View source for Biography:Juan Manuel Santos

{{short description|President of Colombia from 2010 to 2018}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| honorific-suffix    = GColIH GCB GColL ODB
| honorific_prefix    = His Excellency
| image               = Juan Manuel Santos in 2018.jpg
| caption             = Santos in 2018
| office              = President of Colombia
| vicepresident       = Angelino Garzón<br />Germán Vargas Lleras<br />Oscar Naranjo
| term_start          = 7 August 2010
| term_end            = 7 August 2018
| order               = 32nd
| predecessor         = Álvaro Uribe
| successor           = Iván Duque
| office1             = President ''pro tempore'' of the Pacific Alliance
| term_start1         = 30 June 2017
| term_end1           = 24 July 2018
| predecessor1        = Michelle Bachelet
| successor1          = Martin Vizcarra
| term_start2         = 23 May 2013
| term_end2           = 20 June 2014
| predecessor2        = Sebastián Piñera
| successor2          = Enrique Peña Nieto
| office3             = Minister of National Defence
| president3          = Álvaro Uribe
| term_start3         = 19 July 2006
| term_end3           = 18 May 2009
| predecessor3        = Camilo Ospina Bernal
| successor3          = Freddy Padilla de León (acting)
| office4             = Minister of Finance and Public Credit
| president4          = Andrés Pastrana Arango
| term_start4         = 7 August 2000
| term_end4           = 7 August 2002
| predecessor4        = Juan Camilo Restrepo Salazar
| successor4          = Roberto Junguito Bonnet
| office5             = Minister of Foreign Trade
| president5          = César Gaviria
| term_start5         = 18 November 1991
| term_end5           = 7 August 1994
| predecessor5        = Position established
| successor5          = Daniel Mazuera Gómez
| office6             = Presidential Designate of Colombia
| president6          = César Gaviria
| term_start6         = 11 August 1993
| term_end6           = 7 August 1994
| predecessor6        = Humberto De la Calle
| successor6          = ''Position abolished''
| birth_name          = Juan Manuel Santos Calderón
| birth_date          = {{birth date and age|1951|8|10|df=yes}}
| birth_place         = [[Place:Bogotá|Bogotá]], Colombia
| death_date          = 
| death_place         = 
| party               = Liberal Party (until 2005)<br />Social Party of National Unity (since 2005)
| spouse              = Silvia Amaya Londoño (divorced)<br />{{marriage|María Clemencia Rodríguez Múnera|1987}}
| children            = Martín<br />María Antonia<br />Esteban
| residence           = 
| alma_mater          = [[Organization:University of Kansas|University of Kansas]] (BA)<br />[[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]] (MSc)<br />[[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] ([[Social:Master of Public Administration|MPA]])
| awards              = Nobel Peace Prize (2016)
| signature           = Juan Manuel Santos Signature.svg
| allegiance          = {{flag|Colombia}}
| branch              = Colombian Navy
| serviceyears        = 1967–1971
}}

'''Juan Manuel Santos Calderón''' {{post-nominals|list=GColIH GCB GColL ODB}} ({{IPA-es|ˈxwan maˈnwel ˈsantos kaldeˈɾon|lang}}; born 10 August 1951) is a Colombian [[Social:Politician|politician]] who was the President of Colombia from 2010 to 2018. He was the sole recipient of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize.

An [[Social:Economist|economist]] by profession and a [[Engineering:Journalist|journalist]] by trade, Santos is a member of the wealthy and influential Santos family, who from 1913 to 2007 were the majority shareholders of ''El Tiempo'', Colombia's newspaper of record.

In 1991, Santos was appointed by President César Gaviria Trujillo as Colombia's first Minister of Foreign Trade. In 2000, he was appointed by President Andrés Pastrana Arango as the 64th Minister of Finance and Public Credit.<ref name="En Sus Puestos">{{cite news |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-1275966 |title=En Sus Puestos |date=18 July 2000 |newspaper=El Tiempo |issn=0121-9987 |oclc=28894254 |location=Bogotá |access-date=28 May 2014 |language=es }}</ref>

Santos rose to prominence during the administration of President Álvaro Uribe Vélez, who was elected in 2002. In 2005, Santos co-founded and led the Social Party of National Unity (Party of the U), a liberal-conservative party coalition that backed the policies of President Uribe, successfully supporting his attempt to seek a constitutional reform to be able to run for a second term. In 2006, after Uribe's re-election, when the Party of the U won a majority of seats in the two chambers of Congress, Santos was appointed as Minister of National Defence, and continued defending the security policies of President Uribe, taking a strong and forceful stance against FARC and the other guerrilla groups operating in Colombia. His time at the Ministry of Defense was tarnished by the "False positives" scandal, the executions of thousands of civilians that the army passed off as guerrillas killed in combat.

In 2010, Santos won the presidential election as the protégé of Uribe.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.elmundo.es/america/2010/05/31/colombia/1275269910.html|title=Santos: 'Presidente Uribe, éste es su triunfo' {{!}} Colombia {{!}} elmundo.es|last=Internet|first=Unidad Editorial|website=El Mundo|location=Spain|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ayNWDwAAQBAJ&q=Quiero+dar+las+gracias+al+presidente+%C3%81lvaro+Uribe+V%C3%A9lez+santos&pg=PT35|title=El nobel|last=Dávila|first=Vicky|date=2018-04-01|publisher=Penguin Random House Grupo Editorial Colombia|isbn=9789585650534|language=es}}</ref> Some months later, Uribe became his strongest opponent, and also founded three years later the opposition party Democratic Center.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/politica/las-peleas-de-juan-manuel-santos-y-alvaro-uribe-en-los-ultimos-6-anos-FY5111214|title=Las peleas que divorciaron a Uribe y Santos|last=Restrepo|first=Estefanía Carvajal|work=elcolombiano.com|access-date=2018-10-26|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/the-americas/2012/04/07/santos-v-uribe|title=Santos v Uribe|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=2018-10-26|language=en}}</ref> This rivalry determined both Santos' unpopularity and his near-missed defeat during the 2014 Colombian presidential election against  Uribe's protégé Óscar Iván Zuluaga.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.semana.com/nacion/articulo/razones-que-explican-la-impopularidad-de-juan-manuel-santos/578012|title=¿Por qué Santos fue tan impopular?|last=Semana|website=Razones que explican la impopularidad de Juan Manuel Santos|date=4 August 2018|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.com/mundo/ultimas_noticias/2014/05/140513_ultnot_zuluaga_adelante_encuesta_hr|title=Colombia: encuesta coloca a Zuluaga derrotando a Santos en primera y segunda vuelta|last=Mundo|first=Redacción BBC|website=BBC News Mundo|date=13 May 2014|language=es|access-date=2018-10-26}}</ref>

