View source for Biography:Bronisław Malinowski

{{short description|Polish anthropologist and ethnographer (1884–1942)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Bronisław Malinowski
| image             = Bronislawmalinowski.jpg
| caption           =
| birth_name        = Bronisław Kasper Malinowski
| birth_date        = {{birth date|df=yes|1884|4|7}}
| birth_place       = Kraków, [[History:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Galicia and Lodomeria]], {{nowrap|Austria-Hungary}}
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=yes|1942|5|16|1884|4|7}}
| death_place       = New Haven, Connecticut, US
| nationality       = <!-- Polish -->
| citizenship       = {{ubl|[[Place:Austria-Hungary|Austria-Hungary]] (until 1918)|Poland (from 1918)|United Kingdom (from 1931)}}
| alma_mater        = {{ubl|[[Organization:Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University]] (PhD, 1908)|[[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]] (D.Sc., 1916)}}
| thesis_title      = On the Principle of the Economy of Thought
| thesis_year       = 1908
| workplaces        = {{ubl|London School of Economics|[[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]]}}
| doctoral_students = {{collapsible list| title = {{nobold|''See list''}} |[[Biography:Edmund Leach|Edmund Leach]]|Phyllis Kaberry| Hilda Kuper |Audrey Richards|Ralph Piddington}}
| notable_students  = {{collapsible list| title = {{nobold|''See list''}} |Jomo Kenyatta | Raymond Firth|E. E. Evans-Pritchard|Z. K. Matthews|H. Powdermaker|Meyer Fortes|Fei Xiaotong}}
| known_for         = Father of [[Social:Social anthropology|social anthropology]], popularizing fieldwork, participatory observation, [[Social:Ethnography|ethnography]] and psychological functionalism
| spouse            = {{ubl|{{marriage|Elsie Rosaline Masson|1919|1935|end=d}}|{{marriage|Valetta Swann|1940}}}}
| children          = 3
| parents           = 
| father            = Lucjan Malinowski
| mother            =  
}}
{{Anthropology}}

'''Bronisław Kasper Malinowski''' ({{IPA-pl|brɔˈɲiswaf maliˈnɔfskʲi|lang}}; 7 April 1884 – 16 May 1942) was a Polish-British{{efn|Bronisław Malinowski was born into a Polish family in a historic Polish region then administered by the Austro-Hungarian Empire (''see also'': Austrian partition of Poland). In 1910, aged 26, he emigrated to the United Kingdom and spent most of his remaining life—some three decades—working there. After Poland regained independence in 1918, he became a Polish citizen but continued living in Great Britain.<ref name=Helena /> In 1931 he also obtained British citizenship.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Thapan|first=Meenakshi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cunRBEceAp4C&q=Malinowski+citizenship+1931&pg=PA60|title=Anthropological Journeys: Reflections on Fieldwork|date=1998|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-1221-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|60}} In his preface to a 1937 Polish-language edition of his 1929 book, ''The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia'', he wrote: "I happened to work in a foreign milieu, and served Polish learning only indirectly. But did I cease serving Polish learning as I cast my scholarship into the international arena and worked in conditions that allowed me to achieve enhanced results? I think not. I have always served Polish learning, not less so than others, but differently. Polish learning required such services, performed abroad. I never ceased feeling Polish and, if the need arose to emphasize it, I was always able to do so."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kwilecki|first=Andrzej|date=1988|title=Tradycje socjologii polskiej|journal=Ruch Prawniczy, Ekonomiczny i Socjologiczny|language=Polish|volume=L|issue=2|pages=227–262|url=https://repozytorium.amu.edu.pl/handle/10593/16422}}</ref> Malinowski is described in sources as Polish,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=McGee|first1=R. Jon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GX1ZDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Bronis%C5%82aw+Malinowski%22|title=Theory in Social and Cultural Anthropology: An Encyclopedia|last2=Warms|first2=Richard L.|date=28 August 2013|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-5063-1461-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|402}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Riper|first=A. Bowdoin Van|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NtxBl3l1XHoC&q=1942+Polish+%22Bronis%C5%82aw+Malinowski%22+encyclopedia+-wikipedia&pg=PA210|title=A Biographical Encyclopedia of Scientists and Inventors in American Film and TV since 1930|date=15 September 2011|publisher=Scarecrow Press|isbn=978-0-8108-8129-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|210}}<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KpRFAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Polish+anthropologist,+who+emphasized%22|title=The Encyclopedia Americana: M-Mexico City|date=2001|publisher=Grolier Incorporated|isbn=978-0-7172-0134-1|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|176}}
 Polish-born British,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bronislaw Malinowski|url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/oi/authority.20110803100128856|access-date=10 September 2021|website=Oxford Reference|language=en}}</ref><ref name=TIEoHS /> or Polish-British.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Athyal|first=Jesudas M.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-RfYBgAAQBAJ&q=Polish+%22Bronis%C5%82aw+Malinowski%22+encyclopedia+-wikipedia&pg=PA304|title=Religion in Southeast Asia: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures: An Encyclopedia of Faiths and Cultures|date=10 March 2015|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-1-61069-250-2|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|304}}}} anthropologist and [[Social:Ethnology|ethnologist]] whose writings on ethnography, [[Social:Social theory|social theory]], and [[Field research|field research]] have exerted a lasting influence on the discipline of anthropology.<ref name=GPM>{{cite journal |last1=Murdock |first1=George Peter |title=Bronislaw Malinowski |journal=American Anthropologist |date=9 July 1943 |volume=45 |issue=3 |pages=441–451 |doi=10.1525/aa.1943.45.3.02a00090 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

Malinowski was born in what was part of the Austrian partition of Poland. He graduated from CK III Gimnazjum im. King Jan Sobieski in Krakow. In the years 1902–1906 he studied at the philosophy department of the [[Organization:Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University]], in the city of Kraków, and received his doctorate there in 1908. In 1910, at the [[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]] (LSE), he worked on exchange and economics, analysing Aboriginal Australia through ethnographic documents. In 1914, he travelled to Australia. He conducted research in the Trobriand Islands and other regions in New Guinea and [[Place:Melanesia|Melanesia]] where he stayed for several years, studying indigenous cultures.

Returning to England after [[Social:World War I|World War I]], he published his principal work, ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific'' (1922), which established him as one of Europe's most important anthropologists. He took posts as a lecturer and later as chair in anthropology at the LSE, attracting large numbers of students and exerting great influence on the development of British [[Social:Social anthropology|social anthropology]]. Over the years, he guest-lectured at several American universities; when [[Social:World War II|World War II]] broke out, he remained in the United States, taking an appointment at [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]]. He died in 1942 and was interred in the United States. In 1967 his widow, Valetta Swann, published his personal diary kept during his fieldwork in Melanesia and New Guinea. It has since been a source of controversy, because of its ethnocentric and egocentric nature.

