View source for Biography:Frank B. Kellogg

{{short description|American lawyer and statesman (1856–1937)}}
{{Infobox officeholder
|image        = File:FrankKellogg.jpg
|caption = Kellogg in 1912
|office = Associate Judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice
|term_start = September 25, 1930<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=JCIgAAAAMAAJ&dq=Frank+Kellogg+September+25,+1930&pg=RA11-PA1 Treaty Information Bulletin No. 1-117 (October 31, 1929–June 30, 1939, Volumes 1-20)]</ref>
|term_end = September 9, 1935<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=2E06AQAAIAAJ&dq=Frank+Kellogg+September+9,+1935&pg=PA1208 Digest of International Law, Volume 12 (1971)]</ref>
|predecessor = Charles E. Hughes<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=p9tEAQAAMAAJ&dq=Charles+Hughes+Judge+Frank+Kellogg&pg=PA1 Permanent Court of International Justice, Volumes 1-4 (United States Congress - House Committee on Foreign Affairs, 1932)]</ref>
|office1       = 45th United States Secretary of State
|president1    = Calvin Coolidge<br />Herbert Hoover
|term_start1   = March 5, 1925
|term_end1     = March 28, 1929
|predecessor1  = Charles Evans Hughes
|successor1    = Henry L. Stimson
|office2      = United States Ambassador to the United Kingdom
|president2   = Calvin Coolidge
|term_start2  = January 14, 1924
|term_end2    = February 10, 1925
|predecessor2 = George Harvey
|successor2   = Alanson B. Houghton
|jr/sr3       = United States Senator
|state3       = Minnesota
|term_start3  = March 4, 1917
|term_end3    = March 3, 1923
|predecessor3 = Moses E. Clapp
|successor3   = Henrik Shipstead
|office4 = 
|term_start4 =
|term_end4 =
|predecessor4 =
|successor4 =
|office5 = County Attorney of Olmsted County
|term_start5 = January 1, 1882<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109787819&view=1up&seq=156&skin=2021&q1=Olmsted%20County Executive documents of the State of Minnesota for 1881]</ref>
|term_end5 = January 1, 1887<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=1P9BAQAAMAAJ&dq=Burt+W.+Eaton+County+Attorney+January+1,+1887&pg=RA5-PA33 Executive Documents of the State of Minnesota (1887, Volume 1)]</ref>
|predecessor5 = Halfton A. Eckholdt<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uiug.30112109787793&view=1up&seq=95&skin=2021&q1=Olmsted%20County Executive documents of the State of Minnesota for 1879-1880, Volume 1]</ref><ref name="book" />
|successor5 = Burt W. Eaton<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.35112102483429&view=1up&seq=39&skin=2021&q1=Olmsted%20County Report of the Minnesota Attorney General (1888-1890)]</ref>
|office6 = City Attorney of Rochester
|term_start6 = 1878
|term_end6 = 1881
|birth_name   = Frank Billings Kellogg
|birth_place  = Potsdam, New York
|death_date   = {{death date and age|1937|12|21|1856|12|22}}
|death_place  = St. Paul, Minnesota
|party        = Republican
|spouse       = Clara Cook
|awards       = Nobel Peace Prize 1929 
                Legion of Honour
|signature    = Frank B Kellogg signature.svg
}}

'''Frank Billings Kellogg''' (December 22, 1856{{spaced ndash}}December 21, 1937) was an American lawyer, politician, and statesman who served in the U.S. Senate and as U.S. Secretary of State.<ref name=obit/>  He co-authored the [[Social:Kellogg–Briand Pact|Kellogg–Briand Pact]], for which he was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize in 1929.<ref name="nobel">{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1929/
|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1929|access-date=October 6, 2011|work=Nobelprize.org}}</ref>

== Early life and career ==
{{nowrap|[[File:Ambassador Frank B. Kellogg, by Philip Alexius de Laszlo, 1925.jpg|thumb|left|Portrait of Kellogg by Philip de László.]]}}

