View source for BCD (character encoding)

{{short description|Six-bit Binary-Coded Decimal codes}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=July 2022}}
{{infobox character encoding
| name = BCD Interchange Codes
| classification = [[Six-bit character code|6-bit]] [[Alphanumeric|alphanumeric]] basic Latin encodings
| prev = 
| next = [[Software:EBCDIC|EBCDIC]]
}}
'''BCD''' (''binary-coded decimal''), also called '''alphanumeric BCD''', '''alphameric BCD''', '''BCD Interchange Code''',<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/> or '''BCDIC''',<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/> is a family of representations of numerals, uppercase Latin letters, and some special and control characters as [[Six-bit character code|six-bit character code]]s.

Unlike later encodings such as [[ASCII]], BCD codes were not standardized. Different computer manufacturers, and even different product lines from the same manufacturer, often had their own variants, and sometimes included unique characters. Other six-bit encodings with completely different mappings, such as some FIELDATA<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/> variants or [[Transcode (character encoding)|Transcode]], are sometimes incorrectly termed BCD.

Many variants of BCD encode the characters '0' through '9' as the corresponding binary values.

==History==
Technically, ''[[Binary-coded decimal|binary-coded decimal]]'' describes the encoding of decimal numbers where each decimal digit is represented by a fixed number of bits, usually four.

With the introduction of the ''IBM card'' in 1928, IBM created a code{{efn|There are actually multiple card codes, e.g, by 1964 there were ten versions of the [[Engineering:Keypunch#IBM 024, 026 Card Punches|IBM 026]] with slightly different character sets.}} capable of representing alphanumeric information,<ref name="Pugh-Heide"/> later adopted by other manufacturers.  This code represents the numbers 0-9 by a single punch, and uses multiple punches for upper-case letters and special characters.<ref name="Pugh_1995"/> A letter has two punches (zone [12,11,0] + digit [1–9]); most special characters have two or three punches (zone [12,11,0,or none] + digit [2–7] + 8).

The BCD code is the adaptation of the punched card code to a six-bit [[Binary code|binary code]] by encoding the digit rows (nine rows, plus unpunched) into the low four bits, and the zone rows (three rows, plus unpunched) into the high two bits.<ref name="Jones"/> The digit zero (a single punch in row 0) is usually handled specially in some way, and the digit code was extended to values 10 through 15 by combining a digit in the range 2–7 with a punch in row 8. [[Company:IBM|IBM]] applied the terms ''binary-coded decimal'' and ''BCD'' to the variations of BCD ''alphamerics'' used in most early IBM computers, including the IBM 1620, IBM 1400 series, and non-Decimal Architecture members of the IBM 700/7000 series.

Among the vendors using BCD were [[Company:Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs]],<ref name="Burroughs_1967"/> [[Company:Groupe Bull|Bull]], [[Company:Control Data Corporation|CDC]],<ref name="CDC_1965"/> [[Company:IBM|IBM]], [[Company:General Electric|General Electric]] (the computer division was purchased by [[Company:Honeywell|Honeywell]] in 1969), [[Company:NCR Corporation|NCR]], [[Company:Siemens|Siemens]], and [[Company:Sperry Corporation|Sperry]]-[[Engineering:UNIVAC|UNIVAC]].

IBM announced the 8-bit ''Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code'' (EBCDIC), based on BCDIC, in 1964 with the introduction of its System/360 line.

=={{anchor|Recordmark character}}{{anchor|Groupmark character}}Special characters==
The ''Recordmark'' or ''Record mark'' character (represented as ‡) is a character used to mark the end of a [[Record (computer science)|record]].<ref name="PCMag"/> The BCD code for this character is 32<sub>8</sub> in some BCD variants. The closest Unicode equivalent is {{unichar|29E7|thermodynamic}}, but that is not found in many fonts, so {{unichar|2021|double dagger}} is often used instead. Functionally this corresponds to the EBCDIC ''IRS'' character (ASCII ''RS''), X'1E'.

The ''Groupmark'' or ''Group mark character'' (represented as [[File:IBM 1401 Group Mark.GIF]]) is a character used to indicate the start or finish of a group of related fields.<ref name="GroupMark"/> The BCD code for this character is 77<sub>8</sub> in some BCD variants. The groupmark was proposed for Unicode standardization in 2015,<ref name="Shirriff"/> and was assigned to value {{unichar|2BD2|group mark}}. Functionally this corresponds to the EBCDIC ''IGS'' character (ASCII ''GS''), X'1D'. It is now in Unicode 10.0 at this position, but only the Symbola and Unifont fonts support it.

