View source for Biography:Michael E. Mann

{{Infobox person
| name = Michael E. Mann
| image = Michael E. Mann, 2010 (cropped).jpg
| image_size = 200px
| alt = 
| caption = Mann in 2010
| birth_name = Michael Evan Mann
| birth_date = {{Birth date and age|mf=yes|1965|12|28}}
| birth_place = Amherst, Massachusetts, U.S.
| residence = 
| nationality = American
| known_for = [[Earth:Temperature record of the past 1000 years|Temperature record of the past 1000 years]]<br /> [[Hockey stick graph]]<br />Lead author on the [[Earth:IPCC Third Assessment Report|IPCC Third Assessment Report]]
| education = A.B. applied mathematics and physics (1989), MS physics (1991), MPhil physics (1991), MPhil geology (1993), PhD geology & geophysics (1998)<ref name=cv/>
| alma_mater = [[Organization:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]], [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]]
| employer = [[Organization:Pennsylvania State University|Pennsylvania State University]]
| occupation = [[Earth:Climatology|Climatologist]]
| spouse = 
| partner = 
| children = 
| parents = 
| relations = 
| awards = Philip M. Orville Prize (1997)<br /> NOAA Outstanding Scientific Publication (2002)<br /> AAG John Russell Mather Paper of the Year (2006)<br /> [[Organization:American Geophysical Union|American Geophysical Union]] Fellow (2012)<ref name="AGU Fellow"/> <br>2012 Hans Oeschger Medal<ref name=cv/> <br>2017 Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Science Communication <ref name="climateone.org"/>
AAAS 2018 Public Engagement with Science Award [https://www.aaas.org/news/michael-e-mann-receives-aaas-public-engagement-science-award]
| website = [http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/Mann/index.html Mann's Penn State homepage]<br/>[http://www.realclimate.org/ RealClimate]
}}

'''Michael Evan Mann''' (born December 28, 1965) is an American  [[Earth:Climatology|climatologist]] and geophysicist,<ref name=cv>{{cite web | last = Mann | first = Michael E. | url = http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/about/cv.php | title = Curriculum Vitae | publisher = Penn State, Dept. of Meteorology | date = 2013 | accessdate = 11 January 2014 }}</ref> currently director of the Earth System Science Center at [[Organization:Pennsylvania State University|Pennsylvania State University]], who has contributed to the scientific understanding of historic climate change based on the [[Earth:Temperature record of the past 1000 years|temperature record of the past thousand years]]. He has pioneered techniques to find patterns in past climate change, and to isolate climate signals from [[Noisy data|noisy data]].<ref name="EGU hans-oeschger">{{Cite web | title = EGU - Awards & Medals - Hans Oeschger Medal - Michael Mann | url = http://www.egu.eu/awards-medals/hans-oeschger/2012/michael-mann/ | publisher = [[Organization:European Geosciences Union|European Geosciences Union]] | year = 2012 | accessdate = 19 September 2013 }}</ref>

As lead author of a paper produced in 1998 with co-authors Raymond S. Bradley and Malcolm K. Hughes, Mann used advanced statistical techniques to find regional variations in a hemispherical climate reconstruction covering the past 600 years. In 1999 the same team used these techniques to produce a reconstruction over the past 1,000 years (MBH99) which was dubbed the "[[Hockey stick graph|hockey stick graph]]" because of its shape. He was one of eight lead authors of the "Observed Climate Variability and Change" chapter of the [[Organization:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change]] (IPCC) [[Earth:IPCC Third Assessment Report|Third Scientific Assessment Report]] published in 2001. A graph based on the MBH99 paper was highlighted in several parts of the report, and was given wide publicity. The IPCC acknowledged that his work, along with that of the many other lead authors and review editors, contributed to the award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize, which was won jointly by the IPCC and [[Biography:Al Gore|Al Gore]].

Mann was organizing committee chair for the National Academy of Sciences Frontiers of Science in 2003 and has received a number of honors and awards including selection by ''Scientific American'' as one of the fifty leading visionaries in science and technology in 2002. In 2012 he was inducted as a Fellow of the [[Organization:American Geophysical Union|American Geophysical Union]] and was awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the [[Organization:European Geosciences Union|European Geosciences Union]]. In 2013 he was elected a Fellow of the American Meteorological Society, and awarded the status of [[Social:Distinguished professor|distinguished professor]] in Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences. In 2017 he was elected as a Fellow of the [[Organization:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]].<ref name="csifellow"/>

Mann is author of more than 200 peer-reviewed and edited publications. He has also published three books: ''Dire Predictions: Understanding Global Warming '' (2008), ''[[Earth:The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars|The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars]]: Dispatches from the Front Lines'' (2012), and, together with co-author Tom Toles, ''The Madhouse Effect: How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet, Destroying Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy'' (2016). In 2012, the European Geosciences Union described his publication record as "outstanding for a scientist of his relatively young age". Mann is also a co-founder and contributor to the climatology blog RealClimate.

==Early life, undergraduate studies==
Mann was born in 1965, and brought up in Amherst, Massachusetts, where his father was a professor of mathematics at the [[Organization:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts]]. At school he was interested in math, science, and computing. In August 1984 he went to the [[Organization:University of California, Berkeley|University of California, Berkeley]], to major in physics with a second major in applied math. His second year research in the theoretical behaviour of [[Physics:Liquid crystal|liquid crystal]]s used the [[Monte Carlo method]] applying randomness in computer simulations. Late in 1987 he joined a research team under Didier de Fontaine which was using similar Monte Carlo methodology to investigate the superconducting properties of [[Chemistry:Yttrium barium copper oxide|yttrium barium copper oxide]], modelling transitions between ordered and disordered phases.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=5–6}}</ref> He graduated with honors in 1989 with an A.B. in applied mathematics and physics.<ref name=cv/>

===Doctoral and postgraduate studies===
Mann then attended [[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]], intending to obtain a [[Social:Doctor of Philosophy|PhD]] in physics, and received both an MS and an MPhil in physics in 1991. His interest was in theoretical [[Physics:Condensed matter physics|condensed matter physics]] but he found himself being pushed towards detailed semiconductor work. He looked at course options with a wider topic area, and was enthused by PhD adviser Barry Saltzman about climate modelling and research. To try this out he spent the summer of 1991 assisting a postdoctoral researcher in simulating the period of peak [[Earth:Cretaceous|Cretaceous]] warmth when [[Chemistry:Carbon dioxide|carbon dioxide]] levels were high, but fossils indicated most warming at the poles, with little warming in the tropics. Mann then joined the Yale Department of Geology and Geophysics, obtaining an MPhil in geology and geophysics in 1993. His research focused on natural variability and [[Earth:Climate oscillation|climate oscillation]]s. He worked with the seismologist Jeffrey Park, and their joint research adapted a statistical method developed for identifying seismological oscillations to find various periodicities in the instrumental temperature record, the longest being about 60 to 80 years. The paper Mann and Park published in December 1994 came to similar conclusions to a study developed in parallel using different methodology and published in January of that year, which found what was later called the [[Earth:Atlantic multidecadal oscillation|Atlantic multidecadal oscillation]].<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=1–2, 6–10, 28–30}}<br>{{cite journal |last1=Mann |first1=M.E. |last2=Park |first2=J. |year=1994 |url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/shared/articles/MannPark1994.pdf |format=PDF |title=Global scale modes of surface temperature variability on interannual to century time scales |doi=10.1029/94JD02396 |journal=Journal of Geophysical Research |volume=99 |pages=25819–25833 |ref=harv |bibcode=1994JGR....9925819M}}<br>{{Cite journal | last1 = Schlesinger | first1 = M. E. | last2 = Ramankutty | first2 = N. | doi = 10.1038/367723a0 | title = An oscillation in the global climate system of period 65–70 years | journal = Nature | volume = 367 | issue = 6465 | pages = 723–726 | year = 1994 | pmid =  | pmc = | bibcode = 1994Natur.367..723S }}</ref>

In 1994, Mann participated as a graduate student in the inaugural workshop of the [[Organization:National Center for Atmospheric Research|National Center for Atmospheric Research]]'s Geophysical Statistics Project aimed at encouraging active collaboration between statisticians, climatologists and atmospheric scientists. Leading statisticians participated, including [[Biography:Grace Wahba|Grace Wahba]] and [[Biography:Arthur P. Dempster|Arthur P. Dempster]].<ref>{{Cite journal |author= House Committee on Energy and Commerce |year=2006 |title= Questions surrounding the 'Hockey stick' temperature studes; implications for climate change assessments |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |url= http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg31362/html/CHRG-109hhrg31362.htm |accessdate= 2010-08-01 |pages=765–766 |series= Hearings before the Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigations of the Committee on Energy and Commerce, 109th Congress, Second session |ref= harv |postscript= <!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}} ([http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/CHRG-109hhrg31362/pdf/CHRG-109hhrg31362.pdf PDF]).</ref>

