View source for Biography:Joseph Dalton Hooker

{{Short description|British botanist and explorer (1817–1911)}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2021}}
{{Infobox scientist
| honorific_prefix  = Sir
| honorific_suffix  = {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|GCSI|CB|PRS|size=100%}}
| name              = Joseph Dalton Hooker
| author_abbrev_bot = Hook.f.
| image             = Joseph Dalton Hooker NLM3.jpg
| caption           = Hooker in 1897
| birth_date        = {{birth date|1817|06|30|df=y}}
| birth_place       = Halesworth, Suffolk, United Kingdom
| death_date        = {{death date and age|1911|12|10|1817|06|30|df=y}}
| death_place       = Sunningdale, Berkshire, United Kingdom
| spouse            = {{ubl|{{marriage|Frances Harriet Henslow|1851|1874|end=died}}{{marriage|Hyacinth Symonds|1875}}}}
| alma_mater        = [[Organization:University of Glasgow|University of Glasgow]]
| signature         = Joseph Dalton Hooker Signature.svg
| field             = [[Biology:Botany|Botany]]
| workplaces        = [[Organization:Kew Gardens|Kew Gardens]]
| prizes            = {{ubl|Clarke Medal (1885)|[[Physics:Copley Medal|Copley Medal]] (1887)|Linnean Medal (1888)|Darwin Medal (1892)|Order of Merit (1907)|Darwin–Wallace Medal (1908)}}
}}

'''Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker''' {{post-nominals|country=GBR|OM|GCSI|CB|PRS}} (30 June 1817&nbsp;– 10 December 1911) was a British botanist and explorer in the 19th century.<ref>{{Cite ODNB |title=Hooker, Sir William Jackson (1785–1865), botanist |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-13699 |access-date=2022-06-21 |year=2004 |language=en |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/13699|isbn=978-0-19-861412-8 }}</ref> He was a founder of geographical botany and [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]'s closest friend.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2015-06-15 |title=Joseph Dalton Hooker |url=https://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/joseph-dalton-hooker |access-date=2022-06-21 |website=Darwin Correspondence Project |language=en}}</ref> For 20 years he served as director of the Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, succeeding his father, William Jackson Hooker, and was awarded the highest honours of British science.{{sfn|Huxley|1918}}{{sfn|Turrill|1963}}

==Biography==
[[File:Joseph Dalton Hooker by William Kilburn c1852.jpg|thumb|upright|Daguerreotype of Hooker by William Edward Kilburn, circa 1852]]

===Early years===
Hooker was born in Halesworth, Suffolk, England. He was the second son of Maria Sarah Turner, eldest daughter of the banker Dawson Turner and sister-in-law of Francis Palgrave, and the famous botanist Sir William Jackson Hooker, Regius Professor of Botany. From the age of seven, Hooker attended his father's lectures at the [[Organization:University of Glasgow|University of Glasgow]], taking an early interest in plant distribution and the voyages of explorers like Captain James Cook.{{sfn|Endersby|2008}} He was educated at the [[Organization:High School of Glasgow|Glasgow High School]] and went on to study medicine at the University of Glasgow graduating with an [[Medicine:Doctor of Medicine|MD]] in 1839.

His degree qualified him for employment in the Naval Medical Service. He joined the polar explorer Captain James Clark Ross's Antarctic expedition to the [[South Magnetic Pole]] after receiving a commission as Assistant-Surgeon on {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}}. On this expedition, Hooker was granted full access to the private library of Richard Clement Moody,<ref name="DFB Hooker" /> then Governor of the Falkland Islands. Hooker described the library as 'excellent',<ref name="DFB Hooker" /> and developed a close friendship with Moody.<ref name="DFB James Ross" />

===Marriages and children===
[[File:Frances Harriet Henslow Hooker (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Frances Harriet Henslow, by William Edward Kilburn]]
In 1851, he married Frances Harriet Henslow (1825–1874), daughter of Darwin's mentor, John Stevens Henslow. They had  three daughters and four sons:
* William Henslow Hooker (1853–1942)
* Harriet Anne Hooker (1854–1945) married William Turner Thiselton-Dyer
* Charles Paget Hooker (1855–1933)
* Maria Elizabeth Hooker (1857–1863) died aged 6.
* Brian Harvey Hodgson Hooker (1860–1932)
* Reginald Hawthorn Hooker (1867–1944) statistician
* Grace Ellen Hooker (1868–1955)<ref>England 1891 census Piece RG12/554 Folio 99 Page 14 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au</ref><ref>England 1901 census Piece RG13/886 Folio 52 Page 22 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au</ref><ref>England and Wales Death Index, December Quarter of 1955 as seen on http://ancestry.com.au</ref>

Frances Harriet Henslow's contribution to his work included translating French botanical texts which Hooker edited.{{sfn|Le Maout|Decaisne|1873}}

After his first wife's death in 1874, in 1876 he married Lady Hyacinth Jardine (1842–1921), daughter of William Samuel Symonds and the widow of Sir William Jardine. They had two sons:
* Joseph Symonds Hooker (1877–1940)
* Richard Symonds Hooker (1885–1950).

Lady Hooker was elected a Fellow of the RSPB in 1905.

=== Sons Willy and Brian ===
Hooker regularly corresponded with the chief government scientist in New Zealand, Sir James Hector. He sent his son Willy (aged 15) to stay in New Zealand with the recently married Hector in 1869, Willy was sickly and coughing up blood, and a warmer climate was recommended. Though well-behaved he was indolent. Hector sent him on a cruise on a Government steamer the ''Sturt'' with a son (also 15) of Colonel Haultain the Defence minister. Mrs Hector treated him like a younger brother. After eight months and in better health Hector sent him home to England, saying he had greatly improved. His father was grateful, and surprised when Willy passed the civil service examination. He got an administrative job in the India Office, and lived to age 89.

However, his third son, Brian, was a "great worry" to him. He qualified as a geologist and mining engineer at the Royal School of Mines but unable to get a job in Britain emigrated to Australia, where he married. He resigned a Queensland lectureship to invest (with his brother Willy) in an impressively named but cash-strapped gold-mining company which collapsed, the Queensland Minerals Exploration Company. Joseph was appalled; Brian could not support his wife and children or find employment.

