View source for Biography:Jean Charles Athanase Peltier

{{short description|French physicist}}
{{Infobox person
| image = Jean Charles Athanase Peltier.jpg
| name = Jean Charles Athanase Peltier
| birth_date = 22 February 1785
| birth_place = Ham, [[History:Kingdom of France|Kingdom of France]]
| death_date = {{death-date and age|27 October 1845|22 February 1785}}
| death_place = [[Place:Paris|Paris]], [[History:Kingdom of France|Kingdom of France]]
| yearsactive = 
| known_for   = Peltier effect<br>[[Physics:Electrometer#Peltier electrometer|Peltier electrometer]]
| occupation = Physicist
}}
'''Jean Charles Athanase Peltier'''<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=trcHAQAAIAAJ Catalogue of the Wheeler gift of books], Volume 2. By [[Organization:American Institute of Electrical Engineers|American Institute of Electrical Engineers]]. Library, Latimer Clark, Schuyler Skaats Wheeler, Andrew Carnegie, William Dixon Weaver, Engineering Societies Library, Joseph Plass</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|p|ɛ|l|t|i|eɪ}};<ref>"[http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/peltier+effect Peltier effect]". ''Random House Webster's Unabridged Dictionary''.</ref> {{IPA-fr|pɛltje|lang}}; 22 February 1785 – 27 October 1845) was a French [[Physicist|physicist]]. He was originally a watch dealer, but at the age of 30 began experiments and observations in physics.

Peltier was the author of numerous papers in different departments of physics. His name is specially associated with the thermal effects at junctions in a voltaic circuit, <ref>A Handy Book of Reference on All Subjects and for All Readers, Volume 6. Edited by Ainsworth Rand Spofford, Charles Annandale. Gebbie publishing Company, limited, 1900. [https://books.google.com/books?id=251HAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA341 p341] (ed., also Gebbie, 1902 version, [https://books.google.com/books?id=z9FZprCIO-4C&pg=PA341 p341]</ref> the Peltier effect. Peltier introduced the concept of [[Physics:Electrostatic induction|electrostatic induction]] (1840), based on the modification of the distribution of electric charge in a material under the influence of a second object closest to it and its own electrical charge. 

==Biography==
Peltier trained as a watchmaker; until his 30s was a watch dealer. Peltier worked with Abraham Louis Breguet in Paris. Later, he worked with various experiments on [[Physics:Electrodynamics|electrodynamics]] and noticed that in an [[Engineering:Electronic component|electronic element]] when current flows through, a [[Earth:Temperature gradient|temperature gradient]] or temperature difference is generated at a current flow. In 1836 he published his work and in 1838 his findings were confirmed by Emil Lenz. Peltier dealt with topics from the [[Physics:Atmospheric electricity|atmospheric electricity]] and [[Physics:Meteorology|meteorology]]. In 1840, he published a work on the causes of hurricanes.

Peltier's numerous papers are devoted in great part to atmospheric electricity, waterspouts, [[Cyanometer|cyanometry]] and polarization of sky-light, the temperature of water in the spheroidal state, and the boiling-point at high elevations. There are also a few devoted to curious points of natural history. His name will always be associated with the thermal effects at junctions in a voltaic circuit, a discovery of importance comparable with those of Seebeck and Cumming.<ref name="TNWTCE">The New Werner Twentieth Century Edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica: A Standard Work of Reference in Art, Literature, Science, History, Geography, Commerce, Biography, Discovery and Invention, Volume 18. Werner Company, 1907. [https://books.google.com/books?id=QQ8EAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA491 p491]</ref>

Peltier discovered the calorific effect of [[Physics:Electric current|electric current]] passing through the junction of two different [[Chemistry:Metal|metal]]s. This is now called the Peltier effect<ref>Contemporarily, known as the [[Physics:Thermoelectric effect|thermoelectric effect]].</ref> (or [[Physics:Thermoelectric effect|Peltier–Seebeck effect]]). By switching the direction of current, either heating or cooling may be achieved. Junctions always come in pairs, as the two different metals are joined at two points. Thus heat will be moved from one junction to the other.