While still finishing his PhD research, Mann met UMass climate science professor Raymond S. Bradley and began research in collaboration with him and Park. Their research used paleoclimate proxy data from Bradley's previous work and methods Mann had developed with Park, to find oscillations in the longer proxy records. "Global Interdecadal and Century-Scale Climate Oscillations During the Past Five Centuries" was published by ''Nature'' in November 1995.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=30–34}}<br>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mann | first1 = Michael E. | last2 = Park | first2 = Jeffrey | last3 = Bradley | first3 = R. S. | doi = 10.1038/378266a0 | title = Global interdecadal and century-scale climate oscillations during the past five centuries | journal = Nature | volume = 378 | issue = 6554 | pages = 266–270 | year = 1995 | pmid =  | pmc = |ref=harv|bibcode = 1995Natur.378..266M }}</ref>

Another study by Mann and Park raised a minor technical issue with a climate model about human influence on climate change: this was published in 1996. In the context of controversy over the IPCC Second Assessment Report the paper was praised by those opposed to action on climate change, and the conservative organization Accuracy in Media claimed that it had not been publicised due to [[Social:Media bias|media bias]]. Mann defended his PhD thesis on ''A study of ocean-atmosphere interaction and low-frequency variability of the climate system'' in the spring of 1996,<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.worldcat.org/title/study-of-ocean-atmosphere-interaction-and-low-frequency-variability-of-the-climate-system/oclc/54219996 | title=A study of ocean-atmosphere interaction and low-frequency variability of the climate system | year=1998 | publisher=[[Organization:Yale University|Yale University]] | accessdate=2012-08-04}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=1–2, 41, 265–266}}</ref> and was awarded the Phillip M. Orville Prize for outstanding dissertation in the earth sciences in the following year. He was granted his PhD in geology and geophysics in 1998.<ref name=cv/>

===Postdoctoral research: the hockey stick graph===
[[File:Michael Mann "The Madhouse Effect" at CSICon Las Vegas in 2016.jpg|thumb|The Madhouse Effect How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet Destroying Our Politics and Driving Us Crazy CSICon 2016]]
From 1996–1998, after defending his PhD thesis at Yale, Mann carried out [[Earth:Paleoclimatology|paleoclimatology]] research at the [[Organization:University of Massachusetts Amherst|University of Massachusetts Amherst]] funded by a United States Department of Energy postdoctoral fellowship. He collaborated with Raymond S. Bradley and Bradley's colleague Malcolm K. Hughes, a Professor of [[Physics:Dendrochronology|Dendrochronology]] at the [[Organization:University of Arizona|University of Arizona]], with the aim of developing and applying an improved statistical approach to [[Earth:Proxy (climate)|climate proxy]] reconstructions. He taught a course in Data Analysis and Climate Change in 1997 and became a Research Assistant Professor the following year.<ref name=cv /><ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=41–42}}</ref>

The first truly quantitative reconstruction of [[Earth:Northern Hemisphere|Northern Hemisphere]] temperatures had been published in 1993 by Bradley and Phil Jones, but it and subsequent reconstructions compiled averages for decades, covering the whole hemisphere. Mann wanted temperatures of individual years showing differences between regions, to find spatial patterns showing natural oscillations and the effect of events such as volcanic eruptions. Sophisticated statistical methods had already been applied to [[Earth:Dendroclimatology|dendroclimatology]], but to get wider geographical coverage these tree ring records had to be related to sparser proxies such as ice cores, corals and lake sediments. To avoid giving too much weight to the more numerous tree data, Mann, Bradley and Hughes used the statistical procedure of [[Principal component analysis|principal component analysis]] to represent these larger datasets in terms of a small number of representative series and compare them to the sparser proxy records. The same procedure was also used to represent key information in the [[Earth:Instrumental temperature record|instrumental temperature record]] for comparison with the proxy series, enabling [[Cross-validation (statistics)|validation]] of the reconstruction. They chose the period 1902–1980 for calibration, leaving the previous 50 years of instrumental data for validation. This showed that the statistical reconstructions were only skillful (statistically meaningful) back to 1400.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=40–48}}</ref>

Their study highlighted interesting findings, such as confirming anecdotal evidence that there had been a strong El Niño in 1791, and finding that in 1816 the "[[Earth:Year Without a Summer|Year Without a Summer]]" in Eurasia and much of North America had been offset by warmer than usual temperatures in Labrador and the Middle East. It was also an advance on earlier reconstructions in that it went back further, showed individual years, and showed [[Standard deviation|uncertainty]] with [[Error bar|error bar]]s."<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=48}}</ref> Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries" (MBH98) was published on April 23, 1998 in the journal ''Nature''. In it, "Spatially resolved global reconstructions of annual surface temperature patterns" were related to "changes in greenhouse-gas concentrations, solar irradiance, and volcanic aerosols" leading to the conclusion that "each of these factors has contributed to the climate variability of the past 400 years, with greenhouse gases emerging as the dominant [[Astronomy:Radiative forcing|forcing]] during the twentieth century. Northern Hemisphere mean annual temperatures for three of the past eight years are warmer than any other year since (at least) AD 1400.<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mann | first1 = M. E. | title = Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries | last2 = Bradley | first2 = R. S. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = M. K. | journal = Nature | volume = 392 | issue = 6678 | pages = 779–787 | year = 1998 | doi = 10.1038/33859 | pmid =  | pmc = |bibcode = 1998Natur.392..779M |ref=harv}}</ref> The last point received most media attention. Mann was surprised by the extent of coverage which may have been due to chance release of the paper on [[Biology:Earth Day|Earth Day]] in an unusually warm year. In a CNN interview, John Roberts repeatedly asked him if it proved that humans were responsible for global warming, to which he would go no further than that it was "highly suggestive" of that inference.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=48–50}}</ref>

In May 1998, Jones, Briffa and colleagues published a reconstruction going back a thousand years, but not specifically estimating uncertainties. As Bradley recalls, Mann's initial reaction to the paper was "Look at this. This is rubbish. You can't do this. There isn't enough information. There's too much uncertainty." Bradley suggested using the MBH98 methodology to go further back. Within a few weeks, Mann responded that to his surprise, "There is a certain amount of skill. We can actually say something, although there are large uncertainties."<ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Jones | first1 = P. D. | last2 = Briffa | first2 = K. R. | last3 = Barnett | first3 = T. P. | last4 = Tett | first4 = S. F. B. | title = High-resolution palaeoclimatic records for the last millennium: interpretation, integration and comparison with General Circulation Model control-run temperatures | doi = 10.1191/095968398667194956 | journal = The Holocene | volume = 8 | issue = 4 | pages = 455–471 | year = 1998 | pmid =  | pmc = |ref=harv}}</ref><ref name="Monastersky">{{cite news |url=http://chronicle.com/article/Climate-Science-on-Trial/34665 |title=Climate Science on Trial - Research |first=Richard |last=Monastersky |date=September 8, 2006 |newspaper=The Chronicle of Higher Education |page=10 |quote= |accessdate=2011-03-06}}</ref> Mann carried out a series of statistical [[Sensitivity and specificity|sensitivity tests]] on 24 long term datasets, in which he statistically "[[Censoring (statistics)|censored]]" each proxy in turn to see the effect its removal had on the result. He found that a dataset which would otherwise have been reliable diverged from 1800 until around 1900, suggesting that it had been affected for that time by the {{CO2}} "[[Earth:Climate change and agriculture#Effect of elevated carbon dioxide on crops|fertilisation effect]]". Using this dataset corrected in comparisons with other tree series, their reconstruction passed the validation tests for the extended period, but they were cautious about the increased uncertainties involved.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=50–53}}</ref>

The Mann, Bradley and Hughes reconstruction covering 1,000 years (MBH99) was published by ''[[Earth:Geophysical Research Letters|Geophysical Research Letters]]'' in March 1999 with the cautious title ''Northern Hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations''.<ref name="Monastersky" /><ref>{{Cite journal | last1 = Mann | first1 = M. E. | last2 = Bradley | first2 = R. S. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = M. K. | doi = 10.1029/1999GL900070 | title = Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: Inferences, uncertainties, and limitations | journal = Geophysical Research Letters | volume = 26 | issue = 6 | pages = 759–762 | year = 1999 | pmid =  | pmc =| bibcode=1999GeoRL..26..759M|ref=harv}}</ref> Mann said that "As you go back farther in time, the data becomes sketchier. One can't quite pin things down as well, but, our results do reveal that significant changes have occurred, and temperatures in the latter 20th century have been exceptionally warm compared to the preceding 900 years. Though substantial uncertainties exist in the estimates, these are nonetheless startling revelations."<ref name="MBH99 News Release">{{cite web|url=http://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/newsreleases/articles/12577.php |title=News Releases : 1998 Was Warmest Year of Millennium, UMass Amherst Climate Researchers Report |author= |date=March 3, 1999 |publisher=UMass Amherst Office of News & Information |quote= |accessdate=2011-03-06 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629171730/http://www.umass.edu/newsoffice/newsreleases/articles/12577.php |archivedate=June 29, 2011 |df= }}</ref> When Mann gave a talk about the study to the [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s [[Organization:Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory|Geophysical Fluid Dynamics Laboratory]], climatologist Jerry D. Mahlman nicknamed the graph the "hockey stick".<ref name="Monastersky" />