On 7 October 2016, Santos was announced as recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts negotiating a peace treaty with the FARC-guerrilla in the country, despite his defeat in the referendum held over the deal, where the "No" campaign led by Uribe's Democratic Center won narrowly.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2016/press.html|title=The Nobel Peace Prize 2016 - Press Release|publisher=Nobel Foundation|access-date=2016-10-07}}</ref> The Colombian government and the FARC signed a revised peace deal on 24 November and sent it to Congress for ratification instead of conducting a second referendum.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-38096179 |title=Colombia signs new peace deal with Farc |date=24 November 2016 |work=BBC News}}</ref> Both houses of Congress ratified the revised peace accord on 29–30 November 2016, marking an end to the conflict. The treaty brought deep divisions and polarization in the country, which questions its legitimacy.<ref name="auto1">{{Cite news |url= https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/the_americas/colombian-congress-approves-historic-peace-deal/2016/11/30/9b2fda92-b5a7-11e6-939c-91749443c5e5_story.html |title= Colombia's congress approves historic peace deal with FARC rebels |date= 30 November 2016 |newspaper= The Washington Post}}</ref> Santos has been named as one of ''{{wipe|Time (magazine)}}''{{'}}s 100 most influential people.<ref name ="time"/> Santos left office with one of the lowest levels of popular approval ever,<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.elcolombiano.com/colombia/aprobacion-de-santos-al-final-de-su-mandato-presidencial-BH9119605|title=Santos termina su Gobierno con una aprobación del 22%|last=Bonces|first=Eduardo|work=elcolombiano.com|access-date=2018-10-26|language=es-ES}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.asuntoslegales.com.co/actualidad/santos-se-despide-con-minimos-de-desaprobacion-2745883|title=Santos se despide con mínimos de desaprobación|last=S.A.S.|first=Editorial La República|access-date=2018-10-26|language=es-CO}}</ref> and his successor was Uribe's new protégé, Iván Duque, a moderate critic of Santos' peace treaty with the FARC guerillas.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.efe.com/efe/america/politica/duque-mi-obsesion-desde-el-primer-dia-de-gobierno-es-la-seguridad/20000035-3676956|title=Duque: "mi obsesión desde el primer día de Gobierno es la seguridad"|work=efe.com|access-date=2018-10-26|language=es}}</ref>

==Life and career==
Santos was born in Bogotá, Colombia. He attended Colegio San Carlos,<ref>{{cite web|title=El Colegio San Carlos ha sido un gran formador de líderes, destacó el Presidente Santos|url=http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Prensa/2011/Febrero/Paginas/20110206_01.aspx|publisher=Colombia, Office of the President|access-date=5 July 2013|location=Bogotá|language=es|date=6 February 2011}}</ref> a private [[Social:Secondary school|secondary school]] in [[Place:Bogotá|Bogotá]], where he spent most of his school years until 1967, when he enlisted in the Colombian Navy and transferred to the Admiral Padilla Naval Cadet School in Cartagena, graduating from it in 1969, and continuing in the Navy until 1971, finishing with the rank of naval cadet NA-42z 139.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.escuelanaval.edu.co/noticias-historial/808-colombia-tiene-un-nuevo-presidente-juan-manuel-santos-calderon-cadete-na-42 |title=Colombia tiene un nuevo Presidente. Juan Manuel Santos Calderon, Cadete NA 42 |trans-title=Colombia has a new President. Juan Manuel Santos Calderon, Cadet NA 42 |language=es |access-date=2010-10-03 |publisher=Escuela Naval de Cadetes |date=2010-08-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707052617/http://www.escuelanaval.edu.co/noticias-historial/808-colombia-tiene-un-nuevo-presidente-juan-manuel-santos-calderon-cadete-na-42 |archive-date=7 July 2011}}</ref>

After leaving the Navy, Santos moved to the United States where he attended the [[Organization:University of Kansas|University of Kansas]]. A member of Delta Upsilon fraternity,<ref>{{cite journal|last=Esau|first=John|title=Colombian President Juan Manuel Santos Visits Delta Upsilon Chapter at the University of Kansas|journal=Delta Upsilon Quarterly|date=November 2012|volume=130|issue=4|pages=38–39|url=https://issuu.com/deltaupsilon/docs/quarterly130no4/40|access-date=5 July 2013|publisher=Delta Upsilon fraternity|location=Indianapolis, IN|oclc=6644516}}</ref> he graduated in 1973 with a Bachelor in Economics and Business Administration.<ref>{{cite web|title=Colombian president to visit KU Sept. 24|url=http://archive.news.ku.edu/2012/september/4/santos.shtml|publisher=[[Organization:University of Kansas|University of Kansas]]|access-date=5 July 2013|location=Lawrence, KS|date=4 September 2012|archive-date=21 June 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130621032628/http://archive.news.ku.edu/2012/september/4/santos.shtml|url-status=dead}}</ref> On 31 October 2017, Santos received an honorary doctorate of human letters from KU.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kite |first=Allison |url=http://cjonline.com/news/state-government/local/2017-10-31/colombian-president-honored-university-kansas-contributions |title=Colombian president honored by University of Kansas for contributions to peace |date=31 October 2017 |access-date=2 November 2017}}</ref>

After graduating from the University of Kansas, Santos served as Chief Executive of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia to the [[Organization:International Coffee Organization|International Coffee Organization]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ico.org/|title=International Coffee Organization - What's New|website=ico.org}}</ref> in London. During this time he also attended the [[Organization:London School of Economics|London School of Economics]], graduating with a Master of Science in Economic Development in 1975.<ref>{{cite web|title = The Legacy of Peace: President Juan Manuel Santos|url =http://www.lse.ac.uk/IDEAS/EVENTS/events/2016/16-11-02-Santos.aspx?from_serp=1|publisher=London School of Economics}}</ref> He then attended the John F. Kennedy School of Government at [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]], graduating with a [[Social:Master of Public Administration|Master of Public Administration]] in 1981.<ref>{{cite web|last=Gavel|first=Doug|title=Kennedy School Alumnus Elected President of Colombia|url=http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/alumnus-colombia-jun10|publisher=John F. Kennedy School of Government|access-date=5 July 2013|location=Cambridge, MA|date=24 June 2010|archive-date=4 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304192403/http://www.hks.harvard.edu/news-events/news/articles/alumnus-colombia-jun10|url-status=dead}}</ref> He returned to Colombia to become Deputy Director of his family owned newspaper ''El Tiempo''. Santos has been a member of the Washington-based think tank the Inter-American Dialogue since 1990, and he previously served as co-chair of the Board of Directors. He was president of the Freedom of Expression Commission for the Inter American Press Association.<ref>{{cite web |title= Juan Manuel Santos|url= http://www.thedialogue.org/experts/juan-manuel-santos/|publisher= thedialogue.org|access-date=5 April 2016}}</ref>

A Fulbright visiting fellow at the Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy at [[Organization:Tufts University|Tufts University]] in 1981,<ref>{{cite magazine|title=Laurels|magazine=Tufts Magazine|year=2010|url=http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2010/planet-tufts/laurels.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101219213507/http://www.tufts.edu/alumni/magazine/fall2010/planet-tufts/laurels.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=19 December 2010|access-date=5 July 2013|location=Medford, MA|issn=1535-5063|oclc=45710313}}</ref> and a Nieman Fellow at [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] in 1988,<ref>{{cite web|title=Class of 1988|url=http://nieman.harvard.edu/NiemanFoundation/NiemanFellowships/MeetTheFellows/AlumniFellows/ClassOf1988.aspx|publisher=Nieman Foundation for Journalism|access-date=5 July 2013|location=Cambridge, MA|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130523173844/http://www.nieman.harvard.edu/NiemanFoundation/NiemanFellowships/MeetTheFellows/AlumniFellows/ClassOf1988.aspx|archive-date=23 May 2013}}</ref> Santos also holds an [[Social:Honorary degree|honorary]] Doctor of Laws degree.

