View source for Biography:Mikhail Botvinnik

{{short description|Soviet chess player (1911–1995)}}
{{Infobox chess player
|name=Mikhail Botvinnik
|image=Mikhail Botvinnik 1962.jpg
|caption=Botvinnik in 1962
|birthname=Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik
|country=Soviet Union
|birth_place=Kuokkala, Grand Duchy of Finland, Russian Empire
|death_date={{Death date and age|1995|05|05|1911|08|17}}
|death_place=[[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], Russia
|title=Grandmaster (1950)
|worldchampion=1948–1957<br />1958–1960<br />1961–1963
|peakrating=2630 (July 1971)<ref>[http://www.olimpbase.org/Elo/Elo197107e.html Official Elo rating list published July 1971 – from Olimpbase]</ref>
}}
'''Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik'''{{efn|{{lang-ru|Михаи́л Моисе́евич Ботви́нник}}, {{IPA-ru|mʲɪxɐˈil məɪˈsʲejɪvʲɪdʑ bɐˈtvʲinʲːɪk|pron}}.}} ({{OldStyleDate|August 17|1911|August 4}}&nbsp;– May 5, 1995) was a Soviet and Russian chess grandmaster who held five world titles in three different reigns. The sixth World Chess Champion, he also worked as an electrical engineer and [[Computer scientist|computer scientist]] and was a pioneer in [[Software:Computer chess|computer chess]]. He also had a mathematics degree (honorary).

Botvinnik was the first world-class player to develop within the Soviet Union. He also played a major role in the organization of chess, making a significant contribution to the design of the World Chess Championship system after World War II and becoming a leading member of the coaching system that enabled the Soviet Union to dominate top-class chess during that time. His pupils include World Champions Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik. He is often described as the patriarch of the Soviet chess school and is revered for his analytical approach to chess.

== Early years ==
Botvinnik was born on August 17, 1911,<ref name="NYTBotvinnikObit" /> in what was then Kuokkala, Vyborg Governorate, [[Place:Grand Duchy of Finland|Grand Duchy of Finland]],<ref>{{cite web| url=https://www.jewishgen.org/Belarus/misc/JewishEncycRussia/b/index.html| access-date=2009-06-06| title=Russian Jewish Encyclopedia | year=1995|website=Belarus SIG}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Service|first=R.|title=Lenin: a biography|publisher=Harvard University Press|year=2000|pages=180–181|chapter=Russia from Far and Near|isbn=0-674-00828-6|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=frDGHIxc4EUC&q=kuokkala&pg=PA180|access-date=2009-06-06}}</ref> now the district of Repino in Saint Petersburg.<ref name="Beizer2007SovietMetropolis">{{cite book|last=Beizer|first=Michael|title=Revolution, Repression, and Revival. The Soviet Jewish Experience|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|year=2007|isbn=978-0-7425-5817-5|editor=Gitelman|editor-first=Zvi|location=|pages=113–119|chapter=The Jews of a Soviet Metropolis|access-date=2009-06-06|editor2=Ro'i|editor-first2=Yaacov|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cd3RM6Emko0C&q=kuokkala+repino&pg=PA118}}</ref> His parents were Russian Jews; his father, Moisei Botvinnik (1878–1931),<ref>{{cite book|title=Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion|publisher=McFarland & Co.|isbn=9780786473373|author=Andy Soltis|year=2014|page=11}}</ref> was a dental technician and his mother, Shifra (Serafima) Rabinovich (1876–1952),<ref>{{Cite web|last=Kovalchuk|first=Svetlana|date=January 2002|title=Vladimir Rabinovich|url=https://www.centropa.org/biography/vladimir-rabinovich|access-date=2021-01-22|website=centropa.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Winter|first=Edward|title=Graves of Chess Masters|url=https://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/graves.html|website=Chess Notes}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Sosonko|first=Genna|title=Russian Silhouettes|year=2009|publisher=New In Chess|edition=3rd|chapter=A Journey to Immortality. Mikhail Botvinnik|quote=My mother was two years older than my father.}}</ref> a dentist, which allowed the family to live outside the Pale of Settlement, to which most Jews in the [[Place:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]] were restricted at the time. As a result, Botvinnik grew up in Saint Petersburg's Nevsky Prospect. His father forbade speaking [[Social:Yiddish|Yiddish]] at home, and Mikhail and his older brother Isaak "Issy" attended Soviet schools.<ref name="Beizer2007SovietMetropolis" /><ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|translator=Bernard Cafferty|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=1–16|chapter=First Moves}}</ref> Botvinnik later recounted, "I was asked once, "What do you consider yourself to be from the point of view of nationality?" My reply was, "Yes, my position is 'complicated'. I am a Jew by blood, a Russian by culture, Soviet by upbringing.""<ref name="AchievingTheAim">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M|title=Achieving the Aim|translator=Bernard Cafferty|publisher=Pergamon Press|year=1981|page=178|chapter=The Algorithm of Chess Play}}</ref><!--"Botvinnik grew up in an assimilated family, but encountered antisemitism in daily life. He displayed courage in the dark years of {{wipe|Joseph Stalin}} and after, and published warm words about Israel, Pinhas Rutenberg, and the [[Social:Kibbutz|kibbutz]], defending the right of the Jews to live in their ancient [[Social:Homeland|homeland]]. In contrast to other Jewish cultural activists, he never signed letters condemning Israel." ''Encyclopaedia Judaica'', art. "Botvinnik, Mikhail", authored by Botvinnik's friend Gerald Abrahams</ref> ****** --> On his religious views, he called himself an atheist.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion|publisher=McFarland & Co.|isbn=9780786473373|page=74|author=Andy Soltis|year=2014|quote=By character they were absolutely opposites,” their only child, Olga, recalled in 2012. Gayane was religious, while Botvinnik was fond of saying, “I am an atheist and a communist in the spirit of the first communist on earth, Jesus Christ.” He reveled in his “hard character.” She was apolitical. He was an ardent Marxist. As time went by, she found it hard to deal with the stress that he seemed to thrive on.}}</ref>