==Career==
===University positions===
In 1999, Mann secured a position as a tenure-track assistant professor in the Department of Environmental Sciences at the [[Organization:University of Virginia|University of Virginia]]. He left Virginia in 2005 to become an associate professor in the Department of Meteorology (with joint appointments in Department of Geosciences and Earth and Environmental Systems Institute) at [[Organization:Pennsylvania State University|Pennsylvania State University]], where he was also appointed the Director of its Earth System Science Center. He was promoted to full professor in 2009 and to "Distinguished Professor of Meteorology" in 2013.<ref name=cv />

===IPCC Third Assessment Report===
Before the publication of MBH98, Mann had been nominated to be an author on the [[Earth:IPCC Third Assessment Report|IPCC Third Assessment Report]]. Late in 1998 he heard that he had been selected as a lead author for the "observations" chapter of the Working Group I report. He was to work with the numerous contributing authors in preparing an assessment of the state of knowledge of the paleoclimate record, starting by soliciting input from the leading experts in that field.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|2012|p=53}}</ref>

Mann was one of eight lead authors of the "Observed Climate Variability and Change" chapter of the report, working under the two co-ordinating lead authors for the chapter. The report was published in 2001.<ref>{{cite book |year=2001 |title=Climate Change 2001: The Scientific Basis | first1 = J. R. | last1 = Christy | first2 = R. A. | last2 = Clarke | first3 = G. V. | last3 = Gruza | first4 = J. | last4 = Jouzel | first5 = M. E. | last5 = Mann | first6 = J. | last6 = Oerlemans | first7 = M. J. | last7 = Salinger | first8 = S.-W. | last8 = Wang | chapter = Observed Climate Variability and Change | publisher = Cambridge University Press | url = http://www.grida.no/publications/other/ipcc_tar/?src=/climate/ipcc_tar/wg1/048.htm | isbn = 0-521-80767-0 }}</ref>

===Research===
Mann continued his interest in improving methodology to find patterns in high-resolution paleoclimate reconstructions: he was lead author with Bradley and Hughes on a study of long term variability in the [[Earth:El Niño|El Niño]] southern oscillations and related [[Earth:Teleconnection|teleconnection]]s, published in 2000.<ref>{{harvnb|Mann|Bradley|Hughes|2000}}</ref> 
His areas of research have included climate signal detection, [[Earth:Attribution of recent climate change|attribution of climate change]] and [[Earth:Numerical weather prediction|coupled ocean-atmosphere modeling]], developing and assessing methods of statistical and [[Time series|time series]] analysis and comparing the results of modelling against data.<ref name=cv />

The original MBH98 and MBH99 papers avoided undue representation of large numbers of tree ring proxies by using a [[Principal component analysis|principal component analysis]] step to summarise these proxy networks, but from 2001 Mann stopped using this method and introduced a [[Multivariate analysis|multivariate]] Climate Field Reconstruction (CFR) technique using a [[Regularization (mathematics)|regularized]] [[Expectation–maximization algorithm|expectation–maximization]] (RegEM) method which did not require this PCA step. In May 2002 Mann and Scott Rutherford published a paper on testing methods of climate reconstruction which discussed this technique. By adding artificial noise to actual temperature records or to model simulations they produced synthetic datasets which they called "pseudoproxies". When the reconstruction procedure was used with these pseudoproxies, the result was then compared with the original record or simulation to see how closely it had been reconstructed.<ref name="MR 02">{{harvnb|Mann|2012|pp=104–105, 306}}</ref>

In August 2003 Mann with Phil Jones published reconstructions using various high-resolution proxies including tree rings, ice cores and sediments. This study indicated that that Northern Hemisphere late 20th century warmth had no precedent for roughly 2,000 years, 
dwarfing Medieval warmth, but proxy data was still too sparse to evaluate the Southern Hemisphere.<ref name="MJ2003">{{Harvnb|Mann|Jones|2003}}.</ref>

More recently, Mann's areas of research have included hurricanes and climate change, and climate modeling.<ref name="research findings">{{Cite web  | last = Mann | first = Michael E. | title = Research Findings | url = http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/research/research_findings.php | publisher = Penn State University | accessdate = 1 October 2013 }}</ref> His work using comparisons with the results of climate models indicated that cooling from large volcanoes was not fully shown by tree ring reconstructions, and suggested that in extreme cases cooling caused by eruptions could result in trees showing no growth, and hence no tree ring for that year. The result would be that tree ring reconstructions could understate climate variability, and there has been scientific debate about the methodology and validity of these findings.<ref name="ars volcanoes">{{Cite web  | last = Johnson | first = Scott K. | title = Tree ring history spurs actual climate science debate | url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/02/tree-ring-records-spur-actual-climate-science-debate/ | publisher = [[Ars Technica]] | date = 4 February 2013 | accessdate = 1 October 2013 }}</ref>

A paper published in April 2014 by Mann and co-authors set out a new method of defining the Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (AMO) in place of a problematic method based on detrending the climate signal. They found that in recent decades the AMO had been in a cooling phase, rather than a warming phase as researchers had thought. This cooling had contributed towards the recent [[Earth:Global warming hiatus|Global warming hiatus]] in surface temperatures, and would change to enhanced surface warming in the next phase of the oscillation.<ref name="news.psu 7Apr14">{{Cite web  | last = Messer | first = A'ndrea Elyse | title = Slowdown of global warming fleeting | url = http://news.psu.edu/story/310769/2014/04/07/research/slowdown-global-warming-fleeting | publisher =  Penn State University| date = 7 April 2014  | accessdate = 28 April 2014 }}, {{Cite journal | doi = 10.1002/2014GL059233| title = On Forced Temperature Changes, Internal Variability and the AMO| journal = Geophysical Research Letters| pages = 3211–3219| year = 2014| last1 = Mann | first1 = M. E. | last2 = Steinman | first2 = B. A. | last3 = Miller | first3 = S. K. | volume=41| bibcode = 2014GeoRL..41.3211M}} [http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/articles/articles/MannEtAlGRLPreprint.pdf pdf]</ref>

==Hockey stick controversy==
{{main|Earth:Hockey stick controversy}}
Figures based on the northern hemisphere mean temperatures graph from MBH99 were prominently featured in the [[Earth:IPCC Third Assessment Report|IPCC Third Assessment Report]] of 2001, and became the focus of controversy when some individuals and groups disputed the data and methodology of this reconstruction.<ref name="Part three guardian">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/feb/09/hockey-stick-graph-ipcc-report |title=Part three: Hockey stick graph took pride of place in IPCC report, despite doubts &#124; Environment | first = Fred | last = Pearce | date=February 9, 2010 |publisher=The Guardian |quote= |accessdate=2010-03-08 | location=London}}</ref>

The 2006 North Report published by the United States National Academy of Sciences endorsed the MBH studies with a few reservations. The principal component analysis methodology had a small tendency to bias results so was not recommended, but it had little influence on the final reconstructions, and other methods produced similar results.<ref>{{Citation |date= 22 June 2006 |last1= Revkin |first1= Andrew C. |title= Science Panel Backs Study on Warming Climate |newspaper= New York Times |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/22/science/22cnd-climate.html}}<br>{{cite journal | author=Committee on Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the Last 2,000 Years, National Research Council | url=http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=11676 | title=Surface Temperature Reconstructions for the last 2,000 years | year=2006 | publisher=National Academies Press}}</ref><ref name=Brumfiel06>{{cite journal | last = Brumfiel | first = G. |title=Academy affirms hockey-stick graph |journal=Nature |volume=441 |issue=7097 |pages=1032–3 |date=June 2006 |doi=10.1038/4411032a |url = http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v441/n7097/full/4411032a.html |pmid=16810211 |bibcode=2006Natur.441.1032B |ref=harv}}</ref> Mann has said his findings have been "independently verified by independent teams using alternative methods and alternative data sources."<ref name=Warner_2010-03-28_TMC /> More than two dozen reconstructions, using various statistical methods and combinations of proxy records, support the broad consensus shown in the original hockey stick graph, with variations in how flat the pre-20th century "shaft" appears.<ref name="Frank 2010">{{cite journal| last1 =  Frank | first1 = David| last2 =  Esper | first2 = Jan |  last3 =  Zorita | first3 = Eduardo | authorlink3 = Eduardo Zorita| last4 =  Wilson | first4 = Rob| title = A noodle, hockey stick, and spaghetti plate: A perspective on high-resolution paleoclimatology | doi = 10.1002/wcc.53 | journal = Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change| volume = 1 | issue = 4 | pages = 507–516 | date = 14 May 2010| pmid = | pmc =}}</ref><ref name="Part four guardian">{{cite news |url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2010/feb/09/hockey-stick-michael-mann-steve-mcintyre |title=Part four: Climate change debate overheated after sceptics grasped 'hockey stick' &#124; Environment | first = Fred | last = Pearce |authorlink=Fred Pearce |date=February 9, 2010 |publisher=The Guardian |quote= |accessdate=2010-03-08 | location=London}}</ref>