Malinowski's ethnography of the Trobriand Islands described the complex institution of the [[Social:Kula ring|Kula ring]] and became foundational for subsequent theories of reciprocity and exchange. He was also widely regarded as an eminent fieldworker, and his texts regarding anthropological field methods were foundational to early anthropology, popularizing the concept of participatory observation. His approach to social theory was a form of psychological functionalism that emphasised how social and cultural institutions serve basic human needs—a perspective opposed to A. R. Radcliffe-Brown's [[Structural functionalism|structural functionalism]], which emphasised ways in which social institutions function in relation to society as a whole.

==Biography==

===Early life===
Malinowski, a scion of the Polish ''szlachta'' (nobility),<ref name=":13">{{Cite book|last1=Calverton|first1=Victor Francis|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IIRXDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT1013|title=Revival: The New Generation (1930): The Intimate Problems of Modern Parents and Children|last2=Schmalhausen|first2=Samuel Daniel|date=20 April 2018|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-351-33882-0|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|1013}} was born on 7 April 1884 in Kraków, in the Austrian Partition of the former Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth – then part of the [[Place:Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian]] province known as the [[History:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria|Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]].<ref name=psb>{{cite encyclopedia|last=Armon|first=Witold|editor-last=|editor-first=|encyclopedia=Polish Biographical Dictionary (Polski słownik biograficzny)|title=Bronisław Malinowski|trans-title=|url=https://www.ipsb.nina.gov.pl/a/biografia/bronislaw-kasper-malinowski-wiesz|access-date=29 July 2021|language=Polish|edition=|date=1974|publisher=National Film Archive - Audiovisual Institute|series=|volume=19|location=|id=|isbn=|issn=|oclc=|doi=|pages=332–336|archive-url=|archive-date=|url-status=|quote=}}</ref>{{Rp|332}} His father, Lucjan Malinowski, was a professor of [[Social:Slavic studies|Slavic]] [[Philology|philology]] at [[Organization:Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University]], and his mother was the daughter of a landowning family.<ref name=":0">Senft, Günter. 1997. Bronislaw Kasper Malinowski. in Verschueren, Ostman, Blommaert & Bulcaen (eds.) ''Handbook of Pragmatics'' Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins [http://pubman.mpdl.mpg.de/pubman/item/escidoc:64592:3/component/escidoc:468416/Book%20Chapter_Bronislaw%20Kasper%20Malinowski_1999.pdf]</ref> As a child he was frail, often in ill health, but excelled academically. On 30 May 1902 he passed his ''matura'' examinations (with distinction) at the Jan III Sobieski Secondary School, and later that year began studying at the College of Philosophy of Kraków's Jagiellonian University, where he initially focused on mathematics and the physical sciences.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|332}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|137}}

While attending the university he became severely ill (possibly with [[Medicine:Tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]), and while he recuperated his interest turned more toward the [[Social:Social science|social science]]s as he took courses in philosophy and education.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|332–333}} In 1908 he received a doctorate in philosophy from Jagiellonian University; his thesis was titled ''On the Principle of the Economy of Thought''.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|137}}

During his student years he became interested in travel abroad, and visited {{wipe|Finland}}, Italy, the Canary Islands, western Asia, and North Africa; some of those travels were at least partly motivated by health concerns.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}} He also spent three semesters at the University of Leipzig ({{circa|1909}}–1910), where he studied under economist Karl Bücher and psychologist [[Biography:Wilhelm Wundt|Wilhelm Wundt]].<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|137}} After reading James Frazer's ''The Golden Bough'', he decided to become an anthropologist.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|9}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|137}}

In 1910 he went to England, becoming a postgraduate student at the [[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]] (LSE), where his mentors included C. G. Seligman and [[Biography:Edvard Westermarck|Edvard Westermarck]].<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kuklick|first=Henrika|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aV7RRIQNZsgC&q=Seligman+malinowski+Westermarck&pg=PA162|title=New History of Anthropology|date=9 February 2009|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-76621-7|pages=|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|162}}<ref name="TIEoHS" />

===Career===
In 1911 Malinowski published, in Polish, his first academic paper, "''Totemizm i egzogamia''" ("Totemism and Exogamy"), in ''Lud''. The following year he published his first English-language academic paper,{{Efn|Probably "The Economic Aspect of the Intichiuma Ceremonies". He had already in 1910 published a book review in English in ''Man'', the journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute, and another there in 1911.<ref name=GPM/> For more on Malinowski's early writings, see ''The Early Writings of Bronislaw Malinowski'' (1993, 2006) by Robert J. Thornton and Peter Skalnik.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Thornton|first1=Robert J.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NvxzQEACAAJ&q=Early+writings+of+Malinowski|title=The Early Writings of Bronislaw Malinowski|last2=Skalnik|first2=Peter|date=1 June 2006|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-02646-8|language=en}}</ref>}} and in 1913 his first book, ''The Family among the Australian Aborigines''. In the same year he gave his first lectures at LSE, on topics related to psychology of religion and [[Social:Social psychology|social psychology]].<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}}

[[File:Plate I-Argonauts of the western Pacific 1922 (page 45 crop).jpg|thumb|left|''Plate I'' photo, Malinowski's ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific'' (1922), showing a village and Malinowski's tent]]

In June 1914 he departed London, travelling to Australia, as the first step in his expedition to Papua (in what would later become Papua New Guinea).<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}} The expedition was organised under the aegis of the British Association for the Advancement of Science (BAAS).<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}} Initially Malinowski's journey to Australia was supposed to last only about half a year, as he was mainly planning on attending a conference there, and travelled there in the capacity of secretary to Robert Ranulph Marett. Shortly afterward, his situation became complicated due to the outbreak of [[Social:World War I|World War I]]. Although Polish by ethnicity, he was a subject of Austria-Hungary, which was at war with the United Kingdom. Malinowski, at risk of internment, nonetheless decided not to return to Europe from the British-controlled region, and after intervention by a number of his colleagues, including Marett as well as Alfred Cort Haddon, the British authorities allowed him to stay in the Australian region and even provided him with new funding.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Malinowski|first=Bronislaw|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NTrjsvIw2CYC&q=Malinowski++Marett+1914&pg=PA4|title=Malinowski Among the Magi: The Natives of Mailu|date=November 2001|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-26244-6|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|4–5}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Moore|first=Jerry D.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-qQX0hvoxAC&q=1922+Malinowski+doctorate&pg=PA136|title=Visions of Culture: An Introduction to Anthropological Theories and Theorists|date=25 July 2008|publisher=Rowman Altamira|isbn=978-0-7591-1239-1|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|136}}