He was Minister of Foreign Trade of Colombia during the administration of President César Gaviria Trujillo from 1991 to 1994 and also the Presidential Designate of Colombia from 1993 to 1994,<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-188182 |title=Retos del Nuevo Gabinete |date=10 November 1991 |newspaper=El Tiempo |issn=0121-9987 |oclc=28894254 |location=Bogotá |access-date=28 May 2014 |language=es }}</ref> Minister of Finance and Public Credit of Colombia during the administration of President Andres Pastrana Arango from 2000 to 2002.<ref name="En Sus Puestos"/> In 1992 he was appointed President of the VIII [[Organization:United Nations Conference on Trade and Development|United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/MAM-31886 |date=8 February 1992 |title=Cita del Mundo al Desarrollo |newspaper=El Tiempo |issn=0121-9987 |oclc=28894254 |location=Bogotá |access-date=28 May 2014 |language=es |first1=Hermógenes |last1=Ardila Durán |first2=Marcela |last2=Escobar}}</ref>

In 1994 Juan Manuel Santos founded the Good Government Foundation, whose stated objective is helping and improving the governability and efficiency of the Colombian Government.<ref>{{cite web|author=Fundacion Buen Gobierno |url=http://www.buengobierno.com/ |title=Portal de Fundacion Buen Gobierno |publisher=Buengobierno.com |access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.colombialink.com/01_INDEX/index_personajes/politica/santos_juan_manuel.html |title=Juan Manuel Santos - Biografia Y Fotos |publisher=ColombiaLink.com |access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.buengobi.org/Hojavida.htm|title=Fundación Buengobierno |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990202054420/http://www.buengobi.org/Hojavida.htm|archive-date=2 February 1999}}</ref> This organization presented a proposal for a demilitarized zone and peace talks with the FARC guerrilla group.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.buengobi.org/paz.htm|title=Propuesta de Paz|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19990209033413/http://www.buengobi.org/paz.htm|archive-date=9 February 1999}}</ref> Juan Manuel Santos has been named as one of Time magazine's 100 most influential people.<ref name ="time">{{Cite magazine |url=http://time.com/collection/2017-time-100/4736328/juan-manuel-santos/|title= Juan Manuel Santos |access-date= 22 April 2017 |magazine= Time}}</ref> Universidade NOVA de Lisboa is granting the Honoris Causa Doctorate title to Juan Manuel Santos.<ref>{{Cite news |url= http://www.unl.pt/en/calendar/nova-atribui-o-titulo-de-doutor-honoris-causa-ao-presidente-da-colombia-13-de-novembro|title= Nova to grant honoris causa doctorate to the president of Colombia - November 13 |access-date= 14 November 2017 |publisher= unl.pt}}</ref>

==Minister of Defense==
{{Unbalanced|date=October 2016}}
[[File:344864k.jpg|thumb|Minister Santos with his counterpart, U.S. Secretary of Defence Robert Gates, during a visit to the Pentagon in 2008]]
Santos also founded the Social Party of National Unity (Party of the U) to support the presidency of Álvaro Uribe.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Juan-Manuel-Santos|title=Juan Manuel Santos {{!}} Biography & Nobel Peace Prize|work=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=2017-12-22|language=en}}</ref> He was named Minister of Defence on 19 July 2006. During his tenure as Defence Minister, the administration dealt a series of blows against the FARC guerrilla group, including the rescue of Fernando Araújo Perdomo, the death of FARC Secretariat member Raúl Reyes (a controversial military raid on Ecuador's border),<ref>{{cite news |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/03/05/oas.colombia/index.html |title=CNN news |publisher=CNN  |date=6 March 2008 |access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref> and the non-violent rescue of former presidential candidate Ingrid Betancourt held captive since 2002, along with fourteen other hostages, including three Americans.<ref name="presidencia1">{{cite web|url=http://www.presidencia.gov.co/prensa_new/ministerios/defensa.htm |title=:: Presidencia de la República de Colombia |publisher=Presidencia.gov.co |access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|author=Karl Penhaul CNN |url=http://www.cnn.com/2008/WORLD/americas/07/15/colombia.red.cross/index.html |title=CNN News |publisher=CNN  |date= 6 August 2008|access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref>

In 2008 the 'false positives' scandal was uncovered, referring to revelations concerning extrajudicial executions carried out by members of the military in order to artificially increase the number of guerrillas killed by the Army and claim rewards from the government.<ref name="Semana-Cuentas">{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/noticias-justicia/cuentas-falsos-positivos/120116.aspx |title=Las cuentas de los falsos positivos |publisher=Semana (Colombia) |date=27 January 2009 |access-date=1 February 2009 |language=es |archive-date=31 January 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090131031621/http://semana.com/noticias-justicia/cuentas-falsos-positivos/120116.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> On 4 November 2008, Santos admitted that the military had carried out extrajudicial executions and he pledged to resolve the issue.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://elespectador.com/articulo88049-el-mindefensa-reconoce-ejecuciones-extrajudiciales |title=El Mindefensa reconoce ejecuciones extrajudiciales |publisher=El Espectador |date=4 November 2008 |access-date=12 August 2010|language=es}}</ref> Twenty-seven military officers, including three generals and eleven colonels, were sacked after an internal army investigation concluded that they were responsible for administrative failures and irregularities in reporting enemy casualties and operational results.<ref name="Semana-Dossier-2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.semana.com/noticias-nacion/dossier-secreto-falsos-positivos/120025.aspx |title=El 'dossier' secreto de los falsos positivos |publisher=Semana (Colombia) |date=25 January 2009 |access-date=7 October 2010 |language=es |archive-date=20 April 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100420040844/http://www.semana.com/noticias-nacion/dossier-secreto-falsos-positivos/120025.aspx |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Commander of the Colombian National Army, General Mario Montoya, resigned.<ref name="MontoyaQuits">{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/7709073.stm |title=Colombian army commander resigns |work=BBC News |date=4 November 2008 |access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref> By May 2009, 67 soldiers had been found guilty and over 400 were arrested pending trial.<ref name="BBC2009-EN-TOXIC">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/americas/8038399.stm|title=Toxic fallout of Colombian scandal |work=BBC News |date=7 May 2009 |access-date=7 October 2010}}</ref>