The ''[[Word mark (computer hardware)|Wordmark]]'', by contrast, is ''not'' a BCD character. Rather, it is a flag bit used to mark the end of a word on some variable word length computers such as the IBM 1401.

==BCD code variations==
There are many different versions of the six-bit BCD code.  There are three major categories of difference:
# The mapping from zone punches to high-order bits.  All codes translate no zone punches to a bit pattern of 00, but some encode the zone punches in 12-11-0 order, preserving alphabetical order, while others use 0-11-12 order, resulting in a partially reversed alphabet.
# The handling of the digit 0.  The straightforward translation from punched form would place the blank before digits 1&ndash;9, and encode 0 at the start of the line with 'S' in it.  All codes have some special-case handling which either translates the digit 0 to the all-zero binary code (and moves the blank elsewhere), or gives it binary code 001010 (decimal 10) and moves the 8+2 punch elsewhere.
# The assignment of special characters.  The characters assigned to codes beyond the basic alphanumeric set varied widely, even within one model of computer.

In "Spanish speaking countries", the character ''"Ñ"'' did not exist in the original system, therefore ''"@"'' was chosen by most manufacturers: Bull, NCR, and Control Data, but there was an inconsistency when merging databases to 7-bit ASCII code, for in that coding system the ''"/"'' character was chosen, resulting in two different codes for the same character.

==Examples of BCD codes==
The following charts show the numeric values of BCD characters in [[Hexadecimal|hexadecimal]] (base-16) notation, as that most clearly reflects the structure of 4-bit binary coded decimal, plus two extra bits.  For example, the code for 'A',  in row 3x and column x1, is hexadecimal 31, or binary '11 0001'.

===Tape style===

====48-character BCD code====
The first versions of BCDIC had 48 characters, as they were based on card punch patterns and the character sets of printers, neither of which encouraged having a power-of-two number of characters.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|+ IBM 48-character BCDIC code<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/>{{Rp|68}}
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size:60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||#||@||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 1x
|bgcolor=lightgrey| ||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||,||%||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||$||{{large|*}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 3x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||.||{{large|⌑}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey|
|}

This was based on a 40-character punched card code; the original 37 (10 digits, 26 letters, and blank), plus three commercially important characters added around 1932:<ref name="Mackenzie_1980"/>{{Rp|67}} hyphen-minus used for printing credit balances and hyphenated names, the [[Ampersand|ampersand]] also used in many names and addresses (Procter & Gamble, Mr. & Mrs. Smith), and the asterisk used to overprint unused fields when printing [[Finance:Cheque|cheque]]s.

===={{anchor|IBM 1401 BCD}}IBM 1401 BCD code====
Rather than following the IBM 704's storage representation, IBM 1401 followed the tape representation (descended from the 48-character BCD), thus using the all-zero code for blank and the code 10 (0x0A) for the digit zero.  It had defined character forms for all possible values, for documentation purposes,<ref name="IBM_1962"/> but only 48 of the 63 non-blank characters were printable, and there was considerable variation in how the other code values (shaded in the table below) were depicted in practice.  Even the other characters varied between different available print chains for the IBM 1403 printer.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size:60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||#||@||bgcolor=lightgrey|:||bgcolor=lightgrey|>||bgcolor=lightgrey|√
|-
! 1x
|bgcolor=lightgrey|¢||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||⧧||,||%||bgcolor=lightgrey|=||bgcolor=lightgrey|'||bgcolor=lightgrey|"
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||bgcolor=lightgrey|!||$||{{large|*}}||bgcolor=lightgrey|)||bgcolor=lightgrey|;||bgcolor=lightgrey|Δ
|-
! 3x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||bgcolor=lightgrey|?||.||{{large|⌑}}||bgcolor=lightgrey|(||bgcolor=lightgrey|<||bgcolor=lightgrey|⯒
|}

===={{anchor|CP353}}Code page 353====
The BCDIC-A Code page was assigned as '''Code page 353''', also known as '''CP353'''. Some of the characters in this code page are not in Unicode. (The duplication of '#' can be found in IBM's own documentation and is not a mistake here.<ref name="IBM_CP"/>)
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||#||@||:||>||√
|-
! 1x
| ␢||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||⧧||,||%||γ||\||⧻
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||!||#||{{large|*}}||]||;||Δ 
|-
! 3x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||?||.||{{large|⌑}}||[||<||⯒
|}
At 0x1A is the record mark. At 0x3F is the group mark.