His first field trip, lasting from August 1914 to March 1915, took him to the Toulon Island (Mailu Island) and the Woodlark Island.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}} This field trip was described in his 1915 monograph ''The Natives of Mailu''.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}} Subsequently, he conducted research in the Trobriand Islands in the [[Place:Melanesia|Melanesia]] region.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}}  He organized two larger expeditions during that time; from May 1915 to May 1916, and October 1917 to October 1918, in addition to several shorter excursions.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} It was during this period that he conducted his fieldwork on the [[Social:Kula ring|Kula ring]] (a ceremonial exchange system conducted by the natives he studied) and advanced the practice of [[Participant observation|participant observation]], which remains the hallmark of ethnographic research today.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|last=Gaillard|first=Gerald|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1AvbEKWmwngC&q=Gaillard+2004|title=The Routledge Dictionary of Anthropologists|date=2004|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-58580-9|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|139}} The ethnographic collection of artifacts from his expeditions is mostly held by the British Museum and the Melbourne Museum.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} During the breaks in between his expeditions he stayed in [[Place:Melbourne|Melbourne]], writing up his research, and publishing new articles, such as ''Baloma; the Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands''. In 1916 he received the title of [[Social:Doctor of Sciences|Doctor of Sciences]].<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333–334}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138}}

In 1919, he returned to Europe, staying at [[Earth:Tenerife|Tenerife]] for over a year before coming back to England in 1920 and finally to London in 1921.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138}}<ref name="TIEoHS" /> He resumed teaching at the LSE, accepting a position as a lecturer, declining a job offer from the Polish [[Organization:Jagiellonian University|Jagiellonian University]].<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} The following year, his book ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific'', often described as his masterpiece, was published.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last1=Malinowski|first1=Bronislaw|last2=Young|first2=Michael W.|last3=Beran|first3=Harry|date=2016|title=Malinowski on Primitive Art: 'Art Notes and Suggestions' of 1921|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/26788775|journal=Pacific Arts|volume=16|issue=1|pages=5–8|jstor=26788775|issn=1018-4252}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Senft|first=Gunter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eLSqIMLzm8EC&q=%22Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%22++masterpiece&pg=PA7|title=The Trobriand Islanders' Ways of Speaking|date=19 July 2010|publisher=Walter de Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-022799-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|7}}<ref name=":3">{{Cite book|last1=Weston|first1=Gavin|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LbfjDwAAQBAJ&q=%22Argonauts+of+the+Western+Pacific%22++masterpiece&pg=PT72|title=Anthropological Controversies: The "Crimes" and Misdemeanors that Shaped a Discipline|last2=Djohari|first2=Natalie|date=11 May 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-429-86120-8|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|72}} For the next two decades, he would establish the LSE as Europe's main centre of anthropology. In 1924 he was promoted to a [[Social:Reader (academic rank)|reader]], and in 1927, a full professor (foundation Professor of Social Anthropology).<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}}<ref name="TIEoHS" /> In 1930 he became a corresponding foreign member of the Polish Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} In 1933, he became a foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.<ref>{{cite web|title=B.K. Malinowski (1884–1942)|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00001738|access-date=19 July 2015|publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences}}</ref>  In 1934 he travelled to British East Africa and [[Place:Southern Africa|Southern Africa]], carrying out research among several tribes such as the Bemba, Kikuyu, Maragoli, Maasai and the Swazi people.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}}<ref name="TIEoHS" /> The period 1926-1935 was the most productive time of his career, seeing the publications of many articles and several more books.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}}

Malinowski taught intermittently in the United States, which he first visited in 1926 to study the Hopi.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}}<ref name=":10">{{Citation|last=Cipriani|first=Roberto|title=The Blackwell Encyclopedia of Sociology|date=2007-02-15|chapter-url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosm007|pages=|editor-last=Ritzer|editor-first=George|chapter=Malinowski, Bronislaw K.(1884-1942)|place=Oxford, UK|publisher=John Wiley & Sons, Ltd|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781405165518.wbeosm007|isbn=978-1-4051-2433-1|access-date=2023-01-13|editor2-last=Weiler|editor2-first=Bernd}}</ref> When [[Social:World War II|World War II]] broke out during one of his American visits, he stayed there.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} He became an outspoken critic of [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]], arguing that it posed a threat to civilization, and he repeatedly urged US citizens to abandon their neutrality; his books duly became banned in Germany.<ref name="TIEoHS" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Srivastava|first=Vinay Kumar|date=March 1985|title=Malinowski on Freedom & Civilization |url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0038022919850107|journal=Sociological Bulletin|language=en|volume=34|issue=1–2|pages=148–182|doi=10.1177/0038022919850107|issn=0038-0229|s2cid=171728097}}</ref> In 1941 he carried out field research among the Mexican peasants in Oaxaca.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} He took up a position at [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]] as a visiting professor, where he remained until his death.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} In 1942 he co-founded the Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America, of which he became its first president.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}}

In addition to his work in academia, he has been described as a "wittily entertaining pundit" who wrote and spoke in media of the day on various issues, such as religion and race relations, nationalism, totalitarianism, and war, as well as birth control and sex education. He was a supporter of the [[Organization:British Social Hygiene Council|British Social Hygiene Council]], [[Organization:Mass-Observation|Mass-Observation]], and the International African Institute.<ref name="TIEoHS" />

Malinowski died in New Haven, Connecticut on 16 May 1942, aged 58, of a stroke<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|336}} while preparing to resume his fieldwork in Oaxaca. He was interred at Evergreen Cemetery in New Haven.<ref>{{cite book|last=Wayne|first=Helena|title=The Story of a Marriage: The Letters of Bronisław Malinowski and Elsie Masson|publisher=[[Company:Routledge|Routledge]]|year=1995|location=London|page=}}</ref>{{Rp|241}}

==Works==
Except for a few works from the early 1910s, all of Malinowski's research was published in English.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}} His first book, ''The Family among the Australian Aborigines'', published in 1913, was based on materials he collected and wrote in the years 1909–1911. It was well-received not only by contemporary reviewers but also by scholars generations later. In 1963, in his foreword to its new edition, John Arundel Barnes called it an epochal work, and noted how it discredited the previously held theory that Australian Aborigines had no institution of family.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|333}}

Published in 1922, ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific'', about the society and economy of Trobriand people who live on the small Kiriwana island chain northeast of the island of New Guinea, was widely regarded as a masterpiece and significantly boosted Malinowski's reputation in the world of academia.<ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /><ref name=":2" />{{Rp|7}}<ref name=":3" />{{Rp|72}} His later books included ''Crime and Custom in Savage Society'' (1926), ''[[Social:Myth in Primitive Psychology|Myth in Primitive Psychology]]'' (1926), ''Sex and Repression in Savage Society'' (1927), ''The Father in Primitive Psychology'' (1927), ''The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia'' (1929), and ''[[Unsolved:Coral Gardens and Their Magic|Coral Gardens and Their Magic]]'' (1935).<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|334}} The works tackled issues such as reciprocity and quasi-legal sanctions (in ''Crime''...), [[Social:Psychoanalysis|psychoanalysis]] of ethnographic findings (in ''Sex and Repression...)'' courtship, sex, marriage, and the family (in ''The Sexual Life''...), and perceived connections between agriculture and magic (in ''Coral Gardens''...).<ref name="TIEoHS" />

[[File:Wmalinowski trobriand isles 1918 (cropped).jpg|right|thumb|Bronislaw Malinowski with natives on Trobriand Islands;  between October 1917 and October 1918.]]