In 1891, Hector sent a pessimistic report on a proposed tin mine on Stewart Island, and saw Brian in 1892 and 1893, after he left his family in Australia. Hector ceased to be involved with mining in New Zealand under the new Liberal government. Brian returned to his family in Australia in 1894.{{sfn|Nathan |2016|pp=101-103, 210}}

===Death and burial===
On 10 December 1911, after a short and apparently minor illness, Hooker died in his sleep at home, the Camp, Sunningdale, Berkshire. The Dean and Chapter of Westminster Abbey offered a grave near Darwin's in the nave but insisted that Hooker be cremated before.{{sfn|Hall|1966|p=49}}

His widow, Hyacinth, declined the proposal and eventually Hooker's body was buried, as he wished to be, alongside his father in the churchyard of St Anne's Church, Kew, a short distance from [[Organization:Kew Gardens|Kew Gardens]]. His memorial tablet in the church, with a motif of five plants, was designed by Matilda Smith.<ref name=kewguild.org.uk />

==Work==

=== Voyage to the Antarctic 1839–1843 ===

Hooker's first expedition, led by James Clark Ross, consisted of two ships, {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} and {{HMS|Terror|1813|6}}; it was the last major voyage of exploration made entirely under sail.<ref name="CoolAntarctica">{{cite web|last=Ward|first= Paul|date= 2001|url=http://www.coolantarctica.com/Antarctica%20fact%20file/History/antarctic_ships/erebus_terror_antarctica.htm|title= Erebus and Terror – The Antarctic Expedition 1839–1843, James Clark Ross|work=Cool Antarctica}}</ref> Hooker was the youngest of the 128-man crew. He sailed on the ''Erebus'' and was assistant to Robert McCormick, who in addition to being the ship's Surgeon was instructed to collect zoological and geological specimens.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|p= 18}} The ships sailed on 30 September 1839. Before journeying to Antarctica they visited Madeira, [[Earth:Tenerife|Tenerife]], Santiago and Quail Island in the Cape Verde archipelago, St Paul Rocks, [[Earth:Trindade and Martim Vaz|Trindade]] east of Brazil, St Helena, and the Cape of Good Hope. Hooker made plant collections at each location and while travelling drew these and specimens of [[Biology:Algae|algae]] and sea life pulled aboard using tow nets.

From the Cape they entered the Southern Ocean. Their first stop was the Crozet Islands where they set down on Possession Island to deliver coffee to sealers. They departed for the Kerguelen Islands where they would spend several days. Hooker identified 18 flowering plants, 35 [[Biology:Moss|moss]]es and [[Biology:Marchantiophyta|liverworts]], 25 [[Biology:Lichen|lichen]]s and 51 algae, including some that were not described by surgeon William Anderson when James Cook had visited the islands in 1772.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|pp= 36–42}} The expedition spent some time in Hobart, Van Diemen's Land, and then moved on to the [[Earth:Auckland Islands|Auckland Islands]] and Campbell Island, and onward to Antarctica to locate the South Magnetic Pole. After spending 5 months in the Antarctic they returned to resupply in Hobart, then went on to Sydney, and the Bay of Islands in New Zealand from 18 August to 23 November 1841.<ref name="CSH">{{cite journal|last1=Hooker  |first1=J.D.|title= Joseph Dalton Hooker in the Bay of Islands: 18 August to 23 November 1841|url= http://www.colensostudy.id.au/Newsletters/Year%202018/Hooker%20in%20the%20Bay%20of%20Islands.pdf|date= 3 March 2018 |journal= Colenso Society (Supplement)|volume=9|issue=3|pages=1–76}}</ref><!-- He was guided in New Zealand by William Colenso--> They left New Zealand to return to Antarctica. After spending 138 days at sea, and a collision between the ''Erebus'' and ''Terror,'' they sailed to the Falkland Islands, to [[Earth:Tierra del Fuego|Tierra del Fuego]], back to the Falklands and onward to their third sortie into the Antarctic. When Hooker arrived on the Falkland Islands with the expedition of Ross, he developed a close friendship with Richard Clement Moody, the Governor of the Falkland Islands.<ref name="DFB James Ross">{{Cite web | title = ROSS, Sir JAMES CLARK | last = Gurney | first = Alan | work = Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia | date = n.d. | access-date = 8 June 2018 | url = https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/ross_sir | publisher=  David Tatham }}</ref> Moody granted Hooker full use of his personal library, which Hooker described as 'excellent',<ref name="DFB Hooker">{{Cite web | title = HOOKER, Sir JOSEPH DALTON | last = Desmond | first = Ray | work = Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia | date = n.d. | access-date = 8 June 2018 | url = https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/hooker_sir | publisher=  David Tatham }}</ref> and Hooker described Moody as 'a very active and intelligent young man, most anxious to improve the colony and gain every information [sic] respecting its products'.<ref name="DFB Richard Clement Moody">{{Cite web | title = MOODY, RICHARD CLEMENT | last = Tatham | first = David | work = Dictionary of Falklands Biography including South Georgia | date = n.d. | access-date = 8 June 2018 | url = https://www.falklandsbiographies.org/biographies/moody_richard | publisher= David Tatham  }}</ref>

Subsequently, the Ross expedition made a landing at Cockburn Island off the Antarctic Peninsula, and after leaving the Antarctic, stopped at the Cape, St Helena and Ascension Island. The ships arrived back in England on 4 September 1843; the voyage had been a success for Ross as it was the first to confirm the existence of the southern continent and chart much of its coastline.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|p= 85}}