In 1920, his mother became ill and his father left the family, but maintained contact with the children, even after his second marriage to a Russian woman. At about the same time, Botvinnik started reading newspapers, and became a committed [[Social:Communism|communist]].<ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves" />

In autumn 1923, at the age of twelve,<ref name="NYTBotvinnikObit" /> Botvinnik was taught chess by a school friend of his older brother, using a home-made set, and instantly fell in love with the game.<ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves" /> He finished in mid-table in the school championship, sought advice from another of his brother's friends, and concluded that for him it was better to think out "concrete concepts" and then derive general principles from these – and went on to beat his brother's friend quite easily. In winter 1924, Botvinnik won his school's championship, and exaggerated his age by three years in order to become a member of the Petrograd Chess Assembly – to which its president turned a blind eye.<ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves" /> Botvinnik won his first two tournaments organized by the Assembly. Shortly afterwards, [[Biography:Nikolai Krylenko|Nikolai Krylenko]], a devoted chess player and leading member of the Soviet legal system who later organized {{wipe|Joseph Stalin}}'s show trials, began building a huge nationwide chess organization, and the Assembly was replaced by a club in the city's Palace of Labour.<ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves" />

To test the strength of Soviet chess masters, Krylenko organized the Moscow 1925 chess tournament. On a rest day during the event, world champion José Raúl Capablanca gave a simultaneous exhibition in Leningrad. Botvinnik was selected as one of his opponents, and won his game.<ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves" /> In 1926, he reached the final stage of the Leningrad championship. Later that year, he was selected for Leningrad's team in a match against [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]], held in Sweden, and scored +1=1 against the future grandmaster Gösta Stoltz. On his return, he entertained his schoolmates with a vivid account of the rough sea journey back to Russia. Botvinnik was commissioned to annotate two games from the match, and the fact that his analyses were to be published made him aware of the need for objectivity. In December 1926, he became a candidate member of his school's Komsomol branch. Around this time his mother became concerned about his poor physique, and as a result he started a programme of daily exercise, which he maintained for most of his life.<ref name="BotvinnikFirstMoves" />