Kellogg was born in Potsdam, New York, on December 22, 1856, the son of Abigail (Billings) and Asa Farnsworth Kellogg.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_h97tuO2xJQC&q=abigail+billings+Asa+Farnsworth+Kellogg&pg=PA208|title=Biographical Directory of the United States Executive Branch, 1774-1989|isbn=9780313265938|last1=Sobel|first1=Robert|year=1990|publisher=Greenwood Press }}</ref> His family moved to Minnesota in 1865.<ref name="FBKbioguide">{{cite web|title=KELLOGG, Frank Billings - Biographical Information|url=http://bioguide.congress.gov/scripts/biodisplay.pl?index=K000065|website=bioguide.congress.gov|publisher=Biographical Directory of the United States Congress|access-date=May 13, 2017}}</ref>

Kellogg read law and began practicing law in Rochester, Minnesota, in 1877.  He served as city attorney of Rochester 1878–1881 and county attorney for Olmsted County, Minnesota, from 1882 to 1887. He moved to St. Paul, Minnesota, in 1886.<ref name="FBKbioguide"/>

In 1905, Kellogg joined the federal government when [[Biography:Theodore Roosevelt|Theodore Roosevelt]] asked Kellogg to prosecute a federal antitrust case.<ref>{{Nobelprize|accessdate=April 29, 2020}}</ref> In 1906, Kellogg was appointed special counsel to the Interstate Commerce Commission for its investigation of E. H. Harriman. In 1908, he was appointed to lead the federal prosecution against [[Company:Union Pacific Railroad|Union Pacific Railroad]], under the [[Finance:Sherman Antitrust Act|Sherman Antitrust Act]].<ref name="1908Taft">{{cite news|title=Taft Declines Comment.; F.B. Kellogg, in Conference with Candidate, Also Silent Now.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1908/07/23/archives/taft-declines-comment-fb-kellogg-in-conference-with-candidate-also.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work={{wipe|The New York Times}}|date=July 23, 1908}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Article 2 -- No Title|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1909/11/21/archives/article-2-no-title.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=November 21, 1909}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last1=Neubeck|first1=Deborah Kahn|title=Collection Finding Aids, Frank B. Kellogg chronology|url=http://www2.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00982.xml|website=mnhs.org|access-date=December 14, 2014}}</ref> His most important case was ''Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey v. United States'', 221 U.S. 1 (1911).  Following this successful prosecution, he was elected president of the [[Organization:American Bar Association|American Bar Association]] (1912–1913).  He was a member of the World War Foreign Debts Commission.<ref>[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015022757697&view=1up&seq=263&skin=2021&q1=Frank%20B.%20Kellogg Official congressional directory, 70th congress - 1st session (December 1927)]</ref>

In 1907, Kellogg was honored as a Compatriot of the Minnesota Society of the Sons of the American Revolution.<ref>{{cite book |last=American Revolution |first=Sons of the |date=1907 |title=National Year Book |url= |location= |publisher=National Society of the Sons of the American Revolution |page= |isbn=}}</ref>

===United States Senate===
In 1916, Kellogg was elected as a Republican to the United States Senate from Minnesota and served from March 4, 1917, to March 3, 1923, in the 65th, 66th, and 67th Congresses. During the ratification battle for the Treaty of Versailles, he was one of the few Republicans who supported ratification.  He lost his re-election bid in 1922 and, in 1923, he was a delegate to the Fifth International Conference of American States at [[Place:Santiago|Santiago]], Chile.<ref name="FBKbioguide"/>

===Ambassador to Great Britain===
[[File:TIMEMagazine28Sep1925.jpg|thumb|left|''Time'' cover, September 28, 1925]]
In 1924, he was appointed by President Calvin Coolidge as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to Great Britain,<ref name="CoolidgeNominations">{{cite news|title=2,000 Nominations Made by Coolidge; List Is Headed by Frank B. Kellogg for Ambassador to Britain.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1923/12/11/archives/2000-nominations-made-by-coolidge-list-is-headed-by-frank-b-kellogg.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=December 11, 1923}}</ref> serving from January 14, 1924, to February 10, 1925.  He succeeded George Brinton McClellan Harvey who served under Warren G. Harding and was succeeded by Alanson B. Houghton so that Kellogg could assume the role of Secretary of State.<ref name="FBKbioguide"/>

==Secretary of State==
[[File:Frank B. Kellogg passport.jpg|thumb|upright|1927 hand signed passport by Frank B. Kellogg as Secretary of State]]