A number of his works were published posthumously or collected in anthologies: ''A Scientific Theory of Culture and Others Essays'' (1944), ''Freedom & Civilization'' (1944), ''The Dynamics of Culture Change'' (1945), ''[[Unsolved:Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays|Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays]]'' (1948), ''Sex, Culture, and Myth'' (1962), the controversial<ref name="auto">{{Cite book|last=|first=|url=http://www.sup.org/books/title/?id=2891|title=A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term &#124; Bronislaw Malinowski With a New Introduction by Raymond Firth|website=www.sup.org|publisher=Stanford University Press|year=1989|isbn=9780804717076}}</ref> ''A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term'' (1967), and ''The Early Writings of Bronislaw Malinowski'' (1993).<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}}

Malinowski's personal diary, along with several others written in [[Social:Polish language|Polish]],<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} was discovered in his Yale University office after his death. First published in 1967, covering the period of his fieldwork in 1914–1915 and 1917–1918 in New Guinea and the Trobriand Islands, it set off a storm of controversy and what Michael W. Young called a "moral crisis of the discipline".<ref name="TIEoHS" /><ref name=":9">{{Cite journal|last=Thompson|first=Christina A.|date=1 June 1995|title=Anthropology's conrad: Malinowski in the tropics and what he read|journal=The Journal of Pacific History|volume=30|issue=1|pages=53–75|doi=10.1080/00223349508572783|issn=0022-3344}}</ref> Writing in 1987, James Clifford called it "a crucial document for the history of anthropology".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clifford|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vvQXBAAAQBAJ&q=%22%22a+crucial+document+for+the+history+of+anthropology%22&pg=PA97|title=The Predicament of Culture: Twentieth-Century Ethnography, Literature, and Art|date=18 May 1988|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-69843-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|97}}

Many of Malinowski's works entered [[Social:Public domain|public domain]] in 2013.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Young|first=Michael W.|date=2014|title=Writing his Life through the Other: The Anthropology of Malinowski|url=https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/writing-his-life-through-the-other-the-anthropology-of-malinowski/|url-status=live|website=The Public Domain Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191204131846/https://publicdomainreview.org/essay/writing-his-life-through-the-other-the-anthropology-of-malinowski/ |archive-date=4 December 2019 }}</ref>

==Ideas and influences==

Already a year after his death Clyde Kluckhohn described his influence in the field as significant if somewhat controversial, noting that to some he "was a major prophet", and that "no anthropologist has ever had so wide a popular audience".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kluckhohn|first=Clyde|date=1943|title=Bronislaw Malinowski 1884-1942|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/535603|journal=The Journal of American Folklore|volume=56|issue=221|pages=208–219|jstor=535603|issn=0021-8715}}</ref> In 1974 Witold Armon described many of his works as "classics".<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Michael W. Young outlined Malinowski's major contributions as the comparative study of concepts of [[Social:Kinship|kinship]], marriage, the family; magic, mythology, and religion. His work impacted numerous fields such as [[Social:Economic anthropology|economic anthropology]]; [[Comparative law|comparative law]], and in [[Philosophy:Pragmatics|pragmatic]] [[Social:Theoretical linguistics|linguistic theory]].<ref name=TIEoHS>{{Citation|last=Young|first=Michael W.|title=Malinowski, Bronislaw (1884–1942)|date=2015|encyclopedia=The International Encyclopedia of Human Sexuality|pages=721–817|publisher=American Cancer Society|language=en|doi=10.1002/9781118896877.wbiehs279|isbn=978-1-118-89687-7}}</ref>

===Ethnography and fieldwork===
Malinowski is considered one of anthropology's most skilled ethnographers, especially because of his highly methodical and well-theorised approach to the study of social systems. He is often referred to as the first researcher to bring anthropology "[[Social:Off the verandah|off the verandah]]" (a phrase that is also the name of a André Singer's 1986 documentary about his work{{Efn|"Bronislaw Malinowski: Off the Veranda." 52 minutes.  Films Media Group, 1985.<ref>{{cite book|last=Street|first=Alexander|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e53MxQEACAAJ&q=%22off+the+verandah%22+malinowski|title=Off the Verandah: Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942).|date=2019|publisher=Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland|language=en}}</ref>}}), that is, stressing the need for fieldwork enabling the researcher to experience the everyday life of his subjects along with them. Malinowski emphasized the importance of detailed [[Participant observation|participant observation]] and argued that anthropologists must have daily contact with their informants if they are to adequately record the "imponderabilia of everyday life" that are so important to understanding a different culture.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book|last=Boon|first=James A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LR04AAAAIAAJ&q=%22off+the+verandah%22+malinowski&pg=PA10|title=Other Tribes, Other Scribes: Symbolic Anthropology in the Comparative Study of Cultures, Histories, Religions and Texts|date=1982|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-27197-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|10}}<ref>{{cite journal |last=Richards|first=Diana|date=25 January 2010|title=Naturalized Methods for Jurisprudence: A Constructive Account|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/abstract=2000862|language=en|location=Rochester, NY|doi=10.2139/ssrn.2000862 |ssrn=2000862}}</ref><ref name=":7">{{cite book|last1=Crabtree|first1=Andrew|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zyi4VeEEnBYC&q=%22off+the+verandah%22+malinowski&pg=PA22|title=Doing Design Ethnography|last2=Rouncefield|first2=Mark|last3=Tolmie|first3=Peter|date=5 March 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4471-2726-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|22}}<ref name=":5">{{cite book|last=Okely|first=Judith|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n0MHEAAAQBAJ&q=verandah+%22imponderabilia+of+everyday+life%22+malinowski&pg=PT74|title=Anthropological Practice: Fieldwork and the Ethnographic Method|date=15 May 2020|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-18055-8|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|74}} He stated that the goal of the anthropologist, or ethnographer, is "to grasp the native's point of view, his relation to life, to realize ''his'' vision of ''his'' world".<ref>''Argonauts of the Western Pacific,'' Dutton 1961 edition, p.&nbsp;25.</ref> Because of the influence of his argument, he is sometimes credited, particularly in the United Kingdom,<ref name=":12">{{cite book|last=Kelly|first=William W.|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118924396|title=The International Encyclopedia of Anthropology|date=2018-10-05|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-1-118-92439-6|editor-last=Callan|editor-first=Hilary|edition=1|language=en|chapter=Malinowski, Bronisław (1884–1942)|pages=1–6|doi=10.1002/9781118924396.wbiea2164|s2cid=187470515}}</ref> with having invented the field of [[Social:Ethnography|ethnography]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Melhuus|first1=Marit|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yKtffW73Nt4C&q=%22invented+by+Bronislaw+Malinowski%22&pg=PP11|title=Ethnographic Practice in the Present|last2=Mitchell|first2=Jon P.|last3=Wulff|first3=Helena|date=2010|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-616-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|2}} J. I. (Hans) Bakker says that Malinowski "wrote at least two of the 100 most significant ethnographies of all time".<ref name=":11">{{Cite book|last=Bakker|first=J. I. (Hans)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/book/10.1002/9781118339893|title=The Encyclopedia of Cross‐Cultural Psychology|date=2013-09-24|publisher=Wiley|isbn=978-0-470-67126-9|editor-last=Keith|editor-first=Kenneth D|edition=1|language=en|chapter=Malinowski, Bronislaw|pages=835–838|doi=10.1002/9781118339893.wbeccp340}}</ref>

[[File:Malinowski mwali plate xvi.png|thumb|left|Four mwali, one of the two main kinds of objects in Melanesia's [[Social:Kula ring|Kula ritual]]. Photo in Malinowski's ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific'' (1922).]]