[[File:Botvinnik (1927).jpg|thumb|left|upright|Botvinnik in 1927]]
When Botvinnik finished the school curriculum, he was below the minimum age for the entrance examinations for higher education.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyEntrance">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=16–22|chapter=The Polytechnic}}</ref> While waiting, he qualified for his first USSR Championship final stage in 1927 as the youngest player ever at that time,<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik" /><ref>{{cite web | url=https://en.chessbase.com/post/mikhail-moiseyevich-botvinnik-hundredth-anniversary/20 | title=Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary | date=17 August 2011 }}</ref> tied for fifth and sixth places and gained the title of master.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyEntrance" /> He wanted to study Electrical Technology at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute and passed the entrance examination; however, there was a persistent excess of applications for this course and the ''Proletstud'', which controlled admissions, had a policy of admitting only children of engineers and industrial workers. After an appeal by a local chess official, he was admitted in 1928 to Leningrad University's Mathematics Department.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyEntrance" /> In January 1929, Botvinnik played for Leningrad in the student team chess championship against Moscow. Leningrad won and the team manager, who was also deputy chairman of the ''Proletstud'', secured Botvinnik a transfer to the Polytechnic's Electromechanical Department, where he was one of only four students who entered straight from school. As a result, he had to do a whole year's work in five months, and failed one of the examinations.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyEntrance" /> Early in the same year he placed joint third in the semi-final stage of the USSR Championship, and thus failed to reach the final stage.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX" />

His early progress was fairly rapid, mostly under the training of Soviet Master and coach Abram Model, in Leningrad; Model taught Botvinnik the Winawer Variation of the French Defence, which was then regarded as inferior for Black, but Botvinnik analysed it more deeply and played this variation with great success.<ref>''How to Play the French Defence'', by Wolfgang Uhlmann, Mikhail Botvinnik, Viktor Korchnoi, and Anatoly Karpov, RHM Press, 1975, introduction</ref>

Botvinnik won the Leningrad Masters' tournament in 1930<ref name="BotvinnikPolyEntrance" /> with a score of 6½/8,{{citation needed|date=January 2020}}<!-- This score is nowhere mentioned in "Achieving the Aim", and is not even found on his profile at Chessmetrics.com, whose home page was previously given as reference--> following this up the next year by winning the championship of Leningrad by 2½ points over former Soviet champion Peter Romanovsky.<ref>{{cite web |author=Alexey Popovsky |url=http://al20102007.narod.ru/ch_repub/1931/ch_len31.html|title=8 Championship of Leningrad- 1931|website=Russian Chess Base}}</ref>

In 1935, Botvinnik married Gayane Davidovna Ananova, of Armenian descent, who was the daughter of his algebra and geometry teacher. She was a student at the Vaganova Academy of Russian Ballet in Leningrad and, later, a ballerina in the Bolshoi Theatre. They had one daughter, named Olga, who was born in 1942.<ref>{{cite book|title=Mikhail Botvinnik: The Life and Games of a World Chess Champion|publisher=McFarland & Co.|isbn=9780786473373|author=Andy Soltis|year=2014}}</ref>

== Soviet champion ==
{{Chess diagram small 
 |tright
 |Botvinnik vs. Yudovich, <br />USSR Championship 1933<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1031833 |title=Botvinnik vs. Yudovich, USSR Ch. 1933 |website=Chessgames.com}}</ref>
 |rd|  |bd|  |  |rd|  |  
 |  |pd|  |nd|qd|  |bd|  
 |  |nd|pd|  |pd|  |kd|pd
 |pd|  |  |  |  |  |  |  
 |  |  |  |pl|nl|  |  | 
 |  |pl|  |  |bl|  |  |  
 |  |  |ql|  |bl|pl|pl|pl
 |  |  |rl|rl|  |  |kl|  
 |{{hidden|ta1=left|fw1=normal| White to move | After sacrificing a piece to expose Black's king, Botvinnik played 1.Bh5+ and Yudovich {{chessgloss|resigned}} since mate is inevitable, e.g. 1...Kxh5 2.Ng3+ Kg4 3.Qe4+ Rf4 4.Qxf4{{chessAN|#}}}}
}}