From 1925 to 1929, he served as the United States Secretary of State in the Cabinet of President Coolidge.<ref>{{cite news|title=Sacasa Protests Kellogg's Course; Said to Have Threatened in Message to Rouse Latin America Against US. Will Keep Up the Fight: He Promptly Denies Story That He Is Giving Up in Face of Our Opposition.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1927/01/15/archives/sacasa-protests-kelloggs-course-said-to-have-threatened-in-message.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=January 15, 1927}}</ref>  In 1928, he was awarded the Freedom of the City in [[Place:Dublin|Dublin]], Ireland and in 1929 the government of France made him a member of the Legion of Honour.<ref name="FBKbioguide"/>

As Secretary of State, he was responsible for improving U.S.–Mexican relations and helping to resolve the long-standing Tacna–Arica controversy between Peru and Chile.  His most significant accomplishment, however, was the [[Social:Kellogg–Briand Pact|Kellogg–Briand Pact]], signed in 1928. Proposed by its other namesake, French foreign minister [[Biography:Aristide Briand|Aristide Briand]], the treaty intended to provide for "the renunciation of war as an instrument of national policy." Kellogg was awarded the 1929 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition.<ref name="FBKbioguide"/><ref name="Pulitzer1930">{{cite news |title=Kellogg to Go to Oslo.; But Nobel Peace Prize Winner Is Uncertain When He Can Pay Visit.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/11/29/archives/kellogg-to-go-to-oslo-but-nobel-peace-prize-winner-is-uncertain.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=November 29, 1930}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Kellogg Gets Honorary Degree at Oxford; Outstanding Candidate for Nobel Peace Prize|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1929/11/27/archives/kellogg-gets-honorary-degree-at-oxford-outstanding-candidate-for.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=November 27, 1929}}</ref> (Briand had already won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1926).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1926/index.html |title=The Nobel Peace Prize 1926 |publisher=Nobel Foundation |access-date=2022-08-14 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908160137/http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/1926/index.html |archive-date=2011-09-08 |url-status=live }}</ref>

He was associate judge of the Permanent Court of International Justice from 1930 to 1935.<ref name="JudgeAppointment1930">{{cite news|last1=Photo|first1=Manley O. Hudson, Bemis Professor of International Law, Harvard Law School times Wide World|title=Who's Who of the Judges Elected to World Court; Frank B. Kellogg|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1930/10/12/archives/whos-who-of-the-judges-elected-to-world-court-frank-b-kellogg.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=October 12, 1930}}</ref><ref name="Kellogg1933">{{cite news|last1=Kellogg|first1=Frank B.|title=The Road to Peace|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1933/12/24/archives/the-road-to-peace.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=December 24, 1933}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Cabinet Members Explain New Deal; Cummings and Roper Urge at Rollins College Education as Aid to Government. Both Receive Degrees: College at Founders' Day Celebration Honors Frank B. Kellogg for World Peace Efforts.|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/27/archives/cabinet-members-explain-new-deal-cummings-and-roper-urge-at-rollins.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=February 27, 1934}}</ref><ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8hthO-cEvps Installation ceremony of Frank B. Kellogg at Permanent Court of International Justice, The Hague (1930)], at [[Company:YouTube|YouTube]].</ref>

He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 1931.<ref>{{Cite web |title=APS Member History |url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?creator=Frank+B.+Kellogg&title=&subject=&subdiv=&mem=&year=&year-max=&dead=&keyword=&smode=advanced |access-date=2023-07-07 |website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref>

