View source for Biography:Cleveland Abbe

{{short description|American meteorologist}}
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{{Infobox person
| name               = Cleveland Abbe
| image              = Cleveland Abbe.jpg
| birth_date         = {{birth date|1838|12|3}}
| birth_place        = {{wipe|New York City}}, U.S.
| death_date         = {{death date and age|1916|10|28|1838|12|3}}
| death_place        = Chevy Chase, Maryland, U.S.
| resting_place      = Rock Creek Cemetery<br />[[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]], U.S.
| resting_place_coordinates = Section M, Lot 292, Range 5
| nationality        = American
| education          = {{plainlist}} Free Academy, BA, 1857
* Free Academy, MA, 1860
* Harvard, BS, 1864{{endplainlist}}
| occupation         = [[Physics:Meteorology|Meteorology]]
| organization       = National Weather Service<br />National Geographic Society<br />City College of New York
| awards             = Symons Gold Medal (1912)<br />Public Welfare Medal (1916)
| signature          = Cleveland Abbe Signature.jpg
| spouse             = {{plainlist}}Frances Martha Neal (1870-1908) 
* Margaret A. Percival (1909-1916){{endplainlist}}
| children           = Cleveland Abbe Jr.<br />Truman Abbe
}}
'''Cleveland Abbe''' (December 3, 1838 &ndash; October 28, 1916) was an American [[Meteorologist|meteorologist]] and advocate of time zones.<ref name=obit/><ref name=americana>{{harvnb|Rines|1918|p=12}}</ref>

While director of the Cincinnati Observatory in Cincinnati, Ohio from 1871-1916, he developed a system of telegraphic weather reports, daily [[Earth:Weather map|weather map]]s, and weather forecasts. In 1870, Congress established the U.S. [[Earth:National Weather Service|Weather Bureau]] and inaugurated the use of daily weather forecasts. In recognition of his work, Abbe, who was often referred to as "Old Probability" for the reliability of his forecasts, was appointed the first head of the new service.<ref name=ia/>

==Early life and education==
Cleveland Abbe was born in New York City in 1838 and grew up in the prosperous merchant family of George Waldo and Charlotte Colgate Abbe.<ref name="LeonardMarquis1908">{{harvnb|Leonard|Marquis|1908|p=1}}</ref> One of his younger brothers, Robert, became a prominent surgeon and radiologist. In school, Cleveland excelled in mathematics and chemistry, attending David B. Scott Grammar School, and graduating in 1857 from the Free Academy with a Bachelor of Arts.<ref name=wws>{{harvnb|Debus|1968|p=2}}</ref> While at City College, he learned under Oliver Wolcott Gibbs.<ref name=rg>{{harvnb|Reingold|1970|p=6}}</ref> 

He tutored mathematics at the Trinity Latin School in {{wipe|New York City}} in 1857 and 1858.<ref name=hum/> He then taught engineering, as an assistant professor at the [[Organization:University of Michigan|University of Michigan]]{{refn|group=nb|One source states that he taught engineering at the Michigan Agricultural College instead.<ref name=hum/>}} in 1859, followed by a tutoring job, also in engineering, until he left in 1860.<ref name=wws/><ref name=hum/> During this stay in Michigan, he also was studying astronomy under Franz Brünnow from 1858 to 1859. He received his second degree, a Master of Arts in 1860, from City College. When the US Civil War broke out, he tried to join the Union Army; however, he failed the vision test, due to [[Medicine:Myopia|myopia]], and spent the war years in Cambridge, Massachusetts, attending Harvard, and working as an assistant to Benjamin Gould, astronomer and head of the Longitude Department of the United States Coast Survey.<ref name=hum/> He received his Bachelor of Science degree from Harvard in 1864, which also marked the end of his working at the U.S, Coast Survey.<ref name=wws/> It was while in Cambridge that he rubbed shoulders with scientists from the [[Astronomy:American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac|Nautical Almanac]], specifically, William Ferrel, which probably piqued his meteorological curiosity.<ref name=rg/> 

He then studied abroad in Russia at the Observatory of Pulkovo, as a guest, and returned, in 1866, to the U.S. eager to study [[Astronomy:Astronomy|astronomy]]. It was said that he was his happiest while in Russia as like-minded intellectuals surrounded him, formed a relationship with [[Biography:Otto Struve|Otto Struve]], and enjoyed the scenery.<ref name=hum/> 