Malinowski in his pioneering{{efn|Malinowski is said to have "gone native" around 1915–1916; another American scholar, John Layard, did so around the same time as well (in 1917).<ref name=Langham/>{{rp|361}} Chris Gosden wrote that "Malinowski's claim to have moved anthropological fieldwork from the verandah into the village has considerable truth to it, even if this is not the whole truth [as] there is much more continuity between himself and his predecessors than Malinowski allowed for".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gosden|first=Chris|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dc-EAgAAQBAJ&q=Malinowski+originator+fieldwork&pg=PA51|title=Anthropology and Archaeology: A Changing Relationship|date=4 January 2002|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-71621-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|51}} Max Gluckman noted that Malinowski developed the idea of fieldwork, but it originated with Alfred Cort Haddon in England and Franz Boas in the United States.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gluckman|first=Max|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HfX7AQAAQBAJ&q=Malinowski+originator+fieldwork&pg=PA242|title=Order and Rebellion in Tribal Africa|date=5 November 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-52849-1|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|242}} Robert G. Burgess concluded that "it is Malinowski who is usually credited with being the originator of intensive anthropological field research".<ref>{{Cite book|last=Burgess|first=Robert G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tziIAgAAQBAJ&q=Malinowski+originator+fieldwork&pg=PA4|title=Field Research: A Sourcebook and Field Manual|date=2 September 2003|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-89751-3|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|4}}
}} research set up a tent in the middle of villages he studied, in which he lived for extended periods of time, weeks or months.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Clifford|first=James|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EDOVAT808fUC&q=Malinowski+tent+village&pg=PA20|title=Routes: Travel and Translation in the Late Twentieth Century|date=21 April 1997|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-77960-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|20}}<ref name="Langham">{{Cite book|last=Langham|first=K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MP7rCAAAQBAJ&q=Malinowski+tent+village&pg=PA361|title=The Building of British Social Anthropology: W.H.R. Rivers and his Cambridge Disciples in The Development of Kinship Studies, 1898–1931|date=6 December 2012|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-94-009-8464-6|language=en}}</ref>{{rp|361}} His argument was shaped by his initial experiences as an anthropologist in the mid-1910s in Australia and Oceania, where during his first field trip he found himself grossly unprepared for it, due to not knowing the language of the people he set to study, nor being able to observe their daily customs sufficiently (during that initial trip, he was lodged with a local missionary and just made daily trips to the village, an endeavor which became increasingly difficult once he lost his translator).<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Frederiks|first1=Martha|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LrY0EAAAQBAJ&q=missionary+william+saville&pg=PA1183|title=Critical Readings in the History of Christian Mission: Volume 4|last2=Nagy|first2=Dorottya|date=22 June 2021|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-39961-7|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|1182–1183}} His pioneering decision to subsequently immerse himself in the life of the natives represents his solution to this problem, and was the message he addressed to new, young anthropologists, aiming to both improve their experience and allow them to produce better data.<ref name=":7" />{{Rp|22}}

He advocated that stance from his very first publications, which were often harshly critical of those of his elders in the field of anthropology, who did most of their writing based on second-handed accounts.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}}<ref name=":4" />{{rp|10–14}}<ref name=":8" /> This could be seen in the relation between Frazer - an influential early anthropologist, nonetheless described as the classic [[Philosophy:Armchair theorizing|armchair scholar]]<ref name=":5" />{{Rp|17}} - and Malinowski was complex; Frazer was one of Malinowski's mentors and supporters, and his work is credited with inspiring young Malinowski to become an anthropologist.<ref name=":4" />{{Rp|9}} At the same time, Malinowski was critical of Frazer from his early days, and it has been suggested that what he learned from Frazer was not "how to be an anthropologist" but "how not to do anthropology".<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Morton|first=John|date=1995|title=Review of The Early Writings of Bronislaw Malinowski|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20706617|journal=The Journal of the Polynesian Society|volume=104|issue=2|pages=229–231|jstor=20706617|issn=0032-4000}}</ref> [[Biography:Ian Jarvie|Ian Jarvie]] wrote that many of Malinowski's writing represented an "attack" on Frazer's school of fieldwork,<ref name="Jarvie">{{Cite book|last=Jarvie|first=I. C.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ScHWAQAAQBAJ&q=%22The+Revolution+in+Anthropology%22&pg=PA43|title=The Revolution in Anthropology|date=28 October 2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-03466-5|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|43}} although James A. Boon suggested this conflict has been exaggerated.<ref name=":4" />{{rp|10–14}}

His early works also contributed to scientific study of sex, previously restricted due to Euro-American prudery and views on morality. Malinowski's interest in the topic has been attributed to his Slavic background having made him less concerned with "Anglo-Saxon [[Religion:Puritans|puritanism]]".<ref name="TIEoHS" />

===Functionalism and other theories===
Malinowski has been credited with originating, or being one of the main originators of, the school of [[Social:Social anthropology|social anthropology]] known as functionalism.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} It has been suggested that he was here inspired by the views of [[Biography:William James|William James]].<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|137}} In contrast to Alfred Radcliffe-Brown's [[Structural functionalism|structural functionalism]], Malinowski's [[Philosophy:Functional psychology|psychological functionalism]] held that culture functioned to meet the needs of individuals rather than the needs of society as a whole. He reasoned that when the needs of individuals, who comprise society, are met, then the needs of society are met.<ref name="TIEoHS" /><ref name=":10" /><ref>{{Cite book|last=Scupin|first=Raymond|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FfC9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT166|title=Cultural Anthropology: A Global Perspective|date=2019-12-10|publisher=SAGE Publications|isbn=978-1-5443-6311-0|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|166}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Green|first=Thomas A.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S7Wfhws3dFAC&pg=PA386|title=Folklore: An Encyclopedia of Beliefs, Customs, Tales, Music, and Art|date=1997|publisher=ABC-CLIO|isbn=978-0-87436-986-1|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|386}} Malinowski understood basic needs as arising from the necessities of biology; and culture, as group cooperation – as a way of addressing the basic needs. Thus, biological needs include metabolism, reproduction, bodily comforts, safety, movement, growth, and health; and the corresponding cultural responses are a food supply, kinship, shelter, protection, activities, training, and hygiene.<ref name=":10" />