===Geological Survey of Great Britain===
In 1845, Hooker applied for the Chair of Botany at the [[Organization:University of Edinburgh|University of Edinburgh]]. This position included duties at the Royal Botanic Gardens of Scotland, and so the appointment was influenced by local politicians. An unusually protracted struggle ensued, resulting in the election of the locally born and bred botanist, [[Biography:John Hutton Balfour|John Hutton Balfour]]. The Darwin correspondence, now public, makes clear Darwin's sense of shock at this unexpected outcome.<ref>{{cite web|author=Darwin, Charles|date=28 October 1845|title=Letter of Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 28 October 1845|work=Darwin Correspondence Project|publisher=[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/entry-922|access-date=22 August 2010|quote=I cannot get over my surprise at the result, so confident did I feel about it, knowing who your competitors were.}}</ref> Hooker declined a chair at Glasgow University which became vacant on Balfour's appointment. Instead, he took a position as botanist to the Geological Survey of Great Britain in 1846. He began work on palaeobotany, searching for fossil plants in the coal-beds of Wales, eventually discovering the first [[Earth:Coal ball|coal ball]] in 1855. He became engaged to Frances Henslow, daughter of [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]'s botany tutor John Stevens Henslow, but he was keen to continue to travel and gain more experience in the field. He wanted to travel to India and the Himalayas. In 1847 his father nominated him to travel to India and collect plants for [[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Kew]]. In 2011, a collection of glass plate slides of paleontological fossils, some prepared by Darwin, [[Biography:William Nicol (geologist)|William Nicol]] and others, which had been lost following Hooker's brief tenure with the Survey, were rediscovered in the Survey vaults in Keyworth in Nottinghamshire, and they shed light on the international breadth of English scientific research in the first half of the nineteenth century.<ref>{{cite web|title=J D Hooker slide collection|url=http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/geologyOfBritain/archives/jdhooker/home.html|website=British Geological Survey|access-date=19 August 2016}}</ref>

===Voyage to the Himalayas and India 1847–1851===
[[File:Hooker Himalayan.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.5<!--size for very low image-->|Tibet and Cholamo Lake from the summit of the Donkia Pass, looking North West from Hooker's ''Himalayan Journals''. Hooker reached the pass on 7 November 1849.]]

On 11 November 1847 Hooker left England for his three-year-long Himalayan expedition.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Desmond|first=Ray|date=January 1993|title=Sir Joseph Hooker and India|journal=The Linnean|volume=9|issue=1|pages=27–49}}</ref> This was just 10 days after being granted two and a half years‘ leave from the Geological Survey to study fossil plants in India and Borneo on behalf of Kew and the Admiralty.<ref>Henry de la Beche to Lord Morpeth, 1 November 1847, [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1258993691/view]</ref> He would be the first European to collect plants in the Himalaya, but abandoned the projected visit to Labuan. He received free passage on {{HMS|Sidon|1846|6}}, to the Nile and then travelled overland to [[Place:Suez|Suez]] where he boarded a ship to India. He arrived in [[Place:Kolkata|Calcutta]] on 12 January 1848, leaving on 28th to begin his travels with a geological survey party under 'Mr Williams', who he left on 3 March to continue travelling by elephant to Mirzapur, up the Ganges by boat to Siliguri and overland by pony to Darjeeling, arriving on 16 April 1848.

Hooker's expedition was based in Darjeeling where he stayed with naturalist Brian Houghton Hodgson. Through Hodgson he met British East India Company representative Archibald Campbell who negotiated Hooker's admission to Sikkim, which was finally approved in 1849 (He was later briefly taken prisoner by the Raja of Sikkim). Meanwhile, Hooker wrote to Darwin relaying to him the habits of animals in India, and collected plants in [[Place:Bengal|Bengal]]. He explored with local resident Charles Barnes, then travelled along the Great Runjeet river to its junction with the Teesta River and Tonglu mountain in the Singalila range on the border with Nepal.

[[File:Rhododendron argenteum Hooker.gif|thumb|upright|''Rhododendron argenteum'' illustration by Walter Hood Fitch from ''Rhododendrons of Sikkim Himalaya''.]]

Hooker and a sizeable party of local assistants departed for eastern Nepal on 27 October 1848. They travelled to Zongri, west over the spurs of Kangchenjunga, and north west along Nepal's passes into [[Place:Tibet|Tibet]]. In April 1849 he planned a longer expedition into Sikkim. Leaving on 3{{nbsp}}May, he travelled north west up the Lachen Valley to the Kongra Lama Pass and then to the Lachoong Pass. Campbell and Hooker were imprisoned by the Dewan of Sikkim as they travelled towards the Cho La in Tibet.<ref name=Darwin>[http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=letter&pkey=1558 Letter number 1558: To J.D. Hooker. 10 March 1854.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061015094131/http://darwin.lib.cam.ac.uk/perl/nav?pclass=letter&pkey=1558 |date=15 October 2006 }} The Darwin Correspondence Online Database.</ref>{{sfn|Sanyal|1896|p=34}} A British team was sent to negotiate with the king of Sikkim. However, they were released without any bloodshed and Hooker returned to Darjeeling, where he spent January and February 1850 writing his journals, replacing specimens lost during his detention and planning a journey for his last year in India. According to an 1887 journal written by Indian administrator Richard Temple, many of the [[Biology:Rhododendron|rhododendron]]s found in English gardens of the time were grown from seeds collected by Hooker in Sikkim.{{sfn|Temple|1887|p=150}}

Reluctant to return to Sikkim, and unenthusiastic about travelling in Bhutan, he chose to make his last Himalayan expedition to Sylhet and the Khasi Hills in Assam. He was accompanied by Thomas Thomson, a fellow student from Glasgow University. They left Darjeeling on 1 May 1850, then sailed to the Bay of Bengal and travelled overland by elephant to the Khasi Hills and established a headquarters for their studies in Churra, where they stayed until 9 December, when they began their trip back to England.

Hooker's survey of hitherto unexplored regions, the ''Himalayan Journals'', dedicated to [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]], was published by the Calcutta Trigonometrical Survey Office in 1854, abbreviated again in 1855 and later by the Minerva Library of Famous Books published by Ward, Lock, Bowden & Co. in 1891.
[[File:Hooker_Frank_Stone.jpg|thumb|left|An 1854 illustration showing Hooker with his Lepcha collectors in Sikkim (Mezzotint by William Walker after a painting by Frank Stone)]]
When Hooker returned to England his father, who had been appointed director of the [[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]] in 1841, was now a prominent man of science. William Hooker, through his connections, secured an Admiralty grant of £1000 to defray the cost of plates for his son's ''Botany of the Antarctic Voyages'', and an annual stipend of £200 for Joseph while he worked on the flora. Hooker's flora was also to include that collected on the voyages of Cook and Menzies held by the British Museum and collections made on the ''Beagle''. The floras were illustrated by Walter Hood Fitch (trained in botanical illustration by William Hooker), who would go on to become the most prolific Victorian botanical artist.