==Career==
His first job in astronomy was at the United States Naval Observatory from 1867-1868 as an aide, until the Cincinnati Astronomical Society offered him the director position at the Cincinnati Observatory in 1868.<ref name=wws/><ref name=EB>{{harvnb|Hoiberg|2010|p=11}}</ref> He spent a few years in Cincinnati, but his interests were already evolving. Remembering that meteorological conditions directly affected the work of astronomers, he began working in the field of meteorology. He won approval to report on and predict the weather, working on the premise that forecasts could and should be generated at minimal expense and in such a way as to perhaps even produce income. By 1873 he was let go by the Cincinnati Observatory due to funding issues and it was then that he made the decision that would change his career path.

===Meteorology===
[[File:PSM V32 D302 Cleveland Abbe.jpg|thumb|Portrait of Abbe published in ''Popular Science Monthly'']]
His first work on weather was centered on forecasting and issuance of warnings for severe weather. This preliminary work was started while still in Cincinnati. His first bulletin was issued on 1 September 1869.<ref name=ia>{{harvnb|Asimov|1964|p=343}}</ref><ref name=hum>{{harvnb|Humphreys|1946|p=1}}</ref> 

Abbe was appointed chief meteorologist at the [[Earth:National Weather Service|United States Weather Bureau]] on 3 January 1871, which at the time was part of the U.S. Signal Corps.<ref name=hum/><ref name=EB/> One of the first things that he addressed was the [[Forecasting|forecasting]] dimension of meteorology. He recognized that predicting the weather required a widespread, yet coordinated team. And so with short-term funding granted from the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce, he enlisted twenty volunteer weather observers to help report conditions. [[Company:Western Union|Western Union]] agreed to permit the observers to communicate without charge, and Abbe and his team went to work. He selected data-collecting instruments that would be critical to the success of weather predicting, and he trained Army observer sergeants in their use. Field data was transmitted using [[Code|code]] designed to minimize [[Software:Word count|word count]]. Each message started with a station location, with code words for temperature, pressure, [[Physics:Dew point|dew point]], precipitation and wind direction, cloud observations, wind velocity and sunset observations.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Albeck-Ripka |first=Livia |date=2024-01-08 |title=An Antique Dress Held a Secret: A Coded Message From 1888 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2024/01/08/us/antique-dress-weather-code.html |access-date=2024-01-10 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
At the designated times, information flooded the transmission stations. Clerks would then decode and record the messages and manually enter data onto [[Earth:Weather map|weather map]]s, which were then used to predict the weather.

On February 19, 1871, Abbe personally gave the first official [[Earth:Weather forecasting|weather report]]. He continued to forecast alone for the next six months, while simultaneously training others. He was joined in mid-1871 by two Army lieutenants and a civilian professor in giving reports, and the team was then able to rotate the heavy workload. Abbe demanded precise language in the forecasts and ensured that every forecast covered four key meteorological elements: weather (clouds and precipitation), temperature, wind direction, and barometric pressure. By the end of the first year of reporting, over 60 copies of weather charts had been sent to Congress, the press, and various scientific institutions. By 1872, Abbe regularly sent over 500 sets of daily maps and bulletins overseas in exchange for European meteorological data. Abbe also insisted on verifying predictions. During the first year of operation, in 1871, Abbe and his staff verified 69 percent of their predictions; the annual report apologized for the other 31 percent, citing the time constraints as the cause.

In 1872, Abbe founded and was the initial editor of the ''Monthly Weather Review''. He also was the editor from 1892 until 1915 just before his death. The Mount Weather Observatory in Virginia also produced a weather bulletin, of which Abbe was the editor from 1909 to 1913.<ref name=wws/>

In order to compile his information, Abbe required a time-keeping system that was consistent among the stations. To accomplish this he divided the United States into four standard time zones. In 1879, he published a paper titled ''Report on Standard Time''.<ref name=wws/> In 1883, he convinced North American railroad companies to adopt his time-zone system. In 1884, Britain, which had already adopted its own standard time system for England, Scotland, and Wales, helped gather international consent for global time. In time, the American government, influenced in part by his 1879 paper, adopted the time-zone system.<ref>{{harvnb|Asimov|1964|p=344}}</ref>