===CRU email controversy===
In November 2009, hackers obtained a large number of emails exchanged among researchers at the [[Organization:Climatic Research Unit|Climatic Research Unit]] of the [[Organization:University of East Anglia|University of East Anglia]] and with other scientists, including Mann. The release of their correspondence on the Internet sparked the [[Earth:Climatic Research Unit email controversy|Climatic Research Unit email controversy]], commonly known as 'Climategate',<ref>Douglas Fischer and The Daily Climate, [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/climategate-scientist-cleared-in-inquiry-again/ "Climategate Scientist Cleared in Inquiry, Again," ''Scientific American]'', July 1, 2010. Retrieved 24 Aug. 2015.</ref><ref>Damian Carrington, "[https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2014/may/20/climategate-longterm-level-climate-change-scepticism 'Climategate' had only fleeting effect on global warming scepticism]," ''The Guardian'',  20 May 2014. Retrieved 24 Aug. 2015.</ref> in which extracts from emails were publicized to raise accusations against the scientists. A series of investigations cleared the scientists of wrongdoing. Detailed analysis by the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) found that the critics made unsupported accusations of falsification and manipulation or destruction of data and were commonly mistaken about the scientific issues.<ref name="beeb 6 August 2010">{{Cite news | last = | first = | title = Scientists&#039; &#039;Climategate&#039; e-mails &#039;just discussions&#039; | url = https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-england-essex-10899538 | publisher = BBC News | date = 6 August 2010 | accessdate =2 January 2014}}</ref><ref name="bloomberg 110822" />

Mann was specifically cleared by several inquiries. Pennsylvania State University (PSU) commissioned two reviews related to the emails and his research, which reported in February and July 2010. They cleared Mann of misconduct, stating there was no substance to the allegations, but criticized him for sharing unpublished manuscripts with third parties.<ref name="PSU Report">{{cite web|url=http://live.psu.edu/fullimg/userpics/10026/Final_Investigation_Report.pdf|title=Final Investigation Report Involving Dr. Michael E. Mann|date=June 4, 2010|publisher=The Pennsylvania State University|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100713232736/http://news.sciencemag.org/scienceinsider/Final%20Investigation%20Report.pdf|archivedate=13 July 2010}}</ref><ref name="PSU Findings">{{cite web|url=http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf |title=RA-10 Inquiry Report: Concerning the Allegations of Research Misconduct Against Dr. Michael E. Mann, Department of Meteorology, College of Earth and Mineral Sciences, The Pennsylvania State University |last=Foley |first=Henry C. |first2=Alan W. |last2=Scaroni |first3=Candice A. |last3=Yekel |date=February 3, 2010 |publisher=The Pennsylvania State University |accessdate=February 7, 2010 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20100215071321/http://www.research.psu.edu/orp/Findings_Mann_Inquiry.pdf |archivedate=February 15, 2010 |df= }} The allegations were of "manipulating data, destroying records and colluding to hamper the progress of scientific discourse around the issue of anthropogenic global warming from approximately 1998."</ref>

The EPA gave detailed consideration to petitions with allegations against Mann from lobbyists including the Southeastern Legal Foundation, [[Company:Peabody Energy|Peabody Energy]], the [[Organization:Competitive Enterprise Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]], and the Ohio Coal Association: the EPA found their claims were not supported by the evidence.<ref name="beeb 6 August 2010" /><ref>{{cite web | url = http://epa.gov/climatechange/endangerment/petitions.html | title = Denial of Petitions for Reconsideration of the Endangerment and Cause or Contribute Findings for Greenhouse Gases under Section 202(a) of the Clean Air Act / Regulatory Initiatives / Climate Change / U.S. EPA | accessdate =16 September 2011 | date = 29 July 2010 | publisher = Environmental Protection Agency}}</ref>

At the request of Senator [[Biography:Jim Inhofe|Jim Inhofe]], who has called the science of man-made climate change a hoax, the Inspector General of the United States Department of Commerce investigated the emails in relation to [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|NOAA]], and concluded that there was no evidence of inappropriate manipulation of data.<ref name="bloomberg 110822" /><ref>Zinser, Todd J., Inspector General of the U.S. Dept. of Commerce, in a letter to Sen. Inhofe, February 18, 2011, wrote, "We found no evidence in the CRU emails that NOAA inappropriately manipulated data comprising the GHCN-M dataset."</ref> The Office of the Inspector General (OIG) of the [[Organization:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] also carried out a detailed investigation, which it closed on August 15, 2011. It agreed with the conclusions of the university inquiries, and exonerated Mann of charges of scientific misconduct.<ref name="bloomberg 110822">{{Cite news  | last = Efstathiou Jr.  | first = Jim | title = Climate-Change Scientist Cleared in Closing of U.S. Data-Altering Inquiry | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2011-08-22/climate-change-scientist-cleared-in-u-s-data-altering-inquiry.html | publisher = [[Company:Bloomberg L.P.|Bloomberg]] | date = 22 August 2011 | accessdate =2 January 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | publisher = [[Organization:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] Office of Inspector General | url = http://www.science20.com/uploads/1770191916-429173860.pdf | title = Case Number: A09120086 }}</ref><ref name="IoP 110830">{{Cite web | title = Climate scientist cleared of research misconduct | url = http://physicsworld.com/cws/article/news/47043 | publisher = physicsworld.com, A website from the [[Organization:Institute of Physics|Institute of Physics]] | date = August 30, 2011 | accessdate = January 3, 2012}}</ref>

===Attorney General of Virginia's investigative demand===

Based on the CRU email leak, Virginia Attorney General [[Biography:Ken Cuccinelli|Ken Cuccinelli]] initiated a Civil Investigative Demand against the University of Virginia to obtain documentation relating to Mann's work at the university. The demand sparked widespread academic condemnation as a "blatantly political" attempt to intimidate and silence Mann,<ref name="Walker_2010-05-19_Virginian-Pilot">{{cite web | last = Walker | first = Julian | url = http://hamptonroads.com/2010/05/academics-fight-cuccinellis-call-climatechange-records | title = Academics fight Cuccinelli's call for climate-change records | work = The Virginian-Pilot | date = May 19, 2010 }}</ref> and was denied in August 2010 by a judge for failure to state sufficient cause.<ref>{{cite news | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/08/30/AR2010083004405.html | title = A judge puts a damper on Mr. Cuccinelli's U-Va. witch hunt | newspaper = Washington Post | date = August 31, 2010 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | last = Fitzgerald | first = Brendan | url = http://www.c-ville.com/index.php?cat=1991704080566501&act=post&pid=12033008103906006 |  title = Court sets aside Cuccinelli investigation of UVA climate scientist | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20110716213634/http://www.c-ville.com/index.php?cat=1991704080566501&act=post&pid=12033008103906006 | archivedate = 2011-07-16 | date = August 30, 2010 | accessdate = December 21, 2010 | work = C-Ville Weekly }}</ref> Cuccinelli tried to re-open his case by issuing a revised subpoena,<ref name="cavalier">{{cite news | newspaper = The Cavalier Daily | date = October 6, 2010 | url = http://www.cavalierdaily.com/2010/10/06/cuccinelli-orders-new-investigation | title = Cuccinelli orders new investigation | first = Rebecca | last = Rubin }}</ref> and appealed the case to the Virginia Supreme Court. The case was defended by the university, and the court ruled that Cuccinelli did not have the authority to make these demands. The decision, seen as supporting academic freedom, was welcomed by the [[Organization:Union of Concerned Scientists|Union of Concerned Scientists]].<ref>{{Cite news | last = Kumar | first = Anita | title = Va. Supreme Court tosses Cuccinelli&rsquo;s case against former U-Va. climate change researcher - Virginia Politics | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/virginia-politics/post/va-supreme-court-tosses-cuccinellis-case-against-u-va/2012/03/02/gIQAeOqjmR_blog.html | publisher = The Washington Post | date = March 2, 2012 | accessdate = March 2, 2012}}<br>{{Cite news | last = Goldenberg | first = Suzanne | title = Virginia court rejects sceptic's bid for climate science emails : Environment | url = https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2012/mar/02/virginia-court-sceptic-access-climate-emails | publisher = The Guardian | date = March 2, 2012 | accessdate = March 2, 2012}}</ref>