=== Peltier effect ===
The ''Peltier effect'' is the presence of heating or cooling at an electrified junction of two different conductors (1834).<ref>Peltier (1834) [https://books.google.com/books?id=1Jc5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA371 "Nouvelles expériences sur la caloricité des courants électrique"] (New experiments on the heat effects of electric currents), ''Annales de Chimie et de Physique'', '''56''' :  371-386.</ref> His great experimental discovery was the heating or cooling of the junctions in a heterogeneous circuit of metals according to the direction in which an electric current is made to pass round the circuit. This reversible effect is proportional directly to the strength of the current, not to its square, as is the irreversible generation of heat due to resistance in all parts of the circuit. It is found that, if a current pass from an external source through a circuit of two metals, it cools one junction and heats the other. It cools the junction if it be in the same direction as the thermoelectric current which would be caused by directly heating that junction. In other words, the passage of a current from an external source produces in the junctions of the circuit a distribution of temperature which leads to the weakening of the current by the superposition of a thermo-electric current running in the opposite direction.<ref name="TNWTCE" />

When electromotive current is made to flow through an [[Physics:Electrical junction|electronic junction]] between two [[Physics:Electrical conductor#Conductance|conductors]] (A and B), heat is removed<ref>or generated</ref> at the junction. To make a typical pump, multiple junctions are created between two plates. One side heats and the other side cools. A dissipation device is attached to the hot side to maintain cooling effect on the cold side.<ref>This is usually a heatsink and fan assembly.</ref> Typically, the use of the Peltier effect as a [[Physics:Heat pump|heat pump]] device involves multiple junctions in series, through which a current is driven. Some of the junctions lose heat due to the Peltier effect, while others gain heat. Thermoelectric pumps exploit this phenomenon, as do [[Physics:Thermoelectric cooling|thermoelectric cooling]] Peltier modules found in refrigerators.<ref>The Peltier effect, where current is forced through a junction of two different metals, also forms the basis of the small 12/24 volt vehicular HVAC systems. It forms the basis of the relatively costly, but stable, junction heated soldering irons. It is used for spot cooling of certain integrated circuits.</ref>

The ''Peltier effect'' generated at the junction per unit time, <math>\dot{Q}</math>, is equal to
{{center|<math>\dot{Q} = \left( \Pi_\mathrm{A} - \Pi_\mathrm{B} \right) I,</math>}}
where, 
: <math>\Pi_A</math> (<math>\Pi_B</math>) is the Peltier coefficient<ref name="YAS-AIK">Yu. A. Skripnik, A. I. Khimicheva. Methods and devices for measuring the Peltier coefficient of an inhomogeneous electric circuit. Measurement Techniques July 1997, Volume 40, Issue 7, pp 673-677</ref><ref name="SA-AB-TC">See also: [[Physics:Current source#Constant current source with thermal compensation|Constant current source with thermal compensation]]</ref> of conductor A (conductor B), and
: <math>I</math> is the [[Physics:Electric current|electric current]] (from A to B).

''Note:'' Total heat generated at the junction is ''not'' determined by the Peltier effect alone,  being influenced by [[Physics:Joule heating|Joule heating]] and thermal gradient effects.

The Peltier coefficients<ref name="YAS-AIK" /><ref name="SA-AB-TC" /> represent how much heat is carried per unit charge. With charge current continuous across a junction, the associated heat flow will develop a discontinuity if <math>\Pi_A</math> and <math>\Pi_B</math> are different.

The Peltier effect can be considered as the back-action counterpart to the Seebeck effect (analogous to the [[Physics:Counter-electromotive force|back-emf]] in [[Physics:Electromagnetic induction|magnetic induction]]<ref>The [[Physics:Magnetic field|magnetic field]] '''B''' is sometimes called magnetic induction.</ref>): if a simple thermoelectric circuit is closed then the Seebeck effect will drive a current, which in turn (via the Peltier effect) will always transfer heat from the hot to the cold junction.

