View source for Biography:Bak Jungyang

{{Infobox officeholder
| name                = Bak Jungyang
| image               = Park Jung-yang.jpg
| office              = Privy Councillor for the Governor-General of Korea
| term_start          = 1927
| term_end            = 1939
| governor-general    = Ugaki Kazushige<br>Yamanashi Hanzō<br>Saitō Makoto<br>Jirō Minami
| office2             = Governor of Hwanghae Province
| term_start2         = 1928
| term_end2           = 1928
| governor-general2   = Yamanashi Hanzō
| term_start3         = 1921
| term_end3           = 1923
| governor-general3   = Saitō Makoto
| office4             = Governor of North Chungcheong Province
| term_start4         = 1923
| term_end4           = 1925
| governor-general4   = Saitō Makoto
| birth_date          = {{birth date|1872|05|04}}
| birth_place         = Junae-Myeon, Yangju, Gyeonggi Province
| death_date          = {{death date and age|1959|04|23|1872|05|04}}
| death_place         = Chimsan-dong, Daegu
| children            = Bak Mun-wung, Bak Mu-wung, Bak Jeong-ja
}}
{{Infobox Korean name
|title=Korean name
|rr=Bak Jungyang
|mr=Pak Chungyang
|hangulja=원근
|rrja=Wongeun
|mrja=Wŏngŭn
|hangulho=해악 or 일소
|hanjaho={{linktext|海|岳|}} or {{linktext|一|笑|}}
|rrho=Haeak or Ilso
|mrho=Hae'ak or Ilso}}
{{Infobox transliteration
| title = Japanese name
| japanese_header = Hochu Segeyo
| japanese_header2 = Yamamoto Shin
| ibox-order = ja}}

'''Bak Jungyang''' ({{Lang-ko|박중양}}, [[Social:Hanja|Hanja]]: 朴重陽; May 3, 1874 or 1872 — April 23, 1959) was a Korean Joseon and Japanese-ruled Korean bureaucrat, politician, [[Philosophy:Liberalism|liberal]] and social activist. He demolished the castle of Daegueup and the Old Gyungsangdo Provincial Office, and contributed to city planning and road maintenance in Daegu. He also participated in the destruction of the Castle of Jinju. He was a conscientious Japanese colonial supporter with pro-Japanese group ideology as well as an advocate for civil rights.

Bak went abroad to {{wipe|Japan}} to study and later returned to become a bureaucrat in his country. He was appointed as the Mayor of Daegu and the deputy Governor of Gyeongsangbuk-do from 1906 to 1907. Later, he succeeded sequentially in the positions of Governor of Phyeongannamto, Jeollanam-do, Gyeongsangbuk-do, Phyeonganpukto and Chungcheongnam-do. Bak was involved in the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 and opposed the March 1st Movement. He also founded the Refrain Club.<ref name="jajaedan">{{Cite web|url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=3463&yy=2010|script-title=ko:"일제가 현대 조선 개신" 해방후에도 망발…친일파 박중양] 매일신문|date=25 January 2010|accessdate=19 August 2015|language=Korean|work=Idaegumail news}}</ref>

Bak was also Governor of Hwanghae-do from 1921 to 1923 and Chungcheongbuk-do Provinces from 1923 to 1925.<ref>[http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=300962&v=44 Bak Jungyang] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140407072116/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=300962&v=44 |date=2014-04-07 }} {{in lang|ko}}  </ref> Then, in 1928, he was reappointed Governor of Hwanghae-do province.

Bak was pro-Japanese, and was later named a collaborator after [[Social:World War II|World War II]]. He was nicknamed '''Haeak''' ({{lang|ko|해악}}), '''Ilso''' ({{lang|ko|일소}}), and '''Wongeun''' ({{lang|ko|원근}}). He also had the Japanese names {{nihongo|'''Shigeyō Hōchū'''|朴忠重陽|lead=yes}}, '''Jūyō''' '''Boku''' (朴 重陽) and {{nihongo|'''Shin Yamamoto'''|山本 信}}.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=2311&yy=2012|script-title=ko:경상감영 정문 '영남포정사 ' 원래 모습 찾아냈다|work=Idaegumail news|date=10 January 2012|accessdate=19 August 2015|language=Korean}}</ref>

== Early life ==
Bak Jungyang was born on May 3, 1874/1872, in Junae in Yangju county, Gyeonggi province or Daegu, son of Bak Jeong-ho and Lady Lee of Jeonju clan. His birth year is unclear, according to one source his birth year is 1872 or 1874. The origin of his family is unknown. His father supervised a rent farm and leased it out as well. He had several brothers and sisters but they died early.