Hooker's collections from the Antarctic voyage were described eventually in one of two volumes published as the ''Flora Antarctica'' (1844–47). In the ''Flora'' he wrote about islands and their role in plant geography: the work made Hooker's reputation as a systemist and plant geographer.{{sfn|Desmond|1999|p= 91}} His works on the voyage were completed with ''Flora Novae-Zelandiae'' (1851–53) and ''Flora Tasmaniae'' (1853–59).

=== Voyage to Palestine 1860 ===
This trip was taken in the autumn of 1860, with Daniel Hanbury. They visited and collected in [[Place:Syria|Syria]] and [[Place:Palestine (region)|Palestine]]; no full-length report was published, but a number of papers were written. Hooker recognised three phytogeographical divisions: Western Syria and Palestine; Eastern Syria and Palestine; Middle and Upper mountain regions of Syria.{{sfn|Turrill|1963|pp=110–113}}

=== Voyage to Morocco 1871 ===
Hooker visited Morocco from April to June 1871, in the company of John Ball, George Maw and a young gardener from Kew, called Crump.{{sfn|Hooker| Ball|Maw|1878}} They published an account of their travels entitled ''Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas'' (1878).

=== Voyage to Western United States 1877 ===
This was undertaken with his friend Asa Gray, the leading American botanist of the day. They wished to investigate the connection between the floras of eastern United States and those of eastern continental Asia and Japan; and the line of demarcation between Arctic floras of America and [[Place:Greenland|Greenland]]. As probable causes they considered the Glacial periods and an earlier land connection with an Arctic continent. "A difficult question was why in the great mountain chains of the Western United States there appeared to be only a few botanical enclaves of plants of eastern-Asiatic afinities among plants of Mexican and more southern types."{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=165}}

Hooker visited a number of cities and botanical institutions before moving west and climbing to 9,000&nbsp;ft to camp at La Veta. From Fort Garland they climbed the Sierra Blanca at 14,500&nbsp;ft. After returning to La Veta, they went beyond Colorado Springs to Pike's Peak. Next to Denver and Salt Lake City for an excursion into the Wasatch Range. A journey of 29 hours took them to Reno and Carson City, then Silver City and ten days by wagon across the Sierra Nevada. Thus they came to the Yosemite and Calaveras Grove, and ended up in San Francisco. Hooker was back in Kew with 1,000 dried specimens by October.

His comments on his encounters include the following:
* After meeting and talking to Brigham Young, whom he described as respectable and well-spoken: "All the school children are brought up to believe in him [Brigham Young], and in a lot of scripture history as useless and idle as that taught in our schools."
* Of Georgetown: the "finger-tip of civilisation" where "the people sleep without locks to their doors, the fire-engines are well-manned and in capital order, and there is no end of food".
* "The New Englanders are most like us in language, speech and habits... The Americans are great and promiscuous eaters... beds are remarkably clean and good, but the pillows are too soft."{{sfn|Turrill|1963|pp=167–168}}

His views on the flora of Colorado and Utah: There are two temperate, and two cold or mountain floras, viz: 1. a prairie flora derived from the eastward; 2. a so-called desert and saline flora derived from the west; 3. a sub-alpine; 4. an [[Earth:Alpine tundra|alpine flora]], the two latter of widely different origin, and in one sense proper to the Rocky Mountain ranges.<ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1038/016539a0 |author=Hooker J.D. |year=1877|journal=Nature|volume=16|pages=539–540|title=Notes on the Botany of the Rocky Mountains|issue=417|bibcode = 1877Natur..16..539H |url=https://zenodo.org/record/1429225|doi-access=free}}</ref>

His overview of North American flora contained these elements:
:Polar area, from the Behring Strait to [[Place:Greenland|Greenland]].
:British North American flora, south of the Arctic flora, in five meridional belts.
:United States flora, in belts:
::The Great Eastern Forest region, from the Atlantic to beyond the Mississippi.
::The Prairie region.
::The Sink region, confined to gullies of the mountains.
::The Sierra Nevada.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Hooker J.D.|year= 1879|title= The distribution of the North American flora|journal=Proceedings of the Royal Institution|jstor=2448770|volume=13|issue=3|pages=155–170}}</ref>

===Darwin and evolution===
[[File:Joseph Dalton Hooker NLM1.jpg|left|thumb|Engraving of Hooker by Charles Henry Jeens (1827–1879)]]
While on the ''Erebus'', Hooker had read proofs of [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Charles Darwin]]'s ''[[Biology:The Voyage of the Beagle|Voyage of the Beagle]]'' provided by Charles Lyell and had been very impressed by Darwin's skill as a naturalist. They had met once, before the Antarctic voyage embarked.{{efn|Hooker had met Darwin for the first time before leaving on the ''Erebus''. Apparently, they met in Trafalgar Square,{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=74|loc=Ch. 5 ''Hooker and Darwinism''}} but without quoting source). The voyages of {{HMS|Beagle}} and {{HMS|Erebus|1826|6}} (and {{HMS|Terror|1813|2}}) coincided at several points; for example, they both visited the Falkland Isles, Australia (Sydney, at least), and New Zealand.}} After Hooker's return to England, he was approached by Darwin who invited him to classify the plants that Darwin had collected in South America and the [[Earth:Galápagos Islands|Galápagos Islands]].<ref name=Letter714>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-714.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 714 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (13 or 20 November 1843) }}</ref> Hooker agreed and the pair began a lifelong friendship. On 11 January 1844 Darwin mentioned to Hooker his early ideas on the [[Biology:Transmutation of species|transmutation of species]] and [[Biology:Natural selection|natural selection]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-729.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 729 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., (11 January 1844)|access-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> and Hooker showed interest.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-734.html|title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 734 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., 29 January 1844|access-date=8 February 2008}}</ref> In 1847 he agreed to read Darwin's "Essay" explaining the theory,<ref name=Letter1058>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1058.html#back-mark-1058.f5 |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1058 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 8 (February 1847) |access-date=8 March 2009 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20121223024920/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1058.html%23back-mark-1058.f5 |archive-date=23 December 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and responded with notes giving Darwin calm critical feedback.<ref name=Letter1066>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1066.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 1066 – Hooker, J. D. to Darwin, C. R., (c. 4 March 1847) |access-date=8 March 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070915142158/http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-1066.html |archive-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Their correspondence continued throughout the development of Darwin's theory and in 1858 Darwin wrote that Hooker was "the one living soul from whom I have constantly received sympathy".<ref name=Letter2345>{{cite web |url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/darwinletters/calendar/entry-2345.html |title=Darwin Correspondence Project – Letter 2345 – Darwin, C. R. to Hooker, J. D., 20 (October 1858) |access-date=11 March 2009}}</ref>

