View source for Biography:Joseph C. G. Kennedy

{{short description|American statistician}}
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 | name               = Joseph C. G. Kennedy
 | birth_name         = Joseph Calm Griffith Kennedy 
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 | caption            =Joseph Calm Griffith Kennedy 
 | birth_date         = April 1, 1813
 | birth_place        = Pennsylvania
 | death_date         = {{death date and age|1887|07|13|1813|04|01}}
 | death_place        = [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]
 | party              = Whig 
 | occupation         = Politician, lawyer, journalist
 | order              = 
 | office             = Superintending Clerk of the United States Census
 | term_start         = 1850
 | term_end           = 1850
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 | office2            = Superintending Clerk of the United States Census
 | term_start2        =  1860
 | term_end2          =  1860
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'''Joseph Calm Griffith Kennedy''' (April 1, 1813 – July 13, 1887) of Pennsylvania, was a 19th-century Whig politician, lawyer and journalist who was appointed to supervise the United States Censuses for 1850 and 1860.  A prosperous farmer and journalist from a prominent Pennsylvania family, Kennedy was appointed to supervise the census operations because of his political activism in the 1848 Pennsylvania election.<ref name=bio>{{cite book|author=James Terry White|title=The National Cyclopaedia of American Biography: Being the History of the United States as illustrated in the lives of the founders, builders, and defenders of the republic, and of the men and women who are doing the work and moulding the thought of the present time|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3B_YAAAAMAAJ|accessdate=11 September 2011|year=1967|publisher=J. T. White company|page=444}}</ref>

== Biography ==
Kennedy graduated from [[Organization:Allegheny College|Allegheny College]] in Meadville, Pennsylvania. He received an M.A. in 1856, followed by an LL.D. in 1864.<ref>{{cite book|author=Lois Halliday McDonald|title=Annie Kennedy Bidwell: an intimate history|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vKYrAQAAIAAJ|accessdate=11 September 2011|date=31 October 2004|publisher=Stansbury Pub.|isbn=978-0-9708922-7-0}}</ref> Upon the appointment to supervise the Census, Kennedy and his family moved to Washington, DC in 1849. His family included his wife, Catherine Morrison Kennedy, and children Joseph Morrison, John Reynolds, Sarah Jane and Annie Ellicott Kennedy. They lived there until at least 1868.

On July 13, 1887, Kennedy was stabbed and killed in [[Place:Washington, D.C.|Washington, D.C.]]<ref name=bio/> by John Dailey. The latter was said to believe that Kennedy had cheated him in a business affair.

A small group of Kennedy's papers are held in the Walter Willcox Collection, Library of Congress.

== Census ==
The US Congress passed a census bill on March 3, 1849, which established a Census Board with an initial appropriation of $10,000 (~${{Format price|{{Inflation|index=US-GDP|value=10000|start_year=1849}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US-GDP}}). In May 1849, President Zachary Taylor appointed Kennedy to serve as the first Secretary of the new Census Board.<ref>Anderson (2015), p. 42</ref>

Under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior and with contentious Congressional oversight, Kennedy was responsible for redesigning the census methodology and forms, negotiating with Congressional leaders and committees, and gathering of census data throughout the United States.  He was also responsible for supervising the ultimate compilation of census data, tabulation of statistics, and publication of census summaries.

The Seventh Census of the United States (1850) was taken June 1, 1850. This was the first year in which the census bureau attempted to count and name every member of every household, including women and children. Slaves were counted by gender and age on associated Slave Schedules, listed by their owner's name. The first slave schedules were produced in 1850. Prior to 1850, census records had recorded only the name of the head of the household and broad statistical accounting of other household members, (three children under age five, one woman between the age of 35 and 40, etc.)..

The Eighth Census of the United States (1860) estimated the population of the United States at 31,400,000.  This was the first census in which American Indians were officially counted, but only those who had 'renounced tribal rules'. That figure for the nation was 40,000.  Results of this census were tabulated by 184 clerks in the Bureau of the Census.

However, by the time the 1860 census returns were ready for tabulation, the United States was moving toward the American Civil War. As a result, Superintendent Kennedy and his staff produced only an abbreviated set of reports, which included no graphic or cartographic representations.  As the war began, however, Kennedy and the Census staff used the new statistics to produce maps of Southern states for Union field commanders.  These maps displayed militarily vital topics, including white population, slave population, predominant agricultural products (by county), and rail and post-road transportation routes.

== Publications ==
* ''Agriculture of the United States in 1860; Compiled from the Original Returns of the Eighth Census, Under the Direction of the Secretary of the Interior.'' Washington D. C., Government Printing Office, 1864.
* ''Population of the United States in 1860; compiled from the original returns of the eighth census, under the direction of the Secretary of the Interior''. Washington D.C., Government printing office, 1864. [https://archive.org/details/populationofusin00kennrich complete text online], [http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1860a-01.pdf]

== See also ==
* Annie Kennedy Bidwell

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book | first=Margo J. | last=Anderson | title=The American Census: A Social History |  publisher=Yale University Press | year=2015 | edition=Second | ISBN=978-0-300-19542-2}}
* Fitzpatrick, Paul J.  [https://www.jstor.org/pss/2282047 "Leading American Statisticians in the Nineteenth Century II"], ''JASA'' 53 (September 1958) pp.&nbsp;692–694.
* McDonald, Lois H. "Annie Kennedy Bidwell: An Intimate History." Stansbury Publishing. 2004.  {{ISBN|0-9708922-7-6}}

== External links ==
* [https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1879/07/22/80692288.pdf Kennedy's 1879 letter to the ''NY Times'' regarding Laws governing the 1880 census]

{{s-start}}
{{s-legal}}
{{succession box
| before=William Augustus Weaver
| title=Superintending Clerk of the United States Census
| years=1850–1853
| after=James Dunwoody Brownson DeBow}}
{{succession box
| before=James Dunwoody Brownson DeBow
| title=Superintending Clerk of the United States Census
| years=1860–1865
| after=[[Biography:Francis Amasa Walker|Francis Amasa Walker]]}}
{{end}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Kennedy, Joseph C. G.}}
[[Category:American statisticians]]

{{Sourceattribution|Joseph C. G. Kennedy}}