View source for Biography:Matsyendra

{{short description|10th century Hindu and Buddhist saint and yogi}}
{{EngvarB|date=February 2016}}
{{Infobox Hindu leader
|name        = Matsyendra
|image       = Swami_Machindranath_Mitmita_Mandir.gif
|alt         = Matsyendra, Matsyendranātha
|caption     = Matsyendra or Matsyendranātha
| religion = [[Religion:Hinduism|Hinduism]]
|native_name = Macchindranāth, Mīnanātha
|birth_date  = 10th century c.e
|birth_place = Kamarupa<ref name="JPASB" /><ref name=Indian_Civilization_and_Culture_-_Page_441 /><ref name="GFeuerstein yoga tradition">Feuerstein, Georg (2013-09-11). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice (Kindle Locations 12785-12786). Hohm Press. Kindle Edition. "Hindu tradition associates the creation of Hatha- Yoga with Goraksha Nâtha (Hindi: Gorakhnâth) and his teacher Matsyendra Nâtha"</ref>
|death_date  =
|death_place =
|guru        =
|founder     = [[Philosophy:Hatha yoga|Hatha yoga]]
|disciples    = Gorakshanath, Jalandharnath, Kanifnath (Kanhoba), Gahininath, Bhartrinath, Revan Nath, Charpatinath and Naganath
|philosophy  = [[Philosophy:Hatha yoga|Hatha yoga]], [[Philosophy:Tantra|Tantra]]
|sect        = Nath, [[Philosophy:Kaula (Hinduism)|Kaula]] shaivism
|footnotes   = Kaulajnan-Nirnaya, Akul-Viratantra<ref name=Indian_Civilization_and_Culture_-_Page_441>Suhas Chatterjee (1998), ''Indian Civilization and Culture'', P.441 Vajrayana Buddhist cult flourished in Kamarupa in the 10th century. It is locally known as Sahajia cult. The celebrated Buddhist monk Minannatha of Tibet happeneed to be a son of a fisherman of Kamarupa. However, some scholars say that Minanatha was a native of Bengal. Another monk in Tibet, Rahula was an Assamese from Kamarupa. Akulaviratantra, a text on tantra worship was compiled by Minanatha.</ref>
}}
{{Hindu philosophy}}
'''Matsyendra''', also known as '''Matsyendranātha''', '''Macchindranāth''', '''Mīnanātha''' and '''Minapa''' (early 10th century) was a [[Religion:Saint|saint]] and [[Philosophy:Yogi|yogi]] in a number of [[Religion:Buddhism|Buddhist]] and [[Religion:Hinduism|Hindu traditions]]. He is traditionally considered the revivalist of [[Philosophy:Hatha yoga|hatha yoga]] as well as the author of some of its earliest texts. He is also seen as the founder of the natha ''[[Philosophy:Sampradaya|sampradaya]]'', having received the teachings from [[Religion:Shiva|Shiva]].<ref>Feuerstein, Georg (2013-09-11). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice (Kindle Locations 12788-12789). Hohm Press. Kindle Edition. "Matsyendra was a chief representative, if not the originator, of what is known as Nâthism. But Shiva himself is considered as the source of the Nâtha lineage and is invoked as Adinâtha or 'Primordial Lord.'" (Kindle Locations 12825-12827). "Using his third eye, Shiva gazed straight through the mountain of flesh into the fish’s stomach, where he saw Mina. He was thrilled at the discovery, saying, “Now I see who my real disciple is.” Turning to his sleepy spouse, he said: “I will initiate him rather than you.”"</ref> He is especially associated with [[Philosophy:Kaula (Hinduism)|kaula]] shaivism.<ref>Feuerstein, Georg (2013-09-11). The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice (Kindle Locations 12803-12804). Hohm Press. Kindle Edition. "He is specifically associated with the Kaula sect of the Siddha movement, within which he may have founded the Yoginî-Kaula branch."</ref> He is also one of the eighty-four [[Biography:Mahasiddha|mahasiddha]]s and considered the guru of Gorakshanath, another important figure in early hatha yoga. He is revered by both Hindus and Buddhists and is sometimes regarded as an incarnation of [[Religion:Avalokiteśvara|Avalokiteśvara]].