In 1931, at the age of 20, Botvinnik won his first Soviet Championship in Moscow,<ref name="NYTBotvinnikObit" /> scoring 13½ out of 17.<ref name="CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991">{{cite web
| url=http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/index.htm | title=The Soviet Chess Championship 1920–1991 | author=Cree, G.| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20080128115927/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/index.htm | archive-date=January 28, 2008| access-date=2009-06-07
}}</ref> He commented that the field was not very strong, as some of the pre-Revolution masters were absent.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|translator=Bernard Cafferty|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=23–39|chapter=The Polytechnic}}</ref> In late summer 1931, he graduated with a degree in [[Electrical engineering|electrical engineering]],{{dubious|reason=In "Achieving the Aim", on page 26, Botvinnik just says ″In the summer of 1933, we did our practical at Dnieper Hydroelectric complex″ and goes on with his activities there, then his work in a laboratory where in ″winter 1932″ he was ″being supervised by two postgraduate students, my senior comrades [...] and [...]″. On page 28 he then says ″In December 1932 I too became a postgraduate of the Electro-Mechanical Department″. Soltis' chronology says ″Summer 1931—He performs student service at Dneprostroi Dam and Hydroelectric complex.″ That he graduated in the summer of 1933 cannot be clearly inferred from his autobiography, nor Soltis mention that.|date=January 2021}} after completing a practical assignment on temporary transmission lines at the Dnieper Hydroelectric Station. He stayed on at the Leningrad Polytechnical Institute to study for a [[Social:Candidate of Sciences|Candidate of Sciences]] degree.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX"/>

In 1933, Botvinnik repeated his Soviet Championship win, in his home city of Leningrad, with 14/19,<ref name="CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991" /> describing the results as evidence that [[Biography:Nikolai Krylenko|Krylenko]]'s plan to develop a new generation of Soviet masters had borne fruit. He and other young masters successfully requested the support of a senior Leningrad Communist Party official in arranging contests involving both Soviet and foreign players, as there had been none since the Moscow 1925 chess tournament.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX" /> Soon afterwards, Botvinnik was informed that Alexander Ilyin-Genevsky, one of the older Soviet masters and a member of the Soviet embassy in [[Place:Prague|Prague]], had arranged a match between Botvinnik <ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX" /> and Salo Flohr, a Czech grandmaster who was then regarded as one of the most credible contenders for Alexander Alekhine's World Chess Championship title.<ref name="Fine1952Euwe">{{cite book
 | last=Fine|first= Reuben | title=The World's Great Chess Games | year=1952 | chapter=Max Euwe | pages=192–200
 | publisher=André Deutsch
}}</ref> The highest-level chess officials in the Soviet Union opposed this on the grounds that Botvinnik stood little chance against such a strong international opponent. In spite of this attempt to dissuade him, Krylenko insisted on staging the match, saying that "We have to know our real strength."<ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX" />

Botvinnik used what he regarded as the first version of his method of preparing for a contest, but fell two games behind by the end of the first six, played in Moscow. However, aided by his old friend Ragozin and coach Abram Model, he leveled the score in Leningrad and the match was drawn. When describing the post-match party, Botvinnik wrote that at the time he danced the foxtrot and Charleston to a professional standard.<ref name="BotvinnikPolyXXXXX" />

In his first tournament outside the USSR, the Hastings 1934–35, Botvinnik achieved only a tie for 5th–6th places, with 5/9. He wrote that, in London after the tournament, [[Biography:Emanuel Lasker|Emanuel Lasker]] said his arrival only two hours before the first round began was a serious mistake and that he should have allowed ten&nbsp;days for acclimatization.<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=41–62|chapter=Postgraduate Study}}</ref> Botvinnik wrote that he did not make this mistake again.<ref name="One Hundred Selected Games 1946">''One Hundred Selected Games'' (to 1946), by Mikhail Botvinnik, Dover Publishers</ref>

Botvinnik placed first equal with Flohr, ½&nbsp;point ahead of Lasker and one&nbsp;point ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, in Moscow's second International Tournament, held in 1935.<ref name="Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn">{{cite book
| title=Capablanca's Hundred Best Games of Chess | author=Golombek, H. | publisher=G. Bell & Sons | year=1959
| chapter=Triumphant Return | pages=203–249 }}</ref> After consulting Capablanca and Lasker, Krylenko proposed to award Botvinnik the title Grandmaster, but Botvinnik objected that "titles were not the point." However, he accepted a free car and a 67% increase in his postgraduate study grant, both provided by the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry.<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" />

[[Image:Botvinnik-Lasker 1936.jpg|right|thumb|Botvinnik vs. Lasker, 1936]]
He later reported to Krylenko that the 1935 tournament made it difficult to judge the strength of the top Soviet players, as it included a mixture of top-class and weaker players. Botvinnik advocated a double round-robin event featuring the top five Soviet players and the five strongest non-Soviet players available. Despite politicking over the Soviet choices, both Krylenko and the Central Committee of the Komsomol quickly authorised the tournament.<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" /> This was played in Moscow in June 1936,<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" /> and Botvinnik finished second, one&nbsp;point behind Capablanca and 2½ ahead of Flohr.<ref name="Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn" /> However, he took consolation from the fact the Soviet Union's best had held their own against top-class competition.<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" />

