View source for Biography:C. V. Raman

{{Short description|Indian physicist (1888–1970)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = Sir
| name              = C. V. Raman
| image             = Sir CV Raman.JPG
| alt               = 
| caption           = Raman in 1930
| birth_name        = Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1888|11|7|df=y}}
| birth_place       = Tiruchirapalli,<br/>Madras Presidency,<br/>British India<br/>(now Tamil Nadu, {{wipe|India}})
| death_date        = {{Death date and age|df=y|1970|11|21|1888|11|7}}
| death_place       = Bangalore, Mysore, India
| workplaces        = {{ublist | Indian Finance Department|Rajabazar Science College {{avoid wrap|(University of Calcutta)}}|[[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]|Indian Institute of Science|[[Organization:Raman Research Institute|Raman Research Institute]] }}
| alma_mater        = University of Madras (B.A., M.A.)
| doctoral_students = {{ublist | G. N. Ramachandran|Vikram Ambalal Sarabhai|Shivaramakrishnan Pancharatnam}}
| notable_students  = {{ublist | Kariamanickam Srinivasa Krishnan|[[Biography:K. R. Ramanathan|K. R. Ramanathan]]}}
| known_for         = {{ublist | [[Physics:Raman scattering|Raman scattering]] (Raman effect)|[[Physics:Raman spectroscopy|Raman spectroscopy]]}}
| influences        = 
| influenced        = 
| awards            = {{ublist | Fellow of the Royal Society (1924)|[[Physics:Matteucci Medal|Matteucci Medal]] (1928)|Knight Bachelor (1930)|[[Physics:Hughes Medal|Hughes Medal]] (1930)|Nobel Prize in Physics (1930)|Bharat Ratna (1954)|Lenin Peace Prize (1957)}}
| signature         = Chandrashekhara Venkata Raman, signature.svg
| signature_alt     = Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman
| footnotes         = 
| spouse            = {{marriage|Lokasundari Ammal|1907}}
| children          = Venkatraman Radhakrishnan and Chandrasekhar (Raja) Raman
| field             = [[Physics:Physics|Physics]]
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|size=100%|FNA|FASc|[[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|FIAS]]|FASB|FRS}}
}}

'''Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|FNA|FASc|[[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|FIAS]]|FASB|FRS}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|r|ɑː|m|ə|n}};<ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/raman-effect "Raman effect"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181024192402/https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/raman-effect |date=24 October 2018 }}. ''Collins English Dictionary''.</ref> 7 November 1888{{spaced ndash}}21 November 1970) was an Indian physicist known for his work in the field of light scattering.<ref name="frs">
{{Cite journal|last1=Bhagavantam|first1=Suri|year=1971|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman, 1888–1970|journal=Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society|volume=17|pages=564–592|doi=10.1098/rsbm.1971.0022|doi-access=free}}</ref> Using a [[Astronomy:Spectrograph|spectrograph]] that he developed, he and his student [[Biography:K. S. Krishnan|K. S. Krishnan]] discovered that when light traverses a transparent material, the deflected light changes its [[Wavelength|wavelength]] and [[Physics:Frequency|frequency]]. This phenomenon, a hitherto unknown type of scattering of light, which they called "modified scattering" was subsequently termed the Raman effect or [[Physics:Raman scattering|Raman scattering]]. Raman received the 1930 Nobel Prize in Physics for the discovery and was the first Asian to receive a Nobel Prize in any branch of science.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=1998|title=Sir C. V. Raman and the story of the Nobel prize|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=9|pages=965–971|jstor=24101681}}</ref>

Born to Tamil Brahmin parents, Raman was a [[Philosophy:Child prodigy|precocious child]], completing his secondary and higher secondary education from St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School at the age of 11 and 13, respectively. He topped the bachelor's degree examination of the University of Madras with honours in physics from Presidency College at age 16. His first research paper, on diffraction of light, was published in 1906 while he was still a graduate student. The next year he obtained a master's degree. He joined the Indian Finance Service in [[Place:Kolkata|Calcutta]] as Assistant Accountant General at age 19. There he became acquainted with the [[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), the first research institute in India, which allowed him to carry out independent research and where he made his major contributions in [[Physics:Acoustics|acoustics]] and [[Physics:Optics|optics]].

In 1917, he was appointed the first Palit Professor of Physics by Ashutosh Mukherjee at the Rajabazar Science College under the University of Calcutta. On his first trip to Europe, seeing the [[Place:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Sea]] motivated him to identify the prevailing explanation for the [[Color of water|blue colour of the sea]] at the time, namely the reflected [[Physics:Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh-scattered light]] from the sky, as being incorrect. He founded the ''[[Physics:Indian Journal of Physics|Indian Journal of Physics]]'' in 1926. He moved to Bangalore in 1933 to become the first Indian director of the Indian Institute of Science. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences the same year. He established the [[Organization:Raman Research Institute|Raman Research Institute]] in 1948 where he worked to his last days.

The Raman effect was discovered on 28 February 1928. The day is celebrated annually by the Government of India as the National Science Day.

==  Early life and education ==

C. V. Raman was born in Tiruchirappalli in the Madras Presidency of [[History:British Raj|British India]] (now Tiruchirapalli, Tamil Nadu, India) to Tamil parents,<ref>{{Cite web|title=CV Raman Birth Anniversary 2020: Interesting Facts About The Nobel Laureate|url=https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210624204614/https://www.ndtv.com/education/cv-raman-birth-anniversary-2020-interesting-facts-about-nobel-laureate|archive-date=24 June 2021|access-date=23 June 2021|website=NDTV.com|language=en}}</ref> Chandrasekhar Ramanathan Iyer and Parvathi Ammal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman A Legend of Modern Indian Science|last=Prasar|first=Vigyan|publisher=Government of India|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110223127/http://www.vigyanprasar.gov.in/scientists/cvraman/raman1.htm|archive-date=10 November 2013|access-date=7 November 2013}}</ref> He was the second of eight siblings.<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence|date=8 July 2019|website=Hindustan Times|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=3 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html|url-status=live}}</ref> His father was a teacher at a local high school, and earned a modest income. He recalled: "I was born with a copper spoon in my mouth. At my birth my father was earning the magnificent salary of ten rupees per month!"<ref name="Jayaraman-1989a">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman: A Memoir|date=1989|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences|isbn=978-81-85336-24-4|location=Bengaluru|pages=4|oclc=21675106}}</ref> In 1892, his family moved to Visakhapatnam (then Vizagapatam or Vizag) in Andhra Pradesh as his father was appointed to the faculty of physics at Mrs A.V. Narasimha Rao College.<ref name="Clark-2013">{{Cite journal|last=Clark|first=Robin J. H.|date=2013|title=Rayleigh, Ramsay, Rutherford and Raman – their connections with, and contributions to, the discovery of the Raman effect|journal=The Analyst|language=en|volume=138|issue=3|pages=729–734|doi=10.1039/C2AN90124B|pmid=23236600|bibcode=2013Ana...138..729C}}</ref>

Raman was educated at the St Aloysius' Anglo-Indian High School, Visakhapatnam.<ref>{{cite news |title=CV RAMAN: A Creative Mind Par Excellence |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |work=Hindustan Times |date=8 July 2019 |language=en |access-date=8 March 2020 |archive-date=3 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200303132636/https://www.hindustantimes.com/ht-school/cv-raman-a-creative-mind-par-excellence/story-EM8BZbOD8SrMm7rWuZwofI.html |url-status=live }}</ref> He passed matriculation at age 11 and the [[Social:Intermediate of Arts|First Examination in Arts]] examination (equivalent to today's intermediate examination, pre-university course) with a scholarship at age 13,<ref name="Hindustan Times-2019" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|title=Remembering CV Raman on his death anniversary|website=Udayavani – ಉದಯವಾಣಿ|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101616/https://www.udayavani.com/english-news/remembering-cv-raman-on-his-death-anniversary|url-status=live}}</ref> securing first position in both under the Andhra Pradesh school board (now Andhra Pradesh Board of Secondary Education) examination.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1902, Raman joined Presidency College in Madras (now Chennai) where his father had been transferred to teach mathematics and physics.<ref>[http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm This Month in Physics History February 1928: Raman scattering discovered] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523005826/http://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm |date=23 May 2013 }} APS News Archives February 2009 vol.18 no.2</ref> In 1904, he obtained a B.A. degree from the University of Madras, where he stood first and won the gold medals in physics and English.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> At age 18, while still a graduate student, he published his first scientific paper on "Unsymmetrical diffraction bands due to a rectangular aperture" in the British journal ''[[Physics:Philosophical Magazine|Philosophical Magazine]]'' in 1906.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1906|title=LV. Unsymmetrical diffraction-bands due to a rectangular aperture|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=12|issue=71|pages=494–498|doi=10.1080/14786440609463564|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1666418|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031065550/https://zenodo.org/record/1666418|url-status=live}}</ref> He earned an M.A. degree from the same university with highest distinction in 1907.<ref name="Nobel Laureates">[https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 Sir Venkata Raman] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190227030614/https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/physics/1930/raman/biographical/|date=27 February 2019}}, Official Nobel prize biography, nobelprize.org</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=13 February 2020|title=About C V Raman Life, Achievements and Paper Publications.|url=https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/|location=Indore [M.P.] India.|access-date=20 February 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215104203/https://therealgems.com/who-is-cv-raman/|url-status=live}}</ref> His second paper published in the same journal that year was on surface tension of liquids.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1907|title=LVIII. The curvature method of determining the surface-tension of liquids|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=83|pages=591–596|doi=10.1080/14786440709463720|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2066143|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080939/https://zenodo.org/record/2066143|url-status=live}}</ref> It was alongside [[Biography:John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh|Lord Rayleigh]]'s paper on the sensitivity of ear to sound,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=Lord|date=1907|title=LLX. On the relation of the sensitiveness of the ear to pitch, investigated by a new method|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=14|issue=83|pages=596–604|doi=10.1080/14786440709463721|url=https://zenodo.org/record/2340435|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031082843/https://zenodo.org/record/2340435|url-status=live}}</ref> and from which Lord Rayleigh started to communicate with Raman, courteously addressing him as "Professor."<ref name="Mukherji-2018b">{{Citation|last1=Mukherji|first1=Purabi|title=Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman (1888–1970)|date=2018|work=History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences|pages=21–76|place=Singapore|publisher=Springer Singapore|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-981-13-0295-4_2|isbn=978-981-13-0294-7|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Atri}}</ref>

Aware of Raman's capacity, his physics teacher Rhishard Llewellyn Jones insisted he continue research in England. Jones arranged for Raman's physical inspection with Colonel (Sir Gerald) Giffard.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder|last2=Riess|first2=Falk|date=2004|title=The Nobel Laureate Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman FRS and His Contacts with the British Scientific Community in a Social and Political Context|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=58|issue=1|pages=47–64|jstor=4142032|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2003.0224|s2cid=144713213}}</ref> Raman often had poor health and was considered as a "weakling."<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e">{{Cite book |last=Jayaraman |first=Aiyasami |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/21675106 |title=Op. cit. |date=1989 |pages=5|oclc=21675106 }}</ref> The inspection revealed that he would not withstand the harsh weathers of England,<ref name="Clark-2013" /> the incident of which he later recalled, and said, "[Giffard] examined me and certified that I was going to die of [[Medicine:Tuberculosis|tuberculosis]]… if I were to go to England."<ref name="SinghR-2002">{{cite journal|author=Singh Rajinder|year=2002|title=C.V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|s2cid=121785335}}</ref>

==Career==

Raman's elder brother Chandrasekhara Subrahmanya Ayyar had joined the Indian Finance Service (now Indian Audit and Accounts Service),<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=8|oclc=21675106}}</ref> the most prestigious government service in India. In no condition to study abroad, Raman followed suit and qualified for the Indian Finance Service achieving first position in the entrance examination in February 1907.<ref name="Banerjee-2014">{{Cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Somaditya|date=2014|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|journal=Physics in Perspective|language=en|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8|bibcode=2014PhP....16..146B|s2cid=121952683}}</ref> He was posted in Calcutta (now [[Place:Kolkata|Kolkata]]) as Assistant Accountant General in June 1907.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> It was there that he became highly impressed with the [[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] (IACS), the first research institute founded in India in 1876.<ref name="SinghR-2002" /> He immediately befriended Asutosh Dey, who would eventually become his lifelong collaborator, Amrita Lal Sircar, founder and secretary of IACS, and Ashutosh Mukherjee, executive member of the institute and Vice-Chancellor of the University of Calcutta. With their support, he obtained permission to conduct research at IACS in his own time even "at very unusual hours," as Raman later reminisced.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> Up to that time the institute had not yet recruited regular researchers,<ref name="Biwas-2010">{{Cite book|last=Biwas|first=Arun Kumar|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784–1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=69–116|chapter=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: A Nation's Dream, 1969-1947|oclc=895913622}}</ref> or produced any research paper.<ref name="Clark-2013" /> Raman's article "Newton's rings in polarised light" published in ''Nature'' in 1907 became the first from the institute.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1907|title=Newton's rings in polarised light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=76|issue=1982|pages=637|doi=10.1038/076637b0|bibcode=1907Natur..76..637R|s2cid=4035854|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|doi-access=free|access-date=30 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031073832/https://zenodo.org/record/1950400|url-status=live}}</ref> The work inspired IACS to publish a journal, ''Bulletin of Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science,'' in 1909 in which Raman was the major contributor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