The development of Malinowski's theory of psychological functionalism was intimately tied to his focus on the importance of fieldwork: the anthropologist must, via empirical observation, investigate the functions of the customs observed in the present.<ref name="TIEoHS" /> To Malinowski, people's feelings and motives were crucial to understanding the way their society functioned, which he outlined as follows:<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hancock|first=Robert L. A.|date=2006|title=6. Diamond Jenness's Arctic Ethnography and the Potential for a Canadian Anthropology|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/17/article/250354|journal=Histories of Anthropology Annual|volume=2|issue=1|pages=155–211|doi=10.1353/haa.0.0019|s2cid=129574295|issn=1940-5138}}</ref>

{{blockquote|Besides the firm outline of tribal constitution and crystallized cultural items which form the skeleton, besides the data of daily life and ordinary behavior, which are, so to speak, its flesh and blood, there is still to be recorded the spirit—the natives' views and opinions and utterances.|''Argonauts'', p. 22.}}

Malinowski, in what is considered an important contribution to [[Social:Cross-cultural psychology|cross-cultural psychology]], challenged the claim, to [[Philosophy:Universality|universality]], of Freud's theory of the [[Philosophy:Oedipus complex|Oedipus complex]].<ref name=":11" /> Malinowski initiated a cross-cultural approach in ''Sex and Repression in Savage Society'' (1927), demonstrating that specific psychological complexes are not universal.<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Frayser|first1=Suzanne G.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZArPH0nFGo0C&q=Malinowski+Oedipus+complex&pg=PA28|title=Studies in Human Sexuality: A Selected Guide|last2=Whitby|first2=Thomas J.|date=1995|publisher=Libraries Unlimited|isbn=978-1-56308-131-6|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|28}}

In 1920 he published his first scientific article on the Kula ring.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138}}<ref>{{cite journal|author=Malinowski B|year=1920|title=Kula: the Circulating Exchange of Valuables in the Archipelagoes of Eastern New Guinea|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1449522|journal=Man|volume=20|pages=97–105|doi=10.2307/2840430|jstor=2840430}}</ref> In reference to the Kula ring, he later wrote:

{{blockquote|Yet it must be remembered that what appears to us an extensive, complicated, and yet well ordered institution is the outcome of so many doings and pursuits, carried on by savages, who have no laws or aims or charters definitely laid down. They have no knowledge of the ''total outline'' of any of their social structure. They know their own motives, know the purpose of individual actions and the rules which apply to them, but how, out of these, the whole collective institution shapes, this is beyond their mental range. Not even the most intelligent native has any clear idea of the Kula as a big, organised social construction, still less of its sociological function and implications...The integration of all the details observed, the achievement of a sociological synthesis of all the various, relevant symptoms, is the task of the Ethnographer... the Ethnographer has to ''construct'' the picture of the big institution, very much as the physicist constructs his theory from the experimental data, which always have been within reach of everybody, but needed a consistent interpretation.<ref>''Argonauts of the Western Pacific,'' Dutton 1961 edition, p.&nbsp;83-84.</ref>}}

[[File:Bronisław Malinowski among Trobriand tribe 2 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Malinowski with Trobriand Islanders, 1918]]
In these two passages, Malinowski anticipated the distinction between description and analysis, and between the views of actors and analysts. This distinction continues to inform anthropological methods and theories.<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|141}}<ref>{{Cite book|last=Angioni|first=Giulio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t-lKAAAAYAAJ&q=Tre+saggi+sull'antropologia+dell'et%C3%A0+coloniale|title=Tre saggi sull'antropologia dell'età coloniale|date=1974|publisher=S. F. Flaccovio|language=it|chapter=L'antropologia funzionalista di B. K. Malinowski}}</ref>{{Rp|200–221}} His research on the Trobriand [[Finance:Traditional economy|traditional economy]], with its particular focus on [[Unsolved:Magic (supernatural)|magic]] and magicians, has been described as a substantial contribution to [[Social:Economic anthropology|economic anthropology]].<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138–139}}

Overall, Malinowski has been credited with "contesting existing stereotypes", such as dismissals of "primitive economics", through his study of the Kula ring, which demonstrated how economics was embedded in culture. He criticized the term "primitive superstition", demonstrating complex relations among magic, science, and religion. Likewise his study of sexuality undermined simplistic views of "primitive sexuality".<ref name=":12" />

Malinowski influenced [[Philosophy:African studies|African studies]], serving as academic mentor to Jomo Kenyatta, the father and first president of modern Kenya. Malinowski wrote the introduction to ''Facing Mount Kenya'', Kenyatta's ethnographic study of the Kikuyu.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Berman|first=Bruce|date=1996-01-01|title=Ethnography as Politics, Politics as Ethnography: Kenyatta, Malinowski, and the Making of Facing Mount Kenya|url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00083968.1996.10804424|journal=Canadian Journal of African Studies|volume=30|issue=3|pages=313–344|doi=10.1080/00083968.1996.10804424|issn=0008-3968}}</ref> Many of Malinowski's students worked in Africa, likely due to his involvement with the International African Institute.<ref name=":12" />

===Teacher===
Malinowski is considered to have raised the next generation of anthropologists, particularly British.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Many of his students adopted his functionalist approach.<ref name=TIEoHS/> As a teacher, he preferred lectures to discussions;<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} his seminars have been called "electrifying".<ref name="TIEoHS" /> He has been praised for his friendly and egalitarian attitude towards women students.<ref name="Helena" /> Among his students were such future social scientists as Hilda Beemer Kuper,<ref name="Helena" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Vincent|first=Joan|date=1986-09-01|title=Functionalism revisited: An unsettled science |url=https://doi.org/10.1080/00988157.1986.9977795|journal=Reviews in Anthropology|volume=13|issue=4|pages=331–339|doi=10.1080/00988157.1986.9977795|issn=0093-8157}}</ref> Edith Clarke,<ref name="Helena" /> Kazimierz Dobrowolski,<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Raymond Firth,<ref name="Helena" /> Meyer Fortes,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Fortes|first=Meyer|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uJg4AAAAIAAJ&pg=PR10|title=Religion, Morality and the Person: Essays on Tallensi Religion|date=1987-10-15|publisher=CUP Archive|isbn=978-0-521-33693-2|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|x}} Feliks Gross,<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Francis L. K. Hsu,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Kim|first=Choong Soon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=c85xAAAAMAAJ&q=Francis+L.+K.+Hsu+Malinowski+student|title=Anthropological Studies of Korea by Westerners|date=2000|publisher=Institute for Modern Korean Studies, Yonsei University|isbn=978-89-7141-505-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|13}} Phyllis Kaberry,<ref>{{Cite ODNB|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/63299|title=Kaberry, Phyllis Mary}}</ref> Jomo Kenyatta,<ref>{{Cite web|last=Free|first=Alex|date=2017-10-11|title=Jomo Kenyatta, LSE and the independence of Kenya|url=http://blogs.lse.ac.uk/africaatlse/|access-date=2022-11-30|website=Africa at LSE |language=en}}</ref> [[Biography:Edmund Leach|Edmund Leach]],<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Tambiah|first1=Stanley Jeyaraja|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WBfBkGvRmowC&q=Malinowski+&pg=PR7|title=Edmund Leach: An Anthropological Life|last2=Tambiah|first2=Stanley J.|date=2002-02-14|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-52102-4|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|1}} Lucy Mair,<ref name="Helena" /> Z. K. Matthews,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=White|first=T. R. H.|date=1992-11-01|title=Formative years : early influences on the career of Z.K. Matthews, (1916-1937)|url=https://journals.co.za/doi/abs/10.10520/AJA0018229X_1778|journal=Historia|volume=37|issue=2|pages=70–85 |hdl=10520/AJA0018229X_1778 }}</ref> Józef Obrębski,<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} [[Biography:Maria Ossowska|Maria Ossowska]],<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Stanisław Ossowski,<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Ralph Piddington,<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Borofsky|first1=Robert|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O1rGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA67|title=Developments in Polynesian Ethnology|last2=Howard|first2=S. Alan|date=2019-03-31|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-8196-2|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|67}} Hortense Powdermaker,<ref name="Helena" /> E. E. Evans-Pritchard,<ref name="Helena" /> Margaret Read,<ref name="Helena" /> Audrey Richards,<ref name="Helena" /> Isaac Schapera,<ref name="Helena" /> Andrzej Jan Waligórski,<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}} Camilla Wedgwood,<ref name="Helena" /> Monica Wilson<ref name="Helena" /> and  Fei Xiaotong.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|335}}