In October 2010, Mann wrote an op-ed in the ''Washington Post'' in which he described several past, present and projected attacks on climate science and scientists by politicians, drawing a link between them and "the pseudo-science that questioned the link between smoking cigarettes and lung cancer, and the false claims questioning the science of acid rain and the hole in the ozone layer." Saying they were "not good-faith questioning of scientific research [but] anti-science", he called for all his fellow scientists to stand against the attacks.<ref name="washingtonpost_oped">{{cite web | first = Michael | last = Mann | work = Washington Post | date = October 8, 2010 | url = https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/10/07/AR2010100705484.html | title = Get the anti-science bent out of politics }}</ref>

Mann was a supporter of Democratic candidate Terry McAuliffe's successful 2013 campaign for governor of Virginia; in that election, Cuccinelli was the Republican candidate. On the campaign trail, Mann promoted the role of scientific research and technology in job creation<ref name="Mann McA nbc29">{{Cite web  | last = Sykes | first = Ed | title = McAuliffe, Mann Encourage Science &amp; Technology Innovation  | url = http://www.nbc29.com/story/22732611/mcauliffe-mann-encourage-science-technology-innovation | publisher = NBC29 WVIR Charlottesville, VA News, Sports and Weather | date = 1 July 2013 | accessdate = 5 July 2013 }}</ref> and highlighted the costs of the Cuccinelli's Civil Investigative Demand case, and the threat it had presented to the scientific community.<ref>{{Cite web  | last = Hutchins | first = J. Reynolds | title = Ex-UVa professor Mann stumps with McAuliffe in Charlottesville  | url = http://www.dailyprogress.com/news/local/ex-uva-professor-mann-stumps-with-mcauliffe-in-charlottesville/article_c05c90f8-e2b5-11e2-bcf5-001a4bcf6878.html | publisher = The Daily Progress | date = 1 July 2013 | accessdate = 5 July 2013 }}</ref>

=== Defamation lawsuit ===
Attacks on the work and reputation of climatologists continued, and Mann discussed with colleagues the need for a strong response when they were slandered or libeled. In July 2012,<ref name="mag.newsweek.com" /> [[Organization:Competitive Enterprise Institute|Competitive Enterprise Institute]] (CEI) blogger Rand Simberg accused Mann of "deception" and "engaging in data manipulation" and alleged that the Penn State investigation that had cleared Mann was a "cover-up and whitewash" comparable to the recent [[Social:Penn State child sex abuse scandal|Jerry Sandusky sex scandal]], "except that instead of molesting children, he has molested and tortured data." The CEI blog editor then removed the sentence as "inappropriate", but a ''National Review'' blog post by [[Biography:Mark Steyn|Mark Steyn]] cited it and alleged that Mann's hockey stick graph was "fraudulent".<ref name="Timmer Oct12">{{Cite web  | last = Timmer | first = John | title = Climate scientist gets compared to Jerry Sandusky, files libel suit | url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2012/10/climate-scientist-gets-compared-to-jerry-sandusky-files-libel-suit/ | publisher = Ars Technica | date = 26 October 2012 | accessdate = 26 February 2014 }}</ref><ref name="www.pennlive Jan 14">{{Cite web  | last = Orso | first = Anna | title = Michael Mann: The Penn State professor who went from stormless scientist to climate crusader : PennLive.com | url = http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2014/01/michael_mann_the_penn_state_pr.html | publisher = ''The Patriot-News'' | date = 31 January 2014 | accessdate = 25 February 2014 }}</ref>

Mann asked CEI and ''National Review'' to remove the allegations and apologize, or he would take action.<ref name="mag.newsweek.com">{{Cite web  | last = Eichenwald | first = Kurt | title = A Change in the Legal Climate | url = http://mag.newsweek.com/2014/01/31/change-legal-climate.html | publisher = Newsweek | date = 30 January 2014 | accessdate = 25 February 2014 }}</ref> The CEI published further insults, and ''National Review'' editor Rich Lowry responded in an article headed "Get Lost" with a declaration that, should Mann sue, the discovery process would be used to reveal and publish Mann's emails. Mann's lawyer filed the defamation lawsuit in October 2012.<ref name="Timmer Oct12" />

Before the case could go to discovery, CEI and ''National Review'' filed a court motion to dismiss it under [[Social:Strategic lawsuit against public participation|anti-SLAPP]] legislation, with the claim that they had merely been using exaggerated language which was acceptable against a public figure. In July 2013 the judge ruled against this motion,<ref name="Timmer July 13">{{Cite web  | last = Timmer | first = John | title = "Hockey stick graph" climate researcher's defamation suit to go forward | url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/07/hockey-stick-graph-climate-researchers-defamation-suit-to-go-forward/ | publisher = Ars Technica | date = 22 July 2013 | accessdate = 26 February 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.motherjones.com/blue-marble/2013/07/michael-mann-defamation-national-review-cei | title=Climate Scientist Prevails in First Round of Defamation Suit Against Conservative Bloggers | work=Mother Jones | date=24 July 2013 | accessdate=22 February 2014 | last=Sheppard | first = Kate}}</ref> and when the defendants took this to appeal a new judge also denied their motion to dismiss, in January 2014. The ''National Review'' changed its lawyers, and Steyn decided to represent himself in court.<ref name="mag.newsweek.com" /><ref name="arstechnica 26 Jan 14">{{Cite web  | last = Timmer | first = John | title = Climate scientist's defamation suit allowed to go forward | url = https://arstechnica.com/science/2014/01/climate-scientists-defamation-suit-allowed-to-go-forward/ | publisher = Ars Technica  | date = 26 January 2014 | accessdate = 28 March 2014 }}</ref> Journalist Seth Shulman, at the [[Organization:Union of Concerned Scientists|Union of Concerned Scientists]], welcomed the judge's statement that accusations of fraud "go to the heart of scientific integrity. They can be proven true or false. If false, they are defamatory. If made with actual malice, they are actionable."<ref name="urlWhy a Climate Scientists Libel Case Matters | Michael Manns Libel Suit Progresses in Court">{{cite web |url=http://www.livescience.com/43332-why-libel-matters-to-climate-science.html |title=Why a Climate Scientist's Libel Case Matters &#124; Michael Mann's Libel Suit Progresses in Court |author= Seth Shulman|date= 12 February 2014|publisher= LiveScience |quote= |accessdate=2014-12-31}}</ref>

The defendants again appealed the decision. In August 2014, the Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press with 26 other organizations filed an amicus brief in the D.C. appeals court, arguing that the comments at issue were constitutionally protected under the First Amendment as opinion.<ref name="RCFP">{{cite web | url = http://www.rcfp.org/browse-media-law-resources/briefs-comments/competitive-enterprise-institute-and-national-review-v-ma | title = Competitive Enterprise Institute and National Review v. Mann | date = 11 August 2014 | publisher = Reporters Committee for Freedom of the Press | accessdate = 2014-12-31}}</ref><ref>Chakraborty, Barnini . "[http://www.foxnews.com/politics/2014/08/14/multiple-news-outlets-back-dc-think-tanks-against-global-warming-scientist/ Groups rally around think tank, publication being sued for global warming views]," Aug. 14, 2014, FoxNews.com. Retrieved 31 December 2014. [http://www.rcfp.org/sites/default/files/2014-08-11-competitive-enterprise-institu.pdf The brief] has been published by the RCFP.</ref> Steyn chose to be represented by attorney Daniel J. Kornstein.<ref>Kornstein, Daniel J., "[http://kvwp.net/bio/kornstein2.htm Representative Cases]," ''Kornstein Veisz Wexle, & Pollard LLP. Retrieved 31 December 2014. Third in the list in the notice, "Mann v. National Review, et al., (Super. Ct. D.C. 2014). Represent political and cultural commentator Mark Steyn as defendant in libel suit brought by climate change scientist."</ref> On 22 December 2016 the  D.C. appeals court ruled that Mann's case against Simberg and Steyn could go ahead. A "reasonable jury" could find against the defendants, and though the context should be considered, "if the statements assert or imply false facts that defame the individual, they do not find shelter under the First Amendment simply because they are embedded in a larger policy debate.".<ref>{{cite web | title=Court: Climate scientist can sue conservative writers over alleged defamation | website=TheHill | date=2016-12-22 | url=http://thehill.com/policy/energy-environment/311495-court-climate-scientist-can-sue-conservative-writers-over-alleged | accessdate=2016-12-23}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title=District of Columbia Court of Appeals: No. 14-CV-101 Competitive Enterprise Institute and Rand Simburg v. Michael E. Mann, No. 14-CV-126 National Review, Inc. v. Michael E. Mann | website=District of Columbia Courts | date=2016-12-22 | url=http://www.dccourts.gov/internet/documents/14-CV-101_14-CV-126.pdf | format=PDF | accessdate=2017-08-21 | deadurl=yes | archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20170713061721/http://www.dccourts.gov/internet/documents/14-CV-101_14-CV-126.pdf | archivedate=2017-07-13 | df= }}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
Mann's dissertation was awarded the Phillip M. Orville Prize in 1997 as an "outstanding dissertation in the earth sciences" at Yale University. His co-authorship of a scientific paper published by ''Nature'' won him an award from the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI) in 2002, and another co-authored paper published in the same year won the [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]'s outstanding scientific publication award. In 2002 he was named by ''Scientific American'' as one of fifty "leading visionaries in science and technology." The Association of American Geographers awarded him the John Russell Mather Paper of the Year award in 2005 for a co-authored paper published in the ''Journal of Climate''. The [[Organization:American Geophysical Union|American Geophysical Union]] awarded him its Editors' Citation for Excellence in Refereeing in 2006 to recognize his contributions in reviewing manuscripts for its ''[[Earth:Geophysical Research Letters|Geophysical Research Letters]]'' journal.<ref name=PSU>{{cite web | url = http://www.met.psu.edu/people/mem45 | work = PSU People | title = Michael E. Mann | publisher = Penn State Meteorology and Atmospheric Science }}</ref>

