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{{short description|Swiss patrician family, notable for having produced eight mathematically gifted academics}}
{{Infobox family |name= Bernoulli |region=[[Place:Basel|Basel]], {{wipe|Switzerland}} |origin=Antwerp, Belgium |members= {{unbulleted list |[[Biography:Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob Bernoulli]] |[[Biography:Johann Bernoulli|Johann Bernoulli]] |[[Biography:Nicolaus I Bernoulli|Nicolaus I Bernoulli]] |[[Biography:Nicolaus II Bernoulli|Nicolaus II Bernoulli]] |[[Biography:Daniel Bernoulli|Daniel Bernoulli]] |Johann II Bernoulli |Johann III Bernoulli |Jacob II Bernoulli }}|other_families = Curie family |distinctions = {{hlist |[[Astronomy:Astronomy|astronomy]] |[[Earth:Geography|geography]] |[[Mathematics|mathematics]] |[[Natural science|natural science]]s |[[Physics:Physics|physics]]}}|}}
The '''Bernoulli family''' ({{IPAc-en|b|ɜr|ˈ|n|uː|l|i}} {{respell|bur|NOO|lee}}, {{IPA|de|bɛʁˈnʊli|lang}},<ref>German pronunciation from Mangold, Max (1990) ''Duden — Das Aussprachewörterbuch''. 3. Auflage. Mannheim/Wien/Zürich, Dudenverlag. In a tradition going back to the 18th century (Tronson du Coudray, ''L'artillerie nouvelle'', 1773, [https://books.google.com/books?id=k0NgAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA195 p. 195]), the name was spelled ''Bernouilli'' in France, and accordingly given the French pronunciation of [bɛʁnuˈji]. This is no longer the case, and the name is now spelled in the original form ''Bernoulli'' also in French-language context.  ''Rue Bernoulli'' in Paris 8 was named ''rue Bernouilli'' in 1867 and renamed to the correct spelling in 1994 ([http://www.v2asp.paris.fr/commun/v2asp/v2/nomenclature_voies/Voieactu/0906.nom.htm v2asp.paris.fr] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130051808/http://www.v2asp.paris.fr/commun/v2asp/v2/nomenclature_voies/Voieactu/0906.nom.htm |date=2020-11-30 }}). Bernoulli crater was spelled ''Bernouilli'' in the moon atlas by Beer & Mädler (1836), and hence adopted as the official name by the IAU in 1935; the IAU changed the official name to ''Bernoulli'' in 2003. The French submarine Bernouilli (1906) was named for [[Biography:Daniel Bernoulli|Daniel Bernoulli]].</ref> {{IPA|de-CH|bɛrˈnʊli|lang}}) of [[Place:Basel|Basel]] was a patrician family, notable for having produced  eight mathematically gifted academics who, among them, contributed substantially to the development of mathematics and physics during the early modern period.

==History==
[[File:Bernoulli-Wappenn.png|thumb|left|150px|Coat of arms of the Bernoulli family]]
Originally from Antwerp, a branch of the family relocated to Basel in 1620.<ref name=HLS>{{HLS|20951|author=René Bernoulli-Sutter|date=2004}}</ref>
While their origin in Antwerp is certain, proposed earlier connections with the Dutch family of Italian ancestry called ''Bornouilla'' (''Bernoullie''), or with the Castilian family ''de Bernuy'' (''Bernoille'', ''Bernouille''), are uncertain.<ref name=HLS/>

The first known member of the family was Leon Bernoulli (d. 1561),  a doctor in Antwerp, at that time part of the Spanish Netherlands. His son, Jacob, emigrated to Frankfurt am Main in 1570 to escape from the Spanish persecution of the Protestants. Jacob's grandson, a spice trader, also named Jacob, moved to [[Place:Basel|Basel]], {{wipe|Switzerland}} in 1620, and was granted citizenship in 1622.<ref name=HLS/> His son, {{Interlanguage link|Niklaus Bernoulli|de|}} (Nicolaus, 1623&ndash;1708), Leon's great-great-grandson, married Margarethe Schönauer.

===Notable academic members===
Niklaus had four sons, of whom Johann and Hieronymus became the progenitors of the "greater" and the "lesser" branches of the family, respectively. The "greater" branch later became related by marriage to the prominent French academic dynasty, the Curie family, through [[Biography:Johann Bernoulli|Johann Bernoulli]] (1667&ndash;1748).{{citation needed|date=November 2019}} The four sons of Niklaus were:
* [[Biography:Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob Bernoulli]] (1654&ndash;1705; also known as James or Jacques), mathematician after whom Bernoulli numbers are named, and author of the early probability text ''Ars Conjectandi''
* Nicolaus Bernoulli (1662&ndash;1716), painter and alderman of Basel
* [[Biography:Johann Bernoulli|Johann Bernoulli]] (1667&ndash;1748; also known as Jean), mathematician and early adopter of infinitesimal calculus
* Hieronymus Bernoulli (1669&ndash;1760), m.  Catharina Ebneter

In addition to [[Biography:Jacob Bernoulli|Jacob]] and [[Biography:Johann Bernoulli|Johann]], the Bernoulli family of mathematicians is generally taken to include:
* [[Biography:Nicolaus I Bernoulli|Nicolaus I Bernoulli]] (1687&ndash;1759), son of Nicolaus, mathematician, worked on curves, differential equations, and [[Probability|probability]]; originator of the [[St. Petersburg paradox]]
* [[Biography:Nicolaus II Bernoulli|Nicolaus II Bernoulli]] (1695&ndash;1726), son of Johann
* [[Biography:Daniel Bernoulli|Daniel Bernoulli]] (1700&ndash;1782), son of Johann, developer of [[Bernoulli's principle]] and originator of the concept of [[Utility|expected utility]] for resolving the St. Petersburg paradox
* Johann II Bernoulli (1710&ndash;1790; also known as Jean), son of Johann, mathematician and physicist
* Johann III Bernoulli (1744&ndash;1807; also known as Jean), son of Johann II, astronomer, geographer and mathematician
* Jacob II Bernoulli (1759&ndash;1789; also known as Jacques), son of Johann II, physicist and mathematician