In early winter, 1936, Botvinnik was invited to play in a tournament at Nottingham, England. Krylenko authorised his participation and, to help Botvinnik play at his best, allowed Botvinnik's wife to accompany him – a privilege rarely extended to chess players at any time in Soviet history. Taking Lasker's advice, Botvinnik arrived ten&nbsp;days before play started. Although his Soviet rivals forecast disaster for him,<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" /> he scored an undefeated shared first place (+6=8) with Capablanca, ½&nbsp;point ahead of current World Champion Max Euwe and rising American stars Reuben Fine and Samuel Reshevsky, and 1&nbsp;point ahead of ex-champion Alexander Alekhine.<ref name="Golombek1959Capas100BestReturn" /><ref name="ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers">{{cite book | title=Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games | author=Chernev, I. | publisher=Courier Dover Publications | year=1995 | isbn=0-486-28674-6 }}</ref> This was the first tournament victory by a Soviet master outside his own country.<ref name="One Hundred Selected Games 1946"/> When the result reached Russia, Krylenko drafted a letter to be sent in Botvinnik's name to Stalin. On returning to Russia, Botvinnik discovered he had been awarded the "Mark of Honour".<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" />

[[File:Botwinnik-Levenfish 1937.jpg|thumb|Levenfish vs. Botvinnik (right), 1937]]
Three weeks later, Botvinnik began work on his [[Thesis|dissertation]] for the Candidate's degree, obtaining this in June 1937, after his supervisor described the dissertation as "short and good", and the first work in its field.<ref name="BotvinnikPostgradXXXXX" /> As a result of his efforts, he missed the 1937 Soviet championship, won by Grigory Levenfish, who was then nearly fifty. Later in 1937, Botvinnik drew a match of thirteen games against Levenfish.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine" /><ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedResults" /><ref name="EndGameDotNLMatches">{{cite web | url=http://www.endgame.nl/match.htm | title=Chess Matches: from Lopez to Kramnik | access-date=2009-06-11 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209031335/http://www.endgame.nl/match.htm | archive-date=2012-12-09 }}</ref> Botvinnik challenged Levenfish, writing that Krylenko, angered by Botvinnik's absence from the tournament, ordered the match.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine" />

Botvinnik won further Soviet Championship titles in 1939, 1944, 1945, and 1952, bringing his total to six. In 1945, he dominated the tournament, scoring 15/17;<ref name="USSRChampionship1945">The sources agree that Botvinnik was only two points short of white-washing his opposition, but disagree about the number of games played. There is a full tournament table giving Botvinnik a score of 15/17 at {{cite web | url=http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/ussr14.htm | title=14th USSR Championship, Moscow 1945 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080128115927/http://members.aol.com/graemecree/chesschamps/ussr/ussr14.htm | archive-date=January 28, 2008| access-date=2009-06-11}} But Chessmetrics says the score was 16/18, at {{cite web | url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/SingleEvent.asp?Params=199510SSSSS3S015154000000121100222100000010100 | title=Event Details: Moscow (URS Championship), 1945}} The difference is that Chessmetrics says Salo Flohr also competed, but scored only 1/3 as he then retired from the tournament.</ref> however, in 1952 he tied with Mark Taimanov and won the play-off match.<ref name="CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991"/>