The [[Organization:Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change|IPCC]] presented Mann, along with all other "scientists that had contributed substantially to the preparation of IPCC reports", with a personalized certificate "for contributing to the award of the Nobel Peace Prize for 2007 to the IPCC", celebrating the joint award of the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize to the IPCC and to [[Biography:Al Gore|Al Gore]].<ref>The 2007 Nobel Peace Prize was awarded to the IPCC as an organization, and the prize was not an award to any individual involved with the IPCC.</ref><ref name=ipcccert>{{Cite web | title = IPCC Statement about the 2007 Nobel Peace Prize | url = http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/nobel/Nobel_statement_final.pdf | publisher = IPCC Press Office | date = 29 October 2012 | accessdate = 2 January 2014|quote=personalized certificates .... were sent to coordinating lead authors, lead authors, review editors, Bureau members, staff of the technical support units and staff of the secretariat from the IPCC's inception in 1988 until the award of the prize in 2007}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | title = Letter from Renate Christ, Secretary of the IPCC | url = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=441602745895933&set=a.221233134599563.54502.221222081267335&type=1&relevant_count=1 | publisher = Michael E. Mann, Timeline Photos : Facebook | date = October 30, 2012 | accessdate = November 2, 2012}}, [https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=gmail&attid=0.1&thid=13b8c5b383e310bf&mt=application/pdf&url=https://mail.google.com/mail/?ui%3D2%26ik%3Dc35d407f8c%26view%3Datt%26th%3D13b8c5b383e310bf%26attid%3D0.1%26disp%3Dsafe%26zw&sig=AHIEtbRl37BDfmlKU1nL5SDue9zcuYv-GA pdf of letter] retrieved December 12, 2012.<br>{{Cite web | last = Mann | first = Michael E. | title = Timeline Photos : Facebook | url = https://www.facebook.com/photo.php?fbid=438157782907096&set=a.221233134599563.54502.221222081267335&type=1&relevant_count=1 | publisher = facebook | date = October 25, 2012 | accessdate = October 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web | last = Bralower | first = Timothy | last2 = Rosenhoover | first2 = Christie| title =Nobel Prize Comes to Geosciences | url = http://www.geosc.psu.edu/sites/default/files/Newsletter_2007.pdf | publisher = Penn State College of Earth and Mineral Sciences | year = 2007 | accessdate = October 28, 2012}}</ref>

In 2012, he was elected a Fellow of the [[Organization:American Geophysical Union|American Geophysical Union]]<ref name="AGU Fellow"/> and awarded the Hans Oeschger Medal of the [[Organization:European Geosciences Union|European Geosciences Union]] for "his significant contributions to understanding decadal-centennial scale climate change over the last two millennia and for pioneering techniques to synthesize patterns and northern hemispheric time series of past climate using proxy data reconstructions."<ref name="EGU hans-oeschger" /><ref name=PSU/>

Following election by the American Meteorological Society he became a new Fellow of the society in 2013.<ref name="www.ametsoc.org">{{Cite web | last = | first = | title = Dr. Michael Mann named 2013 AMS Fellow — Penn State Meteorology and Atmospheric Science | url = http://ploneprod.met.psu.edu/news-events/news/dr.-michael-mann-named-ams-fellow-for-2013 | publisher = Penn State University | date = October 16, 2012 | accessdate = November 4, 2012}}<br>{{Cite web | title = 2013 AMS Honorary Members, Awards, Lecturers and Fellows | url = http://ametsoc.org/awards/2013awardrecipients.pdf | publisher = American Meteorological Society | year =2012 | accessdate = October 28, 2012}}</ref> In January 2013 he was designated with the status of [[Social:Distinguished professor|distinguished professor]] in Penn State's College of Earth and Mineral Sciences.<ref>{{Cite web | title = Chen and Mann named distinguished professor in EMS | url = http://live.psu.edu/story/63610 | publisher = Penn State Live | date = January 24, 2013 | accessdate = January 25, 2013 | deadurl = yes | archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130127155042/http://live.psu.edu/story/63610 | archivedate = January 27, 2013 | df =  }}</ref>

In September 2013, Mann was named by Bloomberg Markets in its third annual list of the "50 Most Influential" people, included in a group of "thinkers" with reference to his work with other scientists on the hockey stick graph, his responses on the RealClimate blog "to climate change deniers", and his book publications.<ref name="www.bloomberg.com">{{Cite web  | last = Dieterich | first = Robert S. | title = Most Influential 50's New Names Show Shakeup in Finance - Bloomberg | url = https://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-09-03/most-influential-50-s-new-names-show-shakeup-bloomberg-markets.html | publisher = Bloomberg Markets | date = 3 September 2013 | accessdate = 19 September 2013 }}</ref><ref name="news.psu.edu">{{Cite web | title = Bloomberg Markets names Michael Mann to &#039;50 Most Influential&#039; list | url = http://news.psu.edu/story/287752/2013/09/16/bloomberg-markets-names-michael-mann-50-most-influential-list | publisher =Penn State University  | date = 16 September 2013 | accessdate = 19 September 2013 }}</ref> Later that month, he received the National Wildlife Federation's National Conservation Achievement Award for Science.<ref name="NWF">{{Cite web | last= Grant | first= Miles | title = BNWF to Honor Michael Mann with Conservation Achievement Award | url = https://www.nwf.org/News-and-Magazines/Media-Center/News-by-Topic/General-NWF/2013/09-23-13-NWF-to-Honor-Michael-Mann-with-Conservation-Achievement-Award.aspx | publisher =National Wildlife Federation | date = 23 September 2013 | accessdate = 30 September 2013 }}<br>{{Cite web | last= Messer |first= A'ndrea Elyse | title = Mann receives Conservation Achievement Award | url = http://news.psu.edu/story/288766/2013/09/23/research/mann-receives-conservation-achievement-award | publisher =Penn State University  | date = 23 September 2013 | accessdate = 30 September 2013 }}</ref>

On 28 April 2014 the [[Organization:National Center for Science Education|National Center for Science Education]] announced that its first annual  Friend of the Planet award had been presented to Mann and [[Biography:Richard Alley|Richard Alley]].<ref name="ncse.com">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = Friend of Darwin and Friend of the Planet awards for 2014 | url = http://ncse.com/news/2014/04/friend-darwin-friend-planet-awards-2014-0015556 | publisher = [[Organization:National Center for Science Education|National Center for Science Education]] | date =  28 April 2014  | accessdate = 28 April 2014 }}</ref> In the same year, Mann was named as a Highly Cited Researcher by the Institute for Scientific Information (ISI). In 2015 he was elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, and in 2016 he was  elected Vice Chair of the Topical Group on Physics of Climate (GPC) at the [[Organization:American Physical Society|American Physical Society]] (APS).<ref name=PSU />

On June 19, 2017, Climate One at the Commonwealth Club of California said that he would be honored with the 7th annual Stephen H. Schneider Award for Outstanding Science Communication.<ref name="climateone.org">{{Cite web  | last =  | first =  | title = 2017 STEPHEN H. SCHNEIDER AWARD BESTOWED UPON DR. MICHAEL MANN | url = http://climateone.org/2017-stephen-h-schneider-award-bestowed-upon-dr-michael-mann | publisher = Climate One | date =  19 June 2017  | accessdate = 26 June 2017 }}</ref>

He received the James H. Shea Award from the [[Organization:National Association of Geoscience Teachers|National Association of Geoscience Teachers]] for his "exceptional contribution in writing or editing Earth science materials for the general public or teachers of Earth science." <ref>{{cite web|title=2017 Awardee - Michael E. Mann, Pensylvania State University|url=https://nagt.org/nagt/awards/shea/2017_michael.html|website=The National Association of Geoscience Teachers|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref>

On February 8, 2018, the [[Organization:Center for Inquiry|Center for Inquiry]] announced that Mann had been elected as a 2017 Fellow of its  [[Organization:Committee for Skeptical Inquiry|Committee for Skeptical Inquiry]].<ref name="csifellow">{{cite web|title=Center for Inquiry News: Cause & Effect: The CFI Newsletter - No. 99|url=http://www.centerforinquiry.net/news/cause_effect_99/|website=www.centerforinquiry.net|accessdate=8 February 2018|language=en|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20180208134003/http://www.centerforinquiry.net/news/cause_effect_99/|archivedate=8 February 2018|deadurl=no}}</ref>

On February 14, 2018, the American Association for the Advancement of Science announced that Mann was chosen to receive the 2018 [https://www.aaas.org/news/michael-e-mann-receives-aaas-public-engagement-science-award Public Engagement with Science award.]