Abbe required that the weather service stay at the forefront of technology. Over time, the instrument division at the headquarters tested and calibrated thousands of devices and even began to design and build their own instruments. By the end of the century, self-registering equipment came into use, and the United States led the meteorological world with 114 Class I (automatic recording) observation stations. Anticipating an increase in international cooperation, Abbe began to seek quality instruments calibrated to international standards. He enlisted Oliver Wolcott Gibbs of [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard]] and [[Biography:Arthur Williams Wright|Arthur Wright]] of [[Organization:Yale University|Yale]] to design improved equipment. For comparison purposes, Abbe ordered a barometer from Heinrich Wild (director of the Nicholas Central Observatory in Russia), as well as an anemometer and several types of hygrometers from Germany. Abbe then invented an anemobarometer to test the effect of chimney and window drafts on barometers in enclosed spaces.

Abbe returned to academia in 1886, when he accepted a professorship at Columbian University, where he taught meteorology and remained until 1905. He was a regular lecturer at [[Organization:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins]] from 1896 through 1914.<ref name=wws/> He has authored nearly 300 scientific papers.<ref name=wws/> He was the recipient of three honorary degrees. His original school of higher learning, the City College of New York awarded him a PhD in 1891, in 1888 the [[Organization:University of Michigan|University of Michigan]] gave Abbe an [[Social:Legum Doctor|LL D]] as did the [[Organization:University of Glasgow|University of Glasgow]] in 1896.<ref name=wws/> [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] gave him the S.B. degree in 1900.<ref name="BDA1906">{{harvnb|Johnson|1906|p=21}}</ref>

Abbe was elected as a member of the American Philosophical Society in 1871.<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=1871&year-max=1871&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced|access-date=2021-04-28|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> Associate Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1884.<ref name=wws/><ref name=AAAS>{{harvnb|Anon|2013|p=1}}</ref> In 1912 the Royal Meteorological Society presented him with their Symons Gold Medal, citing his contribution "to instrumental, statistical, dynamical, and thermo dynamical meteorology and forecasting." In 1916 he was awarded the Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences,<ref name=PublicWelfare>{{harvnb|Anon|2015}}</ref> which also gave him the Marcellus Hartley Medal.<ref name=hum/> He was also one of the 33 founders of the [[Organization:National Geographic Society|National Geographic Society]].<ref>{{harvnb|Hunter|2012}}</ref>

==Personal life and death==
In 1870 he married Frances Martha Neal who died in 1908. In 1909 he married Margaret Augusta Percival. Abbe enjoyed [[Social:Ethnology|ethnology]], oriental [[Earth:Archaeology|archaeology]], [[Earth:Geology|geology]], [[Biology:Botany|botany]], and music in his off time.<ref name=hum/>

Abbe died in 1916 aged 77 years in Chevy Chase, MD after more than 45 years of scientific achievement.<ref name=obit>{{harvnb|Anon|1916|p=23}}</ref><ref name=EB/> He was buried in Rock Creek Cemetery in Washington, DC.

==''Monthly Weather Review''==
[[File:Cleveland Abbe letter to Wilbur Wright, September 26, 1903.jpg|thumb|Cleveland Abbe letter to Wilbur Wright inviting publication of an article on "soaring flight" in the ''Monthly Weather Review'']]

Cleveland Abbe founded the scientific journal ''Monthly Weather Review'' in 1872.<ref>{{harvnb|Anon|2012}}</ref>  The ''Monthly Weather Review'' began as a government publication under the United States Army Signal Corps. In 1891, the Signal Office's meteorological responsibilities were transferred to the Weather Bureau under the United States Department of Agriculture. The Weather Bureau published the review until 1970, when the bureau became part of the newly formed [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]. NOAA published the review until the end of 1973. Since 1974, this well-respected scientific journal has been published by the American Meteorological Society.