== World title contender ==
In 1938, the world's top eight players met in the Netherlands to compete in the AVRO tournament, whose winner was supposed to get a title match with the World Champion, Alexander Alekhine.<ref name="Winter2003Interregnum" /> Botvinnik placed third, behind Paul Keres and Reuben Fine.<ref name="endgameAVRO1938">{{cite web|url=http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm |title=AVRO 1938 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081020142455/http://www.endgame.nl/AVRO1938.htm |archive-date=2008-10-20 }}</ref> According to Botvinnik, Alekhine was most interested in playing an opponent who could raise the funds.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine" /> After consulting the nearest available Soviet officials, Botvinnik discreetly challenged Alekhine, who promptly accepted, subject to conditions that would enable him to acclimatize in Russia and get some high-quality competitive practice a few months before the match.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine" /><ref name="KharitonBattleThatNeverWas">{{cite web | url=http://ryxi.com/games/78-639-lev-khariton-the-battle-that-never-was-read.shtml | title=Lev Khariton:The Battle That Never Was | author=Khariton, L. | date=2004-12-29 | access-date=2008-05-23 | archive-date=2005-11-23 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051123104452/http://ryxi.com/games/78-639-lev-khariton-the-battle-that-never-was-read.shtml | url-status=dead }} Based on Botvinnik's memoirs.</ref> In Botvinnik's opinion, Alekhine was partly motivated by the desire for a reconciliation with the Soviet authorities, so that he could again visit his homeland.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=69–74|chapter=The Match that was Never Played}}</ref> The match, including funding, was authorised at the highest Soviet political level in January 1939; however, a letter of confirmation was only sent two months later – in Botvinnik's opinion, because of opposition by his Soviet rivals, especially those who had become prominent before the Russian Revolution<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingChallengeToAlekhine" /> – and the outbreak of World War II prevented a World Championship match.<ref name="Winter2003Interregnum" />

[[Image:Capablanca-Botvinnik 1936.jpg|thumb|Capablanca vs. Botvinnik in 1936]]
In spring 1939, Botvinnik won the USSR Championship, and his book on the tournament described the approach to preparation which he had been developing since 1933. One striking feature of this was emphasis on opening preparation in order to gain a permanent positional advantage in the middlegame, rather than seeking immediate tactical surprises that could only be used once.<ref>{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=75–76|chapter=The Match that was Never Played}}</ref>

[[File:Botvinnik 1936.jpg|thumb|left|upright|Botvinnik in 1936]]
Botvinnik took an early lead in the 1940 USSR Championship, but faded badly in the later stages, eventually sharing fifth place. He attributed this to the unaccustomed difficulty of concentrating in a party-like atmosphere filled with noise and tobacco smoke. Botvinnik wrote to a friendly official, commenting that the champion was to be the winner of a match between Igor Bondarevsky and Andor Lilienthal, who had tied for first place, but had no achievements in international competition. The official's efforts led to a tournament for the title of "Absolute Champion of the USSR", whose official aim was to identify a Soviet challenger for Alekhine's title. The contestants were the top six finishers in the Soviet Championship – Bondarevsky, Lilienthal, Paul Keres (whose home country, Estonia, had recently been annexed by the Soviet Union), future World Champion Vasily Smyslov, Isaac Boleslavsky and Botvinnik – who were to play a quadruple round-robin. Botvinnik's preparation with his second, Viacheslav Ragozin, included training matches in noisy, smoky rooms and he slept in the playing room, without opening the window. He won the tournament, 2½&nbsp;points ahead of Keres and three ahead of Smyslov; moreover, with plus scores in the "mini-matches" against all his rivals.<ref>{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=78–80|chapter=The Match that was Never Played}}</ref>

In June 1941, [[Place:Nazi Germany|Nazi Germany]] invaded the Soviet Union. Botvinnik's wife Gayane, a ballerina,<ref name="SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle">{{cite magazine|last=Stevens|first=E.|date=May 30, 1960|title=A Nod For A Title|magazine=Sports Illustrated|url=https://vault.si.com/vault/1960/05/30/a-nod-for-a-title|access-date=2009-08-14}}</ref> told him that her colleagues at the Kirov Opera and Ballet Theatre were being evacuated to the city of [[Earth:Perm, Russia|Perm]],<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingPerm" /> then known as Molotov in honour of Vyacheslav Molotov.<ref>{{cite book |last=Penfield |first=M. |title=Horoscopes of Europe |publisher=American Federation of Astrology |year=2006 |page=142 |isbn=0-86690-567-7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ffpPAYq7Kr0C&q=perm+molotov&pg=PA142|access-date=2009-06-11
}}</ref> The family<!-- B says "family of 5", p. 82; who??? --> found an apartment there, and Botvinnik obtained a job with the local electricity supply organization – at the lowest pay rate and on condition that he did no research, as he had only a Candidate's degree. Botvinnik's only child, a daughter named Olya, was born in Perm in April 1942.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingPerm">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=81–86|chapter=The Match that was Never Played}}</ref>

In the evenings, Botvinnik wrote a book in which he annotated all the games of the "Absolute Championship of the USSR", in order to maintain his analytic skills in readiness for a match with Alekhine. His work included wood-cutting for fuel, which left him with insufficient energy for chess analysis. Botvinnik obtained from Molotov an order that he should be given three days off normal work in order to study chess.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingPerm" />