In 1909, Raman was transferred to [[Place:Yangon|Rangoon]], British Burma (now Myanmar), to take up the position of currency officer. After only a few months, he had to return to Madras as his father died from an illness. The subsequent death of his father and funeral rituals compelled him to remain there for the rest of the year.<ref name="Basu-2016">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Tejan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|title=The Life and Times of C.V. Raman|date=2016|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan|isbn=978-81-8430-362-9|pages=22–23|language=en|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101619/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref> Soon after he resumed office at Rangoon, he was transferred back to India at Nagpur, Maharashtra, in 1910.<ref name="Sciences1988">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang|title=C.V. Raman: A Pictorial Biography|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences India|year=1988|isbn=978-81-85324-07-4|page=3|access-date=26 February 2018}}</ref> Even before he served a year in Nagpur, he was promoted to Accountant General in 1911 and again posted to Calcutta.<ref name="Basu-2016" />

From 1915, the University of Calcutta started assigning research scholars under Raman at IACS. Sudhangsu Kumar Banerji (who later become Director General of Observatories of India Meteorological Department), a PhD scholar under Ganesh Prasad, was his first student.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a">{{Cite book|last1=Mukherji|first1=Purabi|title=History of the Calcutta School of Physical Sciences|last2=Mukhopadhyay|first2=Atri|publisher=Springer|year=2018|isbn=978-981-13-0295-4|location=Singapore|pages=30|oclc=1042158966}}</ref> From the next year, other universities followed suit including University of Allahabad, Rangoon University, Queen's College Indore, Institute of Science, Nagpur, Krisnath College, and University of Madras. By 1919, Raman had guided more than a dozen students.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Mukherji, Purabi|title=Op. cit.|pages=31|oclc=1042158966}}</ref> Following Sircar's death in 1919, Raman received two honorary positions at IACS, Honorary Professor and Honorary Secretary.<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> He referred to this period as the "golden era" of his life.<ref>{{Cite web|date=12 June 2013|title=C.V. Raman|url=https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/c-v--raman/|access-date=8 March 2020|website=OSA|publisher=The Optical Society, Washington, DC, USA|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://www.osa.org/en-us/history/biographies/bios/c-v--raman/|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman was chosen by the University of Calcutta to become the Palit Professor of Physics, a position established after the benefactor Sir Taraknath Palit, in 1913. The university senate made the appointment on 30 January 1914, as recorded in the meeting minutes:{{blockquote|

The following appointments to the Palit Professorships were made at the meeting of the Senate on 30 January 1914: Dr P C Ray and Mr C.V. Raman, MA... The appointment of each Professor shall be permanent. A Professor shall vacate his office upon completion of sixtieth year of his age.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />}}Prior to 1914, Ashutosh Mukherjee had invited [[Biography:Jagadish Chandra Bose|Jagadish Chandra Bose]] to take up the position, but Bose declined.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Blanpied|first=William A.|date=1986|title=Pioneer Scientists in Pre-Independence India|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=36–44|doi=10.1063/1.881025|bibcode=1986PhT....39e..36B}}</ref> As a second choice, Raman became the first Palit Professor of Physics but was delayed for taking up the position as [[Social:World War I|World War I]] broke out. It was only in 1917 when he joined Rajabazar Science College, a campus created by the University of Calcutta in 1914, that he became a full-fledged professor.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> He reluctantly resigned as a civil servant after a decade of service, which was described as "supreme sacrifice"<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> since his salary as a professor would be roughly half of his salary at the time. But to his advantage, the terms and conditions as a professor were explicitly indicated in the report of his joining the university, which stated:{{blockquote|Mr C.V. Raman's acceptance of the Sir T N Palit Professorship on condition that he will not be required to go out of India... Reported that Mr C. V. Raman joined his appointment as Palit Professor of Physics from 2.7.17... Mr Raman informed that he will not be required to take any teaching work in MA and MSc classes, to the detriment of his own research or assisting advanced students in their researches.<ref name="Mukherji-2018a" />}}Raman's appointment as the Palit Professor was strongly objected to by some members of the Senate of the University of Calcutta, especially foreign members, as he had no [[Social:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] and had never studied abroad. As a kind of rebuttal, Mukherjee arranged for an honorary DSc which the University of Calcutta conferred Raman in 1921. The same year he visited Oxford to deliver a lecture at the Congress of Universities of the British Empire.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jayaraman|first1=Aiyasami|last2=Ramdas|first2=Anant Krishna|date=1988|title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman|journal=Physics Today|language=en|volume=41|issue=8|pages=56–64|doi=10.1063/1.881128|bibcode=1988PhT....41h..56J}}</ref> He had earned quite a reputation by then, and his hosts were Nobel laureates [[Biography:J. J. Thomson|J. J. Thomson]] and Lord Rutherford.<ref name="ACS-2015">{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|title=C.V. Raman The Raman Effect – Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=8 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020054/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Upon his election as Fellow of the Royal Society in 1924, Mukherjee asked him of his future plans, which he replied, saying, "The Nobel Prize of course."<ref name="Biwas-2010" /> In 1926, he established the ''[[Physics:Indian Journal of Physics|Indian Journal of Physics]]'' and acted as the first editor.<ref>{{cite web| title=Indian Journal of Physics| url=http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| year=1926| access-date=12 March 2018| archive-date=8 March 2018| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180308134223/http://iacs.res.in/indian-journal-physics.html| url-status=live}}</ref> The second volume of the journal published his famous article "A new radiation", reporting the discovery of the Raman effect.<ref name="Raman-1928">{{cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|year=1928|title=A new radiation|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=2|pages=387–398|access-date=12 March 2018|archive-date=20 May 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190520224631/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/10821/377|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Jayaraman-1989d">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=30|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

Raman was succeeded by Debendra Mohan Bose as the Palit Professor in 1932. Following his appointment as Director of the Indian Institute of Science (IISc) in Bangalore, he left Calcutta in 1933.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/archive.html|title=Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (1876–)|publisher=[[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]]|access-date=5 March 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170717233231/http://mailweb.iacs.res.in/archive.html|archive-date=17 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> Maharaja Krishnaraja Wadiyar IV, the King of Mysore, Jamsetji Tata and Nawab Sir Mir Osman Ali Khan, the Nizam of Hyderabad, had contributed the lands and funds for the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore. The Viceroy of India, Lord Minto approved the establishment in 1909, and the British government appointed its first director, [[Biography:Morris Travers|Morris Travers]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theconversation.com/institutions/indian-institute-of-science-1595/authors|title=Indian Institute of Science|last1=Reddy|first1=Venkatarama|last2=Guttal|first2=Vishwesha|website=The Conversation|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020003652/https://theconversation.com/institutions/indian-institute-of-science-1595/authors|url-status=live}}</ref> Raman became the fourth director and the first Indian director. During his tenure at IISc, he recruited G. N. Ramachandran, who later went on to become a distinguished X-ray crystallographer. He founded the Indian Academy of Sciences in 1934 and started publishing the academy's journal ''Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences'' (later split up into ''[[Proceedings - Mathematical Sciences]], [[Chemistry:Journal of Chemical Sciences|Journal of Chemical Sciences]],'' and ''[[Earth:Journal of Earth System Science|Journal of Earth System Science]]'').<ref name="ACS-2015" /> Around that time the Calcutta Physical Society was established, the concept of which he had initiated early in 1917.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />

With his former student Panchapakesa Krishnamurti, Raman started a company called Travancore Chemical and Manufacturing Co. Ltd. in 1943.<ref name="Parameswaran-2011">{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=C.V. Raman: A Biography |publisher=Penguin Books India |year=2011 |isbn=978-0-14-306689-7 |location=New Delhi |pages=190 |oclc=772714846 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727101916/https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC&newbks=0&hl |archive-date=27 July 2021}}</ref> The company, renamed as TCM Limited in 1996, was one of the first organic and inorganic chemical manufacturers in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|title=About us|publisher=TCM Limited – Official website|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140301155908/http://tcmlimited.in/tcmlimited/generalinfo/Contact.asp|archive-date=1 March 2014|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref> In 1947, Raman was appointed the first National Professor by the new government of independent India.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a">{{Cite journal|last=Mascarenhas|first=K. Smiles|date=2013|title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science|url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|journal=Science Reporter|language=en-US|volume=50|issue=11|pages=21–25|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=29 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman retired from IISC in 1948 and established the [[Organization:Raman Research Institute|Raman Research Institute]] in Bangalore a year later. He served as its director and remained active there until his death in 1970.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

== Scientific contributions ==

[[File:Raman energy levels.svg|thumb|300px|Energy level diagram showing the states involved in Raman signal]]

[[File:Nobel ceremony 1930.jpg|thumb|300px|Raman at the 1930 Nobel Prize Award Ceremony with other winners, from left C. V. Raman (physics), Hans Fischer (chemistry), Karl Landsteiner (medicine) and Sinclair Lewis (literature)]]

=== Musical sound ===

One of Raman's interests was on the scientific basis of musical sounds. He was inspired by [[Biography:Hermann von Helmholtz|Hermann von Helmholtz]]'s ''The Sensations of Tone'', the book he came across when he joined IACS.<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He published his findings prolifically between 1916 and 1921. He worked out the theory of transverse vibration of [[Engineering:Bowed string instrument|bowed string instrument]]s based on [[Superposition principle|superposition]] of velocities. One of his earliest studies was on the [[Physics:Wolf tone|wolf tone]] in violins and cellos.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1916|title=XLIII. On the "wolf-note" in bowed stringed instruments |journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=32|issue=190|pages=391–395|doi=10.1080/14786441608635584}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1916|title=On the "Wolf-note" of the Violin and 'Cello|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=97|issue=2435|pages=362–363|doi=10.1038/097362a0|bibcode=1916Natur..97..362R|s2cid=3966106|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1950214|access-date=30 April 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081442/https://zenodo.org/record/1950214|url-status=live}}</ref> He studied the [[Physics:Acoustics|acoustics]] of various violin and related instruments, including Indian stringed instruments,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1918|title=On the mechanical theory of the vibrations of bowed strings and of musical instruments of the violin family, with experimental verification of the results-Part I|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69871/1/69871.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=15|pages=1–158|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023090928/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69871/1/69871.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1921|title=On some Indian stringed instruments|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=7|pages=29–33|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=2 January 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140102200140/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69870/1/69870.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> and water splashes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C.V.|last2=Dey|first2=Ashutosh|date=1920|title=X. On the sounds of splashes|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=39|issue=229|pages=145–147|doi=10.1080/14786440108636021}}</ref> He even performed what he called "Experiments with mechanically-played violins."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1920|title=Experiments with mechanically-played violins|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69866/1/69866.pdf|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=6|pages=19–36|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023092236/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69866/1/69866.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Raman also studied the uniqueness of Indian drums.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Kumar|first2=Sivakali|date=1920|title=Musical Drums with Harmonic Overtones|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=104|issue=2620|pages=500|doi=10.1038/104500a0|bibcode=1920Natur.104..500R|s2cid=4159476|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031083805/https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|url-status=live}}</ref> His analyses of the [[Physics:Harmonic|harmonic]] nature of the sounds of tabla and mridangam were the first scientific studies on Indian percussions.<ref>{{cite journal|author1=Raman, C.V.|author2=Sivakali Kumar|year=1920|title=Musical drums with harmonic overtones|journal=Nature|volume=104|issue=2620|page=500|bibcode=1920Natur.104..500R|doi=10.1038/104500a0|s2cid=4159476|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|doi-access=free|access-date=24 August 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031083805/https://zenodo.org/record/1429634|url-status=live}}</ref> He wrote a critical research on vibrations of the pianoforte string that was known as Kaufmann's theory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C.V.|last2=Banerji|first2=B.|date=1920|title=On Kaufmann's theory of the impact of the pianoforte hammer|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=97|issue=682|pages=99–110|doi=10.1098/rspa.1920.0016|bibcode=1920RSPSA..97...99R|doi-access=free}}</ref> During his brief visit of England in 1921, he managed to study how sound travels in the Whispering Gallery of the dome of St Paul's Cathedral in London that produces unusual sound effects.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Sutherland|first2=G. A.|date=1921|title=Whispering-Gallery Phenomena at St. Paul's Cathedral|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=108|issue=2706|pages=42|doi=10.1038/108042a0|bibcode=1921Natur.108...42R|s2cid=4126913|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|author=Raman, C.V.|year=1922|title=On whispering galleries|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69841/1/69841.pdf|journal=Bulletin of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|volume=7|pages=159–172|access-date=7 January 2015|archive-date=12 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212004223/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69841/1/69841.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> His work on acoustics was an important prelude, both experimentally and conceptually, to his later works on optics and [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Banerjee, Somaditya|year=2014|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|bibcode=2014PhP....16..146B|doi=10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8|s2cid=121952683}}</ref>