==Timeline==

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1838|12|02}}|Born, New York, NY}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1857}}|B.A., College of the City of New York, New York, NY}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1859-1860}}|Taught engineering at the University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI. Studied astronomy under Franz Brünnow}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1860}}|M.A., College of the City of New York, New York, NY}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1861-1864}}|Assisted Benjamin Apthorp Gould on longitude determinations for the United States Coast Survey}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1864-1866}}|Guest astronomer, Observatory of Pulkovo, Russia}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1867-1868}}|Aid, United States Naval Observatory}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1868-1873}}|Director, Cincinnati Observatory, Cincinnati, OH}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1869}}|Began publishing daily weather reports for the Cincinnati Chamber of Commerce}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1870|5|10}}|Married Frances Martha Neal (died 1908)}}<ref name=wws/>

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1871-1916}}|Meteorologist, United States Signal Corps and the United States Weather Bureau}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1884-1916}}|Professor of meteorology, Columbian (George Washington) University, Washington, DC}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1895-1916}}|Lecturer on meteorology, [[Organization:Johns Hopkins University|Johns Hopkins University]], Baltimore, MD}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1906}}|Awarded the Franklin Medal by the American Philosophical Society}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1909|4|12}}|Married Margaret Augusta Percival}}<ref name=wws/>

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1912}}|Awarded the Symons Gold Medal by the Royal Meteorological Society of London}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1916}}|Awarded the Marcellus Hartley Medal by the National Academy of Sciences}}

{{timeline-item|{{start date|1916|10|28}}|Died, Chevy Chase, MD}}<ref name=wws/>


==Selected writings==
His publications include:

* {{cite book | last = Döllen | first = William| title = The Portable Transit Instrument in the Vertical of the Pole Star | url = https://archive.org/details/portabletransiti00dlrich | year = 1870 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | lccn = 05037854 | others = Translated from the original by Abbe, Cleveland }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Report on Standard Time | year = 1879 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Report on the Solar Eclipse of July, 1878 | year = 1881 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | author-mask = 2 | lccn = 05008108 | oclc = 006070415}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | title = An Account of Progress in Meteorology and Allied Subjects in the Years 1879-'81 | year = 1883 | publisher = Government Printing Office | location = Washington, DC | lccn = 06045167 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Meteorology in the United States | year = 1884 | oclc = 37441190 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | title = An Account of Progress in Meteorology in the Year 1883 | year = 1884 | publisher = Government Printing Office | location = Washington, DC | lccn = tmp80002210 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | title = An Account of Progress in Meteorology in the Year 1884 | year = 1885 | publisher = Government Printing Office | location = Washington, DC | lccn = tmp80002209 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Treatise on Meteorological Apparatus and Methods | year = 1888 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | oclc = 019840090 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Preliminary Studies for Storm and Weather Predictions | year = 1889 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Preparatory Studies for Deductive Methods in Storm & Weather Predictions | year = 1890 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | lccn = 82089764 | oclc = 003128296 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = The Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere [First Collection] | year = 1891 | location = Washington, DC | lccn = 16006879 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | author-mask = 2}}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = The Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere [Second Collection] | year = 1893 | location = Washington, DC | lccn = 09016860 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | author-mask = 2}}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | last2 = Fernow | first2 = Bernhard Eduard | last3 = Harrington | first3 = Mark Walrod | last4 = Curtis | first4 = George E. | title = Forest Influences | chapter = Determination of the True Amount of Precipitation and its Bearing on Theories of Forest Influences | lccn = 09000380 | year = 1893 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = The Altitude of the Aurora | year = 1896 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | last2 = Fassig | first2 = Oliver Lanard | last3 = Walz | first3 = Ferdinand Jackson | title = Report on the Meteorology of Maryland | year = 1899 | location = Baltimore, MD | publisher = Johns Hopkins Press | oclc = 010761578 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Physical Basis of Long Range Forecastings | year = 1902 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | editor-last = Moore | editor-first = Willis L. | title = A First Report on the Relations Between Climates and Crops | year = 1905 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | lccn = 06009659 | oclc = 003467781 | url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19439313 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Smithsonian Meteorological Tables | url = https://archive.org/details/cu31924003999558 | year = 1907 | lccn = 08011106 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | edition = 3rd | oclc = 067401696 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite journal | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = The Progress of Science as Illustrated by the Development of Meteorology | journal = Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution | year = 1907 | oclc = 021887138 | issn = 0096-4093 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | last2 = Nichols | first2 = Josephine Genung | title = Townsend Genealogy: A Record of the Descendants of John Townsend: 1743-1821, and of his Wife, Jemina Travis: 1746-1832 | year = 1909 | location = New York, NY | publisher = F. Allaben Genealogical Company | lccn = 09007323 | oclc = 002585878 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = The Mechanics of the Earth's Atmosphere [Third Collection] | year = 1910 | location = Washington, DC | lccn = 10035870 | publisher = Smithsonian Institution | author-mask = 2}}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = Biographical Memoir of Charles Anthony Scott: 1826-1901 | location = Washington, DC | publisher = The National Academy of Sciences | year = 1915 | lccn = 45041777 | author-mask = 2 }}
* {{cite book | last1 = Abbe | first1 = Cleveland | last2 = Nichols | first2 = Josephine Genung | author-mask = 2 | title = Abbe-Abbey Genealogy: In Memory of John Abbe and his Descendants | url = https://archive.org/details/abbeabbeygenealo00abbe | year = 1916 | location = New Haven, CT | publisher = The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor Company | lccn = 17006241 | oclc = 001855199 }}
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Cleveland | title = The Determination of Meteor-Orbits in the Solar System | location = Washington, DC | publisher = Government Printing Office | lccn = 17026378 | year = 1917 | oclc = 004663040 | author-mask = 2 }}