Several more recent prominent scholars are also descended from the family, including:
*{{Interlanguage link multi|Johann Jakob Bernoulli|lt=|de|Johann Jakob Bernoulli}} (1831&ndash;1913), art historian and archaeologist; noted for his ''Römische Ikonographie'' (1882 onwards) on Roman Imperial portraits 
*Ludwig Bernoully (1873–1928), German architect in Frankfurt
* Hans Bernoulli (1876&ndash;1959), architect and designer of the Bernoullihäuser in Zurich and Grenchen SO
* Elisabeth Bernoulli (1873–1935), suffragette and campaigner against alcoholism

The surname survives in Switzerland, with ten entries in the white pages for the city of Basel as of 2018.<ref>[https://tel.search.ch/?was=Bernoulli&wo=Basel&pages=2 tel.search.ch]</ref>

== Family Tree of the Basler Bernoullis ==

{{Tree chart/start}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Nik | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Nik=Niklaus<br />(1623–1708)}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | Jac | | Nik | | | | | | Joh | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Hie | | | | |Jac='''Jakob I'''<br />(1655–1705) |Nik=Nikolaus<br />(1662–1716) |Joh='''Johann I'''<br />(1667–1748) |Hie=Hieronymus<br />(1669–1760)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | Ni1 | | Ni2 | | Dan | | Jo2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Fra | | | | |Ni1=Nikolaus I<br />(1687–1759) |Ni2=Nikolaus II<br />(1695–1726) |Dan='''[[Biography:Daniel Bernoulli|Daniel]]'''<br />(1700–1782) |Jo2=Johann II<br />(1710–1790) |Fra=Franz<br />(1705–1777)}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|v|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|-|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | Jo3 | | Da2 | | | | | | | | | | Ni3 | | | | | | Ja2 | | | | | | | | | | Hir | | | | |Jo3=Johann III<br />(1744–1807) |Da2=Daniel II<br />(1751–1834) |Ni3=Nikolaus III<br />(1754–1841) |Ja2=Jakob II<br />(1759–1789) |Hir=Hieronymus<br />(1735–1786)}}
{{Tree chart | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | Chr | | Jos | | Leo | | Lnh | | | | | | Ni2 | | | | | | | | | | | | | | JJ1 | | | | |Chr=Christoph<br />(1782–1863) |Jos=Johannes<br />(1785–1869) |Leo=Leonhard<br />(1786–1852) |Lnh=Leonhard<br />(1791–1871) |Ni2=Nikolaus<br />(1793–1876) |JJ1=Johann Jacob<br />(1769–1853)}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|^|-|-|-|.| | | | | | | | | |,|-|^|-|-|-|.| }}
{{Tree chart | Car | | Kar | | Edu | | AuC | | Fri | | | | | | The | | | | | | | | JJ2 | | | | Fr2 |Car=Carl Christoph<br />(1809–1884) |Kar=Carl Johann<br />(1835–1906) |Edu=Eduard<br />(1819–1899) |AuC=August<br />(1839–1921) |Fri=Fritz<br />(1824–1913) |The=Theodor<br />(1837–1909) |JJ2=Johann Jacob<br />(1802–1892)|Fr2=Franz<br />(1813–1850)}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |!| | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | |,|-|^|-|.| | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | CaC | | CaA | | Edu | | ALe | | Mar | | Eli | | Han | | Rud | | JJ3 | | CaG | | Ern |CaC=Carl Christoph<br />(1861–1923) |CaA=Carl Albrecht<br />(1868–1937) |Edu=Eduard<br />(1867–1927) |ALe=August Leonhard<br />(1879–1939) |Mar=[[Biography:Hermann Hesse#Between Lake Constance and India|Maria]]<br />(1868–1963) |Rud=Rudolf<br />(1880–1948) |Eli=Elisabeth<br />(1873–1935) |Han=Hans<br />(1876–1959) |JJ3=Johann Jakob<br />(1831–1913) |CaG=Carl Gustav<br />(1834–1878)|Ern=Ernst<br />(1846–1931)}}
{{Tree chart | |!| | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| }}
{{Tree chart | Cht | | Eva | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Luc | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Eug |Cht=Christoph<br /> (1897–1981) |Eva=Eva<br />(1903–1995) |Luc=Lucas<br />(1907–1976)|Eug=Eugen<br />(1882–1983)}}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | }}
{{Tree chart | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Cor | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |Cor=Cornelia<br />(* 1954)}}
{{Tree chart/end}}

==Named for members of the family==

{{Div col|colwidth=15em}}
* [[Bernoulli differential equation]]
* [[Bernoulli distribution]]
* [[Bernoulli number]]
* [[Bernoulli polynomials]]
* [[Bernoulli process]]
* [[Bernoulli trial]]
* [[Bernoulli's principle]]
* [[Bernoulli's triangle]]
{{Div col end}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www-groups.dcs.st-and.ac.uk/~history/Diagrams/Bernoulli_family.gif Family tree] at the [[MacTutor History of Mathematics archive]].
* [http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Bernoulli.html David Darling ''Encyclopedia of Science'' Bernoulli family] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140113044145/http://www.daviddarling.info/encyclopedia/B/Bernoulli.html |date=2014-01-13 }}

{{Bernoulli family}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Bernoulli Family}}
[[Category:History of mathematics]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bernoulli family}}