{{harvnb|Freeman|1978|p=}} wrote "Hooker was Charles Darwin's greatest friend and confidant". Certainly they had extensive correspondence, and they also met face-to-face (Hooker visiting Darwin). Hooker and Lyell were the two people Darwin consulted (by letter) when [[Biography:Alfred Russel Wallace|Alfred Russel Wallace]]'s famous letter arrived at Down House, enclosing his paper on natural selection. Hooker was instrumental in creating the device whereby the Wallace paper was accompanied by Darwin's notes and his letter to Asa Gray (showing his prior realisation of natural selection) in a presentation to the Linnean Society. Hooker was the one who formally presented this material to the Linnean Society meeting in 1858. In 1859 the author of ''The Origin of Species'' recorded his indebtedness to Hooker's wide knowledge and balanced judgment.

In December 1859, Hooker published the ''Introductory Essay to the Flora Tasmaniae'', the final part of the Botany of the Antarctic Voyage. It was in this essay (which appeared just one month after the publication of Charles Darwin's ''On the Origin of Species''), that Hooker announced his support for the theory of evolution by natural selection, thus becoming the first recognised man of science to publicly back Darwin.

At the [[Religion:1860 Oxford evolution debate|historic debate on evolution]] held at the Oxford University Museum on 30 June 1860, Bishop Samuel Wilberforce, [[Biography:Sir Benjamin Collins Brodie, 1st Baronet|Benjamin Brodie]] and Robert FitzRoy spoke against Darwin's theory, and Hooker and [[Biography:Thomas Henry Huxley|Thomas Henry Huxley]] defended it.{{sfn|Jensen| 1991|ps=:Ch 3 is an excellent survey, and its notes gives references to all the eyewitness accounts except Newton: see notes 61, 66, 67, 78, 79, 80, 81, 84, 86, 87, 89, 90, 93, 95|pp=208–211}}{{sfn|Wollaston|1921|p=118–120}}<ref>Huxley to Dr FD Dyster, 9 September 1860, Huxley Papers 15.117.</ref><ref name=lucas>{{cite journal|last=Lucas|first=JR|title=Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter|journal=The Historical Journal|volume=22|issue=2|pages=313–330|date=June 1979|url=http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html|doi=10.1017/S0018246X00016848|pmid=11617072|s2cid=19198585|access-date=19 February 2008|archive-date=27 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200627072321/http://users.ox.ac.uk/~jrlucas/legend.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> According to Hooker's own account, it was he and not Huxley who delivered the most effective reply to Wilberforce's arguments.<ref name=lucas/><ref name=thomson>Thomson, Keith Stewart (2000). "[http://www.americanscientist.org/issues/pub/huxley-wilberforce-and-the-oxford-museum Huxley, Wilberforce and the Oxford Museum]", ''American Scientist'', May–June 2000. Retrieved on 7 January 2009.</ref>

Hooker acted as president of the British Association at its Norwich meeting of 1868, when his address was remarkable for its championship of Darwinian theories. He was a close friend of [[Biography:Thomas Henry Huxley|Thomas Henry Huxley]], a member of the X-Club (which dominated the Royal Society in the 1870s and early 1880s), and the first of the three X-Clubbers in succession to become President of the Royal Society. In 1862, he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences.

===Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew===
[[File:Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker.jpg|thumb|upright|Hooker in the 1860s during his period at Kew]]

By his travels and his publications, Hooker built up a high scientific reputation at home. In 1855 he was appointed Assistant-Director of the [[Organization:Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew|Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew]], and in 1865 he succeeded his father as full Director, holding the post for twenty years. Under the directorship of father and son Hooker, the Royal Botanic gardens of Kew rose to world renown. At the age of thirty, Hooker was elected a fellow of the Royal Society, and in 1873 he was chosen its president (till 1877). He received three of its medals: the Royal Medal in 1854, the [[Physics:Copley Medal|Copley]] in 1887 and the Darwin Medal in 1892. He continued to intersperse work at Kew with foreign exploration and collecting. His journeys to Palestine, Morocco and the United States all produced valuable information and specimens for Kew.

He started the series ''Flora Indica'' in 1855, together with Thomas Thompson. Their botanical observations and the publication of the ''Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya'' (1849–51), formed the basis of elaborate works on the [[Biology:Rhododendron|rhododendron]]s of the Sikkim {{wipe|Himalaya}} and on the flora of India. His works were illustrated with lithographs by Walter Hood Fitch.

His greatest botanical work was the ''Flora of British India'', published in seven volumes starting in 1872. On the publication of the last part in 1897, he was promoted Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India (being made a Knight Commander of that Order in 1877). Ten years later, on attaining the age of ninety in 1907, he was awarded the Order of Merit.

He was the author of numerous scientific papers and monographs, and his larger books included, in addition to those already mentioned, a standard ''Students Flora of the British Isles'' and a monumental work, the ''Genera plantarum''{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1876|p=}} (1860–83), based on the collections at Kew, in which he had the assistance of George Bentham. His collaboration with George Bentham was especially important. Bentham, an amateur botanist who worked at Kew for many years, was perhaps the leading botanical systematist of the 19th century.{{sfn|Isely|2002|p=163}} ''The Handbook of the British flora'', begun by Bentham and completed by Hooker, was the standard text for a hundred years. It was always known as 'Bentham & Hooker'.

In 1904, at the age of 87, Hooker published ''A sketch of the Vegetation of the Indian Empire''. He continued the compilation of his father Sir William Jackson Hooker's project, Icones Plantarum (Illustrations of Plants), producing volumes eleven through nineteen, with most of the illustrations being prepared for him by Matilda Smith.