=== Blue colour of the sea ===

Raman, in his broadening venture on optics, started to investigate scattering of light starting in 1919.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1919|title=LVI. The scattering of light in the refractive media of the eye|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=38|issue=227|pages=568–572|doi=10.1080/14786441108635985|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1554442|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031081718/https://zenodo.org/record/1554442|url-status=live}}</ref> His first phenomenal discovery of the physics of light was the [[Color of water|blue colour of seawater]]. During a voyage home from England on board the ''S.S. Narkunda'' in September 1921, he contemplated the blue color of the [[Place:Mediterranean Sea|Mediterranean Sea]]. Using simple optical equipment, a pocket-sized spectroscope and a [[Nicol prism]] in hand, he studied the seawater.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Anon.|date=2009|title=This Month in Physics History: February 1928: Raman scattering discovered|url=https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm|journal=APS News|volume=12|issue=2|pages=online|access-date=10 March 2020|archive-date=6 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200306100800/https://www.aps.org/publications/apsnews/200902/physicshistory.cfm|url-status=live}}</ref> Of several hypotheses on the colour of the sea propounded at the time,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Buchanan|first=J. Y.|date=1910|title=Colour of the Sea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=84|issue=2125|pages=87–89|doi=10.1038/084087a0|bibcode=1910Natur..84...87B|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Barnes|first=H. T.|date=1910|title=Colour of Water and Ice|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=83|issue=2111|pages=188|doi=10.1038/083188a0|bibcode=1910Natur..83..188B|s2cid=3943242|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1567754|doi-access=free|access-date=16 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080914/https://zenodo.org/record/1567754|url-status=live}}</ref> the best explanation had been that of Lord Rayleigh's in 1910, according to which, "The much admired dark blue of the deep sea has nothing to do with the color of water, but is simply the blue of the sky seen by reflection".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=J.W.S.|date=1910|title=Colours of Sea and Sky|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=83|issue=2106|pages=48–50|doi=10.1038/083048a0|bibcode=1910Natur..83...48.|doi-access=free}}</ref> Rayleigh had correctly described the nature of the blue sky by a phenomenon now known as [[Physics:Rayleigh scattering|Rayleigh scattering]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rayleigh|first=Lord|date=1899|title=XXXIV. On the transmission of light through an atmosphere containing small particles in suspension, and on the origin of the blue of the sky|url=https://zenodo.org/record/1431249|url-status=live|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=47|issue=287|pages=375–384|doi=10.1080/14786449908621276|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031200404/https://zenodo.org/record/1431249|archive-date=31 October 2020|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref> the scattering of light and refraction by particles in the atmosphere.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Stetefeld|first1=Jörg|last2=McKenna|first2=Sean A.|last3=Patel|first3=Trushar R.|date=2016|title=Dynamic light scattering: a practical guide and applications in biomedical sciences|journal=Biophysical Reviews|language=en|volume=8|issue=4|pages=409–427|doi=10.1007/s12551-016-0218-6|pmc=5425802|pmid=28510011}}</ref> His explanation of the blue colour of water was instinctively accepted as correct. Raman could view the water using Nicol prism to avoid the influence of sunlight reflected by the surface. He described how the sea appears even more blue than usual, contradicting Rayleigh.<ref name="Nature1921">{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1921|title=The Colour of the Sea|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=108|issue=2716|pages=367|doi=10.1038/108367a0|bibcode=1921Natur.108..367R|s2cid=4064467|doi-access=free}}</ref>

As soon as the ''S.S. Narkunda'' docked in Bombay Harbour (now Mumbai Harbour), Raman finished an article "The colour of the sea" that was published in the November 1921 issue of ''Nature''. He noted that Rayleigh's explanation is "questionable by a simple mode of observation" (using Nicol prism).<ref name="Nature1921" /> As he thought:{{blockquote|

Looking down into the water with a Nicol in front of the eye to cut off surface reflections, the track of the sun's rays could be seen entering the water and appearing by virtue of perspective to converge to a point at a considerable depth inside it. The question is: What is it that diffracts the light and makes its passage visible? An interesting possibility that should be considered in this connection is that the diffracting particles may, at least in part, be the molecules of the water themselves.<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" />}}
[[File:Raman-2.jpg|alt=Title page to Raman's Molecular Diffraction of Light (1922)|thumb|230x230px|Title page to Raman's ''Molecular Diffraction of Light'' (1922)]]

When he reached Calcutta, he asked his student K. R. Ramanathan, who was from the University of Rangoon, to conduct further research at IACS.<ref name="Mallik-2000">{{Cite journal|last=Mallik|first=D. C. V.|date=2000|title=The Raman Effect and Krishnan's Diary|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|volume=54|issue=1|pages=67–83|jstor=532059|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|s2cid=143485844}}</ref> By early 1922, Raman came to a conclusion, as he reported in the ''Proceedings of the Royal Society of London'':{{blockquote|It is proposed in this paper to urge an entirely different view, that in this phenomenon, as in the parallel case of the colour of the sky, ''molecular diffraction'' determines the observed luminosity and in great measure also its colour. As a necessary preliminary to the discussion, a theoretical calculation and experimental observations of the intensity of molecular scattering in water will be presented.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C.V.|date=1922|title=On the molecular scattering of light in water and the colour of the sea|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=101|issue=708|pages=64–80|doi=10.1098/rspa.1922.0025|bibcode=1922RSPSA.101...64R|doi-access=free}}</ref>}}True to his words, Ramanathan published an elaborate experimental finding in 1923.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=K.R.|date=1923|title=LVIII. On the colour of the sea|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=46|issue=273|pages=543–553|doi=10.1080/14786442308634277}}</ref> His subsequent study of the Bay of Bengal in 1924 provided the full evidence.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramanathan|first=K. R.|date=1 March 1925|title=The Transparency and Color of the Sea|journal=Physical Review|language=en|volume=25|issue=3|pages=386–390|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.25.386|bibcode=1925PhRv...25..386R}}</ref> It is now known that the intrinsic color of water is mainly attributed to the selective absorption of longer wavelengths of light in the red and orange regions of the [[Spectrum|spectrum]], owing to overtones of the [[Physics:Infrared|infrared]] absorbing O-H (oxygen and hydrogen combined) stretching modes of water molecules.<ref name="Braun">{{Citation|last1=Braun|first1=Charles L.|title=Why is water blue?|url=http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf|journal=Journal of Chemical Education|volume=70|issue=8|pages=612–614|year=1993|bibcode=1993JChEd..70..612B|doi=10.1021/ed070p612|last2=Smirnov|first2=Sergei N.|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=1 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191201000418/http://inside.mines.edu/fs_home/dwu/classes/CH353/study/Why%20is%20Water%20Blue.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Raman effect ===

{{main|Physics:Raman scattering}}

==== Background ====

Raman's second important discovery on the scattering of light was a new type of radiation, an eponymous phenomenon called the Raman effect.<ref name="Singh-2018" /> After discovering the nature of light scattering that caused blue colour of water, he focused on the principle behind the phenomenon. His experiments in 1923 showed the possibility of other light rays formed in addition to incident ray when sunlight was filtered through a violet glass in certain liquids and solids. Ramanathan believed that this was a case of a "trace of [[Biology:Fluorescence|fluorescence]]."<ref name="Mukherji-2018b" /> In 1925, [[Biography:K. S. Krishnan|K. S. Krishnan]], a new Research Associate, noted the theoretical background for the existence of an additional scattering line beside the usual polarised elastic scattering when light scatters through liquid.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K.S.|date=1925|title=LXXV. On the molecular scattering of light in liquids|journal=The London, Edinburgh, and Dublin Philosophical Magazine and Journal of Science|language=en|volume=50|issue=298|pages=697–715|doi=10.1080/14786442508634789}}</ref> He referred to the phenomenon as "feeble fluorescence."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Mallik|first=D. C. V.|date=2000|title=The Raman effect and Krishnan's diary|url=https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=54|issue=1|pages=67–83|doi=10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|s2cid=143485844|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=24 October 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191024125416/https://royalsocietypublishing.org/doi/10.1098/rsnr.2000.0097|url-status=live}}</ref> But the theoretical attempts to justify the phenomenon were quite futile for the next two years.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C.V.|last2=Krishnan|first2=K.S.|date=1927|title=Magnetic double-refraction in liquids. part I.—benzene and its derivatives|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical and Physical Character|language=en|volume=113|issue=765|pages=511–519|doi=10.1098/rspa.1927.0004|bibcode=1927RSPSA.113..511R|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The major impetus was the discovery of [[Physics:Compton scattering|Compton effect]]. [[Biography:Arthur Compton|Arthur Compton]] at [[Organization:Washington University in St. Louis|Washington University in St. Louis]] had found evidence in 1923 that [[Physics:Electromagnetic waves|electromagnetic waves]] can also be described as particles.<ref name="Compton effect">{{cite journal|author=Compton, Arthur H.|date=May 1923|title=A Quantum Theory of the Scattering of X-Rays by Light Elements|journal=[[Physics:Physical Review|Physical Review]]|volume=21|issue=5|pages=483–502|bibcode=1923PhRv...21..483C|doi=10.1103/PhysRev.21.483|doi-access=free}}</ref> By 1927, the phenomenon was widely accepted by scientists, including Raman.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1927|title=Thermodynamics, Wave-theory, and the Compton Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=120|issue=3035|pages=950–951|doi=10.1038/120950a0|bibcode=1927Natur.120..950R|s2cid=29489622}}</ref> As the news of Compton's Nobel Prize in Physics was announced in December 1927, Raman ecstatically told Krishnan, saying:{{blockquote|"Excellent news... very nice indeed. But look here Krishnan. If this is true of X-Rays, it must be true of Light too. I have always thought so. There must be an Optical analogue to Compton Effect. We must pursue it and we are on the right lines. It must and shall be found. The Nobel Prize must be won."<ref name="Ramdas-1973">{{Cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=L. A.|date=1973|title=Dr. C. V. Raman (1888–1970), Part II|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/6371|journal=Journal of Physics Education|language=en|volume=1|issue=2|pages=2–18|access-date=12 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031071756/http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/6371|url-status=live}}</ref> }}But the origin of the inspiration went further. As Compton later recollected "that it was probably the Toronto debate that led him to discover the Raman effect two years later."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> The Toronto debate was about the discussion on the existence of light quantum at the [[Organization:British Science Association|British Association for the Advancement of Science]] meeting held at Toronto in 1924. There Compton presented his experimental findings, which [[Biography:William Duane (physicist)|William Duane]] of [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] argued with his own with evidence that light was a wave.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2002|title=C. V. Raman and the Discovery of the Raman Effect|journal=Physics in Perspective |volume=4|issue=4|pages=399–420|doi=10.1007/s000160200002|bibcode=2002PhP.....4..399S|s2cid=121785335}}</ref> Raman took Duane's side and said, "Compton, you're a very good debater, but the truth isn't in you."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" />

==== The scattering experiments ====

[[File:1928 Benzene Raman Spectrum.png|thumb|An early Raman spectrum of [[Chemistry:Benzene|benzene]] published by Raman and  Krishnan.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=K. S. Krishnan|last2=Raman|first2=C. V.|date=1928|title=The Negative Absorption of Radiation|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3062|pages=12–13|doi=10.1038/122012b0|bibcode=1928Natur.122...12R|s2cid=4071281|issn=1476-4687}}</ref>|240x240px]]

Krishnan started the experiment in the beginning of January 1928.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> On 7 January, he discovered that no matter what kind of pure liquid he used, it always produced polarised fluorescence within the [[Physics:Visible spectrum|visible spectrum]] of light. As Raman saw the result, he was astonished why he never observed such phenomenon all those years.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> That night he and Krishnan named the new phenomenon as "modified scattering" with reference to the Compton effect as an unmodified scattering. On 16 February, they sent a manuscript to ''Nature'' titled "A new type of secondary radiation", which was published on 31 March.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Krishnan|first2=K. S.|date=1928|title=A new type of secondary radiation|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=121|issue=3048|pages=501–502|doi=10.1038/121501c0|bibcode=1928Natur.121..501R|s2cid=4128161}}</ref>

On 28 February 1928, they obtained spectra of the modified scattering separate from the incident light. Due to difficulty in measuring the wavelengths of light, they had been relying on visual observation of the colour produced from sunlight through prism. Raman had invented a type of [[Astronomy:Spectrograph|spectrograph]] for detecting and measuring electromagnetic waves.<ref name="ACS-2015" /><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/how-is-c-v-raman-connected-with-the-national-science-day/articleshow/74371450.cms#:~:text=On%20February%2028%2C%201928%2C%20Raman,a%20couple%20of%20years%20later.|title=How is C.V Raman connected with The National Science Day|work=Business Insider|date=28 February 2020|access-date=26 February 2021|archive-date=15 April 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200415053333/https://www.businessinsider.in/science/news/how-is-c-v-raman-connected-with-the-national-science-day/articleshow/74371450.cms#:~:text=On%20February%2028%2C%201928%2C%20Raman,a%20couple%20of%20years%20later.|url-status=live}}</ref> Referring to the invention, Raman later remarked, "When I got my Nobel Prize, I had spent hardly 200 rupees on my equipment,"<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=D. A.|date=1988|title=Early history of the Raman effect|url=http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01442358809353216|journal=International Reviews in Physical Chemistry|language=en|volume=7|issue=4|pages=317–349|doi=10.1080/01442358809353216|bibcode=1988IRPC....7..317L|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101614/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/01442358809353216|url-status=live}}</ref> although it was obvious that his total expenditure for the entire experiment was much more than that.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2018|title=How costly was Raman's equipment for the discovery of Raman effect?|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_4_2018__Art09.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=53|issue=4|pages=68–73|doi=10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i4/49527|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=28 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210728000409/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_4_2018__Art09.pdf|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref> From that moment they could employ the instrument using [[Physics:Monochromator|monochromatic light]] from a mercury arc lamp which penetrated transparent material and was allowed to fall on a spectrograph to record its spectrum. The lines of scattering could now be measured and photographed.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Beq0D5nFR00|title=Raman Effect Visualised|website=[[Company:YouTube|YouTube]]|access-date=15 May 2014|archive-date=22 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140522061043/http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Beq0D5nFR00|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="b1">Venkataraman, G. (1988) ''Journey into Light: Life and Science of C. V. Raman''. Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|978-81-85324-00-5}}.</ref>