There are different estimates for the number of civilians who may have been killed in this manner. As of May 2009, prosecutors were investigating more than 900 cases involving over 1,500 victims and 1,177 members of the Colombian security forces.<ref name="BBC2009-EN-TOXIC" /><ref name="BBC2009-ES-TRASPIE">{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/mundo/america_latina/2009/05/090507_2145_capturan_militares_colombia.shtml |title=Traspié en política de seguridad colombiana |work=BBC Mundo |date=8 May 2009 |access-date=7 October 2010|language=es}}</ref> According to the ''Coordinación Colombia-Europa-Estados Unidos'' NGO coalition and the ''Fundación para la Educación y el Desarrollo'', an estimated 3,756 extrajudicial executions occurred between 1994 and 2009, of which 3,084 cases would have taken place after 2002.<ref name="3000estimatesELESPECTADOR">{{cite web |url=http://www.elespectador.com/ejecuciones-extrajudiciales/articulo-204807-colombia-hubo-mas-de-3-mil-ejecuciones-extrajudiciales-e |title=Denuncian más de 3 mil ejecuciones extrajudiciales entre 2002 y 2009 |publisher=El Espectador |date=24 May 2010 |access-date=7 October 2010|language=es}}</ref><ref name="FEDES2010">{{cite web|url=http://www.fedescolombia.org/docs/Informe%20Falsos%20Positivos%20e%20Impunidad.%20FEDES.pdf|title=Soacha: La punta del iceberg. Falsos positivos e impunidad|publisher=Fundación para la Educación y el Desarrollo|year=2010|access-date=7 October 2010|language=es|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101122034220/http://www.fedescolombia.org/docs/Informe%20Falsos%20Positivos%20e%20Impunidad.%20FEDES.pdf|archive-date=22 November 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Families of the victims and non-governmental organisations have held the Uribe administration and Santos, as Defence Minister, responsible for the extrajudicial killings because they consider that the government's reward policies motivated the crimes.<ref name="3000estimatesELESPECTADOR" /><ref name="FEDES2010" /> Directive 029 of 2005 issued under Defence Minister Camilo Ospina Bernal and presidential decree 1400&nbsp;of May 2006 have been questioned for offering incentives and benefits in exchange for capturing or killing members of illegal armed groups.<ref name="BBC2009-ES-TRASPIE" /><ref name="FEDES2010" />

In June 2009, United Nations Special Rapporteur Philip Alston declared that extrajudicial executions had been carried out in a "more or less systematic manner" by numerous Colombian military personnel and found the number of trials for those implicated to be lacking, but stated that he had found no evidence of the executions being an official government policy and acknowledged a decrease in the number of reported cases.<ref name="UNSpecRap2009">{{cite web |url=http://www.elespectador.com/philip-alston/articulo146447-onu-confirma-desalentador-panorama-derechos-humanos |title=ONU confirma desalentador panorama en Derechos Humanos |publisher=El Espectador |date=18 June 2009 |access-date=7 October 2010|language=es}}</ref>

In March 2010, Santos publicly stated these executions had stopped since October 2008 and that this had been confirmed by the CINEP, one of Colombia's foremost human rights defence institutions. ''Semana'', a well-respected weekly magazine, reported that a few days later the CINEP responded to Santos's declarations by issuing a press release which stated that, while the number of reported cases had been significantly reduced after the Defence Ministry's measures were announced, the period between November 2008 and December 2009 still saw 7 such executions and 2 arbitrary detentions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.semana.com/noticias-conflicto-armado/cinep-santos-falsos-positivos-no-han-dejado-problema/136830.aspx |title=Cinep a Santos: "falsos positivos no han dejado de ser un problema" |publisher=Semana.com |access-date=12 August 2010}}</ref>

Juan Manuel Santos announced his resignation from the Defence Ministry on 18 May 2009. Santos said that his resignation did not necessarily imply tossing his hat into the 2010 presidential race and that his participation in the electoral race depended on whether Uribe would pursue a third term, which he was willing to support. His resignation took effect on 23 May 2009. When the Constitutional Court ruled out the possibility of Uribe's participation in the upcoming elections, Santos officially launched his campaign for the presidency of the Republic of Colombia.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/oct/08/juan-manuel-santos-farc-colombia-nobel-peace-prize-war-on-drugs|title=Juan Manuel Santos: peace prize winner still in search of the final deal|last1=Mulholland|first1=John|date=2016-10-08|work=The Guardian|access-date=2017-12-22|last2=Vulliamy|first2=Ed|language=en-GB|issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

==Presidency (2010-2018)==
[[File:Santos Clinton.jpg|thumb|200px|Santos and U.S. Secretary of State Hillary Clinton, 9 June 2010.]]
On 20 June 2010, after two rounds of voting in the Presidential election, Juan Manuel Santos Calderón was officially elected as President of Colombia and was inaugurated on 7 August 2010 in the midst of a diplomatic crisis with Venezuela, which was quickly resolved.<ref>{{cite news |title=Venezuela Resumes Relations It Severed with Colombia |url=http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=362587&CategoryId=10717 |work=Latin American International Tribune |date=11 August 2010 |access-date=19 August 2010 |archive-date=25 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210225042713/http://www.laht.com/article.asp?ArticleId=362587&CategoryId=10717 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

=== Negotiations with FARC ===
Santos announced on 27 August 2012 that the Colombian government had engaged in exploratory talks with FARC in order to seek an end to the conflict.<ref name="Colombia peace Yahoo">{{cite web | url=https://news.yahoo.com/colombian-government-seeking-peace-farce-rebels-021300909.html | title=Colombian government seeking peace with FARC rebels | publisher=Yahoo News | agency=Reuters| date=27 August 2012 | access-date=28 August 2012 |author1=Murphy, Helen |author2=Acosta, Luis James }}</ref><ref name="BBC peace">{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-latin-america-19393096 | title=Colombia agrees to hold peace talks with Farc rebels | publisher=BBC | date=27 August 2012 | access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> He also said that he would learn from the mistakes of previous leaders, who failed to secure a lasting ceasefire with FARC, though the military would still continue operations throughout Colombia while talks continued.<ref name="Colombia peace Yahoo"/> According to an unnamed Colombian intelligence source, Santos offered FARC assurances that no one would be extradited to stand trial in another country.<ref name="France 24 peace">{{cite web | url=http://www.france24.com/en/20120827-colombia-government-talks-raise-prospect-farc-peace-deal-alvaro-uribe-santos | title=Government, FARC rebels agree to peace talks | publisher=France 24 | agency=Reuters| date=27 August 2012 | access-date=28 August 2012}}</ref> The move has been viewed as a cornerstone of Santos' presidency. Former President Uribe has criticised Santos for seeking peace "at any costs" in contrast to his predecessor's rejection of talks.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/americas/2012/08/20128280155953340.html |title=Colombia seeking peace with FARC rebels - Americas |publisher=Al Jazeera |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=31 August 2012}}</ref>

In October 2012, Santos received the Shalom Prize "for his commitment to seeking peace in his country and worldwide." Upon accepting the award from the Latin American chapter of the World Jewish Congress, Santos stated that "Both the people here and the people in Israel have been seeking peace for decades," adding that Colombia is in favour of a [[Two-state solution|two-state solution]] to the Israeli-Palestinian conflict.<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.jta.org/news/article/2012/10/23/3110081/colombias-president-awarded-shalom-prize| title = Colombia's president awarded Shalom Prize| date = 23 October 2012}}, ''Jewish Telegraphic Agency'' (JTA), 23 October 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.worldjewishcongress.org/en/news/12498/colombian_leader_says_world_must_recognize_israel_as_state_of_jewish_people| title = Colombian leader says world must recognize Israel as state of Jewish people}}, ''World Jewish Congress'', 17 October 2012.</ref>

