements of the Moon.  He found new ways of solving [[Laplace's equation]] and applied his mathematical knowledge to questions of acoustics, although he did not finish a proposed book on the topic before his death.<ref>{{cite web|first1=W. J. |last1=Harrison|title=Donkin, William Fishburn (1814–1869)|first2=I. |last2=Grattan-Guinness|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/7813|access-date=20 June 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Charles|Pritchard}}
|align="center"|1870–1893
|{{hs|Cambridge, St John}}[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] (St John's College)
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]{{#tag:ref|Pritchard became a member of New College in 1870 and was appointed to a college fellowship in 1883.<ref name=Pritchard/>|group="n"}}
|After leaving Cambridge, Pritchard was headmaster of a grammar school in Stockwell, south London, but left after a year because of disagreements with the school's owners about his wish to teach science. His reforms were popular with some of the parents, however, and they established a school for him nearby in Clapham, where he was headmaster from 1834 to 1862 and installed an observatory and other scientific equipment. He was a member, and later president, of the Royal Astronomical Society, taking part in observations and the 1860 expedition to Spain to observe the [[Earth:Solar eclipse|solar eclipse]]. An ordained priest, he was appointed Hulsean lecturer at Cambridge in 1867, but never held a parish post.  At the age of 62, he was appointed to the Savilian chair and (in the words of the ''Oxford Dictionary of National Biography'') "entered upon his new duties with the ardour of youth".<ref name=Pritchard/> During his time in the position, an observatory was built in the University Parks, making Oxford one of the leading observatories in Europe. His use of photography to assist his observations and calculations of [[Astronomy:Stellar parallax|stellar parallax]] was rewarded with the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society (1886) and the Royal Medal of the Royal Society (1892).<ref name=Pritchard>{{cite web|first1=A. M. |last1=Clerke|title=Pritchard, Charles (1808–1893)|first2=Anita |last2=McConnell|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=May 2006 |url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/22819|access-date=20 June 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
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! scope="row"|{{sortname|Herbert|Turner|Herbert Hall Turner}}
|align="center"|1893–1930
|{{hs|Cambridge, Trinity}}[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] (Trinity College)
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Turner was second wrangler (achieved the second-highest marks in the Cambridge mathematics examinations) in 1882, and became chief assistant at the Royal Greenwich Observatory in 1884. He was involved with an international project to conduct a photographic survey and catalogue of stars, and devised a method of calculating a star's true position, making the work much easier. This was recognised by the award of the Bruce Medal of the [[Organization:Astronomical Society of the Pacific|Astronomical Society of the Pacific]] (1927). After his appointment to the Oxford professorship, his attempts to have a house built for him at the university's observatory were unsuccessful, as the dispute between the university and the Radcliffe Observatory that had begun with George Johnson's appointment in 1839 continued. He supported the decision of the Radcliffe trustees to move their observatory to a better site, in South Africa, in 1929, but was attacked by fellow Oxford academics in the struggles for improving science facilities at the university thereafter. He was heavily involved in the work of the Royal Astronomical Society and international astronomical groups, and developed interests in [[Physics:Geophysics|geophysics]] and [[Earth:Seismology|seismology]], where he was one of the first to suggest that the Earth's core was liquid.<ref>{{cite web|first=Roger |last=Hutchins|title=Turner, Herbert Hall (1861–1930)|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/36587|access-date=20 June 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
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! scope="row"|{{sortname|Harry|Plaskett|Harry Hemley Plaskett}}
|align="center"|1932–1960
|{{hs|Toronto}}[[Organization:University of Toronto|University of Toronto]] and Imperial College, London
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Plaskett, a solar physicist, was the son of the Canadian astronomer John Stanley Plaskett. After serving in the Canadian Corps during the First World War, he studied [[Physics:Spectroscopy|spectroscopy]] with Alfred Fowler at Imperial College for a few months before taking up an appointment under his father at the Dominion Astrophysical Observatory, British Columbia. He taught at Harvard College from 1928, becoming professor of astrophysics in 1930, and concentrated on solar research (which he preferred to lecturing). During this time he met the Oxford mathematician and astrophysicist [[Biography:Edward Arthur Milne|Edward Arthur Milne]], and they became close friends. On the death of [[Biography:Herbert Hall Turner|Herbert Turner]] in 1930, Milne warned Plaskett about the antiquated observatory at Oxford and the lack of university support and resources for the work of the Savilian professor, but Plaskett was undeterred and was appointed to the position. He constructed England's first solar tower telescope to attract new researchers to Oxford, and reduced the work carried out at the observatory on seismology that Turner had begun, eliminating it in 1946. He ended undergraduate tuition at the observatory and, with Milne, set up the first school of astrophysics in the country, based on the teaching of graduate students through research initiatives. He retired in 1960, but continued his observations with his successor's permission until he turned eighty in 1973. Like his father, he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Royal Astronomical Society.<ref name=Plaskett>{{cite web|first1=M. G. |last1=Adam|title=Plaskett, Harry Hemley (1893–1980)|first2=Roger |last2=Hutchins|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=2004|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/view/article/31553|access-date=20 June 2012}} {{ODNBsub}}</ref>