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=nb}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Sources===
* {{cite web|author=Anon |title=Public Welfare Medal |url=http://www.nasonline.org/about-nas/awards/public-welfare-medal.html |year=2015 |publisher=National Academy of Sciences |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=3 May 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150503144634/https://www.amacad.org/default.aspx |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |author=Anon |title=Book of Members: 1780-2010: Chapter A |url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510021801/http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterA.pdf |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=10 May 2011 |publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences |year=2013 |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite web |author=Anon |url=http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/abbe/welcome.html#studyroom |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150423113145/http://celebrating200years.noaa.gov/historymakers/abbe/welcome.html#studyroom |archive-date=23 April 2015 |title=Cleveland Abbe: First Scientist of the American Weather Bureau |website=NOAA |series=Top Tens |date=19 July 2012 |access-date=5 May 2015 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Asimov | first = Isaac | encyclopedia = Asimov's Biographical Encyclopedia of Science and Technology: The Living Stories of More than 1000 Great Scientists from the Age of Greece to the Space Age | year = 1964 | publisher = Doubleday & Company, Inc. | location = Garden City, NY | pages = 343–344 | title = Abbe, Cleveland | lccn = 64016199 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Debus | editor-first = Allen G. | encyclopedia = World Who's Who in Science: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Scientists from Antiquity to the Present | edition = 1st | title=Abbe, Cleveland | publisher = A. N. Marquis Company | location = Chicago, IL | date = 1968 | isbn = 0-8379-1001-3 | lccn = 68056149 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/worldwhoswhoinsc0000unse }}* {{Cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Hoiberg | editor-first = Dale H. | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica | title = Abbe, Cleveland | edition = 15th | date = 2010 | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. | volume = I: A-Ak - Bayes | location = Chicago, IL | isbn = 978-1-59339-837-8 | lccn = 2008934270 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/newencyclopaedia2009ency }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Humphreys | first = William Jackson | encyclopedia = Dictionary of American Biography | volume = I-II: Abbe-Brazer | title = Abbe, Cleveland | pages = 1–2 | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | location = New York, NY | date = 1946 | lccn = 60002195}}
* {{cite web |last=Hunter |first=Cathy |url=http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/31/cleveland-old-probabilities-abbe-forecaster-and-national-geographic-founder/ |title=Cleveland 'Old Probabilities' Abbe: Forecaster and National Geographic Founder |date=31 May 2012 |access-date=5 May 2015 |archive-date=17 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140317101650/http://newswatch.nationalgeographic.com/2012/05/31/cleveland-old-probabilities-abbe-forecaster-and-national-geographic-founder/ |publisher=[[Organization:National Geographic Society|National Geographic Society]] |website=National Geographic |url-status=dead}}
* {{cite dictionary | editor-last = Johnson | editor-first = Rossiter |  title = Abbe, Cleveland | dictionary = The Biographical Dictionary of America | date = 1906 | volume = 1 | page = 21 | location = Boston | publisher = American Biographical Society | language = en | url = https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_Biographical_Dictionary_of_America/Abbe,_Cleveland_(meteorologist) | access-date = October 20, 2020}} {{PD-notice}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor1-last = Leonard | editor1-first = John William | editor2-last = Marquis | editor2-first = Albert Nelson | title = Who's Who in America: A Biographical Dictionary of Notable Living Men and Women of the United States | publisher = A. N. Marquis & Company | volume = 5: 1908-1909 | date = 1908 | location = Chicago, IL | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=eX0QOpl7iBQC&pg=PA1}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Reingold | first = Nathan | editor-last = Gillispie | editor-first = Charles Coulston | title = Abbe, Cleveland | encyclopedia = Dictionary of Scientific Biography | date = 1970 | location = New York, NY | publisher = Charles Scribner's Sons | volume = 1: Abailard to Berg | isbn = 0-684-10112-2 | lccn = 69018090}}
* {{cite encyclopedia | editor-last = Rines | editor-first = George Edwin | encyclopedia =Encyclopedia Americana | title = Abbe, Cleveland | date = 1918 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=52gMAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12 | volume = I: A-Annuals | lccn = 18016023 | publisher = The Encyclopedia Americana Corporation | location = New York, NY}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite book | last = Abbe | first = Truman | title = Professor Abbe and the Isobars: The Story of Cleveland Abbe, America's First Weatherman | oclc = 000606713 | lccn = 54010093 | year = 1955 | publisher = Vantage Press | location = New York, NY }}
* {{cite encyclopedia | last = Abbey | first = Leonard | editor-last1 = Hockey | editor-first1 = Thomas | editor-last2 = Trimble | editor-first2 = Virginia | editor-last3 = Williams | editor-first3 = Thomas R. | editor-last4 = Bracher | editor-first4 = Katherine | editor-last5 = Jarell | editor-first5 = Richard A. | editor-last6 = Marché II | editor-first6 = Jordan D. | editor-last7 = Ragep | editor-first7 = F. Jamil  | encyclopedia = Biographical Encyclopedia of Astronomers | year = 2007 | publisher = Springer | location = New York, NY | isbn = 978-0-3873-1022-0 | pages = 2–3 | title = Abbe, Cleveland | volume = 1: A-L | lccn = 2008270178 }}
* {{cite book | last = Humphreys | first = William Jackson | title = Biographical Memoir of Cleveland Abbe: 1838-1916 | oclc = 022743896 | year = 1919 | publisher = National Academy of Sciences | url = https://play.google.com/store/books/details?id=ONsWAAAAYAAJ&rdid=book-ONsWAAAAYAAJ&rdot=1 | location = Washington, DC }}
* {{cite journal | last = Humphreys | first = William Jackson | title = Origin and Growth of the Weather Service of the United States, and Cincinnati's Part Therein | oclc = 043917262 | journal = The Scientific Monthly | date = April 1924 | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 372–382 |bibcode = 1924SciMo..18..372H }}
* {{cite journal | last = Marvin | first = Charles Frederick | title = Cleveland Abbe: 1838-1916 | journal = Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society | volume = 56 | issue = 1 | year = 1917 | pages = ix &ndash; xix | url = https://archive.org/details/proceedingsofamep56amer | location = Philadelphia, PA | publisher = American Philosophical Society }}