In 1943, after a two-year lay-off from competitive chess, Botvinnik won a tournament in Sverdlovsk, scoring 1½&nbsp; out of 2 against each of his seven competitors – who included Smyslov, Vladimir Makogonov, Boleslavsky, and Ragozin.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingPerm" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chesscollection?cid=1009466|title=Sverdlovsk 1943|access-date=2009-06-06}}</ref> Chessbase regards this as one of the fifty strongest tournaments between 1851 and 1986.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chessbase.com/shop/product.asp?pid=197 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040603154818/http://www.chessbase.com/shop/product.asp?pid=197 |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-06-03 |title=The Greatest Tournaments in the History of Chess |last=Fruth |first=M. |access-date=2009-06-06 }}</ref>

Shortly afterwards, Botvinnik was urged to return to Moscow by the People's Commissar for Power Stations, an admirer and subsequent good friend. On his return, Botvinnik suggested a match with Samuel Reshevsky in order to strengthen his claim for a title match with Alekhine, but this received no political support. In December 1943, he won the Moscow Championship, ahead of Smyslov. At the same time, opposition to his plan for a match with Alekhine re-surfaced, on the grounds that Alekhine was a political enemy and the only proper course was to demand that he be stripped of the title. The dispute ended in Botvinnik's favor, and in the dismissal of a senior chess official, one of those to have opposed Botvinnik's plan, who was also a KGB colonel.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=88–98|chapter=The Match that was Never Played}}</ref><ref name=name>{{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1 | author=Kingston, T. | year=2002 | publisher=The Chess Cafe }}</ref>

[[File:BOTWINNIK WINT HET STAUNTON WERELDSCHAAKTOURNOOI-PGM4011897.webm|thumb|thumbtime=1:01|Botvinnik speaks (1946)]]
After Botvinnik won the 1944 and 1945 Soviet championships, most top Soviet players supported his desire for a World Championship match with Alekhine. However, the allegations that Alekhine had written anti-Semitic articles while in Nazi-occupied France made it difficult to host the match in the USSR. Botvinnik opened negotiations with the British Chess Federation to host the match in England, but these were cut short by Alekhine's death in 1946.<ref name="BotvinnikAchievingMachinations1943To1946" />

When the Second World War ended, Botvinnik won the first high-level post-war tournament, at Groningen in 1946, with 14½ points from nineteen games, ½&nbsp;point ahead of former World Champion Max Euwe and two ahead of Smyslov.<ref name="Pachman1987Groningen1946">{{cite book |last=Pachman |first=L. |title=Decisive Games in Chess History|publisher=Courier Dover |year=1987 |pages=118–124 |chapter=Groningen 1946: Defeat of the Two Leaders |isbn=0-486-25323-6 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlgJTCyonAgC&q=%22Decisive+Games+in+Chess+History%22+pachman+Groningen+1946&pg=PA118 |access-date=2009-06-11}}</ref> He and Euwe both struggled in the last few rounds,<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedGroningen1946">{{cite book |last=Botvinnik |first=M.M. |author2=Garry, S. |title=One Hundred Selected Games |publisher=Dover |orig-year=1949; translation pub. 1960 |year=1960 |page=242 |chapter=Nineteen-Fortysix}}</ref> and Botvinnik had a narrow escape against Euwe, who he acknowledged had always been a difficult opponent for him.<ref name="BotvinnikAchieving1946">{{cite book|last=Botvinnik |first=M.M.|author2=Cafferty, B.|title=Achieving the Aim|pages=99–|chapter=The Match-tournament, 1848}}</ref> This was Botvinnik's first outright victory in a tournament outside the Soviet Union.<ref>{{cite book
| last=Brace | first=E.R. | year=1977 | title=An Illustrated Dictionary of Chess | publisher=Hamlyn Publishing Group | isbn=1-55521-394-4 | page=123
}}</ref>

Botvinnik also won the very strong Mikhail Chigorin Memorial tournament held at Moscow 1947.