==== Announcement ====

The same day, Raman made the announcement before the press. The ''Associated Press of India'' reported it the next day, on 29 February, as "New theory of radiation: Prof. Raman's Discovery."<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Jagdish|first1=Mehra|title=The Historical Development of Quantum Volume 6 Part 1|last2=Rechenberg|first2=Helmut| author-link2=Helmut Rechenberg |publisher=Springer|year=2001|isbn=978-0-387-95262-8|location=New York|pages=360|oclc=76255200}}</ref> It ran the story as:{{blockquote|Prof. C. V. Raman, F.R.S., of the Calcutta University, has made a discovery which promises to be of fundamental significance to physics... The new phenomenon exhibits features even more startling than those discovered by Prof. Compton with X-rays. The principal feature observed is that when matter is excited by light of one colour, the atoms contained in it emit light of two colours, one of which is different from the exciting colour and is lower down the spectrum. The astonishing thing is that the altered colour is quite independent of the nature of the substance used.<ref name="Singh-2018">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2018-03-01|title=The 90th Anniversary of the Raman Effect|url=http://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_1_2018__Art04.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=53|issue=1|pages=50–58|doi=10.16943/ijhs/2018/v53i1/49363|doi-access=free|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-date=25 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200825164824/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol53_1_2018__Art04.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}The news was reproduced by ''The Statesman'' on 1 March under the headline "Scattering of Light by Atoms – New Phenomenon – Calcutta Professor's Discovery."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Long|first=D. A.|date=2008|title=80th Anniversary of the discovery of the Raman effect: a celebration|journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=39|issue=3|pages=316–321|doi=10.1002/jrs.1948|bibcode=2008JRSp...39..316L}}</ref> Raman submitted a three-paragraph report of the discovery on 8 March to ''Nature'' and was published on 21 April.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1928|title=A Change of Wave-length in Light Scattering|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=121|issue=3051|pages=619|doi=10.1038/121619b0|bibcode=1928Natur.121..619R|s2cid=4102940|doi-access=free}}</ref> The actual data was sent to the same journal on 22 March and was published on 5 May.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Krishnan|first2=K. S.|date=1928|title=The Optical Analogue of the Compton Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=121|issue=3053|pages=711|doi=10.1038/121711a0|bibcode=1928Natur.121..711R|s2cid=4126899|doi-access=free}}</ref> Raman presented the formal and detailed description as "A new radiation" at the meeting of the South Indian Science Association in Bangalore on 16 March. His lecture was published in the ''[[Physics:Indian Journal of Physics|Indian Journal of Physics]]'' on 31 March.<ref name="Raman-1928" /> A thousand copies of the paper reprint were sent to scientists in different countries on that day.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989d" />

==== Reception and outcome ====

Some physicists, particularly French and German physicists were initially sceptical of the authenticity of the discovery. [[Biography:Georg Joos|Georg Joos]] at the Friedrich Schiller University of Jena asked [[Biography:Arnold Sommerfeld|Arnold Sommerfeld]] at the University of Munich, "Do you think that Raman's work on the optical Compton effect in liquids is reliable?... The sharpness of the scattered lines in liquids seems doubtful to me". Sommerfeld then tried to reproduce the experiment, but failed.<ref name="Singh-2008">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2008|title=80 Years Ago – the Discovery of the Raman Effect at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science, Kolkata, India|url=http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/8110/1/80%20years%20ago%20-%20the%20Discovery%20of%20the%20Raman_By%20Rajinder%20Singh.pdf|url-status=dead|journal=Indian Journal of Physics|volume=82|pages=987–1001|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200606142247/http://arxiv.iacs.res.in:8080/jspui/bitstream/10821/8110/1/80%20years%20ago%20-%20the%20Discovery%20of%20the%20Raman_By%20Rajinder%20Singh.pdf|archive-date=6 June 2020|access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> On 20 June 1928, Peter Pringsheim at the University of Berlin was able to reproduce Raman's results successfully. He was the first to coin the terms ''Ramaneffekt'' and ''Linien des Ramaneffekts'' in his articles published the following months.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pringsheim|first=Peter|date=1928|title=Der Ramaneffekt, ein neuer von C. V. Raman entdeckter Strahlungseffekt|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|language=de|volume=16|issue=31|pages=597–606|doi=10.1007/BF01494083|bibcode=1928NW.....16..597P|s2cid=30433182}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Carrelli|first1=A.|last2=Pringsheim|first2=Peter|last3=Rosen|first3=B.|date=1928|title=Über den Ramaneffekt an wässerigen Lösungen und über den Polarisationszustand der Linien des Ramaneffekts|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik|language=de|volume=51|issue=7–8|pages=511–519|doi=10.1007/BF01327842|bibcode=1928ZPhy...51..511C|s2cid=119516536}}</ref> Use of the English versions, "Raman effect" and "Raman lines" immediately followed.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ramdas|first=L. A.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect and the Spectrum of the Zodiacal Light|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3063|pages=57|doi=10.1038/122057a0|s2cid=4092715|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name="Brand-1989">{{Cite journal|last=Brand|first=J. C. D.|date=31 January 1989|title=The discovery of the Raman effect|journal=Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London|language=en|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–23|doi=10.1098/rsnr.1989.0001|s2cid=120964978}}</ref>

In addition to being a new phenomenon itself, the Raman effect was one of the earliest proofs of the [[Physics:Light#Quantum theory|quantum nature of light]]. [[Biography:Robert W. Wood|Robert W. Wood]] at the [[Organization:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins University]] was the first American to confirm the Raman effect in the early 1929.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=R. W.|date=1929|title=The Raman Effect with Hydrochloric Acid Gas: the 'Missing Line.'|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=123|issue=3095|pages=279|doi=10.1038/123279a0|bibcode=1929Natur.123Q.279W|s2cid=4121854|doi-access=free}}</ref> He made a series of experimental verification, after which he commented, saying, "It appears to me that this very beautiful discovery which resulted from Raman's long and patient study of the phenomenon of light scattering is one of the most convincing proofs of the quantum theory".<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wood|first=R. W.|date=1933|title=Raman Spectrum of Heavy Water (By Cable)|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=132|issue=3347|pages=970|doi=10.1038/132970b0|bibcode=1933Natur.132..970W|s2cid=4092727|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|title=C.V. Raman The Raman Effect - Landmark|website=American Chemical Society|language=en|access-date=11 March 2020|archive-date=4 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200304020054/https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/landmarks/ramaneffect.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The field of [[Physics:Raman spectroscopy|Raman spectroscopy]] came to be based on this phenomenon, and [[Biography:Ernest Rutherford|Ernest Rutherford]], President of the Royal Society, referred to it in his presentation of the [[Physics:Hughes Medal|Hughes Medal]] to Raman in 1930 as "among the best three or four discoveries in experimental physics in the last decade".<ref name="Ramdas-1973" />

Raman was confident that he would win the Nobel Prize in Physics as well but was disappointed when the Nobel Prize went to Owen Richardson in 1928 and to [[Biography:Louis de Broglie|Louis de Broglie]] in 1929. He was so confident of winning the prize in 1930 that he booked tickets in July, even though the awards were to be announced in November. He would scan each day's newspaper for announcement of the prize, tossing it away if it did not carry the news.<ref name="Venkataraman-1995">{{citation|author=Venkataraman, G.|title=Raman and His Effect|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OjLls3eaOhEC&pg=PA50|page=50|year=1995|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-7371-008-7|access-date=28 July 2016|archive-date=7 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210207130540/https://books.google.com/books?id=OjLls3eaOhEC&pg=PA50|url-status=live}}</ref> He did eventually win that year.<ref name="Nobel-2014">{{cite web|title=The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011205133/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/index.html|archive-date=11 October 2014|access-date=9 October 2008|publisher=Nobel Foundation}}</ref>

===Later work===

Raman had association with the Banaras Hindu University in Varanasi. He attended the foundation ceremony of BHU<ref>{{cite news |last1=Singh |first1=Binay |title=BHU preserves CV Raman's association with university |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-preserves-CV-Ramans-association-with-university/articleshow/25403012.cms |access-date=17 June 2015 |newspaper=The Times of India |date=8 November 2013 |archive-date=28 November 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131128010326/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/varanasi/BHU-preserves-CV-Ramans-association-with-university/articleshow/25403012.cms |url-status=live }}</ref> and delivered lectures on mathematics and "Some new paths in physics" during the lecture series organised at the university from 5 to 8 February 1916.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Dwivedi |first1=B. N. |title=Madan Mohan Malaviya and Banaras Hindu University |url=http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/08/1091.pdf |journal=Current Science |volume=101 |issue=8 |pages=1091–1095 |year=2011 |access-date=17 June 2015 |archive-date=17 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150617123506/http://www.currentscience.ac.in/Volumes/101/08/1091.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> He also held the position of permanent visiting professor.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Prakash |first1=Satya |title=Vision for Science Education |date=20 May 2014 |publisher=Allied Publishers |isbn=978-81-8424-908-8 |page=45}}</ref>

With Suri Bhagavantam, he determined the [[Physics:Spin|spin]] of [[Physics:Photons|photons]] in 1932, which further confirmed the quantum nature of light.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Bhagavantam|first2=S.|date=1932|title=Experimental Proof of the Spin of the Photon|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/129022a0|url-status=live|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=129|issue=3244|pages=22–23|bibcode=1932Natur.129...22R|doi=10.1038/129022a0|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200316035934/https://www.nature.com/articles/129022a0|archive-date=16 March 2020|access-date=18 March 2020|hdl-access=free|hdl=10821/664|s2cid=4064852}}</ref><ref name="Brand-1989" /> With another student, Nagendra Nath, he provided the correct theoretical explanation for the [[Physics:Acousto-optics|acousto-optic effect]] (light scattering by sound waves) in a series of articles resulting in the celebrated Raman–Nath theory.<ref>C. V. Raman, N. S. Nagendra Nath, [http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/2045 "The diffraction of light by high-frequency sound waves. Part I"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213022033/http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/2045 |date=13 December 2014 }}, ''Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci.'', 1935</ref> Modulators, and switching systems based on this effect have enabled optical communication components based on [[Physics:Laser|laser]] systems.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cheng|first1=Qixiang|last2=Bahadori|first2=Meisam|last3=Glick|first3=Madeleine|last4=Rumley|first4=Sébastien|last5=Bergman|first5=Keren|date=2018|title=Recent advances in optical technologies for data centers: a review|url=https://www.osapublishing.org/abstract.cfm?URI=optica-5-11-1354|journal=Optica|language=en|volume=5|issue=11|pages=1354–1370|doi=10.1364/OPTICA.5.001354|bibcode=2018Optic...5.1354C|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101641/https://www.osapublishing.org/optica/fulltext.cfm?uri=optica-5-11-1354&id=399361|url-status=live|doi-access=free}}</ref>

Other investigations he carried out included experimental and theoretical studies on the diffraction of light by acoustic waves of [[Physics:Ultrasound|ultrasonic]] and [[Physics:Hypersonic|hypersonic]] frequencies,<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Nagendra Nathe|first2=N. S.|date=1935|title=The diffraction of light by high frequency sound waves: Part I.|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03035840|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=2|issue=4|pages=406–412|doi=10.1007/BF03035840|s2cid=198141323|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101617/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03035840|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1942|title=The nature of the liquid state|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24213500|journal=Current Science|volume=11|issue=8|pages=303–310|jstor=24213500|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727110049/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24213500|url-status=live}}</ref> and those on the effects produced by X-rays on infrared vibrations in crystals exposed to ordinary light which were published between 1935 and 1942.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1941|title=Crystals and photons|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03052526|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=13|issue=1|pages=1–8|doi=10.1007/BF03052526|s2cid=198142013|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101627/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03052526|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1942|title=Reflexion of X-Rays with Change of Frequency|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/150366a0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=150|issue=3804|pages=366–369|doi=10.1038/150366a0|bibcode=1942Natur.150..366R|s2cid=222373|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124745/https://www.nature.com/articles/150366a0|url-status=live}}</ref>

In 1948, through studying the [[Physics:Spectroscopy|spectroscopic]] behaviour of crystals, he approached the fundamental problems of crystal dynamics in a new manner.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1948|title=Dynamic X-ray reflections in crystals|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/1780/1/1948%20CS%20V17%20p65-75.pdf|journal=Current Science|language=en|volume=17|pages=65–75|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124227/http://dspace.rri.res.in/bitstream/2289/1780/1/1948%20CS%20V17%20p65-75.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1948|title=X-Rays and the Eigen-Vibrations of Crystal Structures|url=http://www.nature.com/articles/162023b0|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=162|issue=4105|pages=23–24|doi=10.1038/162023b0|pmid=18939227|bibcode=1948Natur.162...23R|s2cid=4073206|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727145135/https://www.nature.com/articles/162023b0|url-status=live}}</ref> He dealt with the structure and properties of diamond from 1944 to 1968,<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1943|title=The structure and properties of diamond|url=http://repository.ias.ac.in/69822/1/69822.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=12|issue=1|pages=33–42|jstor=24208172|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727124226/http://repository.ias.ac.in/69822/1/69822.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1968|title=The diamond: Its structure and properties|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03049362|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=67|issue=5|pages=231–246|doi=10.1007/BF03049362|s2cid=91751475}}</ref> the structure and optical behaviour of numerous [[Physics:Iridescence|iridescent]] substances including [[Chemistry:Labradorite|labradorite]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1950|title=The structure of labradorite and the origin of its iridescence|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03172469|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=32|issue=1|pages=1–16|doi=10.1007/BF03172469|s2cid=128235557}}</ref> pearly [[Chemistry:Feldspar|feldspar]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1953|title=The diffusion haloes of the iridescent feldspars|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03052851|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=37|issue=1|pages=1–10|doi=10.1007/BF03052851|s2cid=128924627|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03052851|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Agate|agate]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1953|title=The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent agate|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03045221|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=38|issue=3|pages=199–206|doi=10.1007/BF03045221|s2cid=198139210}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Quartz|quartz]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1954|title=X-ray study of fibrous quartz|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03047162|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=40|issue=3|pages=107|doi=10.1007/BF03047162|s2cid=135143703|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101628/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047162|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Chemistry:Opal|opal]],<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Jayaraman|first2=A.|date=1953|title=The structure and optical behaviour of iridescent opal|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03045242|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=38|issue=5|pages=343–354|doi=10.1007/BF03045242|s2cid=198141813|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101620/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03045242|url-status=live}}</ref> and [[Chemistry:Pearl|pearl]] in the early 1950s.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Krishnamurti|first2=D.|date=1954|title=The structure and optical behaviour of pearls|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF03047140|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=39|issue=5|pages=215–222|doi=10.1007/BF03047140|s2cid=91310831|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047140|url-status=live}}</ref> Among his other interests were the optics of [[Physics:Colloid|colloid]]s, and electrical and magnetic [[Anisotropy|anisotropy]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=R. S.|date=1948|title=Sir C. V. Raman and crystal physics|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03170788|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=28|issue=5|pages=258|doi=10.1007/BF03170788|s2cid=172445086|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101633/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03170788|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=C. V.|last2=Viswanathan|first2=K. S.|date=1955|title=The theory of the propagation of light in polycrystalline media|url=https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03047170|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section A|language=en|volume=41|issue=2|pages=37–44|doi=10.1007/BF03047170|s2cid=59436273|access-date=27 July 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101621/https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/BF03047170|url-status=live}}</ref> His last interests in the 1960s were on biological properties such as the colours of flowers and the [[Biology:Visual system|physiology of human vision]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1960|title=The perception of light and colour and the physiology of vision|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|language=en|volume=52|issue=6|pages=253–264|doi=10.1007/BF03047051|s2cid=170662624}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1962|title=The role of the retina in vision|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|language=en|volume=56|issue=2|pages=77–87|doi=10.1007/BF03051587|jstor=24059723|hdl=2289/1702|s2cid=83159946|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/056/02/0077-0087|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812125853/https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/secb/056/02/0077-0087|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Raman|first=C. V.|date=1970|title=The florachromes: Their chemical nature and spectroscopic behaviour|journal=Proceedings of the Indian Academy of Sciences, Section B|language=en|volume=72|issue=1|pages=1–23|url=https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/seca/072/01/0001-0023|doi=10.1007/BF03049697|s2cid=97395288|access-date=12 August 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812125853/https://www.ias.ac.in/article/fulltext/seca/072/01/0001-0023|url-status=live}}</ref>