The true importance of this "Peltier effect" in the explanation of thermoelectric currents was first clearly pointed out by [[Biography:James Prescott Joule|James Prescott Joule]]; and Sir William Thomson<ref>Mathematical and physical papers, by Sir William Thomson. Collected from different scientific periodicals from May, 1841, to the present time. Kelvin, William Thomson, Baron, 1824-1907., Larmor, Joseph, 1857-, Joule, James Prescott, 1818-1889. vol. viii. p. 90</ref> further extended the subject by showing, both theoretically and experimentally, that there is something closely analogous to the Peltier effect when the heterogeneity is due, not to difference of quality of matter, but to difference of temperature in contiguous portions of the same material. Shortly after Peltier's discovery was published, Lenz used the effect to  freeze small quantities of water by the cold developed in a bismuth-antimony junction when a voltaic current was passed through the metals in the order named.<ref name="TNWTCE" />


==See also==
;Voltaic Electricity: [[Chemistry:Crystal structure#Defects and impurities|Magnetic alterations]], [[Physics:Saturation (magnetic)|magnetic saturation]], [[South Magnetic Pole|southern magnetic axis]], [[Physics:Voltage|tension]]s, [[Physics:Coercivity|coercion]], [[Engineering:Electrical contacts|contact]], induce (induced current), [[Physics:Magnetic moment|magnetic event]], [[Chemistry:Hydrogenography|metal changes]], [[Physics:Magnetic field#Interactions with electric currents|neighboring electric current]], [[Physics:Electrical polarity|electrical polarity]],  electrical phenomenon, [[Engineering:Biasing|biasing]] (grid bias, AC bias), [[Physics:Electric charge|positive charge]] and [[Physics:Electrical polarity|electrical polarity]] ([[Physics:Polarity (mutual inductance)|polarity (mutual inductance)]]), repulsion

;Conduction: [[Physics:Electrical conductor|Electrical conductor]], electrical conduction, [[Physics:Fast ion conductor|fast ion conductor]], conduction (heat)

;Meteorology: [[Physics:Condensation|Condensation]] ([[Physics:Condensation cloud|condensation cloud]], [[Chemistry:Condensation reaction|condensation reaction]]), tion through vapor ([[Physics:Clausius–Clapeyron relation|action through vapor]]),  [[Physics:Evaporation|evaporation]], fog

;People:[[Biography:Antoine César Becquerel|Antoine César Becquerel]]

;Instruments: [[Chemistry:Leyden jar|Leyden jar]], Influence machine ([[Physics:Electrostatic induction|electrostatic influence]]),

;Materials:  [[Physics:Atom|Atom]]s and [[Physics:Orbital magnetization#Atomic sphere approximation|atomic spheres]] ([[Kissing number problem|kissing number problem]]), [[Physics:State of matter|state of matter]] ([[Chemistry:Chemical state|chemical state]]), [[Physics:Particles|particles]] ([[Physics:Neutral particle|neutral particle]]), glazed zinc ([[Chemistry:Zinc oxide|Zinc oxide]]), [[Chemistry:Maghemite|maghemite]], [[Chemistry:Awaruite|awaruite]], [[Chemistry:Oxygen|oxygen]], [[Physics:Liquid|liquid]]s, ponderable matter,  [[Physics:Pole figure|pole figure]], [[Chemistry:Chemical polarity|chemical polarity]], molecular substance, [[Chemistry:Tetrahedrite|copper-antimony]] ([[Chemistry:Copper|copper]], [[Chemistry:Antimony|antimony]], [[Chemistry:List of alloys|alloys list]]), [[Chemistry:Germanium|germanium]]

;Power: [[Physics:Power|Power]],  [[Physics:Electric power|electric power]], [[Physics:AC power|power in an alternating current electric]]s, [[Physics:Transmitter power output|transmitter output]], [[Effective radiated power|effective radiated power]], power spectral density signal