==Remembrance==
[[File:Witkacy - Bronisław Malinowski - 1930-07.jpg|thumb|upright|Portrait of Malinowski by Witkacy, 1930]]
The [[Social:Malinowski Memorial Lecture|Malinowski Memorial Lecture]], an annual anthropology lecture series at the LSE, inaugurated in 1959, is named after him.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|336}} A student-led anthropology magazine at the LSE, ''The Argonaut'', took its name from Malinowski's ''Argonauts of the Western Pacific''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Magazine|url=https://the-argonaut.com/the-magazine|access-date=9 September 2021|website=The Argonaut|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Society for Applied Anthropology established the Bronislaw Malinowski Award in his honor in 1950. The award was awarded only until 1952, then went on hiatus until being re-established in 1973; it has been awarded annually since.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Weaver|first=Thomas|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ikApvwEACAAJ|title=The Dynamics of Applied Anthropology in the Twentieth Century: The Malinowski Award Papers|publisher=Society For Applied Anthropology.|year=2002|language=en|chapter=The Malinowski Award and the History of Applied Anthropology}}</ref>{{Rp|1}}<ref>{{Cite web|title=Bronislaw Malinowski Award :: Society for Applied Anthropology|url=https://www.appliedanthro.org/about/awards-prizes/bronislaw-malinowski-award|access-date=9 September 2021|website=www.appliedanthro.org}}</ref>

Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz based a character, Duke of Nevermore, from his novel ''The 622 Downfalls of Bungo or The Demonic Woman'' (written in the 1910s but not published until 1972) on Malinowski.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|336}}

In 1957 Raymond Firth edited a book dedicated to the life and work of Malinowski, ''Man and Culture''.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mandelbaum|first=David|date=December 1959|title=Man and Culture: An Evaluation of the Work of Malinowski . Raymond Firth.|journal=American Anthropologist|language=en|volume=61|issue=6|pages=1099–1103|doi=10.1525/aa.1959.61.6.02a00230|issn=0002-7294|doi-access=free}}</ref> Other works about Malinowski have appeared since, such as Michael W. Young's ''Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist, 1884–1920'' (2004).<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kahn|first=Miriam|date=July 2005|title=Michael W. Young. Malinowski: Odyssey of an Anthropologist 1884–1920. New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004.|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/comparative-studies-in-society-and-history/article/abs/michael-w-young-malinowski-odyssey-of-an-anthropologist-18841920-new-haven-yale-university-press-2004/4DF9AB8958DC303C37CC550320B73E44|journal=Comparative Studies in Society and History|language=en|volume=47|issue=3|pages=665–667|doi=10.1017/S0010417505210290|s2cid=147274264|issn=1475-2999}}</ref>

He is portrayed by Tom Courtenay in the ''Young Indiana Jones'' TV movie ''Treasure of the Peacock's Eye''.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Young Indiana Jones/Treasure of the Peacock's Eye|url=https://www.tvguide.com/movies/young-indiana-jonestreasure-of-the-peacocks-eye/2000347249/|access-date=2023-03-08|website=TVGuide.com|language=en}}</ref>

The life and work of Malinowski is the subject of a documentary film ''Tales From The Jungle: Malinowski'' aired by BBC Four channel in 2007.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b0074t9p|title=Tales from the Jungle|access-date=30 November 2021}}</ref>

==Personal life==
In his youth he was a close friend of Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz, a Polish artist; this friendship had much impact on Malinowski's early life.<ref name="TIEoHS" /><ref>{{Cite journal|last=BAKER|first=STUART|title=Witkiewicz and Malinowski: The Pure Form of Magic, Science and Religion|date=1973|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/25777112|journal=The Polish Review|volume=18|issue=1/2|pages=77–93|jstor=25777112|issn=0032-2970}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Skaln&#237|first1=Peter|last2=k|date=2000|title=Bronisław Kasper Malinowski and Stanisław Ignacy Witkiewicz. Science versus art in the conceptualization of culture|url=https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=62770|journal=Konteksty|language=English|issue=1–04|pages=52–65|issn=1230-6142}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wełyczko|first=Paula|date=2015|title=Uczta z Malinowskim i Witkacym. Niedopowiedzenie i namiętność w antropologii|url=http://cejsh.icm.edu.pl/cejsh/element/bwmeta1.element.desklight-e201fa16-120e-4cd9-bfd6-7e8261790fdc|journal=Tematy Z Szewskiej|language=PL|issue=Errotyzm 2(16)/2015|pages=52–65|issn=1898-3901}}</ref> They had a romantic triangle with Zofia Romer ''née'' Dembowska.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Kubica|first=Grazyna|date=2008|title=A FORCIBLE VOICE OF DONNA QUERPIA. ZOFIA DEMBOWSKA'S LETTERS TO BRONISLAW MALINOWSKI (Dobitny glos Donny Querpii. Listy Zofii Dembowskiej do Bronislawa Malinowskiego)|url=https://www.infona.pl//resource/bwmeta1.element.f46b9bda-6c3e-3f9c-b653-f7b3554be3e8|journal=Pamiętnik Literacki|language=Polish|volume=4|issue=99|pages=185–229|issn=0031-0514}}</ref> Throughout his life he gained the reputation of a [[Social:Promiscuity|philanderer]].<ref name="TIEoHS" />

His other friends from his student times included Maria Czaplicka, the first female lecturer in anthropology at Oxford University.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Rivière|first=Peter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hSmrAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA172|title=A History of Oxford Anthropology|date=October 2009|publisher=Berghahn Books|isbn=978-1-84545-699-3|language=en}}</ref>{{Rp|172}}