====Attacks on Hooker and on Kew====
The [[Biology:Herbarium|Herbarium]] at Kew was founded in 1853, and quickly grew in size and importance. At the time, Richard Owen was the Superintendent of the natural history departments of the British Museum, reporting only to the Head of the British Museum. Hooker, appointed in 1855 as Assistant Director of Kew, was the man most responsible for bringing foreign specimens to Kew.

{{blockquote|There is no doubt that rivalry resulted between the British Museum, where there was the very important Herbarium of the Department of Botany, and Kew. The rivalry at times became extremely personal, especially between Joseph Hooker and Owen. ... At the root was Owen's feeling that Kew should be subordinate to the British Museum (and to Owen) and should not be allowed to develop as an independent scientific institution with the advantage of a great botanic garden.{{efn|{{harvnb|Turrill|1963|p=90}} This rivalry between the two institutions is even more important than the characters of the two men. Owen's character was widely traduced after his treatment of Gideon Mantell, and Hooker was "impulsive and somewhat peppery in temper".{{sfn|Barlow|Darwin|1958|p=105}} }} }}

[[File:Sir Richard Owen. Photograph by Ernest Edwards, 1867. Wellcome V0028401.jpg|thumb|left|Sir Richard Owen opposed Hooker in his planned expansion of Kew ''Photograph: Ernest Edwards, 1867'']]

The relationship between the two men continued to deteriorate after Hooker became a supporter of Darwin’s views and a member of the X-Club, who set out to get their way with the Royal Society. In 1868 Hooker had proposed that the whole of the huge herbarium collection of Joseph Banks should be moved from the British Museum to Kew, a reasonable idea, but a threat to Owen's plans for a museum in South Kensington to house the natural history collections. Hooker cited mismanagement at the British Museum as a justification.{{sfn|Endersby|2008a|p=}}{{sfn|Endersby|2008}}

After Joseph had succeeded his father as Director, in 1865, the independence of Kew was seriously threatened by the machinations of a member of parliament, Acton Smee Ayrton, whose appointment as First Commissioner of Works by Gladstone in 1869 was greeted in ''The Times'' with the prophecy that it would prove "another instance of Mr. Ayrton's unfortunate tendency to carry out what he thinks right in as unpleasant a manner as possible".{{sfn|Huxley|1918|loc= Ch. XXXV The Ayrton Episode| p= 161}} This was relevant because Kew was funded by the Board of Works, and the Director of Kew reported to the First Commissioner. The conflict between the two men lasted from 1870 to 1872, and there is a voluminous correspondence on the Ayrton Episode held at Kew.

[[File:Acton Smee Ayrton, Vanity Fair, 1869-10-23.jpg|thumb|Owen was supported in parliament by Acton Smee Ayrton ''Caracature, Vanity Fair, 1869'']]

Ayrton behaved in an extraordinary way, interfering in matters and approaching Hooker's colleagues behind his back, apparently with the aim of getting Hooker to resign, when the expenditure on Kew could be curtailed and diverted. Ayrton actually took staff appointments out of Hooker's hands.<ref>Letter 8176 in the Darwin Correspondence Project (full text not yet available).</ref> He seemed not to value the scientific work, and to believe Kew should be just an amusement park. Hooker wrote:

{{blockquote|My life has become utterly detestable and I do long to throw up the Directorship. What can be more humiliating than two years of wrangling with such a creature!|source=Hooker to Bentham, 2 February 1872, in {{harvnb|Huxley|1918|loc= Chapter XXXV The Ayrton Episode|p=165}} }}

Finally, Hooker asked to be put in communication with Gladstone's private secretary, Algernon West. A statement was drawn up over the signatures of [[Biography:Charles Darwin|Darwin]], Lyell, [[Biography:Thomas Henry Huxley|Huxley]], [[Biography:John Tyndall|Tyndall]], Bentham and others. It was laid before Parliament by John Lubbock, and additional papers laid before the House of Lords. Lord Derby called for all the correspondence on the matter. The Treasury supported Hooker and criticised Ayrton's behaviour.{{efn|An important Treasury Minute, dated 24 July, admits the justice of Dr. Hooker's remonstrance. It was very plain speaking to say that "the Lords of the Treasury are not surprised that in various cases Dr. Hooker should have thought that he had just cause of complaint", and "they direct so decidedly that in all matters connected with the scientific branch of the Gardens Dr. Hooker's opinion should be followed, subject only to the consideration of expense, and lay down so distinctly his right to be consulted in all matters relating to the management of the establishment".{{sfn|Huxley|1918|p= 173}} }}

One extraordinary fact emerged. There had been an official report on Kew, which had not previously been seen in public, which Ayrton had caused to be written by Richard Owen.{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=124}} Hooker had not seen the report, and so had not been given right of reply. Nonetheless, the report was amongst the papers laid before Parliament, and it contained an attack on both the Hookers, and suggested (amongst much else) that they had mismanaged the care of their trees, and that their systematic approach to botany was nothing more than "attaching barbarous binomials to foreign weeds".{{efn|{{harvnb|Turrill|1963|p=90}} Richard Owen was Ayrton's main supporter, and "attacked Hooker right and left". No doubt he remembered Hooker's 1868 proposal to seize the Banks herbarium.}} The discovery of this report no doubt helped to sway opinion in favour of Hooker and Kew (there was debate in the press as well as Parliament). Hooker replied to the Owen report in a point by point factual manner, and his reply was placed with the other papers on the case. When Ayrton was questioned about it in the debate led by Lubbock,<ref>In the Commons, 8 August 1872 (Hansard)</ref> he replied that "Hooker was too low an official to raise questions of matter with a Minister of the Crown".{{sfn|Turrill|1963|p=125}}

The outcome was not a vote in the Commons, but a kind of truce until, in August 1874, Gladstone transferred Ayrton from the Board of Works to the office of Judge Advocate-General, just before his government fell. Ayrton failed to get re-elected to Parliament. From that moment to this, the value of the Botanic Gardens has never been seriously questioned. In the midst of this crisis, Hooker was elected as President of the Royal Society in 1873. This showed publicly the high regard which Hooker's fellow scientists had for him, and the great importance they attached to his work.