===={{anchor|PTTC/BCD|CP355|CP357|CP358|CP359|CP360}}PTTC/BCD code pages====
PTTC/BCD had 5 options. There were five code pages. They are shown below.
The PTTC/BCD Standard Option was assigned as '''Code page 355''', or '''CP355'''.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||#|| || || || 
|-
! 1x
| @||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||⧧||,|| ||γ|| ||  
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||<||$|| || || ||  
|-
! 3x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||)||.|| || || || 
|}

The PTTC/BCD H Option was assigned as '''Code page 357''', or '''CP357'''.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||=|| || || || 
|-
! 1x
| '||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||⧧||,|| || || ||  
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||!||$|| || || ||  
|-
! 3x
| +||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||?||.|| || || || 
|}

The PTTC/BCD Correspondence Option was assigned as '''Code page 358''', or '''CP358'''.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||'|| || || || 
|-
! 1x
| !||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||⧧||,|| || || ||  
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||<||;|| || || ||  
|-
! 3x
| =||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||>||.|| || || || 
|}

The PTTC/BCD Monocase Option was assigned as '''Code page 359''', or '''CP359'''.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||#|| || || || 
|-
! 1x
| @||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z|| ||,|| || || ||  
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R|| ||$|| || || ||  
|-
! 3x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I|| ||.|| || || || 
|}

The PTTC/BCD Duocase Option was assigned as '''Code page 360''', or '''CP360'''.
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||0||#|| || || || 
|-
! 1x
| @||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z|| ||,|| || || ||  
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R|| ||$|| || || ||  
|-
! 3x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I|| ||.|| || || || 
|}

===IBM 704 storage style===

===={{anchor|IBM 704 BCD}}IBM 704 BCD code====
The IBM 704 reordered the BCDIC code to allow a normal alphabetic collating order internally, with 0 before 1 and A before Z.  It could automatically translate between this internal form and the earlier BCDIC when reading and writing [[Physics:Magnetic tape|magnetic tape]]s.<ref name="IBM_1955"/>{{rp|page=35}}

The following table shows the code assignments for the IBM 704 computer.  Unassigned code positions appear as blanks.<ref name="IBM_1955"/>{{rp|page=35}}
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|+ IBM 704 character set
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
| 0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||#||@||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 1x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||bgcolor=lightgrey|{{overset|+|0}}||.||{{large|⌑}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||bgcolor=lightgrey|{{overset|&minus;|0}}||$||{{large|*}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 3x
|style="font-size:60%"| space||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||bgcolor=lightgrey|⧧||,||%||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|}

({{overset|+|0}} and {{overset|&minus;|0}} were rarely used characters that corresponded to the punched-card convention of a digit 0 with an overpunched sign in rows 12 or 11.)

The following table shows the code assignments for the type 716 printer used starting with the IBM 704 computer and through the 7094.<ref name="IBM_1955"/>{{rp|page=58}} The 704 interface{{efn|The interface on, e.g., the 7090, is different, although the software still must do mapping.}} sent virtual punched-card rows to this printer, two words (72 bits) at a time, so the mapping from 6-bit BCD characters was done by software, and was not built into the printer.

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|+ IBM 716 printer character set G
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
| {{large|*}}||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||+||-||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 1x
| +||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||.||{{large|⌑}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||$||{{large|*}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 3x
| 0||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||,||%||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|}

This is a repertoire of 45 characters (not counting blank, which is handled specially by the printer), as the characters <code>+</code>, <code>-</code> and <code>*</code> are duplicated.