;Other: [[Physics:Reaction|Reaction]], [[Chemistry:Chemical thermodynamics|chemical heat]], [[Chemistry:Cohesion|cohesion]], [[Combination|combination]], [[Complete (complexity)|complete]], [[Inter-rater reliability|concordance]] ([[Concordance correlation coefficient|concordance correlation coefficient]]), [[Biology:Vitreous body|vitreous body]], [[Physics:Piezoelectricity|crystal electricity]], [[Physics:Electric charge|electric charge]], [[Physics:Field of view|field of view]], [[Spectrum|zone]] ([[Physics:Crystallography|crystallography]]), [[Engineering:Affinity laws|affinity laws]] ([[Physics:Electron affinity|electron affinity]], [[Chemistry:Chemical affinity|chemical affinity]]), equilibrium and [[Physics:Dynamics (mechanics)|dynamics]] (diffusiophoresis), [[Astronomy:St. Elmo's fire|St. Elmo's fire]], [[Wave|wave]]s, [[Physics:Luminescence|luminescence]] ([[Physics:Luminance|luminance]], [[Astronomy:Luminosity|luminosity]]), [[Philosophy:Plastic Principle|aethereal movements]], [[Physics:Physics|phys]]<!-- "phys" is the enlightenment term of relating to or concerning existent materials; physical; --> and [[Physics:Spacetime|portion of the aether]] ([[Physics:Aether theories|quantity of aether rays]]/[[Physics:Photon|aethereal spheres]]), [[Physics:Prism (optics)|aethereal glut]], [[Biology:Nervous system|nervous system]] ([[Philosophy:Sense|sense]]), [[Physics:Charge ordering|order of phenomena]] ([[Critical phenomena|critical phenomena]], [[Physics:Strongly correlated material|strongly correlated material]]), [[Philosophy:Will|will]], [[Bias (statistics)|statistical bias]] (biased sample, estimator bias), [[Physics:Encircled energy|projection spread]], quantity of electricity, [[Astronomy:Dynamics of the celestial spheres|sphere to another sphere]] ([[Astronomy:Celestial spheres|celestial spheres]], [[Philosophy:Plane (esotericism)|esoteric plane]]),  [[Earth:Meridian arc|meridian arc]] ([[Astronomy:Meridian|meridian (astronomy)]], meridian (geography)), [[Levi-Civita parallelogramoid|resulting segments]] ([[Gnomonic projection|gnomonic projection]])