In his adolescence, he joined the Independence Club, but it was dispersed due to the repression of the Korean Empire. This caused Bak to be disappointed and left him with a bad feeling against the Korean Empire.

In March 1894, the Korean Empire employed and dispatched assassins to Japan and China. In Shanghai, China Kim Ok-kyun, a reform minded activist, was murdered by assassin Hong Jong-u. Kim’s body was turned over to a Chinese warship, where it was dismembered. Parts of his body were put on public display in several towns in Korea as a traditional humiliation and punishment for treason. When Hong returned to Korea he was appointed to high office. Bak grew an extreme hatred towards the Korean Empire and the people of Korea.

=== International study ===
From an early age, he wanted to go abroad to Japan. In 1897, he was selected as a [[Place:Korea|Korea]]n state student to study abroad in {{wipe|Japan}}. Bak supported himself during his studies because his family was poor. From 1897 to 1900, he studied in Aoyama middle school. In 1900, he entered Dokyo buki high school as a banking major.<ref name="distudy">[https://archive.today/20130411105404/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=300962&v=42 Bak Jungyang]</ref> Then, he added a double major in Japanese police studies there.<ref name="distudy"/> After the graduation, Bak adopted [[Philosophy:Neo-Confucianism|Neo-Confucianism]] and the 'Theory of the national prosperity and the military power' from Ito Hirobumi.

At the time, he chose the {{wipe|Japan}}ese name Yamamoto Shin. Bak also became a {{wipe|Japan}}ese petty bureaucrat. He tried to introduce the [[Social:Parliamentary system|parliamentary system]] to the Imperial Korean government, but the Korean government refused.<ref>Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities, 《National issues Institute 9》(Seoul: Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities, 1996) pp. 16</ref>

In 1903, he returned and passed the probation period as a civil officer of  Imperial Korea. After returning to Korea, Bak continued to advocate a pro-Japanese position.

== Career ==

=== Korean Empire era ===
[[File:Japanese soldiers near Chemulpo Korea August September 1904 Russo Japanese War.jpg|thumb|left|110px|Russo-Japanese War]]

In 1903, Bak successfully filled various government posts, and was also appointed as a staff of the Public Administration Agency. In 1905, he served as a military interpreter during the Russo-Japanese War.<ref>[http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=556201&mobile&categoryId=1593 Bak Jungyang] {{in lang|ko}}</ref> In November 1905, he was appointed to the staff of the Farming, Commerce and Industry Department. He resigned when the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1905 was signed. On May 5{{year needed|date=August 2015}}, he was appointed as an engineer of the [[Social:National security|National Defense]] Department (군부;軍部) engineer, and accompanied Prince Yi Kang to go to {{wipe|Japan}}.<ref name="natersi">{{cite web|url=http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=300962&v=43|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130411122035/http://100.nate.com/dicsearch/pentry.html?s=K&i=300962&v=43|archive-date=2013-04-11|script-title=ko:박중양|trans-title=Bak Jungyang|language=ko|work=100.nate.com|access-date=2013-03-16|url-status=dead}}</ref> Two months later, he returned to his country.

[[File:박중양3.PNG|thumb|right|130px|Bak Jungyang (1907.06)]]

In 1906, Bak was promoted to Governor of Daegu County.<ref name="britanic">[http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b08b3671a Bak Jungyang] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20121220013722/http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b08b3671a |date=2012-12-20 }} {{in lang|ko}}</ref> Then, after a short period, he was promoted again to the Acting Governor of the Gyeongsangbuk-do. During the term, Bak tore down the castle of Daegueup without official permission<ref name="youngs">{{cite web|url=http://www.yeongnam.com/mnews/newsview.do?mode=newsView&newskey=20040309.010070951390001|title=<nowiki>[</nowiki>역사속의 영남사람들 .11<nowiki>]</nowiki> 박중양]|work= TheYoungnamilbo|date=9 March 2004|accessdate=19 August 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/area/269168.html 대구읍성 '성돌' 찾아 '퍼즐 맞추기'] Hangyeorye 2008.02.12. {{in lang|ko}}</ref> He secretly hired Japanese workers to tear down the structure.<ref>[http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=11545&yy=2008 <nowiki>[</nowiki>문화재 & 문화<nowiki>]</nowiki> "영치기 영차"] 매일신문 2008.03.15. {{in lang|ko}}</ref> also Bak was lay out a new street.<ref>[http://news.khan.co.kr/kh_news/khan_art_view.html?artid=200711011746051&code=210000 <nowiki>[</nowiki>한국 도시디자인 탐사<nowiki>]</nowiki>(9)대구읍성 해체와 식민도시화] 경향신문 2007.11.01. {{in lang|ko}}</ref> In early 1906, he applied for permission from the Korean government, but it was refused. The government tried to punish him for the action, but he acquired protection from Ito Hirobumi.<ref name="youngs"/> Later, he modernized the Daegu city planning and road maintenance.