In September 2016, Santos announced that an agreement had been made completely settling the dispute between the Colombian government and FARC on the basis of a [[Social:Truth and reconciliation commission|truth and reconciliation]]-like process, in which a combination of complete admissions of guilt and community service on the part of perpetrators of misdeeds during the years of conflict would serve in place of retributive justice.<ref>BBC News, {{cite news| url = https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-37469364| title = Colombian President: 'Last armed conflict in western hemisphere'| work = BBC News}}, 26 September 2016</ref>

The 52-year Colombian war has cost the country 152 billion (USD), according to conflict monitoring NGO Indepaz. Within the last five years the daily cost of the war has escalated to US$9.3 million per day – enough to feed 3 million people in Colombia and wipe out extreme poverty in that country.<ref>{{cite web |date=3 February 2017 |title=Nobel Peace Prize Winner on His $9.3 Million a Day War - Real Leaders |url=http://real-leaders.com/nobel-peace-prize-winner-9-3-million-day-war/}}, ''Real Leaders'', 1 February 2017.</ref>

=== Relations with Trump administration ===

In May 2017, U.S. President Donald Trump and Santos held a joint news conference at the White House, where Trump praised Colombia's efforts to end a 52-year civil war that left more than 220,000 dead as a "great thing to watch."<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/01/23/davos-2018-protectionism-will-hurt-us-most-colombias-president-says.html|title = Protectionism will hurt the US most, Colombia's president says|website = {{wipe|CNBC}}|date = 23 January 2018}}</ref>

Around that time, it was reported that Trump had an "unusual meeting with former presidents Alvaro Uribe and Andres Pastrana" at his Florida resort Mar-a-Lago, lending weight to suspicion that Santos's political enemies were enlisting Trump's support against the historic peace accord.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.latimes.com/politics/washington/la-na-essential-washington-updates-trump-has-secret-meetings-with-1492639458-htmlstory.html| title = Negotiators reach a deal to fund the federal government but deny Trump several key priorities - Los Angeles Times| website = {{wipe|Los Angeles Times}}}}</ref> The event was widely reported in Colombia, yet never announced by the White House.

In September 2017, Santos defended Colombia's record against Trump's complaints about what he called unacceptable growth in coca cultivation and production.<ref>{{cite web| url = https://trumpwhitehouse.archives.gov/briefings-statements/new-annual-data-released-white-house-drug-policy-office-shows-record-high-cocaine-cultivation-production-colombia/| title = New Annual Data Released by White House Drug Policy Office Shows Record High Cocaine Cultivation and Production in Colombia}}, ''White House'', 28 June 2018.</ref><ref name="reuters.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-colombia-drugs/colombia-defends-anti-drug-efforts-after-trump-critique-idUSKCN1BP1VV|title=Colombia defends anti-drug efforts after Trump critique|newspaper=Reuters|date=14 September 2017}}</ref> Trump added that he considered downgrading the country in a White House assessment, which would result in reduced development and security funding. One source of contention is the usage of [[Chemistry:Glyphosate|glyphosate]] to eradicate coca crops, which Colombia had halted in favor of other methods due to health concerns.<ref name="reuters.com"/>

Colombia defended its anti-narcotics efforts after the threat of Trump to decertify the country as a partner in counter-narcotics efforts.

{{cquote|For more than 30 years Colombia has demonstrated its commitment – paying a very high cost in human lives – with overcoming the drug problem. This commitment stems from the profound conviction that the consumption, production and trafficking of drugs constitute a serious threat to the well-being and security of citizens. Colombia is undoubtedly the country that has fought the most drugs and with more successes on this front. No one has to threaten us to meet this challenge.|source= Colombia’s National Government<ref name = "Nobody has to threaten us: Colombia in response to Trump">{{Cite web |url=http://es.presidencia.gov.co/sitios/busqueda/noticia/170914-Comunicado-del-Gobierno-Nacional/Noticia |title=Comunicado del Gobierno Nacional |date=2017-09-14 |website=presidencia.gov.co |access-date=2017-09-14}}</ref>}}

{{cquote|The problem of drugs is global. Overcoming it can only be achieved through cooperation and under the principle of joint responsibility. Consumer countries' authorities have a fundamental responsibility to their fellow citizens and the world to reduce consumption and to attack trafficking and distribution organizations in their own countries.|source= Colombia’s National Government<ref name = "Nobody has to threaten us: Colombia in response to Trump"/>}}

In July 2018, Santos called on Trump to urge Russian president Vladimir Putin to stop supporting Venezuela's authoritarian government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://colombiareports.com/colombia-asks-trump-to-urge-end-of-russian-support-for-venezuela|title = Colombia asks Trump to urge end to Russian support for Venezuela|date = 16 July 2018}}</ref> Santos has acknowledged that, in 2017, Trump raised the idea of a military invasion of Venezuela to drive out President Nicolas Maduro, which he and other Latin American leaders rejected at the time.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/an-assassination-attempt-by-drone-is-just-the-latest-moment-of-chaos-in-venezuela|title = An Assassination Attempt by Drone is Just the Latest Moment of Chaos in Venezuela|magazine = The New Yorker|date = 6 August 2018}}</ref>

=== Other views ===
During a Google hangout hosted by the Colombian newspaper ''El Tiempo'' on 20 May 2014, Santos voiced his support for [[Social:Same-sex marriage|same-sex marriage]], saying: "Marriage between homosexuals to me is perfectly acceptable and what's more I am defending unions that exist between two people of the same sex with the rights and all of the same privileges that this union should receive."<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.washingtonblade.com/2014/05/27/colombia-president-backs-sex-marriage| title = Colombia president backs same-sex marriage| date = 27 May 2014}}, ''Washington Blade'', 27 May 2014.</ref>