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! scope="row"|{{sortname|Donald|Blackwell}}
|align="center"|1960–1988
|{{hs|Cambridge, Sidney}}[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] (Sidney Sussex College)
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Blackwell was assistant director of the Solar Physics Observatory at Cambridge from 1950 to 1960, when he took up the Savilian professorship.  He was President of the Royal Astronomical Society from 1973 to 1975, and visited various countries for his research.<ref>{{cite web|title=Blackwell, Prof. Donald Eustace|work=Who Was Who|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=November 2011 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whowaswho/U7749|access-date=31 May 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|George|Efstathiou}}
|align="center"|1988–1997
|{{hs|Oxford, Keble}}Keble College and the University of Durham
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
|After completing his studies at Oxford and Durham, Efstathiou worked as an astronomy research assistant at the University of California Berkeley for one year, then became a Fellow of [[Organization:King's College, Cambridge|King's College, Cambridge]]. Before his appointment as Savilian professor, he was Assistant Director of Research at the [[Organization:Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge|Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge]]. After nine years in Oxford, he returned to Cambridge to take up a professorship, and became Director of the university's [[Organization:Kavli Institute for Cosmology|Kavli Institute for Cosmology]] in 2008. He has been awarded the Maxwell Medal and Prize of the [[Organization:Institute of Physics|Institute of Physics]] (1990) and the Gruber Prize in Cosmology (2011).<ref name=Efstathiou>{{cite web|title=Efstathiou, Prof. George Petros|work=Who's Who 2010|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=November 2009|url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U14741|access-date=3 March 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|url=http://aas.org/archives/Newsletter/Newsletter_159_2011_07_July_August.pdf|page=25|journal=AAS Newsletter|publisher=American Astronomical Society|date=July–August 2011|issue=159|access-date=11 January 2015|title="Gang Of Four" Receives $500,000 Gruber Cosmology Prize|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140923043418/http://aas.org/archives/Newsletter/Newsletter_159_2011_07_July_August.pdf|archive-date=23 September 2014}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Joseph|Silk}}
|align="center"|1999–2012
|{{hs|Cambridge, Clare}}[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]] ([[Organization:Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]]) and [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]]
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
|After obtaining his doctorate from Harvard, Silk returned to England to carry out research at the [[Organization:Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge|Institute of Astronomy, Cambridge]].  After a year at the [[Organization:Princeton University|Princeton University]] observatory, he moved to the University of California at Berkeley in 1970, becoming Professor of Astronomy in 1978. His astronomical interests include the formation of galaxies, [[Astronomy:Dark matter|dark matter]] detection, and temperature changes in space. His publications include ''The Big Bang'' (1980) and ''A Short History of the Universe'' (1994).<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/221098/news/story_4.htm|title=Astronomy chair filled by expert in cosmology|work=Oxford University Gazette|publisher=University of Oxford|date=22 October 1998|access-date=26 June 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318203418/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/1998-9/weekly/221098/news/story_4.htm|archive-date=18 March 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Silk, Prof. Joseph Ivor|work=Who's Who 2012|publisher=Oxford University Press|date=November 2011 |url=http://www.ukwhoswho.com/view/article/oupww/whoswho/U34843|access-date=26 June 2012}} {{subscription required}}</ref>
|- valign="top"
! scope="row"|{{sortname|Steven|Balbus}}
|align="center"|2012–<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2011-2012/31may2012-no4991/notices/#73116|title=Notices|work=Oxford University Gazette|publisher=University of Oxford|date=31 May 2012|access-date=5 July 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121203005246/http://www.ox.ac.uk/gazette/2011-2012/31may2012-no4991/notices/#73116|archive-date=3 December 2012}}</ref>
|{{hs|Mass}} [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] and the [[Organization:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]]
|[[Organization:New College, Oxford|New College]]
|Balbus received degrees in mathematics and physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), his PhD in physics from the University of California at Berkeley, and held postdoctoral positions at MIT and [[Organization:Princeton University|Princeton University]].  He joined the faculty of the [[Organization:University of Virginia|University of Virginia]] in 1985, and moved to the École Normale Supérieure de Paris in 2004, accepting the Savilian Chair in the spring of 2012.  Balbus is a theoretical astrophysicist with research interests in gasdynamical processes, and is known for his work with John F. Hawley on turbulence in accretion disks.  He was the recipient of a Chaire d'excellence in 2004, and has been a Spitzer Lecturer at Princeton University and a Miller Visiting Professor at UC Berkeley.  For his work on accretion disks, Balbus shared the 2013 Shaw Prize in Astronomy with Hawley.
|}

==See also==
*List of professorships at the University of Oxford

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="n"}}

==References==
{{reflist}}


{{featured list}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Professor of Astronomy, Savilian}}
[[Category:History of astronomy]]

{{Sourceattribution|Savilian Professor of Astronomy}}