==External links==
{{Library resources box | onlinebooks = yes | by = yes | about = yes | viaf = 2532755 | label = Cleveland Abbe}}
* [http://hdl.loc.gov/loc.mss/eadmss.ms010272 Cleveland Abbe Papers, 1850-1954] at the [https://www.loc.gov/rr/mss/ Library of Congress Manuscripts Division]. The Library of Congress holds Abbe's papers, which document his professional activities and avocational interest in genealogy. The collection includes a number of the earliest maps that Abbe constructed in 1870, showing the current state of weather conditions over the United States based on telegraphic reports of conditions in various locations throughout the country.
* [http://worldcat.org/oclc/070982381 George P. Merrill Correspondence and Autographs, 1803-1926]
* [http://worldcat.org/oclc/702205640 Othniel Charles Marsh Papers, 1817-1899]
* [http://worldcat.org/oclc/071009860 William W. Coblentz Papers, 1883-1960]
* [http://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/eclipse-1878-weather-abbe-colorado-pikes Abbe and the eclipse of 1878]
* [http://www.nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/abbe_cleveland.pdf National Academy of Sciences Biographical Memoir]
* {{Find a Grave|1}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Abbe, Cleveland}}
[[Category:Weather forecasting]]

{{Sourceattribution|Cleveland Abbe}}