==Honours and commemoration==
* 1847 Fellow of the Royal Society
* 1869 Companion of the Order of the Bath{{sfn|Huxley|1918|p=146}}
*1869 Election to the American Philosophical Society<ref>{{Cite web|title=APS Member History|url=https://search.amphilsoc.org/memhist/search?year=1869;year-max=1869;smode=advanced;startDoc=21|access-date=2021-04-26|website=search.amphilsoc.org}}</ref> 
* 1877 Knight Commander of the Order of the Star of India
* 1873 President of the Royal Society
* 1883 Founder's Medal of the Royal Geographical Society
* 1885 Foreign member of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dwc.knaw.nl/biografie/pmknaw/?pagetype=authorDetail&aId=PE00000957 |title=J.D. Hooker (1817–1911) |publisher=Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences |access-date=19 July 2015}}</ref>
* 1897 Knight Grand Commander of the Order of the Star of India
* 1902 Pour le Mérite from the [[History:Kingdom of Prussia|Kingdom of Prussia]], awarded by the German Emperor<ref>{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Court Circular |date=2 June 1902 |page=11 |issue=36783}}</ref>
* 1907 Order of Merit

Hooker Oak in Chico, California, was named after him.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=BbYaAAAAIBAJ&pg=1093%2C2774155 | title=Sycamore is largest tree for hardwood | work=The Pittsburgh Press | date=24 January 1916 | access-date=15 October 2015 | pages=3}}</ref>
Hooker Island in Franz Josef Land was named after him following its 1880 discovery.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Capelotti |first1=Peter Joseph |last2=Forsberg |first2=Magnus |title=The place names of Zemlya Frantsa-Iosifa: Leigh Smith's Eira expeditions, 1880 and 1881–1882 |journal=Polar Record |date=2015 |volume=51 |issue=256 |pages=16–23 |doi=10.1017/S0032247413000429|s2cid=129006829 }} p. 17.</ref>

===Taxa named in honour===
* There are number (at least 30) of plants with specific name ''hookeri'' and ''hookeriana'' Many of them are named in honour of Joseph Dalton Hooker. Including; ''Banksia hookeriana'', ''[[Biology:Grevillea hookeriana|Grevillea hookeriana]]'', ''[[Biology:Iris hookeriana|Iris hookeriana]]'', ''Polygonatum hookeri'', Tainia hookeriana, orchid species in Southern Taiwan.and ''[[Biology:Sarcococca hookeriana|Sarcococca hookeriana]]''.{{sfn|Brittain|2006|p=96}}{{sfn|Gordon|2005|p=84}}
* land snail ''[[Biology:Notodiscus hookeri|Notodiscus hookeri]]'' (Reeve, 1854)
* Sea Lion: New Zealand or Hooker's Sea Lion ''Phocarctos hookeri'' (Gray, 1844)

==Selected publications==
* 1844–1859: ''Flora Antarctica: the botany of the Antarctic voyage''. 3 vols, 1844 (general), 1853 (New Zealand), 1859 (Tasmania). Reeve, London.
* 1864–1867: ''Handbook of the New Zealand flora''
* 1849: ''Niger flora''
* 1849–1851: ''The Rhododendrons of Sikkim–Himalaya''
* 1854: ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/60447#/summary Himalayan Journals, or notes of a naturalist, in Bengal, the Sikkim and Nepal Himalayas, Khasia Mountains ...]''
* 1855: ''Illustrations of Himalayan plants''
* 1855: ''Flora indica'', with Thomas Thomson
* 1858: {{cite book|last=Bentham|first=George |title=Handbook of the British Flora: A Description of the Flowering Plants and Ferns Indigenous To, Or Naturalized In, the British Isles : for the Use of Beginners and Amateurs|url=https://archive.org/details/b21495890|year=1858|publisher=L. Reeve|display-authors=0}} ("Bentham & Hooker")
* 1859: ''A century of Indian orchids''
* 1859: ''Introductory Essay to the Flora of Australia''{{sfn|Maiden|1892|p=13}}
* 1862–1883: {{cite book|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=L411AW5zSpIC|volume=Primum, Sistens Dicotyledonum Polypetalarum Ordines LXXXIII: Ranunculareas—Cornaceas|year=1867|publisher=Reeve & Co.|location=London|author1=Bentham, George|author2=Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton|display-authors=0}} with George Bentham
* 1862–1883: {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=George |last2=Hooker|first2=John D.|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in Herbariis kewensibus servata definita Vol. Secundi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmhJAAAAYAAJ|year=1876|publisher=Reeve & Company|location=London|language=la|display-authors=0}} with George Bentham
* 1870; 1878: ''The student's flora of the British Isles''. Macmillan, London.
* 1872–1897: {{cite book|title=The Flora of British India: Volume V, Chenopodiaceæ to Orchideæ |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R4YCAAAAYAAJ|year=1890|publisher=L. Reeve & Co.|location=London|author1=Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton|isbn=0-913196-29-0|display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book|last1=Le Maout|first1=Emmanuel|last2=Decaisne|first2=Joseph|editor1-last=Hooker|author-link2=Joseph Decaisne|editor1-first=Joseph Dalton|title=A General System of Botany, Descriptive and Analytical in two parts|date=1873|orig-year=1867|trans-title=Traité général de botanique|publisher=Longmans Green|location=London|url=https://archive.org/details/cu31924001400484|others=trans. Frances Harriet Hooker|display-authors=0|display-editors=0}} with Emmanuel Le Maout
* 1878: ''Journal of a Tour in Marocco and The Great Atlas''. Macmillan, London. with John Ball
* 1898–1900: ''Handbook to the Ceylon flora''
* 1904–1906: ''An epitome to the British Indian species of Impatiens''

==Standard author abbreviation==
{{botanist|Hook.f.|Hooker, Joseph Dalton}}

==See also==
* Bentham & Hooker system
* [[European and American voyages of scientific exploration]]

==References==
===Notes===
{{notelist}}

===Citations===
{{Reflist|refs=

<ref name=kewguild.org.uk>{{cite web|url=http://www.kewguild.org.uk/media/pdfs/v3s23p265-1.pdf |title=Miss Matilda Smith|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304185541/http://www.kewguild.org.uk/media/pdfs/v3s23p265-1.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |work=Kew Guild Annual Report|date= 1915}}</ref>

