View source for Basis expansion time-frequency analysis

{{short description|Time-frequency analysis}}
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Linear expansions in a single basis, whether it is a [[Fourier series]], [[Wavelet|wavelet]], or any other basis, are not suitable enough. A Fourier basis provided a poor representation of functions well localized in time, and wavelet bases are not well adapted to represent functions whose Fourier transforms have a narrow high frequency support. In both cases, it is difficult to detect and identify the signal patterns from their expansion coefficients, because the information is diluted across the whole basis. Therefore, we must use large amounts of Fourier basis or Wavelets to represent whole signal with small approximation error. Some [[Matching pursuit|matching pursuit]] algorithms are proposed in reference papers to minimize approximation error when given the amount of basis.

==Properties==
For [[Fourier series]]

:<math>
x(t) \approx \sum_{m=1}^M a_m \cdot e^{j 2\pi mt/T}
</math>

: <math>a_m=\int_0^T x(t)e^{-j 2\pi mt/T} \, \mathrm{d}t</math>

Some time-frequency analysis are also attempt to represent signal as the form below

:<math>
x(t) \approx \sum_{m=1}^M a_m\cdot \varphi_m(t)
</math>

when given the amount of basis M, minimize approximation error in mean-square sense

: <math> \text{approximation error} = \int_{- \infty}^\infty |x(t)-\sum_{m=1}^M a_m \cdot \varphi_m(t)|^2\, \mathrm{d}t</math>

==Examples==

===Three-parameter atoms===

:<math>
x(t) \approx \sum a_{t_0,f_0,\sigma}\cdot \varphi_{t_0,f_0,\sigma}(t)
</math>

:<math>
\varphi_{t_0,f_0,\sigma}(t)=\frac{2^{0.25}}{\sigma^{0.5}}e^{j2\pi f_0 t- \pi (t-t_0)^2/\sigma^2}
</math>

Since <math>\varphi_{t_0,f_0,\sigma}(t)\quad</math> are not orthogonal,<math>\quad a_{t_0,f_0,\sigma}\quad</math> should be determined by a [[Matching pursuit|matching pursuit]] process.

Three parameters:

: <math>t_0</math> controls the central time.

: <math>f_0</math> controls the central frequency.

: <math>\sigma</math> controls the scaling factor.

===Four-parameter atoms (chirplet)===

:<math>
x(t) \approx \sum a_{t_0,f_0,\sigma,\eta}\cdot \varphi_{t_0,f_0,\sigma,\eta}(t)
</math>

:<math>
\varphi_{t_0,f_0,\sigma,\eta}(t)=\frac{2^{0.25}}{\sigma^{0.5}} e^{j2\pi (f_0 t+\eta/2 t^2)- \pi (t-t_0)^2/\sigma^2}
</math>

Four parameters:

: <math>t_0</math> controls the central time

: <math>f_0</math> controls the central frequency

: <math>\sigma</math> controls the scaling factor

: <math>\eta</math> controls the chirp rate

==== [[Short-time Fourier transform]] of different basis ====

[[File:Basis expansion.png|500px|Basis expansion time-frequency]]

==References==
*S. G. Mallat and Z. Zhang, “Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 41, no. 12, pp.&nbsp;3397–3415, Dec. 1993.
*A. Bultan, “A four-parameter atomic decomposition of chirplets,” IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 47, no. 3, pp.&nbsp;731–745, Mar. 1999.
*C. Capus, and K. Brown. "Short-time fractional Fourier methods for the time-frequency representation of chirp signals," J. Acoust. Soc. Am. vol. 113, issue 6, pp.&nbsp;3253–3263, 2003.
* Jian-Jiun Ding, Time frequency analysis and wavelet transform class note, Department of Electrical Engineering, National Taiwan University (NTU), Taipei, Taiwan, 2016

[[Category:Time–frequency analysis]]

{{Sourceattribution|Basis expansion time-frequency analysis}}