==Early life==
Little is known about the life of Matsyendra: he is also called Minanatha and he is also associated with Lui-Pa, all of whose names translate as 'Lord of the Fishes'. Legends vary in describing his birthplace.<ref>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India" by David Gordon White, p. 91</ref> Giuseppe Tucci states, on the authority of two Tibetan works - the ''Siddha'' ({{bo|w=grub thob}}) and Taranatha's "Possessing the Seven Transmissions" ({{bo|w=bka' babs bdun ldan}}) - that Matsyendranāth, who is seen in Tibet as an avatar of Avalokiteśvara, was a fisherman from Kamarupa i.e., from the Kaibarta caste.<ref name="JPASB">{{cite journal |title= Asiatic Society (Calcutta, India)|journal=Journal and Proceedings of the Asiatic Society of Bengal |volume=XXVI |year=1930 |number=1 |pages=133–141}}</ref><ref name=Indian_Civilization_and_Culture_-_Page_441 /><ref>Kamrupa Anusandhana Samiti (1984), ''Readings in the History & Culture of Assam'',p.201 it is stated that a Siddha, named Minanatha, was a fisherman from Kamarupa of the [Kaibarta] stock.</ref>
<ref>Institute of Nepal and Asian Studies, Tribhuvan University, Nepal (1996), ''Contributions to Nepalese Studies - Volumes 23-24'',Page 93 Matsyendra was a resident of Kamrup-Kamakhya (today's Assam in East India).</ref><ref>{{cite book |first1=M. M. |last1=Pandit |first2=H. P. |last2=Shastri |title=Bauddha Gan O Doha}}</ref> Other sources give his birthplace as North Bengal.<ref name=Indian_Civilization_and_Culture_-_Page_441 /><ref name="GFeuerstein yoga tradition" /> According to inscriptions found in Nepal in the ancient Newari colony of Bungmati, the home of Machhindranath Chariot Jatra, his shrine was brought from Assam in India. He is mentioned in the ''Sabaratantra'' as one of the twenty-four Kapalika Siddhas.<ref name="JPASB"/>

== Legend ==
Legends tell that Matsyendra was born under an inauspicious star. This warranted his parents to throw the baby into the ocean. It was there that the baby was swallowed by a fish where he lived for many years. The fish swam to the bottom of the ocean where [[Religion:Shiva|Shiva]] was imparting the secrets of yoga to his consort, [[Religion:Parvati|Parvati]]. Upon overhearing the secrets of yoga, Matsyendra began to practice yoga sadhana inside the fish's belly. After twelve years he finally emerged as an enlightened Siddha. This is often given as the origin of his name 'Lord of the Fishes' or 'He Whose Lord is the Lord of the Fishes'.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lorinroche.com/yoga/yoga/matsyendra.html|title=Matsyendra - Lorin Roche, Ph.D.|website=www.LorinRoche.com|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref> Other versions of the legend exist, including one in which Matsyendra was born as a fish and turned into a Siddha by Shiva.<ref>Light on Yoga, BKS Iyengar</ref> Tibetan renditions of the story tell of a fisherman-turned-Siddha named Mina, who is eaten by a fish while working in the Bay of Bengal.<ref>Feuerstein, Georg (2013-09-11). ''The Yoga Tradition: Its History, Literature, Philosophy and Practice'' (Kindle Locations 12817-12820). Hohm Press. Kindle Edition. "In the Tibetan hagiography of the eighty-four mahâ-siddhas, the following story is told of Mina Nâtha (who probably is identical with Matsyendra). The fisherman spent most of his time in his small boat in the Bay of Bengal. One day, he hooked a huge fish that pulled so hard on his fishing line that he was thrown overboard. Like Jonah in the biblical story, Mina ended up in the fish’s enormous stomach, protected by his good karma."</ref> Some scholars draw parallels between this legend and the Biblical story of Jonah and the Whale.<ref>Buddhist Reflections By Lama Anagarika Govinda, Maurice O'Connell, {{ISBN|978-81-208-1169-0}}, p.119</ref>

Another legend says that, when Gorakshanath visited Patan, in Nepal, he captured all the rain-showering serpents of Patan and started to meditate after he was disappointed by the locals as they did not grant him any alms on his request. As a result, Patan faced drought for a long time. The king of Patan, on the advice of his advisers, invited Matsyendranath, Gorakshanath's guru, to Patan. When Gorakshanath learned that his teacher was in Patan, he released all the rain showering serpents and went to see him. As soon as the rain-showering serpents were set free, Patan again got plenty of rainfall every year. After that day, the locals of Patan worshiped Matsyendranath as the god of rain.<ref name= b/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://kathmandupost.ekantipur.com/|title=Read online latest news and articles from Nepal.|website=kathmandupost.ekantipur.com|access-date=21 February 2019}}</ref>