He strove in building modern hospitals, medical schools and colleges, and successfully built the Dojin hospital and its affiliated medical school. He was also a supporter of the free press, including journals which satirized him. His idea was that the freedom of the press is a must to supervise the government.

In 1907, he became a governor of Phyeongannamto and Phyeonganpukto, and in 1910, the Governor of Chungcheongnam-do.

=== Japanese rule ===
[[File:박중양 충북도지사.png|thumb|left|110px|Bak Jungyang at the time of his service as Governor of North Chungcheong]]

When the Japan–Korea Treaty of 1910 was signed in August 1910, Bak remained as the Governor of Chungcheongnam-do until 1915.  From 1916 to 1920, he was a member of Japanese Government-General of Korea's Privy Council. In 1919, he opposed the March 1st Movement,<ref name="dossp">[http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/407481.html 친일중의 친일 ‘3·1운동 자제단’은 누구?] The Hangyeolye 2010.03.01 {{in lang|ko}}</ref> and founded the Refrain club on 6 April in response.<ref name="jajaedan"/> Bak was hindrance and dissuade, advice of go home of demonstrato of March 1st Movement.<ref name="dossp"/> His old friends Seo Jae-pil and Yun Chi-ho cut off relations with him due to this.

[[File:박중양 황해도지사 재직 시절 (3).png|right|thumb|200px|Bak Jungyang, 1923]]
He was appointed as the Governor of Hwanghae Province in 1921, and the Governor of North Chungcheong Province in 1923 to 1925. After the 1923 Great Kantō earthquake, he appealed to the Japanese government to release the arrested Koreans, and asserted that the Koreans were not involved in the criminal cases which occurred during the earthquake. In November 1924, he was accused in a sex abuse scandal, but the accuser woman suddenly died; three years later, the charge against him was dismissed. In 1928, he was re-appointed as the Governor of Hwanghae Province.

He governed the civilians through a regulated bureaucracy system, often with warning and several days of confinement instead of punishment, and suppressed the power of the Japanese police and soldiers to harass civilians, even putting them in confinement as well.  Sometimes, the bureaucrats were imprisoned, but the Japanese police never arrested him, because he was especially trusted by the Japanese Governor-General of Korea, which pleased many Joseon people.

=== [[Social:World War II|World War II]] era ===
thumb|left|140px|Bak Jungyang, later 1930's 
In 1927 to 1939, he was a member of Japanese Government-General of Korea's Privy Council; and in 1936, the advisor of Japanese Government-General of Korea's Privy Council.<ref name="britanic"/> Seven years later, he was elected as the vice-chairman of the council. In 1940, he changed name to '''Hōchū Segeyō''' as per the {{wipe|Japan}}ese [[Social:Sōshi-kaimei|Sōshi-kaimei]].

On October 22, 1941, he was appointed as the adviser of the Fight-patriotic of Joseon Group, which merged with the Peoples Mind Alliance in January 1943.<ref name="natersi"/> During the Asia-Pacific War, he contributed to encourage and comfort the {{wipe|Japan}}ese troops, as in 1942 and 1943, when he was sent to console the {{wipe|Japan}}ese troops stationed in [[Place:Singapore|Singapore]]. In 1943, he was appointed as Vice-Chairman of Japanese Government-General of Korea's Privy Council. On 3 April 1945, he was elected as a congressman in the House of Peers.<ref name="distudy"/>

Due to his cooperation with the Japanese Empire and the Japanese Governor-General of Korea, he was listed as a Pro-Japanese collaborators in Korea by the Institute for Research in Collaborationist Activities in 2008.

== Later years ==
[[File:Park Jungyang 1949.png|thumb|right|130px|Arrest of Bak Jungyang (1949)]]

[[Place:Korea|Korea]] was liberated on August 15, 1945, after the end of [[Social:World War II|World War II]], but Bak stayed in Daegu. He mocked the Korean independence activists for talking about their heroic deeds in the independence battle.