===Presidential campaigns===

====2014 presidential campaign====
[[File:Juan Manuel Santos 2.jpg|thumb|Santos in 2016]]
On 20 November 2013, Santos announced his intent to run for re-election in a presidential address,<ref>{{cite AV media |people=Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel |date=20 November 2013 |title=Alocución del Presidente de la República, Juan Manuel Santos |language=es |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=s_d7SScVAaU | archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/s_d7SScVAaU| archive-date=2021-11-17 | url-status=live|access-date=16 June 2014 |format=Presidential address |location=Bogotá |publisher=Colombia, Office of the President }}{{cbignore}}</ref> and formalized his intent by filing election papers with the National Civil Registry on 25 November.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Prensa/Documents/cartaRadicacion.pdf |title=Carta de Radicación |author=Santos Calderón, Juan Manuel |type=Letter |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=16 June 2014 |language=es |location=Bogotá }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://wsr.registraduria.gov.co/descargar/acta_deposito_documento.pdf |title=Acta de Deposito de Documento |language=es |publisher=Colombia, National Civil Registry |date=25 November 2013 |access-date=16 June 2014 }}</ref> As the incumbent president he ran virtually unopposed in the Social Party of National Unity convention, receiving 772 votes of the 787 party delegates, and receiving the party's nomination on 28 January 2014.<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/elecciones-2014/articulo/juan-manuel-santos-recibe-aval-de-la/372320-3 |title='Fui fiel a mis promesas': Santos a La U |date=28 January 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014 |language=es |location=Bogotá |issn=0124-5473 |oclc=7475329 |magazine=Semana}}</ref> Santos and his allies also lobbied for the support of other political parties, receiving the nomination from the Liberal and Radical Change parties,<ref>{{cite magazine |url=http://www.semana.com/nacion/elecciones-2014/articulo/juan-manuel-santos-recibio-el-aval-del-partido-liberal/377676-3 |title=Santos volvió a agitar el trapo rojo |access-date=15 June 2014 |language=es |location=Bogotá |issn=0124-5473 |oclc=7475329 |magazine=Semana |date=18 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://www.elheraldo.co/nacional/santos-y-vargas-ya-tienen-el-aval-de-cambio-radical-144983 |title=Santos y Vargas ya tienen el aval de Cambio Radical |date=4 March 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014 |language=es |first1=César |last1=Muñoz Vargas |newspaper=El Heraldo |issn=0122-6142 |oclc=20412212 }}</ref> forming the National Unity Coalition.

On 12 March Santos officially launched his re-election campaign for the 2014 presidential election under the slogan: "We have done much, there is much to be done".<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/elecciones-2014/presidencia/hemos-hecho-mucho-falta-mucho-por-hacer-eslogan-de-la-reeleccin/13644355 |title='Hemos hecho mucho, falta mucho por hacer', eslogan de la reelección |date=13 March 2014 |access-date=15 June 2014 |language=es |newspaper=El Tiempo |location=Bogotá |issn=0121-9987 |oclc=28894254 }}</ref> On 24 February, Santos announced that the running mate for his 2014 reelection campaign would be is Germán Vargas Lleras, a veteran politician from one of Colombia's most powerful political dynasties, and his former Minister of Housing, City and Territory. The decision to replace Vice President Garzón as his running mate was an expected one, as Garzón had already announced his desire to retire from politics.

On 15 May, Santos obtained 25.69% of the votes, falling behind his main rival, Óscar Iván Zuluaga Escobar of the Democratic Center, who obtained 29.25% of the votes. Since no one candidate earned the required majority, a run-off election was announced. In the second round, Santos received the backing and support of his former electoral rival: Clara López Obregón of the Alternative Democratic Pole,<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=Semana |title=Clara López votará por Juan Manuel Santos |date=4 June 2014 |language=es |location=Bogotá |issn=0124-5473 |oclc=7475329}}</ref> as well from dissident members of the Conservative and Green parties.

On 15 June, Santos won 50.95% of the popular vote in the second round of the election. President Santos addressed supporters and volunteers gathered at the campaign's headquarters in the Claustro de La Enseñanza after his reelection and said: "This is the end of 50 years of conflict in this country, and it is the beginning of a new Colombia". Santos's victory, which was much smaller than his landslide result in 2010, was credited with strategic endorsements from left-wing politicians such as Clara López who appeared on a T.V. endorsement for Santos despite having nearly polar opposite views on many issues. This helped Santos, who had been neck and neck with his Conservative challenger on polls up to the second election round. Many among the Left whose fortunes had declined since the start of the FARC insurgency hoped a peaceful negotiation with FARC, which required a Santos victory, would help rehabilitate the left among the Conservative-Liberal dominated political scene in Colombia.

==== Payments from Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht ====
On 14 March 2017 Santos acknowledged that his 2010 election campaign received illegal payments from Brazilian conglomerate Odebrecht.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-colombia-odebrecht-santos-idUSKBN16L2BP|title=Colombia's Santos apologizes for illegal funds paid into campaign|date=2017-03-14|work=Reuters|access-date=2017-03-24}}</ref>

==== Paradise Papers ====
In November 2017, an investigation conducted by the International Consortium of Investigative Journalism claimed Juan Manuel Santos was in control of two offshore companies in Barbados.<ref>{{cite news |date=6 November 2017|title=COLOMBIA: Paradise Papers Show Offshore Firms Linked To Juan Manuel Santos |newspaper=Markets Insider |url=http://markets.businessinsider.com/news/interestrates/COLOMBIA-Paradise-Papers-Show-Offshore-Firms-Linked-To-Juan-Manuel-Santos-1007087297|access-date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Following this, Santos clarified that he left the managing board of one of these companies before holding a ministerial office.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/world/americas/paradise-papers-colombian-president-says-he-left-firm-listed-in-leaked-tax-haven|title=Paradise Papers: Colombian president says he left firm listed in leaked tax haven papers|last=hermesauto|date=2017-11-07|work=The Straits Times|access-date=2017-12-22|language=en}}</ref>

==Family and personal life==
Santos was born on 10 August 1951 in Bogotá to Enrique Santos Castillo and his wife Clemencia Calderón Nieto,<ref>{{cite news |title=Pefil: ¿Quién es Juan Manuel Santos? |trans-title=Profile, Who is Juan Manuel Santos? |access-date=4 July 2013|date=18 May 2009 |url=http://www.eltiempo.com/archivo/documento/CMS-5211429 |newspaper=El Tiempo }}</ref> his brothers are: Enrique, Luis Fernando, and Felipe.<ref>{{cite news |newspaper=La Nación |url=http://www.lanacion.com.ar/nota.asp?nota_id=354573 |date=23 November 2001 |access-date=4 July 2013 |language=es |title=Colombia: murió el ex editor de El Tiempo, Enrique Santos |trans-title=Colombia:Dies the Former Editor of El Tiempo |archive-date=29 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191029042225/https://www.lanacion.com.ar/el-mundo/colombia-murio-el-ex-editor-de-el-tiempo-enrique-santos-nid354573 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The Santos family has been a well established and influential family since the mid-20th century; his great-great-grandaunt was María Antonia Santos Plata, a martyr of the Independence of Colombia, and his great-granduncle was Eduardo Santos Montejo,<ref name="cidob">{{cite web |url=http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/colombia/juan_manuel_santos_calderon  |access-date=2010-10-01 |date=2010-08-23 |language=es |publisher=Center for International Relations and Development Studies |title=Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Vástago de una familia de propietarios periodísticos |trans-title=Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Scion of a family of newspaper owners }}</ref> President of Colombia between 1938 and 1942, who acquired the national newspaper ''El Tiempo''. From there, his family has been connected to the newspaper and influenced the political life of the country; Eduardo's brother, Enrique, grandfather of Juan Manuel, and editor in chief of ''El Tiempo'', was known as "''Calibán''" to his readers, and his three sons, Enrique (Juan Manuel's father) and Hernando Santos Castillo, and Enrique Santos Molano were chief editor, director, and columnist respectively. Through his father's brother, Hernando, and his mother's sister, Elena, Juan Manuel is also first cousin on both sides to Francisco Santos Calderón, former Vice President of Colombia during the previous administration from 2002 to 2010.<ref name="cidob"/><ref name="tree">{{cite book |url=http://www.interconexioncolombia.com/genealogia/256-1-10-francisco-y-juan-manuel-santos-calderon--familiares-y-parentela-modo-de-compatibilidad.html |first=Julio Cesar |last=García Vásquez |access-date=2010-10-01 |title=Francisco Y Juan Manuel Santos Calderon, Familiares Y Parentela |trans-title=Francisco and Juan Manuel Santos Calderon, Family and Kin |work=Genealogía Colombiana, Volumen IV |language=es |publisher=Interconexion Colombia |date=2009-08-14 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503154014/http://www.interconexioncolombia.com/genealogia/256-1-10-francisco-y-juan-manuel-santos-calderon--familiares-y-parentela-modo-de-compatibilidad.html |archive-date=3 May 2010}}</ref>