====Fortran character set====
There was some variation; IBM 704 [[Fortran]] had a different set of special characters (preserving only the duplicated minus sign).<ref name="704 Fortran"/>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|+ IBM 716 printer Fortran character set
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
| {{large|*}}||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||=||-||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 1x
| +||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||.||)||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||$||{{large|*}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 3x
| 0||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||,||(||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|}

A similar code was used for the IBM 709, 7090 and 7094 successors,<ref name="Harper_2001"/> but with some of the special characters reassigned:
{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|+ IBM 7090/7094 character set
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
| 0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||=||"||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 1x
| &||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||bgcolor=lightgrey|{{overset|+|0}}||.||)||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 2x
| -||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||bgcolor=lightgrey|{{overset|&minus;|0}}||$||{{large|*}}||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|-
! 3x
|style="font-size:60%"| space||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||±||,||(||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| ||bgcolor=lightgrey| 
|}

===={{anchor|GBCD}}GBCD code====
Below is the table of GE/Honeywell's GBCD code, a variant of BCD.<ref name="Bull"/>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
| 0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||[||#||@||:||>||?
|-
!1x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||&||.||]||(||<||\
|-
!2x
| ^||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||-||$||{{large|*}}||)||;||'
|-
! 3x
| +||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||_||,||%||=||"||!
|}

===={{anchor|B5500 BCD}}Burroughs B5500 BCD code====
The following table shows the code assignments for the [[Burroughs large systems|Burroughs B5500]] computer, sometimes referred to as BIC (Burroughs Interchange Code).<ref name="Burroughs_1967_2"/>

{|class=wikitable style="text-align:center" border=1
|-
! ||x0||x1||x2||x3||x4||x5||x6||x7||x8||x9||xA||xB||xC||xD||xE||xF
|-
! 0x
| 0||1||2||3||4||5||6||7||8||9||#||@||?||:||&gt;||≥ 
|-
! 1x
| +||A||B||C||D||E||F||G||H||I||.||[||&amp;||(||&lt; ||← 
|-
! 2x
| ×||J||K||L||M||N||O||P||Q||R||$||{{large|*}}||-||)||;||≤ 
|-
! 3x
|style="font-size: 60%"| space||/||S||T||U||V||W||X||Y||Z||,||%||≠||=||]||" 
|}

==See also==
* [[Binary-coded decimal]]
* [[Six-bit character code]]
* [[Software:EBCDIC|EBCDIC]]
* [[SQUOZE]]