==Personal life==

Raman married Lokasundari Ammal, daughter of S. Krishnaswami Iyer who was the Superintendent of Sea Customs at Madras, in 1907.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> The wedding day is popularly recorded as on 6 May,<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35659|title=Raman, Sir (Chandrashekhara) Venkata|work=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2004|access-date=6 October 2013|archive-date=8 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140308062316/http://www.oxforddnb.com/templates/article.jsp?articleid=35659|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Lokasundari Ammal |url=https://www.myheritage.com/research/record-10182-2863313/lokasundari-ammal-in-biographical-summaries-of-notable-people |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=myheritage.com}}</ref><ref name=":1">{{Cite web |title=C. V. Raman, Nobel Prize in Physics 1930 |url=https://www.geni.com/people/C-V-Raman-Nobel-Prize-in-Physics-1930/6000000000012279621 |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Geni |date=7 November 1888 |language=en-US}}</ref> but Raman's great-niece and biographer, Uma Parameswaran,<ref>{{Cite news |last=Ravi |first=B. D. |date=2014-07-21 |title=The Raman wife effect: lively recollections |language=en-IN |work=The Hindu |url=https://www.thehindu.com/books/books-reviews/the-raman-wife-effect-lively-recollections/article6234660.ece |access-date=2023-06-08 |issn=0971-751X}}</ref> revealed a factual date of 2 June 1907.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |page=39|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143066897 }}</ref> It was a self-arranged marriage and his wife was 13 years old.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Miller |first1=Foil A. |last2=Kauffman |first2=George B. |date=1989 |title=C. V. Raman and the discovery of the Raman effect |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ed066p795 |journal=Journal of Chemical Education |language=en |volume=66 |issue=10 |pages=795–801 |bibcode=1989JChEd..66..795M |doi=10.1021/ed066p795 |issn=0021-9584}}</ref><ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /><ref>{{Cite book |last=IAS |url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang |title=Op. cit. |date=1988 |page=2|publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |isbn=9788185324074 }}</ref> (Sources are contradicting on her age as her birth year is specified as 1892,<ref name="SinghR-2002" /><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":1" /> which would make her about 15 years of age; but Parameswaran affirmed the 13-year,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |pages=33–34|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143066897 }}</ref> corroborated by her obituary in ''Current Science'' that mentioned her age as 86 on her death on 22 May 1980.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=1980 |title=Obituary |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24083389 |journal=Current Science |volume=49 |issue=11 |pages=425 |jstor=24083389 |issn=0011-3891}}</ref>) His wife later jokingly recounted that their marriage was not so much about her musical prowess (she was playing ''[[Engineering:Veena|veena]]'' when they first met) as "the extra allowance which the Finance Department gave to its married officers."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> The extra allowance refers to an additional INR 150 for married officers at the time.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989c" /> Soon after they moved to Calcutta in 1907, the couple were accused of converting to Christianity. It was because they frequently visited St. John's Church, Kolkata as Lokasundari was fascinated with the church music and Raman with the acoustics.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" />

They had two sons, Chandrasekhar Raman and Venkatraman Radhakrishnan, a radio astronomer. Raman was the paternal uncle of [[Biography:Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar|Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar]], recipient of the 1983 Nobel Prize in Physics.<ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/chandrasekhar-google-honours-171018135910958.html |title=S Chandrasekhar: Why Google honours him |work=Al Jazeera |date=19 October 2017 |access-date=18 October 2017 |archive-date=1 September 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180901044401/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/10/chandrasekhar-google-honours-171018135910958.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

Throughout his life, Raman developed an extensive personal collection of stones, [[Earth:Mineral|mineral]]s, and materials with interesting light-scattering properties, which he obtained from his world travels and as gifts.<ref>{{Citation|last=Periodic Videos|title=Diamonds, Pearls and Atomic Bomb Stones – Periodic Table of Videos|date=28 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdcjSuvU7z0&t=7s|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101622/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZdcjSuvU7z0&t=7s|url-status=live}}</ref> He often carried a small, handheld [[Organization:Optical spectrometer|spectroscope]] to study specimens.<ref>{{Citation|last=Periodic Videos|title=Special Spectroscope – Periodic Table of Videos|date=28 January 2015|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UET11Pt6Qw|access-date=12 November 2018|archive-date=11 February 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190211120545/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_UET11Pt6Qw&t=0s&list=PLEUMnCfLypBCR1zpeT-mn-NtehwzlTady&index=13|url-status=live}}</ref> These, along with his spectrograph, are on display at IISc.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Poovaiah|first=D. M.|date=7 February 2020|title=A curious mind illuminated|url=https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/a-curious-mind-illuminated-802148.html|url-status=live|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Deccan Herald|language=en|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727133559/https://www.deccanherald.com/spectrum/a-curious-mind-illuminated-802148.html}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Kulkarni|first=Renuka|date=20 June 2021|title=How Archives in Bangalore Tell Stories about Science – Connect with IISc|url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2018/06/how-archives-in-bangalore-tell-stories-about-science/|url-status=live|access-date=27 July 2021|website=Connect|publisher=Indian Institute of Science|language=en-GB|archive-date=27 July 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210727133602/https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2018/06/how-archives-in-bangalore-tell-stories-about-science/}}</ref>

Lord Rutherford was instrumental in some of Raman's most pivotal moments in life. He nominated Raman for the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930, presented him the Hughes Medal as President of the Royal Society in 1930, and recommended him for the position of Director at IISc in 1932.<ref name="Clark-2013" />

Raman had a sense of obsession with the Nobel Prize. In a speech at the University of Calcutta, he said, "I'm not flattered by the honour [Fellowship to the Royal Society in 1924] done to me. This is a small achievement. If there is anything that I aspire for, it is the Nobel Prize. You will find that I get that in five years."<ref name="Satyan-2003">{{Cite web|url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-raman-effect/220624|title=The Raman Effect|last=Satyan|first=T.S.|date=5 July 2003|website=Outlook India|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=25 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025214926/https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/the-raman-effect/220624|url-status=live}}</ref> He knew that if he were to receive the Nobel Prize, he could not wait for the announcement of the Nobel Committee normally made towards the end of the year considering the time required to reach Sweden by sea route.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Clark|first1=Matthew P. A.|last2=Clark|first2=Robin J. H.|date=2011|title=Rutherford and Raman – Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success: Nobel laureates who had difficult early journeys to success|url=http://doi.wiley.com/10.1002/jrs.3061|journal=Journal of Raman Spectroscopy|language=en|volume=42|issue=12|pages=2173–2178|doi=10.1002/jrs.3061|access-date=13 December 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101629/https://analyticalsciencejournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/jrs.3061|url-status=live}}</ref> With confidence, he booked two tickets, one for his wife, for a steamship to Stockholm in July 1930.<ref>{{Citation|last1=Pînzaru|first1=Simona Cintă|title=Raman's Discovery in Historical Context|date=2018|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_1|work=Confocal Raman Microscopy|volume=66|pages=3–21|editor-last=Toporski|editor-first=Jan|place=Cham|publisher=Springer International Publishing|language=en|doi=10.1007/978-3-319-75380-5_1|isbn=978-3-319-75378-2|access-date=13 December 2020|last2=Kiefer|first2=Wolfgang|series=Springer Series in Surface Sciences |editor2-last=Dieing|editor2-first=Thomas|editor3-last=Hollricher|editor3-first=Olaf}}</ref> Soon after he received the Nobel Prize, he was asked in an interview the possible consequences if he had discovered the Raman effect earlier, which he replied, "Then I should have shared the Nobel Prize with Compton and I should not have liked that; I would rather receive the whole of it."<ref>{{Cite book |last=Jayaraman |first=Aiyasami |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=1989 |page=31|publisher=Penguin Books India |isbn=9780143066897 }}</ref>

=== Religious views ===

Although Raman hardly talked about religion, he was openly an agnostic,<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013b">{{Cite journal |last=Mascarenhas |first=K. Smiles |date=2013 |title=Sir C.V. Raman – Icon of Indian Science |url=http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946 |url-status=live |journal=Science Reporter |language=en-US |volume=50 |issue=11 |pages=21–25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201029174441/http://nopr.niscair.res.in/handle/123456789/23946 |archive-date=29 October 2020 |access-date=15 March 2020}}</ref> but objected to being labelled atheist.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/> His agnosticism was largely influenced by that of his father who adhered to the philosophies of [[Biography:Herbert Spencer|Herbert Spencer]], Charles Bradlaugh, and [[Biography:Robert G. Ingersoll|Robert G. Ingersoll]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |publisher= Penguin Books India|pages=5, 8 |isbn=9780143066897 |language=en}}</ref> He resented Hindu traditional rituals<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> but did not give them up in family circles.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dailyo.in/variety/nobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect/story/1/20470.html|title=Why it's important to keep the memories of CV Raman alive|last=Mukharji|first=Shantanu|date=8 November 2017|website=www.dailyo.in|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101627/https://www.dailyo.in/variety/nobel-laureate-cv-raman-scientific-research-nobel-prize-raman-effect/story/1/20470.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |isbn=9780143066897 |pages=8 |publisher=Penguin Books India |language=en}}</ref> He was also influenced by the philosophy of ''[[Philosophy:Advaita Vedanta|Advaita Vedanta]]''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Parameswaran |first=Uma |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RbgXRdnHkiAC |title=Op. cit. |date=2011 |publisher= Penguin Books India|page=162 |isbn=9780143066897 |language=en}}</ref> Traditional ''pagri'' (Indian turban) with a tuft underneath and a ''upanayana'' (Hindu sacred thread) were his signature attire. Though it was not customary to wear turbans in South Indian culture, he explained his habit as, "Oh, if I did not wear one, my head will swell. You all praise me so much and I need a turban to contain my ego."<ref name="Banerjee-2014" /> He even attributed his turban for the recognition he received on his first visit to England, particular from J. J. Thomson and Lord Rutherford.<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> In a public speech, he once said,{{blockquote|There is no Heaven, no [[Unsolved:Svarga|Swarga]], no Hell, no rebirth, no [[Philosophy:Reincarnation|reincarnation]] and no immortality. The only thing that is true is that a man is born, he lives and he dies. Therefore, he should live his life properly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2010|title=Letters to the Editor: Indian scientists vs. science and religion|url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf|journal=Science and Culture|volume=76|issue=7–8|pages=206|access-date=18 March 2020|archive-date=12 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712042500/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/july-aug10/Letter%20to%20editors.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>}}In a friendly meeting with [[Biography:Mahatma Gandhi|Mahatma Gandhi]] and Gilbert Rahm, a German zoologist, the conversation turned to religion. Raman spoke,{{blockquote|I shall answer your [Rahm's] question. If there is a God we must look for him in the Universe. If he is not there, he is not worth looking for... The growing discoveries in the science of astronomy and physics seem to be further and further revelations of God.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989e"/>}}On his deathbed, he said to his wife, "I believe only in the Spirit of Man," and asked for his funeral, "Just a clean and simple cremation for me, no mumbo-jumbo please."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" />

== Death ==

At the end of October 1970, Raman had a [[Medicine:Cardiac arrest|cardiac arrest]] and collapsed in his laboratory. He was moved to the hospital where doctors diagnosed his condition and declared that he would not survive another four hours.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015">{{Cite web|url=http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877|title=The last years: Raman's meeting with Nehru and more|last=Kulkarni|first=Pavan|date=20 November 2015|website=Citizen Matters|language=en-GB|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=19 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200219211923/http://bengaluru.citizenmatters.in/the-last-years-raman-s-meeting-with-nehru-and-more-7877|url-status=live}}</ref> He however survived a few days and requested to stay in the gardens of his institute surrounded by his followers.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988">{{Cite book |last=IAS |url=https://archive.org/details/cvramanpictorial00bang |title=Op. cit. |year=1988 |page=177 |publisher=Indian Academy of Sciences |isbn=9788185324074 }}</ref>