==Works==
Matsyendra is credited with composing Hatha and Tantric works such as the ''Kaulajñānanirnāya'' ("Discussion of the Knowledge Pertaining to the Kaula Tradition"),<ref name=bhattacharya>{{cite book|last1=Bhattacharya|first1=edited by Gerald James Larson, Ram Shankar|title=Yoga : India's philosophy of meditation|date=2008|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publishers|location=Delhi [India]|isbn=978-8120833494|page=436|edition=1st}}</ref> the Matsyendrasamhita and "Akula-Viratantra", some of the earliest texts on [[Philosophy:Hatha yoga|hatha yoga]] in Sanskrit in the eleventh century.<ref name=Indian_Civilization_and_Culture_-_Page_441 /> James Mallinson, Alexis Sanderson, David Gordon White and others theorize that many works were attributed to him posthumously.<ref>"Hathayoga's Philosophy: A Fortuitous Union of Non-Dualities" by James Mallinson, University of Oxford</ref><ref name="ReferenceA">"Saktism and Hatha yoga" by James Mallinson, 6 March 2012</ref>

==Disciples==
Matsyendranath is typically listed as having eight disciples. The list of his disciples varies between different temples and lineages,<ref>The Alchemical Body: Siddha Traditions in Medieval India" by David Gordon White, p. 92</ref> but commonly includes Gorakshanath, Jalandharnath, Kanifnath (Kanhoba), Gahininath, [[Religion:Bhartṛhari|Bhartri]] Nath, Revan Nath, Charpatinath and Naganath. Along with Matsyendranath, they are called the Navnath.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Frydman |first=Maurice |year=1987 |chapter=Navanath Sampradaya |title=I Am That: Talks With Sri Nisargadatta Maharaj |editor=Dikshit, Sudhakar S. |publisher=Acorn Press |isbn=9780893860462}}</ref> While Gorkshanath is generally considered a direct disciple of Matsyendranath, it is likely they lived hundreds of years apart.<ref name="ReferenceA"/>

== In Nepal ==
[[File:Bunga dyah statue.jpg|thumb|upright|Miniature statue of Macchindranāth (Bunga Dyah)]]
Macchindranāth (or Bunga Dyah in Newari) is a god of rain worshiped by both Hindus and Buddhists in Nepal. Hindus regard him as an incarnation of Shiva while Buddhists regard him as an incarnation of Avalokiteśvara.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}} The temple of Macchindranāth lies in the southern part of the Patan Durbar Square since 1673.<ref name= a>Lonely Planet review for Rato Machhendranath Temple. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://www.lonelyplanet.com/nepal/around-the-kathmandu-valley/patan/sights/religious-spiritual/rato-machhendranath-temple</ref>

===Rato Matsyendranath of Patan, Nepal===
[[File:Rato Machhindranath Temple, Patan, Lalitpur 02.jpg|thumb|Rato Machhindranath Temple]]
Hyangu (red) Macchindranath temple also known as Temple of Bunga: Dyaa: as it resides in Bungamati and also in Patan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lalitpur.org.np/e_historical_monuments.php |title=Historical Monuments & WHS |work=Lalitpur.org.np |publisher=Lalitpur Metropolitan City Office |access-date=2015-03-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160223155558/http://www.lalitpur.org.np/e_historical_monuments.php |archive-date=23 February 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> also known as the Rato Macchindranath Temple, is one of the oldest Matsyendranath temples, dating back from the 16th century.<ref name=f>Rato Macchendranath Temple. (2013, 19 Feb). Retrieved from http://buddhanepaltrek.blogspot.com/2013/02/rato-machhendranath-temple.html</ref> It lies in the southern part of the Patan Durbar Square. Each of the four well-crafted wooden doors of this temple is guarded by two lion figures while the four corners of the temple are guarded by [[Unsolved:Khyah (legendary creature)|khyah]], a [[Unsolved:Yeti|yeti]]-like figure.<ref name= a/> The murti of Rato Macchindranath (Matsyendranath) spends six months of the year in this temple. The village of Bungamati, regarded in Nepal as the birthplace of Matsyendranath, is a traditional Newar town located {{convert|10|km}} from downtown [[Place:Kathmandu|Kathmandu]]. The temple of Rato Macchindranath is located in the heart of this village and it is known as his second home.<ref name="f"/> After the chariot festival, Rato Macchindranath spends the next six months in this temple.