After October 1945, as some pro-Japanese group begged for their lives, he ridiculed Korean resistance activists. On January 1, 1949, he was arrested by the Special Investigation Committee of Anti-National Activities and charged under the National Traitor Law.<ref name="liefhae">[http://www.ohmynews.com/NWS_Web/view/at_pg.aspx?CNTN_CD=A0000209221 "해방이 1년만 늦었어도 황국신민 대우를..."] 오마이뉴스 2004.09.11. {{in lang|ko}}</ref> But, Bak maintained his innocence at the court and stood by his pro-Japanese beliefs.


In February 1949, he was released on bail due to bronchial pneumonia and [[Medicine:Asthma|asthma]]. Later, he continued to criticize President Syngman Rhee, [[Biography:Kim Gu|Kim Gu]], Lee See-yeong and Ham Tae-yeong as "patrioteers". In 1955, Rhee tried to confine Bak to a So-ju-yeong psychiatric hospital and Seoul Seongmo psychiatric hospital, but failed. Bak Jungyang died Chimsan Mountine, in Daegu on April 23, 1959 due to pneumonia. the cause of death is [[Medicine:Lung disease|lung disease]] and Senile disease.

== Personal life ==
{{Incomprehensible|section|date=June 2020}}
=== Family ===
One version says he was an adopted son of Ito Hirobumi.<ref name="britanic"/><ref name="liefhae"/> But in 1948, he spoke to some press company and confirmed it was a lie.<ref name="lied">현암조상원추모문집간행위원회, 《현암 조상원》 (현암사, 2001) 381페이지</ref> He referred to Ito Hirobumi as "My respected teacher".<ref name="lied"/>

He had a Wife, Lee Ju-yeol, and two sons. His first son Bak Munung was the succeeding mayor of Cheongdo, Cheongsong, Sangju, and Dalseong in North Gyeongsang Province in 1940s. His second son Bak Mu-ung died young.

His granddaughter and Bak Munung's daughter Bak Bu-nam (1931–2018) was a pediatrician and internist, she was a university professor at the College of Medicine of Kyungpook National University, Keimyung University. Also Lee Yeol-hye, husband of Bak Bu-nam. Lee Yeol-hye is a dentist and plastic surgeon, Lee was a university professor of College of Medicine of Kyungpook National University and nephew of poet Lee Sang-hwa and resistance activists Lee Sang-jeong, politician Lee Sang-baik.

Bak Jungyang had daughters with a Japanese concubine.<ref>{{Cite web|title=秘話(비화) 한 世代(세대) (217) 反民特委(반민특위) [71] 餘話(여화)|url=https://newslibrary.naver.com/viewer/index.nhn?articleId=1977091900329205005&edtNo=2&printCount=1&publishDate=1977-09-19&officeId=00032&pageNo=5&printNo=9839&publishType=00020|access-date=2020-12-30|website=NAVER Newslibrary}}</ref>

=== Pets ===
[[File:박중양 풍자 만화.png|thumb|right|110px|Satirical cartoon of Bak Jungyang's Stick]]
He had a pet named Stick Mr. Bak(박작대기/박짝대기).<ref name="Bakjakdaegi">{{cite web|url=http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=50799&yy=2012|title=<nowiki>[</nowiki>문화칼럼<nowiki>]</nowiki> 大邱城(대구성)을 짓자|work=Idaegumail news|date=7 September 2012|accessdate=19 August 2015|language=Korean}}</ref> The pet was named because Bak always carried a long stick, sometime called the "Enlightened Stick".<ref name="Bakjakdaegi"/>

=== Other ===
For decades, Bak regularly wrote in his diary every day,<ref name="liefhae"/> which was stored in 20 boxes. Bak's diary was captured when he was arrested by the Special Investigation Committee of Anti-National Activities.<ref name="liefhae"/> Even after being release Bak didn't get his diary back. Bak wrote a memoir "Sulhoe", copy paper of some diary and his memories.