==Public outreach==
[[File:Michael Mann The Madhouse Effect How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet Destroying Our Politics and Driving Us Crazy CSICon 2016.jpg|thumb|CSICon 2016]]
Mann, along with [[Biography:Gavin Schmidt|Gavin Schmidt]], Stefan Rahmstorf, and others, co-founded the RealClimate website, launched in December 2004. The website's purpose is to provide a site for commentaries by working climate scientists, "for interested public and journalists". It is part of ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'''s ''Environmental Network''.<ref>Pearce, Fred, ''The Climate Files: The Battle for the Truth about Global Warming'', (2010) Guardian Books, {{ISBN|978-0-85265-229-9}}, pp. VII, XVIII.<br>{{cite web |url=http://www.realclimate.org/index.php/archives/2004/12/about/ |title=RealClimate: About |author= |date=December 1, 2004 |publisher=RealClimate |quote= |accessdate=2010-09-13}}<br>{{Cite journal | title = Welcome climate bloggers | journal = Nature | volume = 432 | page = 933| year = 2004 | doi = 10.1038/432933a| pmid=15616516|bibcode = 2004Natur.432Q.933.| issue=7020}}</ref>

After repeated attacks against his and his colleagues' academic work and being "hounded by elected officials, threatened with violence, and more", Mann decided to "enter the fray" and "speak out about the very real implications of our research."<ref>{{cite news|last1=Mann|first1=Michael E.|title=If You See Something, Say Something|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/if-you-see-something-say-something.html|accessdate=15 January 2017|publisher=The New York Times|date=17 January 2014}}</ref> Mann has engaged with the public through film, television, radio, the press, and talks.<ref>Mann, Michael E. "[http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/about/cv.php Curriculum Vitae]." Penn State website, ©2014. Accessed 9 February 2014.</ref> ''The Patriot-News'' reported in 2014, "The professor operates active Twitter and Facebook accounts. In several weeks, he'll take part in an "Ask Me Anything" session on Reddit. For him, it's about engaging with the community."<ref>Orso, Anna. [http://www.pennlive.com/midstate/index.ssf/2014/01/michael_mann_the_penn_state_pr.html Michael Mann: The Penn State professor who went from stormless scientist to climate crusader]." ''The Patriot-News." 30 January 2014. Accessed 9 February 2014.</ref>

Mann serves on the advisory board of [[Organization:The Climate Mobilization|The Climate Mobilization]], an American grassroots advocacy group calling for a national economic mobilization against climate change on the scale of the home front during World War II, with the goal of 100% clean energy and net zero greenhouse gas emissions by 2025.<ref>{{cite web|title=Advisory Board|url=http://www.theclimatemobilization.org/advisory_board|website=The Climate Mobilization|accessdate=30 August 2016}}</ref> Mann has often called for WWII-scale climate mobilization as a means of rapidly reducing greenhouse gas emissions.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Gathering Storm – Michael Mann & Daniel M. Kammen
|url=http://blogs.berkeley.edu/2014/09/19/the-gathering-storm-michael-mann-daniel-m-kammen/|website=Berkeley Blog|accessdate=19 September 2014}}</ref> In June 2015, Mann criticized the G7 nations' goal of full decarbonization by 2100 as not very meaningful considering greenhouse gas emissions need to be reduced dramatically within the next decade, well ahead of the G7's timeline. "In my view, the science makes clear that 2050 or 2100 is way too far down the road," he told [[Earth:Climate Central|Climate Central]]. We will need near-term limits if we are going to avoid dangerous warming of the planet." <ref>{{cite web|title=G7 Carbon Goal May Come Too Late, Scientists Say|url=http://www.climatecentral.org/news/carbon-goal-may-come-too-late-19086|website=Climate Central|accessdate=9 June 2015}}</ref>

In July, 2018, Mann  declares on a Global warming impact that cause a [[Earth:Extreme weather|Extreme weather]] struck in Europe, from Arctic Circle to Greece, and across side world from {{wipe|North American}} to {{wipe|Japan}}, he said, “This is the face of climate change", “We literally would not have seen these extremes in the absence of climate change". “The impacts of climate change are no longer subtle", “We are seeing them play out in real time and what is happening this summer is a perfect example of that". “We are seeing our predictions come true", “As a scientist that is reassuring, but as a citizen of planet Earth, it is very distressing to see that as it means we have not taken the necessary action".  <ref>https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2018/jul/27/extreme-global-weather-climate-change-michael-mann</ref>

==Publications==
Mann has been organizing committee chair for the National Academy of Sciences 'Frontiers of Science' and has served as a committee member or advisor for other National Academy of Sciences panels. He served as editor for the ''Journal of Climate'' and has been a member of numerous international and U.S. scientific advisory panels and steering groups. By 2010 he was the lead author or co-author of over 90 scientific publications, the majority of which had appeared in leading peer-reviewed scientific journals:<ref name="PSU Report" /> as of 2016, his biographical sketch stated that he was author of more than 200 peer-reviewed and edited publications.<ref name="Biographical Sketch 2016">{{cite web | title=Michael E. Mann: Biographical Sketch | website=Penn State Meteo Computing System Home Page | url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/about/index.php | accessdate=1 September 2016}}</ref> Between 1999 and 2010 he served as principal or co-principal investigator on five research projects funded by the [[Organization:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration|National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]] (NOAA) and four more funded by the [[Organization:National Science Foundation|National Science Foundation]] (NSF). He was also co-investigator on other projects funded by the NOAA, NSF, Department of Energy, United States Agency for International Development, and the Office of Naval Research.<ref name="PSU Report" />

===Selected publications===
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Mann M.E. |authormask=1 |author2=Lees J.M. |title=Robust estimation of background noise and signal detection in climatic time series |journal=Climatic Change |volume=33 |issue=3 |pages=409–445 |year=1996 |url=http://holocene.meteo.psu.edu/shared/research/ONLINE-PREPRINTS/RedNoise-MTM/Rednoise_ClmChng96.ps |format=PS |doi=10.1007/BF00142586 |ref=harv |bibcode=1996ClCh...33..409M}}
*{{cite journal |author1=Mann M.E. |authormask=1 |author2=Bradley R.S. |author3=Hughes M.K. |title=Global-scale temperature patterns and climate forcing over the past six centuries |journal=Nature |volume=392 |issue=6678 |pages=779–787 |year=1998 |url=http://www.cfa.harvard.edu/~wsoon/DaveLegates03-d/Mannetal98Nature.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1038/33859 |bibcode=1998Natur.392..779M |ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=M.E. |authormask=1 |last2=Bradley |first2=R.S. |last3=Hughes |first3=M.K. |title=Northern hemisphere temperatures during the past millennium: inferences, uncertainties, and limitations |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=26 |issue=6 |pages=759–762 |year=1999 |url=http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/webhome/aprilc/data/my%20stuff/MBH1999.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1029/1999GL900070 |bibcode=1999GeoRL..26..759M |ref=harv |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110608023138/http://www.ltrr.arizona.edu/webhome/aprilc/data/my%20stuff/MBH1999.pdf |archivedate=2011-06-08 |df= }}
*{{Cite book | editor1-last = Diaz | editor1-first = Henry F. | editor2-last = Markgraf | editor2-first = Vera | last1 = Mann |first=M. E. |authormask=1 | last2 = Bradley | first2 = R. S. | last3 = Hughes | first3 = M. K. | title = El Niño and the southern oscillation : multiscale variability and global and regional impact | year = 2000 | publisher = NY Cambridge University Press | location = Cambridge ; New York | isbn = 978-0-521-62138-0  | chapter = Long-term variability in the El Niño/Southern Oscillation and associated teleconnections | chapterurl = http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/articles/articles/chapter-diaz.pdf | pages = 357–413  |ref=harv }}
*{{cite journal |author=Shindell D.T. |author2=Schmidt G.A. |author3=Mann M.E. |author4=Rind D. |author5=Waple A. |author-mask3=1 |title=Solar forcing of regional climate change during the Maunder Minimum |journal=Science |volume=294 |issue=5549 |pages=2149–52 |year=2001 |url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/shared/articles/Shindelletal01.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1126/science.1064363 |pmid=11739952 |bibcode=2001Sci...294.2149S |ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |last=Mann |first=M.E. |authormask=1 |last2=Jones |first2=P.D. |title=Global surface temperatures over the past two millennia |journal=Geophysical Research Letters |volume=30 |issue=15 |pages=1820–23 |year=2003 |url=http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/shared/articles/mannjones03.pdf |format=PDF |doi=10.1029/2003GL017814 |bibcode=2003GeoRL..30.1820M |ref=harv}}
*{{cite journal |author=Mann M.E. |authormask=1 |title=Defining Dangerous Anthropogenic Interference |journal=Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. |volume=106 |pages=4065–6 |year=2009 |doi=10.1073/pnas.0901303106 |pmid=19276105 |issue=11 |pmc=2657409 |bibcode = 2009PNAS..106.4065M |ref=harv}}
* {{cite journal | last=Mann | first=M. E.  |authormask=1 | title=The Serengeti strategy: How special interests try to intimidate scientists, and how best to fight back | journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists | publisher=SAGE | volume=71 | issue=1 | year=2015 | pages=33–45 | url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0096340214563674 | doi=10.1177/0096340214563674 | ref=harv | accessdate=9 January 2015}}
* {{cite journal |last=Mann |first=Michael E. |authormask=1 |last2=Rahmstorf|first2=Stefan|title=Influence of Anthropogenic Climate Change on Planetary Wave Resonance and Extreme Weather Events |journal=Scientific Reports |publisher=[[Company:Springer Nature|Springer Nature]] |url=https://www.nature.com/articles/srep45242 |volume=7 |issue=  |page= 45242|date=27 March 2017 |doi=10.1038/srep45242 |access-date=9 April 2017|bibcode=2017NatSR...745242M}}