===Seto Matsyendranath of Kathmandu, Nepal===
Toyu (white) Macchindranath temple also known as JanaBaha: Dyaa: as it resides in JanaBaha: in [[Place:Kathmandu|Kathmandu]] in another important Macchindranath temple in Nepal. White Machhindranath(Matsyendranath) is also known as Jana-baha Dyo since the temple is located at Jana Baha(Bahal).<ref>http://arkonetwork.com/news/nepal/seto-machhindranath-chariot-procession-concludes/</ref>

===Bhoto Jatra (भोटो जात्रा)/ Chariot Festival===
[[File:Rato Macchindranath Chariot.jpg|thumb|upright|Rato Macchindranath Chariot at Patan, Nepal]]
[[File:Bhoto jatra.jpg|thumb|Showing the vest to the crowds]]
The most important event connected with the deity is the annual chariot procession known as Bunga Dyah Jatra or Rato Macchindranath Jatra. Each year, the locals of Patan, Lalitpur celebrate the festival in order to show respect to the rain god. This festival is one of the oldest and the longest festival celebrated in Patan and is celebrated in April–May.<ref name=b>When does the procession of Rato Macchendranath of Patan take place? (2007, 28 Oct). Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://exoticbuddha.com/when-to-go/festivals/when-does-the-procession-of-rato-machhendranath-take-place |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130528154540/http://exoticbuddha.com/when-to-go/festivals/when-does-the-procession-of-rato-machhendranath-take-place |archive-date=28 May 2013 |df=dmy-all }}</ref><ref name=c>Rato Macchendranath Jatra – The Rain God’s Chariot Festival Begins. (2011, 8 May). Retrieved from {{cite web |url=http://www.explorehimalaya.com/blog/rato-machhendranath-jatra-the-rain-god%E2%80%99s-chariot-festival-begins/ |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-05-04 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141016060451/http://www.explorehimalaya.com/blog/rato-machhendranath-jatra-the-rain-god%E2%80%99s-chariot-festival-begins/ |archive-date=16 October 2014 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>

It is celebrated just before the monsoon season starts so that the city will get plenty rainfall for good growth of crops. During the procession, the image of Bunga Dyah is placed on a tall chariot about 65 feet high and pulled in stages through the streets of Patan for a month.

Before the chariot festival starts the ritual of Mahasnana is conducted in an auspicious hour as indicated by the astrologers about 15 days before the chariot festival. The deity is taken to a platform at Lagankhel which is about 200 meters away from the temple of Machindranath at Ta: bahal Lalitpur. There in front of a huge crowd, the god is given a bath with the sacred water mixture of honey, milk, and water fetched by the panejus or priests in the four silver kalasa(vessel). The four priests then pour the sacred water or jal from four directions in the platform to the deity and it is believed that from whichever direction 1st the jal touches the deity from the same direction monsoon will start or first rain will be granted.

After the mahasnana, the repairs are done to the idol of the deity if required and the new face is painted. After the face painting is over various ritual are performed to the deity-like Bareychukegu; Ihi;  Bara tyegu as done to a human and at the end Dashakarma vidhi is performed.
While these all are going to the temple premises, the chariot or ratha is made at Pulchowk by the Barahi and Yawal clans, amongst which one only does the rope work and other only the woodwork. In the construction of the chariot, no nails are used to connect the joints of the huge chariot but are only tied with ropes and veds{{typo help inline|reason=similar to weds|date=August 2020}}. The only part that uses an iron to hold are the four wheels. After the construction is finished the deity is ascended in the divine vehicle i.e. 3 days before the pulling of the chariot.

The route of the chariot procession starts at Pulchwok and passes through Gabahal, Sundhara, Lagankhel and ends at Jawalakhel. Previously the festival was called the festival of three states viz. Kathmandu, Bhaktapur, Lalitpur as the deity was brought by the alliance of these three states. So, previously the 1st day of the festival was to be carried on by people of Kathmandu then by Bhaktapur and then 3rd by Lalitpur, and on last day all three sister cities come together for Jawalakhel Jatra with other nearby city people from Kirtipur and others from the valley.<ref name= b/>

After the chariot reaches Jawalakhel, the festival concludes with Bhoto Jatra, which literally means "vest festival". During the ceremony, a government official holds up a sacred jewel-studded black vest from the four sides of the chariot so that all the people gathered around can have a look at it.<ref>{{cite news |title=Bhoto Jatra marked amid much fanfare |url=http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/06/28/nation/bhoto-jatra-marked-amid-much-fanfare/223391.html |access-date=23 May 2013 |newspaper=The Kathmandu Post |date=28 June 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140225093837/http://www.ekantipur.com/the-kathmandu-post/2011/06/28/nation/bhoto-jatra-marked-amid-much-fanfare/223391.html |archive-date=25 February 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>