Two days before Raman died, he told one of his former students, "Do not allow the journals of the Academy to die, for they are the sensitive indicators of the quality of science being done in the country and whether science is taking root in it or not."<ref name="Mascarenhas-2013a" /> That evening, Raman met with the Board of Management of his institute in his bedroom and discussed with them the fate of the institute's management.<ref name="IndianAcadSci-1988" /> He also willed his wife to perform a simple cremation without any rituals upon his death. He died from natural causes early the next morning on 21 November 1970 at the age of 82.<ref name="Kulkarni-2015" />

On the news of Raman's death, Prime Minister Indira Gandhi publicly announced, saying,{{blockquote|The country, the House [of Parliament], and everyone of us will mourn the death of Dr. C. V. Raman. He was the greatest scientist of modern India and one of the greatest intellects our country has produced in its long history. His mind was like the diamond, which he studied and explained. His life's work consisted in throwing light upon the nature of lights, and the world honoured him in many ways for the new knowledge which he won for science.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gandhi|first=Indira|title=Selected Speeches of Indira Gandhi: The years of endeavour, August 1969 – August 1972|date=1975|publisher=Publications Division, Ministry of Information and Broadcasting, Government of India|isbn=978-0-940500-97-6|location=New Delhi|pages=804|oclc=2119197}}</ref>}}

== Controversies ==

===The Nobel Prize===

==== Independent discovery ====

In 1928, [[Biography:Grigory Landsberg|Grigory Landsberg]] and [[Biography:Leonid Mandelstam|Leonid Mandelstam]] at the Moscow State University independently discovered the Raman effect. They published their findings in July issue of ''Naturwissenschaften,''<ref name="Landsberg-1928">{{Cite journal|last1=Landsberg|first1=G.|last2=Mandelstam|first2=L.|date=1928|title=Eine neue Erscheinung bei der Lichtzerstreuung in Krystallen|journal=Die Naturwissenschaften|language=de|volume=16|issue=28|pages=557–558|doi=10.1007/BF01506807|bibcode=1928NW.....16..557.|s2cid=22492141}}</ref> and presented their findings at the Sixth Congress of the Russian Association of Physicists held at Saratov between 5 and 16 August.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Usanov|first1=D. A.|last2=Anikin|first2=V. M.|date=2019|title=The Sixth Congress of Russian Physicists in Saratov (August 15, 1928)|journal=Izvestiya of Saratov University. New Series. Series: Physics|volume=19|issue=2|pages=153–161|doi=10.18500/1817-3020-2019-19-2-153-161|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1930, they were nominated for the Nobel Prize alongside Raman. According to the Nobel Committee, however: (1) the Russians did not come to an independent interpretation of their discovery as they cited Raman's article; (2) they observed the effect only in crystals, whereas Raman and Krishnan observed it in solids, liquids and gases, and therefore proved the universal nature of the effect; (3) the problems concerning the intensity of Raman and infrared lines in the spectra had been explained during the previous year; (4) the Raman method had been applied with great success in different fields of molecular physics; and (5) the Raman effect had effectively helped to check the symmetry properties of molecules, and thus the problems concerning nuclear spin in atomic physics.<ref name="Riess-2001" />

The Nobel Committee proposed only Raman's name to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences for the Nobel Prize.<ref name="Riess-2001">{{cite journal |author1=Singh, Rajinder |author2=Riess, Falk | year = 2001 | title = The Nobel Prize for Physics in 1930 – A close decision? | journal = Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London | volume = 55 | issue = 2| pages = 267–283 | doi=10.1098/rsnr.2001.0143|s2cid=121955580 }}</ref> Evidence later appeared that the Russians had discovered the phenomenon earlier, a week before Raman and Krishnan's discovery.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fabelinskiĭ|first=Immanuil L|date=31 October 2003|title=The discovery of combination scattering of light in Russia and India|url=http://stacks.iop.org/1063-7869/46/i=10/a=A06?key=crossref.a8a0f7d1802d10f447934e32a09b5aa6|journal=Physics-Uspekhi|volume=46|issue=10|pages=1105–1112|doi=10.1070/PU2003v046n10ABEH001624|s2cid=250862316 |access-date=13 March 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101634/https://hkvalidate.perfdrive.com/?ssa=ffd12247-6584-4dfb-990f-8dcd10eacb2f&ssb=54525231253&ssc=https%3A%2F%2Fiopscience.iop.org%2F1063-7869%2F46%2F10%2FA06%2F&ssi=52cd8b5a-8427-422d-b96d-c9f35bfccb31&ssk=support%40shieldsquare.com&ssm=27735309638325635102557807360371&ssn=6bd0c207016c7fefca11a92804cc48f139f3e97962fa-876f-4a4b-9d97ec&sso=22cb6967-798e37e2262e03baf5034f9fe85ec3b733e49ae7f51731a6&ssp=52835117371628769350162873515721297&ssq=56499106339480390125163394950384080851583&ssr=MjA3LjI0MS4yMzIuMTg3&sst=Mozilla%2F5.0%20%28Windows%20NT%2010.0%3B%20Win64%3B%20x64%29%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20%28KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko%29%20Chrome%2F74.0.3729.169%20Safari%2F537.36&ssv=&ssw=|url-status=live}}</ref> According to Mandelstam's letter (to [[Biography:Orest Khvolson|Orest Khvolson]]), the Russian had observed the spectral line on 21 February 1928.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Fabelinskii|first=I. L.|date=1990|title=Priority and the Raman effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=343|issue=6260|pages=686|bibcode=1990Natur.343..686F|doi=10.1038/343686a0|s2cid=4340367|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==== Role of Krishnan ====

Krishnan was not nominated for the Nobel Prize even though he was the main researcher in the discovery of Raman effect.<ref name="Singh-2008" /> It was he alone who first noted the new scattering.<ref name="Mallik-2000" /> Krishnan co-authored all the scientific papers on the discovery in 1928 except two. He alone wrote all the follow-up studies.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K. S.|date=1928|title=Influence of Temperature on the Raman Effect|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3078|pages=650|doi=10.1038/122650b0|bibcode=1928Natur.122..650K|s2cid=4107416|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K. S.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect in Crystals|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3074|pages=477–478|doi=10.1038/122477a0|bibcode=1928Natur.122..477K|s2cid=4095088}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishnan|first=K. S.|date=1928|title=The Raman Effect in X-ray Scattering|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=122|issue=3086|pages=961–962|doi=10.1038/122961c0|bibcode=1928Natur.122..961K|s2cid=4103299}}</ref> Krishnan himself never claimed himself worthy of the prize.<ref name="Ramaseshan-1998">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaseshan|first=S.|date=1998|title=A conversation with K. S. Krishnan on the story of the discovery of the Raman effect|journal=Current Science|volume=75|issue=11|pages=1265–1272|jstor=24101925}}</ref> But Raman admitted later that Krishnan was the co-discoverer.<ref name="Singh-2008" /> He however remained openly antagonistic towards Krishnan, which the latter described as "the greatest tragedy of my life."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1998" /> After Krishnan's death, Raman said to a correspondent from ''The Times of India'', "Krishnan was the greatest charlatan I have known, and all his life he masqueraded in the cloak of another man's discovery."<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wali|first=Kameshwar C.|title=Chandra: A Biography of S. Chandrasekhar|date=1991|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-87054-0|location=Chicago|pages=251|oclc=21297960}}</ref>

=== The Raman–Born controversy ===

During October 1933 to March 1934, [[Biography:Max Born|Max Born]] was employed by IISc as Reader in Theoretical Physics following the invitation by Raman early in 1933.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019">{{Cite web|url=https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2019/12/when-raman-brought-born-to-bangalore/|title=When Raman Brought Born to Bangalore – Connect with IISc|last=Ramaswamy|first=Karthik|date=12 December 2019|website=Connect|language=en-GB|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=7 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201107174106/https://connect.iisc.ac.in/2019/12/when-raman-brought-born-to-bangalore/|url-status=live}}</ref> Born at the time was a refugee from [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] and temporarily employed at St John's College, Cambridge.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Born|first=Max|date=1965|title=Recollections of Max Born II. What I Did as a Physicist|journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists|language=en|volume=21|issue=8|pages=9–13|doi=10.1080/00963402.1965.11454843|bibcode=1965BuAtS..21h...9B}}</ref> Since the beginning of the 20th century Born had developed a theory on [[Coupled map lattice|lattice dynamics]] based on thermal properties.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cardona|first1=M.|last2=Marx|first2=W.|date=1 July 2008|title=Max Born and his legacy to condensed matter physics|journal=Annalen der Physik|language=en|volume=17|issue=7|pages=497–518|doi=10.1002/andp.200810304|bibcode=2008AnP...520..497C|s2cid=121440005 }}</ref> He presented his theory in one of his lectures at IISc. By then Raman had developed a different theory and claimed that Born's theory contradicted the experimental data.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Their debate lasted for decades.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Sur|first=Abha|date=1999|title=Aesthetics, Authority, and Control in an Indian Laboratory: The Raman-Born Controversy on Lattice Dynamics|journal=Isis|volume=90|issue=1|pages=25–49|jstor=237473|doi=10.1086/384240|s2cid=144805021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Dasgupta|first=Deepanwita|date=11 January 2010|title=Progress in Science and Science at the Non-Western Peripheries|journal=Spontaneous Generations: A Journal for the History and Philosophy of Science|volume=3|issue=1|pages=142–157|doi=10.4245/sponge.v3i1.6575|doi-access=free}}</ref>

In this dispute, Born received support from most physicists,<ref>{{cite journal|url=http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol37_3_5_RSingh.pdf|journal=Indian Journal of History of Science|volume=37|issue=3|title=Sir CV Raman' Dame Kathleen Lonsdale and their Scientific Controversy due to the Diffuse Spots in X-ray Photographs|author=Singh, Ravinder|pages=267–290|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=21 September 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160921221512/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol37_3_5_RSingh.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref> as his view was proven to be a better explanation.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> Raman's theory was generally regarded as having a partial relevance.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1111/j.1600-0498.2000.cnt430306.x|title=Max Born's Role in the Lattice Dynamic Controversy|journal=Centaurus|volume=43|issue=3–4|pages=260–277|year=2008|last1=Singh|first1=Rajinder}}</ref> Beyond the intellectual debate, their rivalry extended to personal and social levels. Born later said that Raman probably thought of him as an "enemy."<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> In spite of the mounting evidence for Born's theory, Raman refused to concede. As the editor of ''Current Science'' he rejected articles which supported Born's theory.<ref name="Earunan-2018">{{Cite web|url=https://earunan.org/2018/03/04/jawaharlal-nehru-and-c-v-raman-nehrus-vision-is-more-important-for-science-in-india-not-ramans/|title=Jawaharlal Nehru and C. V. Raman: Nehru's vision is more important for Science in India, not Raman's!|last=Earunan|date=4 March 2018|website=earunan|language=en|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=18 September 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200918233740/https://earunan.org/2018/03/04/jawaharlal-nehru-and-c-v-raman-nehrus-vision-is-more-important-for-science-in-india-not-ramans/|url-status=live}}</ref> Born was nominated several times for the Nobel Prize specifically for his contributions to lattice theory, and eventually won it for his statistical works on quantum mechanics in 1954. The account was written as a "belated Nobel Prize."<ref>{{cite journal | author1 = Singh, Rajinder | author2 = Riess, Falk | year = 2013 | title = Belated Nobel Prize for Max Born F.R.S. | url = http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_1_4_Rsingh.pdf | journal = Indian Journal of History of Science | volume = 48 | pages = 79–104 | access-date = 1 July 2016 | archive-date = 1 July 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160701100323/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/IJHS/Vol48_1_4_Rsingh.pdf | url-status = dead }}</ref>

=== Indian authorities ===

Raman had an aversion to the then Prime Minister of India Jawaharlal Nehru and Nehru's policies on science. In one instance he smashed the bust of Nehru on the floor. In another he shattered his Bharat Ratna medallion to pieces with a hammer, as it was given to him by the Nehru government.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/772714846|title=Op. cit.|year=2011|pages=222|oclc=772714846|access-date=11 September 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101648/https://www.worldcat.org/title/cv-raman-a-biography/oclc/772714846|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Malhotra-2014">{{Cite web|last=Malhotra|first=Inder|date=2014|title=C. V. Raman and the Bharat Ratna|url=http://www.freedomfirst.in/issue/articles.aspx?id=7857|access-date=11 September 2020|website=www.freedomfirst.in|archive-date=20 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020090725/http://www.freedomfirst.in/issue/articles.aspx?id=7857|url-status=live}}</ref> He publicly ridiculed Nehru when the latter visited the Raman Research Institute in 1948. There they displayed a piece of gold and copper against an ultraviolet light. Nehru was tricked into believing that copper which glowed more brilliantly than any other metal was gold. Raman was quick to remark, "Mr Prime Minister, everything that glitters is not gold."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/remembering-cv-ramans-wit-and-the-time-he-tricked-nehru-into-believing-copper-is-gold-1945613.html|title=Remembering CV Raman's Wit and the Time he Tricked Nehru into Believing Copper is Gold|date=21 November 2018|website=News18|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=27 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201027065226/https://www.news18.com/news/buzz/remembering-cv-ramans-wit-and-the-time-he-tricked-nehru-into-believing-copper-is-gold-1945613.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