===Books===
*{{cite book |last2=Kump |first2=Lee R. |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |authormask=1 |title=Dire predictions: understanding global warming |publisher=DK |year=2008 |isbn=0-7566-3995-6}}
*{{Cite book |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |authormask=1 |title=The Hockey Stick and the Climate Wars: Dispatches from the Front Lines |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2012 |isbn=978-0-231-15254-9 |ref=harv}}
*{{cite book |last2=Kump |first2=Lee R. |last1=Mann |first1=Michael |authormask=1 |title=Dire predictions: understanding global warming |edition=2nd |publisher=DK |year=2015 |isbn=978-1-4654-3364-0}}
* {{cite book |last2=Toles |first2=Tom | last1=Mann | first1=Michael |authormask=1 | title=The Madhouse Effect : How Climate Change Denial Is Threatening Our Planet, Destroying Our Politics, and Driving Us Crazy | publisher=Columbia University Press | location=New York | year=2016 | isbn=978-0-231-17786-3 | ref=harv}} ({{cite web | title=A preview of The Madhouse Effect | website=[[Organization:National Center for Science Education|National Center for Science Education]] | url=https://ncse.com/news/2016/08/preview-madhouse-effect-0018345 | accessdate=2016-09-01}})

* In collaboration with children's book author and illustrator, Megan Herbert, He's writing a story book called "The Tantrum That Saved The World" which explains climate change to kids and empowers them to act.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Boslough|first1=Mark|title=An Interview with CSICon Speaker Michael Mann - CSI|url=https://www.csicop.org/specialarticles/show/an_interview_with_csicon_speaker_michael_mann|website=www.csicop.org|accessdate=17 January 2018}}</ref> This project was launched as Kickstarter campaign and eBooks have already sent to backers and printed book is expected during first half of 2018.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Tantrum That Saved The World: carbon neutral kids' book|url=https://www.kickstarter.com/projects/worldsavingtantrum/the-tantrum-that-saved-the-world-carbon-neutral-ki|website=Kickstarter}}</ref>

===Selected editorials and opinion articles===
<!-- Listed, newest first, from those listed in Prof. Mann's PSU CV [http://www.meteo.psu.edu/holocene/public_html/Mann/about/cv.php] -->
*[https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2014/jan/31/keystone-xl-pipeline-obama-state-department-impact "Approving Keystone XL could be the biggest mistake of Obama's presidency"]  by Michael Mann, ''{{wipe|The Guardian}}'', 31 January 2014.
*[https://www.nytimes.com/2014/01/19/opinion/sunday/if-you-see-something-say-something.html "If You See Something, Say Something"], ''{{wipe|New York Times}}'', Jan. 17, 2014.
* {{cite web | title=The Single Shining Hope to Stop Climate Change | website={{wipe|Time (magazine)}} | date=8 April 2017 | url=http://time.com/4731632/climate-change-2020-trump/ | accessdate=25 April 2017}}


{{refend}}

==See also==
* [[Earth:Extreme weather|Extreme weather]]

==References==
{{reflist|30em|refs=

<!--
 order refences by Author, Publication date, Publisher
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<ref name="AGU Fellow">{{cite web| title = Fellows Search Results| url =  http://sites.agu.org/honors/fellows/?fellow_name=Michael+Mann&fellow_year=&fellow_section=0&fellow_institution=&fellow_country=0&run_search=1&x=53&y=20| publisher = American Geophysical Union| accessdate = October 25, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name=Warner_2010-03-28_TMC>{{cite news|last=Warner |first=Frank |title=Penn State climate professor: 'I'm a skeptic' |url=http://www.mcall.com/news/local/all-global-warming-penn-state-0328,0,777593,print.story |date=2010-01-03 |accessdate=2010-07-06 |work=The Morning Call |archiveurl=https://www.webcitation.org/5r1sXRN45?url=http://articles.mcall.com/2010-03-28/news/all-a1_5warming.7216773mar28_1_mails-e-mails-global-warming |archivedate=2010-07-06 |quote=And in a wide-ranging interview, Mann says that not all global warming science is settled. It's not yet certain, for example, that the heat is reducing the world population of polar bears or that it increases the number of hurricanes, he said. |deadurl=yes |df= }}</ref>
}}

==External links==
{{refbegin}}
{{external media
| align=right
| width = 300px
| image1 = [http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/Mann/album/MannTree-highres.jpg Michael Mann with tree rings]
}}
*[http://www.meteo.psu.edu/~mann/Mann/index.html Mann's home page], Pennsylvania State University, accessed August 18, 2010.
*[http://www.realclimate.org Realclimate.org RealClimate], accessed August 18, 2010.
* {{IMDb name|3134128}}
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=06DdPb_DFo0/ Michael E. Mann interviewed on ''Conversations from Penn State'']
*{{cite journal |author=Appell D. |title=Behind the Hockey Stick |journal=Scientific American |date=March 2005 |url=http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=behind-the-hockey-stick |doi=10.1038/scientificamerican0305-34 |volume=292 |issue=3 |pages=34–41 |pmid=15859211 |ref=harv|bibcode=2005SciAm.292c..34A }}
*{{Cite journal |title=Climate legacy of 'hockey stick' |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/3569604.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=2004-08-16 |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite journal |title=Interview |date=2005-02-24 |work=BBC Radio 4 |publisher=BBC |url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/radio4/today/rams/environment_20050224.ram |format=[[RealAudio]] |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*{{Cite journal |author=Mann M.E. |title=Testimony before Committee on Environment and Public Works |date=2003-07-29 |publisher=United States Senate |url=http://www.epw.senate.gov/epw072903.ram |format=RealAudio |id=f:92381.wais |quote=[http://frwebgate.access.gpo.gov/cgi-bin/getdoc.cgi?dbname=108_senate_hearings&docid=f:92381.wais transcript] |ref=harv |postscript=<!-- Bot inserted parameter. Either remove it; or change its value to "." for the cite to end in a ".", as necessary. -->{{inconsistent citations}}}}
*''Mother Jones'', April 18, 2005, [https://www.motherjones.com/news/qa/2005/05/michael_mann.html "The Man Behind the Hockey Stick"] - interview
*{{Cite journal  |first=Janet |last=Pelley  |first2=Barbara |last2=Booth  |first3=Paul D. |last3=Thacker  |first4=Kellyn S. |last4=Betts |department=Environmental News |title=How a global-warming skeptic became famous |journal=Environ. Sci. Technol. |volume=39 |issue=21 |pages=436A–7A |date=August 31, 2005 |doi=10.1021/es053378b |pmid=16294841 |ref=harv|bibcode=2005EnST...39..432P }}
*[http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=hit-them-with-the-hockey Interview; David Biello; Scientific American; March 2012]
*[http://www.c-spanvideo.org/program/GlobalClimateChange50 Mann speaking on December 4, 2012] Climate One meeting on {{wipe|C-SPAN}}
*{{cite web | last=Featherly | first=Kevin |title=Q&A: In 'The Madhouse Effect,' climate scientist uses satire to convey 'difficult truths' | website=Midwest Energy News | date=7 July 2016 | url=http://midwestenergynews.com/2016/07/07/qa-in-the-madhouse-effect-climate-scientist-uses-satire-to-convey-difficult-truths/ | accessdate=1 September 2016}}
{{refend}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mann, Michael}}
[[Category:American physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Michael E. Mann|1}}