After the festival, the chariot is dismantled and Rato Macchindranath is taken to a temple in the nearby village of Bungamati, also known as the second home of the rain god. Rato Macchindranath spends the next six months in that temple.<ref name = d>Rato (Red) Machhendranath. (n.d.). Retrieved from http://encyclopedia2.thefreedictionary.com/Rato+Machhendranath</ref>

==Temples in India==
{{unsourced|section|date=April 2021}}
* Shri Kshetra Machindranath Samadhi mandir maymba Sawargaon,pathardi, Dist Ahmadnagar
* Macchindranath temple in kille-Machhindragad Tal: Walwa (Islampur) Dist: Sangli, Maharashtra
* Vishwayogi Swami Machindranath Mandir, Mitmita: Aurangabad
* Macchindranath temple, UJJAIN, Madhya Pradesh
* Machhindra Nath Mandir, Inside Ambagate, Amravati
* Machindra Nath Tapobhumi,Devacho Dongar, Kudal, Maharashtra, Dist Sindhudurg.(This Holy place is mentioned in the 6th Chapter of Navnath Grantha)
* Macchendranath Guru Peeth in Sri Guru Parashakthi Kshethra: Madyar: [[Place:Mangalore|Mangalore]], Dakshina Kannada district.
*Machendranath Gudi in sri kadri manjunatheshwara temple, mangalore, dakshina kannada dist, karnataka

==In popular culture==
In the ''[[Religion:Dasam Granth|Dasam Granth]]'', [[Biography:Guru Gobind Singh|Guru Gobind Singh]] narrated a huge discourse between Matsyendra Nath and Paras Nath on Intuitive (Bibek) and Non-Intuitive Mind (Abibek). Parasnatha subdued kings of the world and turned egoistic, and was broken by Matsyendranatha's spiritual preachings. This granth is regarded among Spiritual warriors of Khalsa Panths called Nihang Singhs.{{citation needed|date=January 2015}}

Films about this legend in Indian cinema include:
* ''Guru Machhindranath'' is a 1923 Indian silent film by Shree Nath Patankar.
* The first film entitled ''Maya Machhindra'' was made in 1932 in Hindi and Marathi languages by Prabhat Film Company and directed by V. Shantaram. Govindrao Tembe portrayed the role of Machhindranath.<ref>{{IMDb title|0259429|Maya Machhindra (1932)}}</ref>
* The second film (of the same title) was made in 1939 in the [[Social:Tamil language|Tamil language]] directed by Raja Chandrasekhar and starring N. S. Krishnan and M. G. Ramachandran.<ref>{{IMDb title|0157982|Maya Machhindra (1939)}}</ref>
* The third film in the [[Social:Telugu language|Telugu language]], also titled Maya Machhindra, was made P. Pullaiah in 1945 starring Jandhyala Gourinatha Sastry, Addanki Srirama Murthy and P. Kannamba.<ref>{{IMDb title|0256189|Maya Machhindra (1945)}}</ref>
* The fourth film was again made in Hindi and Marathi languages in 1951 directed by Aspi Irani.
* The fifth film was made in Hindi language by Babubhai Mistry in 1960/61.
* The sixth film, ''Maya Maschindra'', was made in Telugu language in 1975 starring N. T. Rama Rao and directed by Kamalakara Kameswara Rao.

== References ==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==Further reading==
* {{cite web |last=Mahendranath |first=Shri Gurudev |url=http://www.mahendranath.org/twiyoga1.mhtml |title=Ecstasy, Equipoise, and Eternity |work=Mahendranath.org |publisher=International Nath Order |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208011453/http://www.mahendranath.org/twiyoga1.mhtml |archive-date=8 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}
* {{cite web |last=Mahendranath |first=Shri Gurudev |url=http://www.mahendranath.org/paganindia.mhtml |title=Notes on Pagan India |work=Mahendranath.org |publisher=International Nath Order |access-date=22 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202120028/http://www.mahendranath.org/paganindia.mhtml |archive-date=2 February 2009 |url-status=dead }}

==External links==
* {{Internet Archive author}}
* [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Matsyendranatha Matsyendranatha] at ''Encyclopædia Britannica''
* [http://nathas.org/en/parampara/nine_nathas/matsyendra/Shri Matsyendranath]


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[[Category:Spiritual practice]]

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