}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin|2|indent=yes}}
* {{cite book|last1= Barlow|first1= Nora|first2=Charles|last2= Darwin|date= 1958|title=The Autobiography of Charles Darwin, 1809–1882: with original omissions restored|publisher=J. Murray|location= London}}
* {{cite book|last=Desmond|first=Ray|title=Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker: Traveller and Plant Collector|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5_AfAQAAIAAJ|year=1999|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|isbn=978-1-85149-305-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Endersby|first=Jim|title=Imperial Nature: Joseph Hooker and the Practices of Victorian Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWfTaDRjVqEC&pg=PA1|year=2008a|publisher=University of Chicago Press|isbn=978-0-226-20791-9}}
*{{cite ODNB|last=Endersby|first= J|title= Hooker, Sir Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)|id=33970|date=24 May 2008}}
* {{cite book|last=Freeman|first=Richard Broke|title=Charles Darwin, a companion|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=htILAQAAIAAJ|year=1978|publisher=W. Dawson|isbn=978-0-208-01739-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Hall|first=Alfred Rupert|title=The Abbey Scientists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=N9wNAQAAIAAJ|year=1966|publisher=R. & R. Nicholson}}
* {{cite book|last1=Hooker|first1=Sir Joseph Dalton|last2=Ball|first2=John|last3=Maw|first3=George|title=Journal of a Tour in Marocco and the Great Atlas|url=https://archive.org/details/journalatourinm00mawgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/journalatourinm00mawgoog/page/n38 1]|year=1878|publisher=Macmillan and Company}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Huxley|editor-first=Leonard|title=Life and Letters of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker O.M., G.C.S.I.|url=https://archive.org/details/lifelettersofsir02hookuoft|year=1918|volume=II|publisher=John Murray|location=London}}
* {{cite book|first=Duane|last=Isely|title=One Hundred and One Botanists|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=an6r8m0JfV8C&pg=PA163|date=2002|publisher=Purdue University Press|isbn=978-1-55753-283-1}}
* {{cite book|last=Jensen|first=John Vernon|title=Thomas Henry Huxley: Communicating for Science|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GINeLJUueCoC&pg=PA63|year=1991|publisher=University of Delaware Press|location=Newark|isbn=978-0-87413-379-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Maiden|first=Joseph Henry|title=A Bibliography of Australian Economic Botany|url=https://archive.org/stream/abibliographyau00maidgoog#page/n24/mode/2up/|publisher=C. Potter, Govt Printer|date=1892}}
*{{cite book |last= Nathan |first= Simon |title= James Hector: explorer, scientist, leader |edition= 2 |orig-year= 2015 |year= 2016 |publisher= Geoscience Society of New Zealand |location= Lower Hutt |isbn= 978-1-877480-46-1 |pages= 101–103, 210 }}
* {{cite book|last=Sanyal|first=Ram Bramha|title=Hours with Nature|url=https://archive.org/details/hourswithnature00sanyrich|page=[https://archive.org/details/hourswithnature00sanyrich/page/n29 1]|year=1896|publisher=S. K. Lahiri and Co}}
*{{cite book|first=Sir Richard Carnac|last=Temple|title=Journals Kept in Hyderabad, Kashmir, Sikkim, and Nepal|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.55440|year=1887|publisher=W.H. Allen}}
* {{cite book|last=Turrill|first=William Bertram|title=Joseph Dalton Hooker: Botanist, Explorer, and Administrator|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eF_PAAAAMAAJ|year=1963|publisher=Thomas Nelson and Sons|location=London}}
* {{cite book|last=Wollaston|first=A.F.R.|date= 1921|title=Life of Alfred Newton: late Professor of Comparative Anatomy, Cambridge University 1866–1907 |location=London |publisher= J. Murray }}
{{refend}}

===Further reading===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book|last=Turrill|first=W. B.|title=Pioneer Plant Geography: The Phytogeographical Researches of Sir Joseph Dalton Hooker|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mXHuCAAAQBAJ|date= 2013|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-017-6758-3|orig-year=1953}}
* {{cite book|last=Turrill|first=W. B.|title=The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Past and Present|location= London|date=1959|publisher=Herbert Jenkins|oclc=11867079}}
* {{cite book|last=Allan|first=Mea |title=The Hookers of Kew, 1785–1911|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZwUmAQAAMAAJ|year=1967|publisher=Joseph}}
{{refend}}

==External links==
*{{npg name}}
* [http://www.kew.org/explore-our-collections/correspondence-collections/joseph-hooker-collections Hooker's letters from the Kew Gardens' archive]
* {{cite web|date=1843–1882|title=Correspondence between Joseph Hooker and Charles Darwin|work=Darwin Correspondence Project|publisher=[[Organization:University of Cambridge|University of Cambridge]]|url=http://www.darwinproject.ac.uk/advanced-search?asc-perpage=50&asc-order=year&as-corresp=Hooker%2C+J.+D.+&asv-content=as-body&intercept=adv&asp-page=0&as-type=letter&Search=Search+for+Letters|access-date=22 August 2010}}
* [http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/collections/darwinhooker Darwin–Hooker Correspondence] at the Cambridge Digital Library
* [https://collections.rhs.org.uk/browse?q=facet,metadata.Record_Type.en.keyword,equals,Archive&q=must,any,contains,Joseph%20Dalton%20Hooker&page=5&limit=48 Hooker's letters from the Royal Horticultural Society's Digital Collections website]
* [http://www.orchids.co.in/orchidologists/joseph-dalton-hooker.shtm Joseph Dalton Hooker]'s work on orchids
* [http://www.botanicus.org/creator/10 "Hooker, Joseph Dalton (1817–1911)" ''Botanicus''] Missouri Botanical Garden Library
* {{Gutenberg author |id=2060| name=Joseph Dalton Hooker}}
** Gutenberg e-text of [https://www.gutenberg.org/ebooks/6478 Hooker's Himalayan Journals]
* {{Internet Archive author |sname=Joseph Dalton Hooker |sopt=t}}
* {{BHL author}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130217234347/http://www.kew.org/news/kew-blogs/library-art-archives/directors-correspondence/index.htm Directors' Correspondence Project] – Correspondence to Joseph Dalton Hooker as Director of The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew

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[[Category:Bryologists]]
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{{Sourceattribution|Joseph Dalton Hooker}}