On the same occasion Nehru, offered Raman financial assistance to his institute which Raman flatly refused by replying, "I certainly don't want this to become another government laboratory."<ref name="Kulkarni-2015" /> Raman was particularly against the control of research programmes by the government such as in the establishment of the [[Organization:Bhabha Atomic Research Centre|Bhabha Atomic Research Centre]] (BARC), Defense Research and Development Organization (DRDO), and the Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR).<ref name="Earunan-2018" /><ref name="Srikanth-2017">{{Cite web|url=https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280217/no-raman-effect-how-his-dream-died-a-quiet-death.html|title=No Raman effect: How his dream died a quiet death|last=Srikanth|first=B. R.|date=28 February 2017|website=Deccan Chronicle|language=en|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=23 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201023002024/https://www.deccanchronicle.com/lifestyle/viral-and-trending/280217/no-raman-effect-how-his-dream-died-a-quiet-death.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He remained hostile to people associated with these establishments including [[Biography:Homi J. Bhabha|Homi J. Bhabha]], S.S. Bhatnagar, and his once favourite student, Krishnan. He even called such programmes as the "Nehru–Bhatnagar effect."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/the-ups-and-downs-of-a-science-city-31962|title=The ups and downs of a science city|website=downtoearth.org.in|language=en|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031133128/https://www.downtoearth.org.in/coverage/the-ups-and-downs-of-a-science-city-31962|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krishna|first1=V.V.|last2=Khadria|first2=Binod|date=1997|title=Phasing Scientific Migration in the Context of Brain Gain and Brain Drain in India|journal=Science, Technology and Society|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=347–385|doi=10.1177/097172189700200207|s2cid=143870753}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Krishna|first=V. V.|date=1 June 2001|title=Changing policy cultures, phases and trends in science and technology in India|journal=Science and Public Policy|language=en|volume=28|issue=3|pages=179–194|doi=10.3152/147154301781781525}}</ref> In 1959, Raman proposed to establish another research institute in Madras. The Government of Madras advised him to apply for funds from the central government. But Raman clearly foresaw, as he replied to C. Subramaniam, then the Minister for Finance Education in Madras, that his proposal to Nehru's government "would be met with a refusal." So ended the plan.<ref name="Srikanth-2017" />

Raman described AICC authorities as "a big ''tamasha''" (drama or spectacle) that just kept on discussing issues without action. As to problems of food resources in India, his advice to the government was, "We must stop breeding like pigs and the matter will solve itself."<ref name="Satyan-2003" />

==== Indian Academy of Sciences ====

The Indian Academy of Sciences was born out of conflicts during the procedures of proposal for a national scientific organisation in line with the Royal Society.<ref name="Balaram-2009">{{Cite journal|last=Balaram|first=P.|date=2009|title=Anniversaries at the Academies|url=https://www.currentscience.ac.in/php/show_article.php?volume=096&issue=01&titleid=id_096_01_0005_0006_0&page=0005|journal=Current Science|volume=96|issue=1|pages=5–6}}{{Dead link|date=October 2022 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In 1933, the Indian Science Congress Association (ISCA), at the time the largest scientific organisation, planned to establish a national science body, which would be authorised to advise the government on scientific matters.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999">{{Cite book|last=Parameswaran|first=Uma|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lrx3wLz4itkC|title=Op. cit.|year=1999|isbn=978-81-317-2818-5|pages=145–147|publisher=Pearson Education India }}</ref> Sir Richard Gregory, then editor of ''Nature,'' on his visit to India had suggested Raman, as editor of ''Current Science'', to establish an Indian Academy of Sciences. Raman was of the opinion that it should be an exclusively Indian membership as opposed to the general consensus that British members should be included. He resolved that "How can India Science prosper under the tutelage of an academy which has its own council of 30, 15 of who are Britishers of whom only two or three are fit enough to be its Fellows." On 1 April 1933, he convened a separate meeting of the south Indian scientists. He and Subba Rao officially resigned from ISCA.<ref name="Govil-2010">{{Cite book|last=Govil|first=Girjesh|title=Science and Modern India: An Institutional History, c. 1784–1947|date=2010|publisher=Pearson|isbn=978-93-325-0294-9|editor-last=Dasgupta|editor-first=Uma|location=Delhi|pages=143–156|oclc=895913622}}</ref>

Raman registered the new organisation as Indian Academy of Sciences on 24 April to the Registrar of Societies.<ref name="Parameswaran-1999" /> It was a provisional name to be changed to the Royal Society of India after approval from the Royal Charter. The Government of India did not recognise it as an official national scientific body, as such the ICSA created a separate organisation named the National Institute of Sciences of India on 7 January 1935 (but again changed to the Indian National Science Academy in 1970).<ref name="Govil-2010" /> INSA had been led by the foremost rivals of Raman including [[Biography:Meghnad Saha|Meghnad Saha]], Bhabha, Bhatnagar, and Krishnan.<ref name="Balaram-2009" />

==== Indian Institute of Science ====

Raman had a great fallout with the authorities at the Indian Institute of Science (IISc). He was accused of biased development in physics, while ignoring other fields.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> He lacked diplomatic personality on other colleagues, which S. Ramaseshan, his nephew and later Director of IISc, reminisced, saying, "Raman went in there like a bull in a china shop."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988">{{Cite journal|last=Ramaseshan|first=S.|date=1988|title=The portrait of a scientist – C. V. Raman|journal=Current Science|volume=57|issue=22|pages=1207–1220|jstor=24091067}}</ref> He wanted research in physics at the level of those of western institutes, but at the expense of other fields of science.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> [[Biography:Max Born|Max Born]] observed, "Raman found a sleepy place where very little work was being done by a number of extremely well paid people."<ref name="Ramaseshan-1988" /> At the Council meeting, Kenneth Aston, professor in the Electrical Technology Department, harshly criticised Raman and Raman's recruitment of Born. Raman had every intention of giving full position of professor to Born.<ref name="Banerjee-2014"/> Aston even made personal attack on Born by referring to him as someone "who was rejected by his own country, a renegade and therefore a second-rate scientist unfit to be part of the faculty, much less to be the head of the department of physics."<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jayaraman|first=K. S.|date=1998|title=Insult thwarted 1934 bid to raise profile of Indian science|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=392|issue=6672|pages=112|doi=10.1038/32231|bibcode=1998Natur.392..112J|doi-access=free}}</ref>

The Council of IISc constituted a review committee to oversee Raman's conduct in January 1936. The committee, chaired by [[Biography:James Irvine (chemist)|James Irvine]], Principal and Vice-Chancellor of the [[Organization:University of St Andrews|University of St Andrews]], reported in March that Raman had misused the funds and entirely shifted the "centre of gravity" towards research in physics, and also that the proposal of Born as Professor of Mathematical Physics (which was already approved by the Council in November 1935) was not financially feasible.<ref name="Ramaswamy-2019" /> The Council offered Raman two choices, either to resign from the institute with effect from 1 April or resign as the Director and continue as Professor of physics; if he did not make the choice, he was to be fired. Raman was inclined to take up the second choice.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Venkataraman|first=G.|date=24 October 2013|title=Some reflections on the life and science of Sir C. V. Raman|url=http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/index.php/iisc/article/view/3218|journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Science|language=en|volume=68|issue=11&12|pages=449|access-date=15 March 2020|archive-date=21 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200821064615/http://journal.library.iisc.ernet.in/index.php/iisc/article/view/3218|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== The Royal Society ===

Raman never seemed to have thought highly of the Fellowship of the Royal Society.<ref name="Satyan-2003" /> He tendered his resignation as a Fellow on 9 March 1968, which the Council of the Royal Society accepted on 4 April. However, the exact reason was not documented.<ref name="Singh-2002">{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2002|title=The story of C. V. Raman's resignation from the Fellowship of the Royal Society of London|url=http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/5666|journal=Current Science|language=en|volume=83|issue=9|pages=1157–1158|issn=0011-3891|access-date=19 March 2020|archive-date=31 October 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201031080415/http://dspace.rri.res.in:8080/jspui/handle/2289/5666|url-status=live}}</ref> One reason could be Raman's objection to the designation "British subjects" as one of the categories of the Fellows. Particularly after the Independence of India, the Royal Society had its own disputes on this matter.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Collins|first=Peter|title=The Royal Society and the Promotion of Science since 1960|year=2016|isbn=978-1-107-02926-2|location=Cambridge, United Kingdom |publisher=Cambridge University Press |pages=235|oclc=912704183}}</ref>

According to Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, ''The London Times'' had once made a list of the Fellows, in which Raman was omitted. Raman wrote to and demanded explanation from [[Biography:Patrick Blackett|Patrick Blackett]], the then President of the society. He was dejected by Blackett's response that the society had no role in the newspaper.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Wali|first=Kameshwar C.|title=Op. cit.|date=1991|location=253|oclc=21297960}}</ref> According to Krishnan, another cause was a disapproving review Raman received on a manuscript he had submitted to the ''[[Organization:Proceedings of the Royal Society|Proceedings of the Royal Society]]''. It could have been these cumulative factors as Raman wrote in his resignation letter, and said, "I have taken this decision after careful consideration of all the circumstances of the case. I would request that my resignation be accepted and my name removed from the list of the Fellows of the Society."<ref name="Singh-2002" />

== Honours and awards ==
[[File:CV Raman bust BITM.JPG|thumb|Bust of Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman in the garden of Birla Industrial & Technological Museum.]]

Raman was honoured with many honorary doctorates and memberships of scientific societies. Within India, apart from being the founder and President of the Indian Academy of Sciences (FASc),<ref>{{cite web |url=https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1934069 |title=Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman |date=2019 |website=Indian Academy of Sciences |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305211754/https://fellows.ias.ac.in/profile/v/FL1934069 |url-status=live }}</ref> he was a Fellow of the Asiatic Society of Bengal (FASB),<ref name="INSA">{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |title=National Institute of Sciences of India: List of Foundation Fellows |date=1935 |website=Indian National Science Academy |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=14 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180614194609/http://www.insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol01_1935_1_Art10.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and from 1943, a Foundation Fellow of the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science (FIAS).<ref>{{cite book|pages=2|title=The Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science: Annual Report for the Year 1943 |year=1943}}</ref> In 1935, he was appointed a Foundation Fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India (FNI, now the Indian National Science Academy.<ref name="INSA"/>{{refn|Prior to 1970, the Indian National Science Academy was named the "National Institute of Sciences of India", and its fellows bore the post-nominal "FNI". The post-nominal became "FNA" in 1970 when the association adopted its present name.|group= n}}{{refn|Although elected a fellow in 1935, Raman failed to complete the formal steps required to be considered an active fellow and his fellowship thereby lapsed.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf |title=National Institute of Sciences of India: Annual Report |date=1936 |website=Indian National Science Academy |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=16 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220616074726/https://insa.nic.in/writereaddata/UpLoadedFiles/PINSA/Vol02_1936_1_Art02.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> The Academy, however, continues to list him as a "deceased fellow."<ref>{{cite web |url=https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0606 |title=Deceased Fellow: Professor CV Raman |website=Indian National Science Academy |publisher= |access-date=5 March 2022 |archive-date=5 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220305212802/https://insaindia.res.in/detail.php?id=F00-0606 |url-status=live }}</ref>|group= n}} He was a member of the Deutsche Akademie of Munich, the [[Organization:Swiss Physical Society|Swiss Physical Society]] of Zürich, the Royal Philosophical Society of Glasgow, the Royal Irish Academy, the Hungarian Academy of Sciences, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, the Optical Society of America, the Mineralogical Society of America, the Romanian Academy of Sciences, the Catgut Acoustical Society of America and the Czechoslovak Academy of Sciences.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b">{{Cite book|last=Jayaraman|first=Aiyasami|title=Op. cit.|date=1989|pages=147–149|oclc=21675106}}</ref>

In 1924, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society.<ref name="frs" /> However, he resigned from the fellowship in 1968 for unrecorded reasons, the only Indian FRS ever to do so.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Singh, Rajinder|year=2002|title=The Story of C.V. Raman's resignation from the Fellowship of the Royal Society London|url=http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102002/1157.pdf|journal=Current Science|volume=83|issue=9|pages=1157–1158|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-date=3 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303184409/http://www.iisc.ernet.in/currsci/nov102002/1157.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

He was the President of the 16th session of the Indian Science Congress in 1929. He was the founder President of the Indian Academy of Sciences from 1933 until his death.<ref name="Venkataraman-1995" /> He was member of the [[Religion:Pontifical Academy of Sciences|Pontifical Academy of Sciences]] in 1961.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />

=== Awards ===

* In 1912, Raman received the Curzon Research Award, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<ref name="Basu-2016b">{{Cite book|last=Basu|first=Tejan Kumar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|title=Op. cit.|date=2016|isbn=978-81-8430-362-9|page=24|publisher=Prabhat Prakashan |language=en|access-date=3 June 2020|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101631/https://books.google.com/books?id=FKOaDAAAQBAJ|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 1913, he received the Woodburn Research Medal, while still working in the Indian Finance Service.<ref name="Basu-2016b" />
*In 1928, he received the [[Physics:Matteucci Medal|Matteucci Medal]] from the Accademia Nazionale delle Scienze in Rome.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />
*In 1930, he was knighted. An approval for his inclusion in the 1929 Birthday Honours was delayed, and Lord Irwin, the Viceroy of India, conferred him a Knight Bachelor in a special ceremony at the Viceroy's House (now Rashtrapati Bhavan) in New Delhi.<ref name="Knighthood">{{cite web |title=Page 3667 {{!}} Supplement 33501, 31 May 1929 {{!}} London Gazette {{!}} The Gazette |url=https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3667 |website=www.thegazette.co.uk |access-date=16 October 2022 |archive-date=10 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221010222222/https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/33501/supplement/3667 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Rajinder|date=2017|title=University of Calcutta and Knighthood for Chandra Sekhara Raman|url=http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sept-oct-17/abs/September-October%20abstract%202017-4.pdf|journal=Science and Culture|volume=83|issue=9–10|pages=293–296|access-date=17 March 2020|archive-date=15 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200215090858/http://www.scienceandculture-isna.org/sept-oct-17/abs/September-October%20abstract%202017-4.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>
*In 1930, he won the Nobel Prize in Physics "for his work on the scattering of light and for the discovery of the effect named after him."<ref name="Nobel-2014" /> He was the first Asian and first non-white to receive any Nobel Prize in the sciences. Before him, [[Biography:Rabindranath Tagore|Rabindranath Tagore]] (also Indian) had received the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1913.
*In 1930, he received the Hughes Medal of the Royal Society.<ref name="Ramdas-1973" />
* In 1941, he was awarded the Franklin Medal by the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />
* In 1954, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna (along with politician and former Governor-General of India C. Rajagopalachari and philosopher Sir [[Biography:Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan|Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Padma Awards Directory (1954–2007) |url=http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |publisher=Ministry of Home Affairs |access-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410024701/http://www.mha.nic.in/pdfs/PadmaAwards1954-2007.pdf |archive-date=10 April 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|date=5 March 2020|title=C.V. Raman (Sir Chandrasekhara Venkata Raman)|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/C-V-Raman|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190321135421/https://www.britannica.com/biography/C-V-Raman|archive-date=21 March 2019|access-date=18 March 2020|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.}}</ref>
* In 1957, he was awarded the Lenin Peace Prize.<ref name="Jayaraman-1989b" />