In 1919 Malinowski married Elsie Rosaline Masson, an Australian photographer, writer, and traveler (daughter of David Orme Masson), with whom he had three daughters: Józefa (born 1920), Wanda (born 1922), and Helena (born 1925). Elsie died in 1935, and in 1940 Malinowski married the English painter Valetta Swann.<ref name="psb" />{{Rp|336}}<ref name=":6" />{{Rp|138}} Malinowski's daughter Helena Malinowska Wayne wrote several articles on her father's life and a book about her parents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Young|first=Michael W.|date=2018|title=Helena Paula Wayne Malinowska (1925–2018)|url=https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1111/1467-8322.12451|journal=Anthropology Today|language=en|volume=34|issue=4|pages=26–27|doi=10.1111/1467-8322.12451|s2cid=149687807|issn=1467-8322}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Helena Malinowska Wayne (17 May 1925 – 31 March 2018)|url=https://mfea.projects.unibz.it/helena-malinowska-wayne-17-may-1925-31-march-2018/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220702141255/https://mfea.projects.unibz.it/helena-malinowska-wayne-17-may-1925-31-march-2018/|archive-date=2 July 2022|access-date=12 September 2021|website=MFEA - Malinowski Forum for Ethnography and Anthropology|language=en-US}}</ref>

While Malinowski was brought up in the [[Organization:Catholic Church|Catholic]] faith, after his mother's death he described himself as [[Philosophy:Agnosticism|agnostic]].<ref name=Helena>{{Cite journal|last=Wayne|first=Helena|date=1985|title=Bronislaw Malinowski: The Influence of Various Women on His Life and Works|journal=American Ethnologist|volume=12|issue=3|pages=529–540|doi=10.1525/ae.1985.12.3.02a00090|jstor=644537|issn=0094-0496|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Selected publications==
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|title=The family among the Australian Aborigines: a sociological study|publisher=University of London Press|year=1913|location=London|ref=malinowski1913familyaustralianaborigines|title-link=The Family among the Australian Aborigines}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=Argonauts of the Western Pacific: An account of native enterprise and adventure in the Archipelagoes of Melanesian New Guinea|publisher=Routledge and Kegan Paul (Enhanced Edition reissued Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 2013)|location=London|year=1922|ref=Malinowski1922Argonauts|title-link=Argonauts of the Western Pacific}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=Myth in primitive psychology|title-link=Myth in primitive psychology|year=1926|publisher=Norton|location=London|ref=malinowski1926myth}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=Crime and custom in savage society|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & Co.|year=1926|location=New York|ref=malinowski1926crimeculture|title-link=Crime and Custom in Savage Society}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B. |author-mask=—————|title=Sex and Repression in Savage Society|publisher=Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co.|location=London|year=1927|ref=malinowski1927sexrepression|title-link=Sex and Repression in Savage Society}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=The Sexual Life of Savages in North-Western Melanesia. An Ethnographic Account of Courtship, Marriage, and Family Life Among the Natives of the Trobriand Islands, British New Guinea|author2=H. Ellis|year=1929|location=London|ref=malinowski1929SexualLife}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|author2=E.R. Leach|author3=J. Berry|title=Coral gardens and their magic|publisher=Allen & Unwin|year=1935|location=London|ref=malinowski1935Coralgardens|title-link=Coral gardens and their magic}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=A Scientific Theory of Culture and Others Essays|year=1944|publisher=The University of North Carolina Press|location=Chapel Hill, N. Carolina|ref=malinowski1944ScientificTheoryCulture|title-link=A Scientific Theory of Culture}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=Freedom & Civilization|title-link=Freedom & Civilization|year=1947|location=London|ref=malinowski1947FreedomCivilization}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|editor=P.M. Kaberry|title=The Dynamics of Culture Change: An Inquiry Into Race Relations in Africa|title-link=The Dynamics of Culture Change|publisher=Yale University Press|year=1946|location=New Haven|ref=malinowski1946DynamicsCultureChange}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays|title-link=Magic, Science and Religion and Other Essays|publisher=The Free Press (Reissued Long Grove, IL: Waveland Press, 1992)|location=Glencoe, Illinois|year=1948|ref=malinowski1948MagicScienceReligion}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=Sex, Culture, and Myth|title-link=Sex, Culture, and Myth|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|location=New York|year=1962|ref=malinowski1962SexCultureMyth}}
* {{Cite book|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|title=A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term|publisher=Harcourt, Brace & World|location=New York|year=1967|ref=malinowski1967diary|title-link=A Diary in the Strict Sense of the Term}}
* {{Cite book|title=The early writings|author=Malinowski, B.|author-mask=—————|editor=R.J. Thornton & P. Skalnik|year=1993|publisher=Cambridge University Press|location=Cambridge|ref=malinowski1993earlywritings|title-link=The Early Writings of Bronislaw Malinowski}}

==See also==
* List of Polish people

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* {{Cite book|title=Man and culture: an evaluation of the work of Bronislaw Malinowski|author=Firth, Raymond|year=1960|publisher=Routledge|location=London|ref=firth1960malinowskimanculture}}
* Vermeulen, Han F. & Frederico Delgado Rosa (eds.). 2022. [https://www.berose.fr/article2707.html "Before and After Malinowski: Alternative Views on the History of Anthropology [A Virtual Round Table at the Royal Anthropological Institute, London, 7 July 2022<nowiki>]</nowiki>"] (with the participation of Sophie Chevalier, Barbara Chambers Dawson, Thomas Hylland Eriksen, Michael Kraus, Adam Kuper, Herbert S. Lewis, Andrew Lyons, David Mills, David Shankland, James Urry, and Rosemary Lévy Zumwalt), ''BEROSE International Encyclopaedia of the Histories of Anthropology'', Paris.

==External links==
* {{Gutenberg author|id=45006}}
* {{FadedPage|id=Malinowski, Bronislaw|name=Bronislaw Malinowski|author=yes}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060313130121/http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/factual/rams/thinkingallowed_20040714.ram Malinowski]; Archive (Real audio stream) of BBC Radio 4 edition of 'Thinking allowed' on Malinowski
* [http://www.sacred-texts.com/pac/baloma/index.htm Baloma; the Spirits of the Dead in the Trobriand Islands], at sacred-texts.com
* [http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=MALINOWSKI Papers of Bronislaw Malinowski held at LSE Library]
* [http://archives.lse.ac.uk/TreeBrowse.aspx?src=CalmView.Catalog&field=RefNo&key=MALINOWSKI%2F3 Malinowski's fieldwork photographs, Trobriand Islands, 1915–1918]
* [http://www.savagememory.com Savage Memory – documentary about Malinowski's legacy]
* Bronislaw Malinowski papers (MS 19). Manuscripts and Archives, Yale University Library.


{{DEFAULTSORT:Malinowski, Bronislaw}}
[[Category:Functionalism (social theory)]]

{{Sourceattribution|Bronisław Malinowski}}