Kellogg was self-conscious about his lack of academic credentials; he attended a one-room country school and dropped out at age 14. He never attended high school, college or law school.  His only advanced training came from clerking in a private lawyer's office. Kellogg grew up in a poor farm in Minnesota, and lacked a commanding presence or the sophistication to deal with the aristocrats who dominated European diplomacy. As Secretary of State, his main focus was Latin America, where he dealt with brutal but unsophisticated strongmen.  His staff provided the ideas, and they appreciated that he was always open, candid, and easy to communicate with. He helped end the battle between the Mexican government and the Catholic Church, but failed to resolve the dispute over ownership of the oil reserves. In the Far East,  he followed the advice of Nelson Trusler Johnson, the new chief of the Division of Far Eastern Affairs. They favored China and protected it from threats from Japan. They successfully negotiated tariff reform with China, thereby giving enhanced status to the Kuomintang and helping get rid of the [[History:Unequal treaty|unequal treaties]].<ref>Russell D. Buhite, "Nelson Johnson and American Policy Toward China, 1925-1928". ''Pacific Historical Review'' (1966): 451-465 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/3636978 online].</ref> As for Europe he was primarily interested with expanding the limitations on naval armaments that been established by the Washington Treaty; he made little progress. Kellogg gained international fame, and the Nobel Peace Prize, with the Kellogg–Briand Pact. It was endorsed by nearly every nation and made starting a war a punishable criminal action.  It formed the legal basis for the trial and execution of German and Japanese war leaders after 1945.<ref>Edward Mihalkanin, ed. (2004). ''American Statesmen: Secretaries of State from John Jay to Colin Powell''. pp. 293-98.</ref>

==Personal life==
[[File:Embassy of Sierra Leone.JPG|thumb|left|Kellogg's former residence in Washington, D.C.]]

In 1886, Kellogg was married to Clara May Cook (1861–1942), the daughter of George Clinton Cook (1828–1901) and Elizabeth (née Burns) Cook (1838–1908).<ref name="CMKObit1942">{{cite news|title=Mrs. F. B. Kellogg, Diplomat's Widow; Was Hostess for Her Husband Co-Author of Peace Pact and Ex-Secretary of State Dies at St. Paul Home Aided Mrs. Coolidge at White House Fetes: Couple Marked 50th Anniversary in 1936 |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1942/10/03/archives/mrs-f-b-kell066-diplomats-widow-was-hostess-for-her-husband.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=October 3, 1942}}</ref>

In 1880, he became a member of the Masonic Lodge Rochester No. 21, where he received the degrees of freemasonry on April 1, April 19, and May 3.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.phoenixmasonry.org/10,000_famous_freemasons/Volume_3_K_to_P.htm|title= 10,000 Famous Freemasons|last= Denslow|first= William R.|year= 1957|publisher= Macoy Publishing & Masonic Supply Co. |website= The Phoenixmasonry Masonic Museum and Library|access-date= November 10, 2014}}</ref>

He died from pneumonia, following a stroke, on the eve of his 81st birthday in St. Paul.<ref name=obit>{{cite news |title=Frank B. Kellogg Dies At Age Of 81 [sic]. Winner of Nobel Peace Prize for Pact Outlawing War, Ex-Secretary of State |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/12/22/archives/frank-b-kellogg-dies-at-age-of-81-winner-of-nobel-peace-prize-for.html |quote=Frank B. Kellogg, former World Court judge and Secretary of State, died at 7:28 P. M., Guy Chase, his law partner, announced tonight. |newspaper=The New York Times |date=December 22, 1937 |access-date=December 16, 2014 }}</ref> He was buried at the Chapel of St. Joseph of Arimathea in Washington National Cathedral, Washington, D.C.<ref name="FBKbioguide"/>

===Legacy===
In 1937, he endowed the Kellogg Foundation for Education in International Relations at [[Organization:Carleton College|Carleton College]], where he was a trustee.<ref name="1937Endowment">{{cite news|title=Carleton College Gets $500,000 Gift; Frank B. Kellogg Establishes Unit for Study of International Relations|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1937/06/08/archives/carleton-college-gets-500000-gift-frank-b-kellogg-establishes-unit.html|access-date=May 13, 2017|work=The New York Times|date=June 8, 1937}}</ref>  His house in St. Paul, the Frank B. Kellogg House was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1976.<ref name="nhlsum">{{Cite web|url=http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1447&ResourceType=Building|title=Frank B. Kellogg House|access-date=January 8, 2008|work=National Historic Landmark summary listing|publisher=National Park Service|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080403090657/http://tps.cr.nps.gov/nhl/detail.cfm?ResourceId=1447&ResourceType=Building|archive-date=April 3, 2008}}</ref>

The following were named in his honor:

* Kellogg Boulevard in downtown Saint Paul.<ref name=Millett>{{Cite book |last=Millett |first=Larry |title=AIA Guide to the Twin Cities: The Essential Source on the Architecture of Minneapolis and St. Paul |year=2007 |publisher=Minnesota Historical Society Press |isbn=978-0-87351-540-5 |pages=142 }}</ref>
* Kellogg Middle School in Shoreline, Washington, and Rochester, Minnesota,{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} as was Frank B. Kellogg High School (closed 1986) in Little Canada, Minnesota, which had been a part of Roseville School District 623.
* A [[Engineering:Liberty ship|Liberty ship]], the {{SS|Frank B. Kellogg}}

===Papers===
Frank B. Kellogg's papers are available for research use at the Minnesota Historical Society.  They include correspondence and miscellaneous papers, State Department duplicates, news clippings scrapbooks, awards, floor plans, honorary degrees, maps, memorials and memoranda.<ref>[http://www.mnhs.org/library/findaids/00982.xml Frank B. Kellogg Papers]</ref>

== See also ==
* List of people on the cover of ''Time'' magazine: 1920s

== References ==
{{reflist|30em}}

==Further reading==
* Bryn-Jones, David (1937).  ''Frank B. Kellogg: A Biography''.  New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons. (Reprinted in 2007: {{ISBN|978-1-4325-8982-0}}) [https://archive.org/details/frankbkelloggbio0000bryn online]
* Carroll, Francis M. "Secretary of State Frank B. Kellogg Comes to Ireland, 1928". in ''America and the Making of an Independent Ireland'' (New York University Press, 2021) pp.&nbsp;184–198.
* Cleaver, Charles G. "Frank B. Kellogg: Attitudes and Assumptions Influencing His Foreign Policy Decisions" (PhD dissertation, University of Minnesota; ProQuest Dissertations Publishing, 1956. 590377).
* Ellis, Lewis Ethan (1961).  ''Frank B. Kellogg and American Foreign Relations, 1925-1929''.  New Brunswick, N.J.: Rutgers University Press. [https://archive.org/details/frankbkelloggame0000elli online]
* Ellis, Lewis Ethan (1968).  ''Republican Foreign Policy, 1921–1933'' [https://archive.org/details/republicanforeig00elli online]
* Ellis, L. Ethan (1961). "Frank B. Kellogg" in ''An Uncertain Tradition: American Secretaries of State in the 20th Century''. ed. Norman A. Graebner. pp.&nbsp;149–67.
* Ferrell, Robert H.  ''Frank B. Kellogg & Henry L. Stimson: The American Secretaries of State and Their Diplomacy''.  Cooper Square Publishers, 1963. [http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b588398;view=1up;seq=5 online]
* Rhodes, Benjamin D. (2001). ''United States Foreign Policy in the Interwar Period, 1918–1941: The Golden Age of American Diplomatic and Military Complacency''. pp.&nbsp;57–72.
* Weber, Eric. [http://www.mnopedia.org/person/kellogg-frank-billings-1856-1937 "Kellogg, Frank Billings (1856–1937)"].  ''[[MNopedia]]''. Minnesota Historical Society.

===Primary sources===
* Kellogg, Frank (1925). ''China's Outstanding Problems''. {{OCLC|40941492}}.
* Kellogg, Frank B. "American Policy and Chinese Affairs". ''American Bar Association Journal'' 11.9 (1925): 576-579. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/25709357.pdf online]
* Kellogg, Frank B. "Some Foreign Policies of the United States". ''Foreign Affairs'', vol. 4, no. 2, 1926, pp. i-xvii. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/20028456 online]
* Kellogg, Frank B. "The World Court". ''Minnesota Law Review'' 14 (1929): 711+ [https://scholarship.law.umn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2306&context=mlr online].

== External links ==
{{CongBio|K000065}}
* {{PM20}}
* {{Nobelprize}}
* {{Find a Grave|6654166}}

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{{USSecState}}
{{Nobel Peace Prize Laureates 1926-1950}}
{{1929 Nobel Prize winners}}
{{USCongRep-start|congresses= 65th–67th United States Congresses |state=Minnesota}}
{{USCongRep/MN/65}}
{{USCongRep/MN/66}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Kellogg, Frank}}
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]
[[Category:American Nobel laureates]]

{{Sourceattribution|Frank B. Kellogg}}