Santos first married Silvia Amaya Londoño, a film director and television presenter, but divorced three years later having no children together.<ref name="tree"/><ref name="telemundo">{{cite news |work=Telemundo |access-date=4 July 2013 |language=es |title=Familia Santos |trans-title=Santos Family |url=http://origin-www.telemundo.com/informacion_y_noticias/Noticiero_Telemundo/photo_gallery/2010-06/Familia_de_Santos |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130705145246/http://origin-www.telemundo.com/informacion_y_noticias/Noticiero_Telemundo/photo_gallery/2010-06/Familia_de_Santos |archive-date=5 July 2013 }}</ref> He then married María Clemencia Rodríguez Múnera, or "''Tutina''" as she is known to those close to her, an [[Social:Industrial design|industrial design]]er he had met while she worked as a private secretary at the Ministry of Communications and he was Deputy Director of ''El Tiempo''.<ref name="telemundo"/> Together they had three children, Martín (born 1989), María Antonia (born 1991), and Esteban (born 1993).<ref>{{cite news |date=4 August 2010 |title=Los nuevos inquilinos de la Casa de Nariño |trans-title=The New Occupants of the Nariño House |newspaper=El País |issn=1134-6582 |url=http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/colombia/noticias/nuevos-inquilinos-casa-narino |language=es |access-date=4 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161013222138/http://www.elpais.com.co/elpais/colombia/noticias/nuevos-inquilinos-casa-narino |archive-date=13 October 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.blog.com.co/noticias-actualidad/papa-juan-manuel-santos/1570.aspx |title=Mi papá, Juan Manuel Santos |trans-title=My Dad, Juan Manuel Santos |access-date=4 July 2013 |date=18 May 2010 |work=Semana |language=es |issn=0124-5473 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313064643/http://www.blog.com.co/noticias-actualidad/papa-juan-manuel-santos/1570.aspx |archive-date=13 March 2012}}</ref>

==Honours and awards==

===2016 Nobel Peace Prize===
* The 2016 Nobel Peace Prize<ref>{{cite web|url=  https://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/peace/laureates/2016/santos-lecture_en.html|title= Nobel Lecture by Juan Manuel Santos, Oslo, 10 December 2016 |publisher= Nobel Foundation|access-date= 10 December 2016}}</ref> was awarded to the President of Colombia Juan Manuel Santos "for his resolute efforts to bring the country’s more than 50-year-long civil war to an end, a war that has cost the lives of at least 220,000 Colombians and displaced close to six million people."

===Foreign nations===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:left;"
|-
! colspan="2"| Award or decoration
! style="width:130px;"| Country
! style="width:120px;"| Date
! style="width:40px;"| Note
|-
| [[File:MEX Order of the Aztec Eagle 1Class BAR.png|80px]]
|Order of the Aztec Eagle
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|1 August 2011
|<ref>{{cite web|title= ACUERDO por el que se otorga al Excelentísimo señor Juan Manuel Santos Calderón, Presidente de la República de Colombia, la Condecoración de la Orden Mexicana del Aguila Azteca en el grado de Collar|url=http://dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=5202774&fecha=29/07/2011 |website= DIARIO OFICIAL DE LA FEDERACIÓN|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:PRT_Order_of_Prince_Henry_-_Grand_Cross_BAR.png|80px]]
|Grand Collar of the Order of Prince Henry
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|14 November 2012
|<ref name="OrdHonPor">{{cite web|title=Cidadãos Estrangeiros Agraciados com Ordens Portuguesas|url=http://www.ordens.presidencia.pt/?idc=154|website=Página Oficial das Ordens Honoríficas Portuguesas|access-date=29 January 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Sacro Militare Ordine Costantiniano di San Giorgio.png|80px]]
|Knight Grand Cross of the Two Sicilian Royal Sacred Military Constantinian Order of Saint George, Special Class
|{{flag|Two Sicilies}}
|7 June 2013
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.constantinian.org.uk/colombias-president-santos-honoured-for-peace-building/|title=Colombia's President Santos honoured for peace building at London ceremony - Sacred Military Constantinian Order of St. George|date=7 June 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[File:Order of Isabella the Catholic - Sash of Collar.svg|80px]]
|Knight Collar of the Order of Isabella the Catholic
|{{flag|Spain}}
|28 February 2015
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.boe.es/diario_boe/txt.php?id=BOE-A-2015-2134|title=Royal Decree 130/2015 - BOE Spanish Official Journal|date=28 February 2015}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:Mexican Military Merit (first class).svg|80px]]
|Medal of Military Merit, First Class
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|7 May 2015
|<ref name="EMBcolMEX">{{cite web|title=Canciller María Ángela Holguín participó en la ceremonia de bienvenida oficial en el Campo de Marte en honor del Presidente Juan Manuel Santos|url=http://mexico.embajada.gov.co/newsroom/news/2015-05-10/6085|website=Embajada de Colombia en México|access-date=28 November 2016}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:MEX Condecoracion al Merito Naval Primera Clase.png|80px]]
|Medal of Naval Merit, First Class
|{{flag|Mexico}}
|7 May 2015
|<ref name="EMBcolMEX"/>
|-
| [[File:Order of the Bath (ribbon).svg|80px]]
|Honorary Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath
|{{flag|United Kingdom}}
|2016
|<ref>{{cite web| url = https://www.telegraph.co.uk/content/dam/fashion/2016/11/03/green_evening_rexfeatures_6908325m-xlarge_trans++Fd3QCbjtkJ097AP0ZIJbJHdZJ_p5O6rNqA_w2CKPF6s.jpg| title = Reference at www.telegraph.co.uk}}</ref>
|-
|[[File:PRT Order of Liberty - Grand Collar BAR.svg|80px]]
|Grand Collar of the Order of Liberty
|{{flag|Portugal}}
|13 November 2017
|
|-
|}