== Books ==
* 《Bak Jungyang's Diary》(박중양일기, 朴重陽日記)
* 《Sulhoe》(술회, 述懷)
* 《Sinnyeon sogam》(신년소감, 新年所感)
* 《Pokdosa pyeonjip jaryo》(폭도사편집자료, 暴徒史編輯資料) (1907)

== Gallery ==
<gallery>
Image:朴重陽 2.png|<small>Bak Jungyang (1941)</small>
Image:반민특위에 출두하는 박중양.png|<small>Bak Jungyang (Jan 1949)</small>
Image:박중양 5.jpg|<small>Bak Jungyang (Jun 1907)</small>
Image:Park Joong-yang 2.jpg|<small>Bak Jungyang (1908)</small>
Image:박중양 충북도지사.png|<small>Bak Jungyang (1925)</small>
Image:1933.03.01 朴重陽 2.jpg|<small>Bak Jungyang (1932)</small>
Image:朴重陽と朝鮮民報記者 1935.09.04..png|<small>Bak Jungyang and one jounarists (1935)</small>
Image:1906년 10월 대구 읍성 철거보고서.png|<small>Report of Demolition Daegu Castle (Oct 1906)</small>
Image:박중양 관찰사의 장계.jpg|<small>A Handwriting letter to Emperor Kojong (Nov 1, 1909)</small>
Image:박중양 휘호.png|<small>A calligraphy art (Nov 30, 1933)</small>
Image:朴重陽 興天地無窮.png|<small>A calligraphy art, send to Hoseo News (Mar 1, 1932)</small>
Image:중추원 참의 박중양 북경 출장 명령서.jpg|<small>Holographic Report of Business trip orders (1938)</small>
Image:자제단 조직 뉴스 기사.jpg|<small>News of Refrain club, his founding club (Apr 16, 1919)</small>
</gallery>

== See also ==
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-2}}
* Korea under Japanese rule
* Ito Hirobumi
* Yun Chi-ho
* Seo Jae-pil
* Refrain club
* Yu Kil-chun
* Yun Chi-oh
{{Col-2}}
* Russo-Japanese War
* Kim Ok-gyun
* Syngman Rhee
* Kim Ok-gyun
* Kim Kyu-sik
{{Col-end}}

==Notes==
<references/>

== References ==
* Bak Eungyung(1999), ''일제하 조선인관료 연구'', Seoul, Korea: Hakminsa.
* 반민족문제연구소(1993), ''친일파 99인 1'', Seoul, Korea: Dolbegye. {{ISBN|8971990112}}.
* Lim Jong-guk(1991), ''실록 친일파'', Seoul, Korea: Dolbegye. {{ISBN|9788971990360}}.
* 민족경제연구소(1948), ''친일파 군상'', Seoul, Korea: 삼성출판사.
* [http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=9830&yy=2009 일제말~해방~한국戰 잔혹사]
* Jeong Jae-yong(2008), ''빙이화 (상, 하)'', Seoul, Korea:Hansome media
* Daqinfo(2003), ''부끄러운 문화 답사기'', Seoul, Korea:Bookis

== External links ==
* [https://archive.today/20121220013722/http://100.daum.net/encyclopedia/view.do?docid=b08b3671a Bak Jungyang] {{in lang|ko}}
* [http://terms.naver.com/entry.nhn?docId=556201&mobile&categoryId=1593 Bak Jungyang] {{in lang|ko}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202550/http://bluecabin.com.ne.kr/split99/pjy1161.htm Bak Jungyang] {{in lang|ko}} 
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131112105229/http://people.aks.ac.kr/front/tabCon/ppl/pplView.aks?pplId=PPL_7HIL_A1874_1_0027104 Bak Jungyang:Korea historical person information] {{in lang|ko}}
* [http://nekonote.jp/korea/hito/pak-ty.html 大邱の近代化-朴重陽] {{in lang|ja}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130611163307/http://homepage1.nifty.com/kitabatake/rekishi48.html 日本帝國勅選貴族院議員一覽] {{in lang|ja}}
* [http://www.imaeil.com/sub_news/sub_news_view.php?news_id=3463&yy=2010 "일제가 현대 조선 개신" 해방후에도 망발…친일파 박중양] i-Daegumail news 2010. 01.25 {{in lang|ko}}
* [http://www.dailian.co.kr/news/news_view.htm?id=189674&page=41&code=&gubun=sh&search= 순종의 남행에는 친일파 뿐이었다] The Dailian News 2010.01.30 {{in lang|ko}}
* [http://www.dailian.co.kr/news/news_view.htm?id=189730 "순종 남행이 박중양의 정치적 입지 높여"] The Dailian News 2010.01.30 {{in lang|ko}}
* [http://www.hani.co.kr/arti/society/society_general/407481.html 친일중의 친일 ‘3·1운동 자제단’은 누구?] The Hangyeolye 2010.03.01 {{in lang|ko}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Bak, Jungyang}}
[[Category:Liberalism]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bak Jungyang|1}}