===Posthumous recognition and contemporary references===

* India celebrates National Science Day on 28 February of every year to commemorate the discovery of the Raman effect in 1928.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://zeenews.india.com/sci-tech/miscellaneous/2009-02-27/511267news.html|title=Science Day: Remembering Raman|date=27 February 2009|newspaper=Zee News|location=India|access-date=15 November 2011|archive-date=12 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112113541/http://zeenews.india.com/sci-tech/miscellaneous/2009-02-27/511267news.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
*Postal stamps featuring Raman were issued in 1971 and 2009.<ref>[[:File:CV Raman 1971 stamp of India.jpg]], [[:File:CV Raman 2009 stamp of India.jpg]]</ref>
*A road in India's capital, [[Place:New Delhi|New Delhi]], is named C. V. Raman Marg.<ref>{{cite web|title=C.V.Raman Marg|url=http://wikimapia.org/street/875502/CV-Raman-Marg|work=New Delhi|publisher=Wikimapia|access-date=6 November 2013|archive-date=27 February 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140227103829/http://wikimapia.org/street/875502/CV-Raman-Marg|url-status=live}}</ref>
* An area in eastern Bangalore is called CV Raman Nagar.<ref>{{cite web|title=C.V.Raman nagar|url=https://maps.google.co.in/maps/ms?gl=in&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=111635580913567329015.00047fb1cd5ad7ba033c8|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref>
*The road running north of the national seminar complex in Bangalore is named C. V. Raman Road.<ref>{{cite web|title=C.V.Raman road- Bangalore|url=https://maps.google.co.in/maps?f=q&authuser=0&q=CV+Raman+Rd&aq=&vps=1&jsv=468d&sll=12.987856,77.67025&sspn=0.004129,0.006899&vpsrc=0&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=1&geocode=FRiWxgAdZqOfBA&split=0|publisher=Google Maps|access-date=6 November 2013|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812101632/https://www.google.co.in/maps?f=q&authuser=0&q=CV+Raman+Rd&aq&vps=1&jsv=468d&sll=12.987856,77.67025&sspn=0.004129,0.006899&vpsrc=0&gl=in&ct=clnk&cd=1&geocode=FRiWxgAdZqOfBA&split=0|url-status=live}}</ref>
* A building at the Indian Institute of Science in Bangalore is named the Raman Building.<ref>{{cite web|title=Center of Nano science and engineering|url=http://www.cense.iisc.ernet.in/people/faculty/ambarish_students.htm|publisher=Indian Institute of Sciences|access-date=6 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120825022848/http://www.cense.iisc.ernet.in/people/faculty/ambarish_students.htm|archive-date=25 August 2012}}</ref>
* A hospital in eastern Bangalore on 80 Ft. Rd. is named the Sir C. V. Raman Hospital.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sir-cv-raman-hospital-starts-integrated-health-unit/article18393185.ece |title=Sir C.V. Raman Hospital starts integrated health unit |date=5 May 2017 |work=The Hindu |access-date=21 February 2019 |language=en-IN |issn=0971-751X |archive-date=12 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022941/https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/bangalore/sir-cv-raman-hospital-starts-integrated-health-unit/article18393185.ece |url-status=live }}</ref>
* There is also CV Raman Nagar in Trichy, his birthplace.
*[[Astronomy:Raman (crater)|Raman]], a lunar crater is named after C. V. Raman.
*C. V. Raman Global University was established in 1997.
* In 1998, the [[Organization:American Chemical Society|American Chemical Society]] and [[Organization:Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science|Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science]] recognised Raman's discovery as an [[Chemistry:National Historic Chemical Landmarks|International Historic Chemical Landmark]] at the Indian Association for the Cultivation of Science in Jadavpur, Calcutta, India. The inscription on the commemoration plaque reads:{{blockquote|At this institute, Sir C. V. Raman discovered in 1928 that when a beam of coloured light entered a liquid, a fraction of the light scattered by that liquid was of a different color. Raman showed that the nature of this scattered light was dependent on the type of sample present. Other scientists quickly understood the significance of this phenomenon as an analytical and research tool and called it the Raman Effect. This method became even more valuable with the advent of modern computers and lasers. Its current uses range from the non-destructive identification of minerals to the early detection of life-threatening diseases. For his discovery Raman was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1930.<ref name="ACS-2015" />}}
* Dr. C.V. Raman University was established in Chhattisgarh in 2006.
* On 7 November 2013, a Google Doodle honoured Raman on the 125th anniversary of his birthday.<ref>{{cite web|title=Google doodle to honour Dr. C.V.Raman|url=http://unclepenkle.com/2013/11/google-doodel-honourable-dr-c-v-raman-greatest-scientists-of-india-nov-7th/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204034826/http://unclepenkle.com/2013/11/google-doodel-honourable-dr-c-v-raman-greatest-scientists-of-india-nov-7th|url-status=dead|archive-date=4 February 2015|publisher=Uncle Penkle website|access-date=6 November 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=C.V. Raman's 125th Birthday|url=https://www.google.com/doodles/cv-ramans-125th-birthday|date=7 November 2013|access-date=15 December 2020|archive-date=12 November 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112003321/https://www.google.com/doodles/cv-ramans-125th-birthday|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Google doodle honours Indian physicist Dr. C. V. Raman|url=http://timesfeed.com/internet/google-doodle-honours-indian-physicist-c-v-raman/|access-date=6 November 2013|newspaper=Times Feed|date=6 November 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131109075817/http://timesfeed.com/internet/google-doodle-honours-indian-physicist-c-v-raman/|archive-date=9 November 2013}}</ref>
*Raman Science Centre in Nagpur is named after Sir C. V. Raman.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.rscnagpur.gov.in/InternalPage.aspx?ContentID=3 |title=About Us |website=Raman Science Center |access-date=21 February 2019 |archive-date=22 February 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222041927/http://www.rscnagpur.gov.in/InternalPage.aspx?ContentID=3 |url-status=live }}</ref>
*Dr. C.V. Raman University, Bihar was established in 2018.
*Dr. C.V. Raman University, Khandwa was established in 2018.

== In popular culture ==
*''C. V. Raman: The Scientist and His Legacy'', a biopic about Raman directed by Nandan Kudhyadi released in 1989. It won the National Film Award for Best Biographical Film.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Walia |first1=Shelly |title=The most memorable lines from past Indian Nobel prize winners |url=https://qz.com/india/309045/the-most-memorable-lines-from-past-indian-nobel-prize-winners/ |website=Quartz India |language=en |date=10 December 2014 |access-date=18 February 2021 |archive-date=28 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228122624/https://qz.com/india/309045/the-most-memorable-lines-from-past-indian-nobel-prize-winners/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
*''Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievement of Dr. C.V. Raman'', a documentary film on the physicist directed by Ananya Banerjee aired on Doordarshan, the Indian national public broadcaster, in 2004.<ref>{{cite web |title=Beyond Rainbows: The Quest & Achievements of Dr. C.V. Raman – Documentary |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PRpLSdofkko  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211212/PRpLSdofkko| archive-date=12 December 2021 |url-status=live|publisher=Doordarshan National |date=7 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
*''Rocket Boys''<ref>{{Cite web |title='Rocket Boys' Begins Well, Then Turns Into Hagiography With a Blatantly Communal Touch |url=https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review |access-date=1 July 2022 |website=The Wire |archive-date=4 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220304105826/https://thewire.in/culture/rocket-boys-review |url-status=live }}</ref>'','' an Indian [[Social:Hindi|Hindi]]-language [[History:Biography|Biographical]] [[Streaming television|streaming television]] series on [[SonyLIV]]. The character of C.V.Raman was played by T.M. Karthik.

==See also==

{{Div col}}
* [[Physics:Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy|Coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]]
*Inverse Raman effect
* ''[[Chemistry:Journal of Raman Spectroscopy|Journal of Raman Spectroscopy]]''
*[[Physics:Raman amplification|Raman amplification]]
* [[Physics:Raman laser|Raman laser]]
* [[Engineering:Raman microscope|Raman microscope]]
* Raman optical activity
*[[Physics:Resonance Raman spectroscopy|Resonance Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Physics:Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy|Rotating-polarization coherent anti-Stokes Raman spectroscopy]]
* SHERLOC, a UV Raman spectrometer designed for Mars exploration
* [[Physics:Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy|Spatially offset Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Physics:Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage|Stimulated Raman adiabatic passage]]
* [[Physics:Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy|Surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Physics:Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy|Tip-enhanced Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Physics:Transmission Raman spectroscopy|Transmission Raman spectroscopy]]
* [[Physics:X-ray Raman scattering|X-ray Raman scattering]]
* [[Social:Chandrasekhar family|Chandrasekhar family]]
{{div col end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=n}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==

* {{cite journal|url=https://archive.org/details/RamanCentennial|journal=Journal of the Indian Institute of Science|volume=68|issue=11–12|year=1988|title=CV Raman centennial issue}}
*{{cite journal|title=C. V. Raman and Colonial Physics: Acoustics and the Quantum|author=Banerjee, Somaditya|year=2014| journal=Physics in Perspective|volume=16|issue=2|pages=146–178|bibcode = 2014PhP....16..146B |doi = 10.1007/s00016-014-0134-8 |s2cid=121952683}}
*Holloway, Roger (2014). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=GKcCrgEACAAJ C. V. Raman: 51 Success Facts - Everything You Need to Know About C. V. Raman]''. Lightning Source. {{ISBN|978-1-4888-7585-4}}
*Koningstein, J.A. (2012). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=0JzuCAAAQBAJ Introduction to the Theory of the Raman Effect]''. Springer Science & Business Media. {{ISBN|978-94-010-2901-8}}
*Long, Derek A. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=Y1TVe5BdK_UC The Raman Effect: A Unified Treatment of the Theory of Raman Scattering by Molecules]''. Wiley. {{ISBN|978-0-471-49028-9}}
*Malti, Bansal (2012). C.V. Raman: ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bI2XJA5FjzwC The Making of the Nobel Laureates]''. Mind Melodies. {{ISBN|978-93-5018-200-0}}
*Raman, C. V. (1988). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=9qDvAAAAMAAJ Scientific Papers of C.V. Raman: Volume I–V]''. Indian Academy of Sciences.
*Raman, C. V. (2010). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=LOC3vbnTgHYC Why the Sky is Blue: Dr. C.V. Raman Talks about Science]''. Tulika Books. {{ISBN|978-81-8146-846-8}}
*Salwi, D. M. (2002). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=bDUuPQAACAAJ C.V. Raman: The Scientist Extraordinary].'' Rupa & Company. {{ISBN|978-81-7167-785-6}}
*Singh R (2004). ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=aGbTAQAACAAJ Nobel Laureate C.V. Raman's Work on Light Scattering – Historical Contribution to a Scientific Biography]''. Logos Publisher, Berlin. {{ISBN|978-3-8325-0567-7}}
*Sri Kantha S. (1988). The discovery of the Raman effect and its impact in biological sciences. ''European Spectroscopy News.'' '''80''', 20–26.
* {{cite journal | last1 = Sri Kantha | first1 = S | year = 1989 | title = Raman's prize | journal = Nature | volume = 340 | issue = 6236| page = 672 |bibcode = 1989Natur.340..672T |doi = 10.1038/340672b0 | pmid = 2770873 | s2cid = 33415561 | doi-access = free }}

==External links==
* [http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/1930/ The Nobel Prize in Physics 1930] at the Nobel Foundation
* {{Nobelprize}} and his Nobel Lecture, 11 December 1930
*[http://path-creators.blogspot.com/ Path creator&nbsp;– C.V. Raman]
*[http://dspace.rri.res.in/handle/2289/1466 Archive of all scientific papers of C.V. Raman]
** [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0001rama Scientific Papers of C. V. Raman, Volume 1] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama Volume 2] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_x8l1 Volume 3] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0000rama_r1r0 Volume 4] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers05rama Volume 5] [https://archive.org/details/scientificpapers0006rama Volume 6]
*[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/opinion/columnists/swaminathan-s-a-aiyar/Raman-Effect-fingerprinting-the-universe/articleshow/5908907.cms Raman Effect: fingerprinting the universe]
*{{YouTube|7z9NUV_YrOo|The Quantum Indians: film on Raman, Bose and Saha}} by Raja Choudhury and produced by PSBT and Indian Public Diplomacy.

{{Nobel Prize in Physics Laureates 1926-1950}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Raman, C. V.}}
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Nobel laureates in Physics]]
[[Category:Spectroscopists]]
[[Category:Raman scattering]]

{{Sourceattribution|C. V. Raman}}