===International awards===
* King of Spain Prize<ref>{{Cite web|url= http://www.efe.com/premios/rey/principal.asp?opcion=9&seccion=94&idioma=ESPANOL|title= King of Spain Prize . Galardonados en ediciones anteriores - 1985|publisher= efe.com|access-date= 5 April 2017|archive-url= https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121220223941/http://efe.com/premios/rey/principal.asp?opcion=9&seccion=94&idioma=ESPANOL|archive-date= 20 December 2012|url-status= dead}}</ref>
* Peace Lamp of St. Francis of Assisi<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.sanfrancescoassisi.org/en/home-news-2/312-la-lampada-di-san-francesco-d-assisi-al-premio-nobel-per-la-pace |title= Nobel Peace Prize Winner Receives Peace Lamp of St. Francis of Assisi|publisher= sanfrancescoassisi.org}}</ref>
* Global Statesman Award<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.weforum.org/events/world-economic-forum-annual-meeting-2017/sessions/building-peace-in-colombia |title= Global Statesman Award: Lessons from Peace in Colombia|publisher= The World Economic Forum}}</ref>
* Gernika Award for Peace and Reconciliation<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.gernikagogoratuz.org/en/agenda/show/id/129 |title= El presidente de Colombia, Juan Manuel Santos Calderon; el líder de las FARC, Rodrigo Londoño Echeverri y el fotoperiodista Gervasio Sánchez, Premios "Gernika por la Paz y la Reconciliación"|publisher= gernikagogoratuz.org}}</ref>
* Shalom Prize<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.jta.org/2012/10/23/news-opinion/world/colombias-president-awarded-shalom-prize |title= Colombia's president awarded Shalom Prize|date= 23 October 2012|publisher= Jewish Telegraphic Agency}}</ref>
* New Economy Forum Prize 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.lamoncloa.gob.es/lang/en/presidente/news/Paginas/2016/20161215-santos.aspx  |title= Mariano Rajoy presents New Economy Forum Prize 2016 to Juan Manuel Santos|publisher= lamoncloa.gob.es}}</ref>
* The Inter-American Dialogue's Distinguished Lifetime Achievement Award for Peace<ref>{{Cite web |url= http://www.thedialogue.org/event/gala2016/ |title= II Leadership for the Americas Awards Gala|publisher= thedialogue.org}}</ref>
* [[Organization:National Geographic Society|National Geographic Society]] Honors President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia for his Unwavering Commitment to Conservation. President Santos has done more than many elected leaders in the Americas to expand protected areas.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.nationalgeographic.org/newsroom/national-geographic-society-honors-president-juan-manuel-santos-of-colombia-for-his-unwavering-commitment-to-conservation/ |title= National Geographic Society Honors President Juan Manuel Santos of Colombia for his Unwavering Commitment to Conservation |publisher= nationalgeographic.org}}</ref>
* Colombian President awarded Kew International Medal for work protecting biodiversity.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.kew.org/about-our-organisation/press-media/press-releases/colombian-president-awarded-kew-international|title= Colombian President awarded Kew International Medal for work protecting biodiversity |publisher= kew.org}}</ref>
* Harvard Law School's 2017 [[Social:Program on Negotiation#Great Negotiator Award|Great Negotiator Award]]<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2017/09/santos-receives-2017-great-negotiator-award/ |title= Santos receives 2017 Great Negotiator Award |date= 22 September 2017 |publisher= news.harvard.edu}}</ref>
* Tipperary International Peace Award 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.dfa.ie/news-and-media/press-releases/press-release-archive/2018/august/tanaiste-president-santos-colombia-tipperary-award/ |title= Tánaiste congratulates President Santos of Colombia on Tipperary International Peace Award |publisher= Department of Foreign Affairs (Ireland)}}</ref>
* Chatham House Prize<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.chathamhouse.org/news/2017-10-19-president-juan-manuel-santos-named-winner-chatham-house-prize-2017 |title= President Juan Manuel Santos named winner of the Chatham House Prize 2017 |publisher= chathamhouse.org |access-date= 21 October 2017 |archive-date= 19 October 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20171019161642/https://www.chathamhouse.org/news/2017-10-19-president-juan-manuel-santos-named-winner-chatham-house-prize-2017 |url-status= dead }}</ref>

=== Other recognition ===
A new plant species from Northeastern Colombia has been named ''Espeletia praesidentis'', in honour of efforts made by President Santos to build peace.<ref>{{Cite web |url= https://www.kew.org/science/news/new-species-discovered-by-kew-scientist-is-named-to-honour-colombian-president |title= New species discovered by Kew scientist is named to honour Colombian President|publisher= kew.org}}</ref>

== Popular culture ==
* In TV Series ''Pablo Escobar, The Drug Lord'', is portrayed by Andrés Aramburo as the character of Mariano Santana.
* Santos is portrayed by Ricardo Vélez in TV Series ''Tres Caínes'' as the character of Santamaría.

==Selected works==
* {{cite book |title=Colombia Sin Fronteras: Para Un Nuevo Futuro|first=Juan Manuel |last=Santos Calderón|publisher=Colombian Ministry of Foreign Trade |year=1994 |oclc=34283634 |location=Bogotá }}
* {{cite book |title=El Nuevo Camino al Progreso|year=1994 |oclc=253690673|first=Juan Manuel |last=Santos Calderón|publisher=Colombian Ministry of Foreign Trade |location=Bogotá }}
* {{cite book |title=Prácticas Comerciales y Perspectivas Macroeconómicas|oclc=318185414 |isbn=9789589394007 |first1=Juan Manuel|last1=Santos Calderón|first2=Rudolf |last2=Hommes Rodríguez |year=1994 |publisher=Cladei |location=Bogotá |display-authors=0}}
* {{cite book |title=La Tercera Vía: Una Alternativa Para Colombia|last1=Santos Calderón|first1=Juan Manuel |last2=Blair |first2=Tony |publisher=Aguilar |year=1999 |isbn=9789588061313 |oclc=318268059 |location=Bogotá }}
* {{cite book |last1=Santos Calderón|first1=Juan Manuel |last2=Carrasquilla Barrera |first2=Alberto |title=Memorias de Hacienda|publisher=Colombian Ministry of Finance and Public Credit |location=Bogotá |year=2000|oclc=318238583}}
* {{cite book |last=Santos Calderón|first=Juan Manuel |title=Jaque al Terror: Los Años Horribles de las FARC|year=2009 |isbn=9789584223029 |publisher=Planeta |oclc=605944076|location=Bogotá |edition=2nd, illustrated. }}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons}}
* [http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Paginas/Presidencia.aspx Presidencia de Colombia]
** [http://wsp.presidencia.gov.co/Gobierno/Paginas/JuanManuelSantosCalderon.aspx Biography]
* [http://colombiareports.co/profile-juan-manuel-santos/ Biography] at Colombia Reports
* [http://www.cidob.org/es/documentacion/biografias_lideres_politicos/america_del_sur/colombia/juan_manuel_santos_calderon Biography] at CIDOB Foundation
* {{C-SPAN|1029386}}
* {{NYTtopic|people/s/juan_manuel_santos}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100821153447/http://www.latinbusinesschronicle.com/app/article.aspx?id=4429 Taking Colombia to the Next Level], ''Latin Business Chronicle'', 9 August 2010
* {{Nobelprize}}

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{{Nobel Peace Prize laureates}}
{{2016 Nobel Prize winners}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Santos, Juan Manuel}}
[[Category:Nobel Peace Prize laureates]]

{{Sourceattribution|Juan Manuel Santos}}