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist|refs=
<ref name="Mackenzie_1980">{{cite book |title=Coded Character Sets, History and Development |series=The Systems Programming Series |author-last=Mackenzie |author-first=Charles E. |date=1980 |publisher=Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Inc. |edition=1 |isbn=0-201-14460-3 |lccn=77-90165 |url=https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |access-date=2017-04-22 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160526172151/https://textfiles.meulie.net/bitsaved/Books/Mackenzie_CodedCharSets.pdf |archive-date=2016-05-26}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=6-tQAAAAMAAJ]</ref>
<ref name="Jones">{{cite web |author-last=Jones |author-first=Douglas W. |title=Punched Card Codes |url=http://homepage.cs.uiowa.edu/~jones/cards/codes.html |access-date=2014-01-01}}</ref>
<ref name="Burroughs_1967">{{cite book |publisher=[[Company:Burroughs Corporation|Burroughs Corporation]] |title=Burroughs B5500 Information Processing Systems: Reference Manual |date=1964 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/B5000_5500_5700/1021326_B5500_RefMan_May67.pdf |access-date=2012-06-08  |archive-date=2020-07-29  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729015353/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/burroughs/B5000_5500_5700/1021326_B5500_RefMan_May67.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="CDC_1965">{{cite book |author=Control Data Corporation |title=Codes/Control Data 6600 Computer System |date=1965 |url=http://www.bitsavers.org/pdf/cdc/cyber/cyber_70/60141900_Codes_Rev-A_May65.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="PCMag">{{cite encyclopedia |title=Record-mark |url=https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia/term/50300/record-mark |publisher=PC Magazine |encyclopedia=Encyclopedia |access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="GroupMark">{{cite web |title=group mark |url=http://www.encyclopedia.com/doc/1O11-groupmark.html |website=Encyclopedia.com |access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="Shirriff">{{cite web |author-last=Shirriff |author-first=Ken |title=Proposal for addition of Group Mark symbol |url=https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2015/15083-group-mark.pdf |website=unicode.org |access-date=2016-04-09}}</ref>
<ref name="IBM_1962">{{cite book |publisher=[[Company:IBM|IBM]] |title=IBM 1401 Data Processing System: Reference Manual |id=A24-1403-5 |date=April 1962 |page=170 |url=http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/140x/A24-1403-5_1401_Reference_Apr62.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120314091317/http://bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/140x/A24-1403-5_1401_Reference_Apr62.pdf |archive-date=2012-03-14}}</ref>
<ref name="IBM_CP">{{cite web |url=http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp00353z.pdf |title=Systems i Software Globalization cp00353z |website=www-03.ibm.com |access-date=2022-06-30 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121105830/http://www-03.ibm.com/systems/resources/systems_i_software_globalization_pdf_cp00353z.pdf |archive-date=2013-01-21 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="IBM_1955">{{cite book |title=IBM 704 electronic data-processing machine manual of operation |date=1955 |publisher=[[Company:IBM|IBM]] |id=Form 24-6661-2 |pages=35, 58 |url=http://www.mirrorservice.org/sites/www.bitsavers.org/pdf/ibm/704/24-6661-2_704_Manual_1955.pdf#page=35 |access-date=2017-04-22}}</ref>
<ref name="704 Fortran">{{cite web |title=Fortran Automatic Coding System for the IBM 704 |url=https://www.fortran.com/FortranForTheIBM704.pdf#page=51 |publisher=[[Company:IBM|IBM]] |access-date=2015-09-15 |page=49 |date=1956-10-15}}</ref>
<ref name="Harper_2001">{{cite web |title=IBM 7090/94 Character Representation |url=http://www.frobenius.com/characters.htm |author-first=Jack |author-last=Harper |date=2001-08-21 |access-date=2017-04-22}}</ref>
<ref name="Bull">{{cite web |url=http://www.enterprise.bull.com/cd_doc/cd_doc_data/rj78a00.pdf |title=Section: Tables of characters in BULL computers |access-date=2010-11-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110708104144/http://www.enterprise.bull.com/cd_doc/cd_doc_data/rj78a00.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-08 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
<ref name="Burroughs_1967_2">{{cite book |title=Burroughs B 5500 Information Processing Systems Extended Algol Reference Manual |date=1966 |page=B-1 |url=http://bitsavers.trailing-edge.com/pdf/burroughs/B5000_5500_5700/1028024_B5500_ExtendedAlgol_Jul67.pdf}}</ref>
<ref name="Pugh-Heide">{{cite web |title=STARS:Punched Card Equipment |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/STARS:Punched_Card_Equipment |publisher=IEEE Global History Network |access-date=2012-06-09 |author-last1=Pugh |author-first1=Emerson W. |author-last2=Heide |author-first2=Lars |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120511034402/http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/STARS%3APunched_Card_Equipment |archive-date=2012-05-11}}</ref>
<ref name="Pugh_1995">{{cite book |author-last=Pugh |author-first=Emerson W. |title=Building IBM: Shaping and Industry and Its Technology |url=https://archive.org/details/buildingibmshapi00pugh |url-access=limited |publisher=MIT Press |date=1995 |isbn=978-0-262-16147-3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/buildingibmshapi00pugh/page/n65 50]–51}}</ref>
}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book |url=http://www.enterprise.bull.com/cd_doc/cd_doc_data/rj78a00.pdf |title=Operating System - GCOS 8 Operating System - Programmer's Guide - Bull NovaScale 9000 Series Assembly Instructions - GCOS 8 |id=67 A2 RJ78 REV00 |date=November 2003 |publisher=Bull S.A. CEDOC |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150212225201/http://www.enterprise.bull.com/cd_doc/cd_doc_data/rj78a00.pdf |archive-date=2015-02-12}}
* {{cite web |url=http://home.kpn.nl/jhm.bonten/computers/bitsandbytes/wordsizes/unisys.htm#sixbit |title=Data formats in old 48- and 36-bits computers: Six-bits characters |date=2009-03-08 |orig-date=2007 |author-first=Jo H. M. |author-last=Bonten |location=Geldrop, Netherlands |access-date=2016-06-16 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160616034037/http://home.kpn.nl/jhm.bonten/computers/bitsandbytes/wordsizes/unisys.htm#sixbit |archive-date=2016-06-16}}

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[[Category:Character encoding]]

{{Sourceattribution|BCD (character encoding)}}