==Publications==
''Listed by date''
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* Collection of pamphlets on electricity. 1833.<ref>Also contains the papers of: Achille Barbier, Edouard Ernest Blavier, Hippolyte Marié-Davy, comte Th Du Moncel, François Victor Périn, Karl Albert Holmgren, B. Galletti, A. Jounin, Achille Cazin, Emil Kopp, Breton frères</ref>
* Collection of pamphlets on electromagnetism and electricity. 1835.
* Observations sur une nouvelle espèce de floscularia.<ref>Tr. Observations on a new species of [[Biology:Floscularia ringens|floscularia]]</ref> 1838.
* Notice des faits principaux et des instrumens nouveaux ajoutés à la science de l'électricité.<ref>Tr. Notice of the main facts and [[Engineering:Scientific instrument|new instrument]]s (laboratory equipment) added to the science of electricity.</ref> impr. E.J. Bailly, 1839.
* Notice de faits principaux ajoutés à la science de l'Electricité.<ref>Tr. Notice key facts added to the science of [[Physics:Electricity|Electricity]]</ref> Bailly, 1839.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=tQa2zRzRgnsC Observations sur les multiplicateurs et sur les piles thermo-électriques.]<ref>Tr. Observations on multipliers and on thermo-electric batteries</ref> Imprimerie de E.J. Bailly, 1839.
* Mémoire sur la formation des tables des rapports qu'il y a entre la force d'un courant électrique et la déviation des aiguilles des multiplicateurs: suivi de recherches sur les causes de perturbation des couples thermo-électriques et sur les moyens de s'en garantir dans leur emploi a la mesure des températures moyennes.<ref>Tr. Memory training tables reports that between the strength of an electric current and the deflection of needles multipliciateurs: follow-up research on the causes of disruption of thermocouples and how to ensure in their job measuring average temperatures</ref> E.-J. Bailly, 1839.
*Mémoire sur les diverses espèces de brouillards.<ref>Tr. Memory on the various species of [[Earth:Mist|mist]]</ref> Hayez, 1841.
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=go85AAAAcAAJ Météorologie: Observations et recherches expérimentales sur les causes qui concourent à la formation des trombes.]<ref>Tr. [[Physics:Meteorology|Meteorology]]: Observations and experimental research on the causes that contribute to the formation of tornadoes.</ref> Soc. Belgian library, 1841.
* Considérations générales sur l'éther, suivies d'une notice sur les étoiles filantes.<ref>Tr. General considerations on the [[Physics:Aether theories|ether]], followed by instructions on [[Astronomy:Meteoroid|shooting stars]]</ref> rue de Seine Saint-Germain, 1844.
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=DUNUAAAAcAAJ Essai sur la coordination des causes qui précèdent, produisent et accompagnent les phénomènes électriques.]<ref>Tr. Essay on the coordination of the above causes, produce and accompany electrical phenomena</ref> Hayez, 1844.
* Observations faites dans les Alpes sur la température d'ébullition de l'eau.<ref>Tr. Observations in the [[Place:Alps|Alps]] on the boiling temperature of water.</ref> Institut de France. Académie royale des sciences, 1844
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*  Lettre sur la cause des différences existent entre les résultats des expériences de MM. Bravais et Peltier sur la température de l'ébullition de l'eau et les résultats d'expériences de cabinet.<ref>Tr. Letter to the cause of differences between the results of the experiments of MM. [[Biography:Auguste Bravais|Bravais]] and Peltier on the temperature of boiling water and the results of experiments cabinet.</ref> Institute. April 22, 1844. (Reports, vol. 18, p.&nbsp;768.)<ref>institut. 22 avril 1844. (Comptes-rendus, vol. 18, p. 768.)</ref>
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=_EJUAAAAcAAJ Recherches sur la cause des variations barométriques.]<ref>Tr. Research on the cause of variations in atmospheric pressure.</ref> Hayez. 1844.
* De la cyanométrie et de la polarimétrie atmosphérique: ou notice sur les additions et les changements fait au cyano-polariscope de M. Arago, pour le rendre cyano- polarimètre dans l'observation de tous les points du ciel.<ref>Tr. The [[Cyanometer|cyanométrie]] and air [[Physics:Polarimeter|polarimetry]]: or user of the additions and changes made to the cyano-[[Physics:Photoelasticity|polariscope]] of M. Arago, to make cyano-polarimeter in the observation of all [[Celestial sphere|points of the sky]].</ref> 1845.
* Notice sur le galvanisme.<ref>Tr. Notice of [[Biology:Galvanism|galvanism]]</ref> 1845.
* Notice sur les fluides, les forces, et la foudre.<ref>Tr. Notice on the [[Physics:Hydraulics|fluid force]]s ([[Earth:Hydrometeorology|hydrometeorology]]), and [[Astronomy:Lightning|lightning]]</ref> rue de Bussy, 6, 1845
* Notice sur la vie et les travaux scientifiques.<ref>Tr. Notice on the life and scientific work</ref> Bautruche, 1847.
* [[Biography:Robert Hare (chemist)|Robert Hare]] (M.D., Professor of Chemistry in the University of Pennsylvania.), James Pollard Espy. Of the conclusion arrived at by a Committee of the Academy of Sciences of France, agreeably to which tornados are caused by heat; while agreeably to Peltier's report to the same body, certain insurers had been obliged to pay for a tornado as an electrical storm; also abstracts from Peltier's report; moreover, quotations shewing the ignorance which existed in the Academy respecting [...] the meteor in question [...] with objections to the opinions of Peltier and Espy. Second edition, revised. 1852.
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''Other''
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=XSNWAAAAcAAJ Notice des faits principaux et des instrumens nouveaux ajoutés à la science de l'Electricité par M. Peltier.]<ref>Tr. Notice of the main facts and new instruments added to the science of Electricity by Mr. Peltier</ref>
* Mémoires sur l'électricité des vapeurs, sur l'électricité atmosphérique et sur les trombes.<ref>Tr. Memoirs of electricity [[Chemistry:Vapor|vapor]] on atmospheric electricity and waterspouts</ref> Imprimerie de Cosson.
* Météorologie électrique: Première partie<ref>Power Meteorology: Part One</ref>

==References and notes==
;General
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=LmIFAAAAQAAJ The Annual Report Of The Board Of Regents Of The Smithsonian Institution]. 1867 Doc. No. 86. 1868. [https://books.google.com/books?id=LmIFAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA158 p158]+.
* [[Biography:Florian Cajori|Florian Cajori]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=XNtUAAAAYAAJ A history of physics in its elementary branches]. 1922. [https://books.google.com/books?id=XNtUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA269 p269].

;Citations
{{Reflist|2}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Peltier, Jean Charles Athanase}}
[[Category:French physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Jean Charles Athanase Peltier}}