== World Champion ==
Botvinnik strongly influenced the design of the system which would be used for World Championship competition from 1948 to 1963.<ref name="Winter2003Interregnum">{{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesshistory.com/winter/extra/interregnum.html
 | title=Interregnum
 | author=Winter, E.
 | date=2003–2004
 | publisher=Chess Notes
}}</ref><ref name="Sorcerer">{{cite book
 | title=The Sorcerer's Apprentice
 | year=1995
 | publisher=Cadogan Chess
 | location=London and New York
 | author=Bronstein, D. and Furstenberg, T.
}}</ref> Viktor Baturinsky wrote: "Now came Botvinnik's turn to defend his title in accordance with the new qualifying system which he himself had outlined in 1946." (This statement referred to Botvinnik's 1951 title defence.)<ref>''Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970'', by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, p. 2, translated by Bernard Cafferty; Batsford Publishers, London 1972</ref>

On the basis of his strong results during and just after World War II, Botvinnik was one of five players to contest the 1948 World Chess Championship, which was held at [[Place:The Hague|The Hague]] and Moscow. He won the 1948 tournament convincingly—with a score of 14/20, three points clear—becoming the sixth World Champion.<ref name="Weeks1948WorldChampionshipTournament">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/48$c$wix.htm | title=World Chess Championship: 1948 FIDE Title Tournament | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> While he was on vacation in [[Place:Riga|Riga]] after the tournament, an eleven-year-old boy called Mikhail Tal paid a visit, hoping to play a game against the new champion. Tal was met by Botvinnik's wife, who said the champion was asleep, and that she had made him take a rest from chess.<ref name="SportsIllustrated1960NodForATitle" /><ref>Grandmaster Tal tells a different version of events in his autobiography, "The Life and Games of Mikhail Tal". 1997. Reprint ed. Everyman Chess, 2013, p. 21.</ref> In 1950, Botvinnik was one of the inaugural recipients of the international grandmaster title from FIDE.

Botvinnik held the world title, with two brief interruptions, for the next fifteen years, during which he played seven world championship matches. In 1951, he drew with David Bronstein over 24 games in Moscow, +5−5=14, keeping the world title, but it was a struggle for Botvinnik, who won the second-last game and drew the last in order to tie the match.<ref name="WeeksBotvinnikBronstein1951">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/4951$wix.htm | title=World Chess Championship: 1951 Botvinnik–Bronstein Title Match | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> In 1954, he drew with Vasily Smyslov over 24 games in Moscow, +7−7=10, again retaining the title.<ref name="WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1954">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/5254$wix.htm
 | title=World Chess Championship: 1954 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> In 1957, he lost to Smyslov by 9½–12½ in Moscow,<ref name="WeeksSmyslovBotvinnik1957">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/55571wix.htm
 | title=World Chess Championship: 1957 Smyslov–Botvinnik Title Match  | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> but the rules then in force allowed him a rematch without having to go through the Candidates' Tournament, and in 1958 he won the rematch in Moscow;<ref name="WeeksBotvinnikSmyslov1958">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/55572wix.htm
 | title=World Chess Championship: 1958 Botvinnik–Smyslov Title Match  | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> Smyslov said his health was poor during the return match.<ref name="JWatsonBkRev81">{{cite web | url=http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/jwatsonbkrev81.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509200543/http://www.chess.co.uk/twic/jwatsonbkrev81.html | url-status=dead | archive-date=2008-05-09 | title=Book Reviews by John Watson | author=Watson, J. | publisher=chess.co.uk }}</ref> In 1960, Botvinnik was convincingly beaten 8½–12½ at Moscow by Tal, now 23&nbsp;years old,<ref name="WeeksTalBotvinnik1960">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/58601wix.htm
 | title=World Chess Championship: 1960 Tal–Botvinnik Title Match | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> but again exercised his right to a rematch in 1961, and won by 13–8 in Moscow.<ref name="WeeksBotvinnikTal1961a">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/58602wix.htm
 | title=World Chess Championship: 1961 Botvinnik–Tal Title Match | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> Commentators agreed that Tal's play was weaker in the rematch, probably due to his health, but also that Botvinnik's play was better than in the 1960 match, largely due to thorough preparation. Botvinnik changed his style in the rematch, avoiding the tactical complications in which Tal excelled and aiming for closed positions and endgames, where Tal's technique was not outstanding.<ref name="chessgamesTalBotvinnik1961">{{cite web |url=http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chess.pl?tid=54393 |title=Tal vs. Botvinnik 1961 |website=Chessgames.com}}</ref><ref name="KeeneDivinskyWarriors" /> Finally, in 1963, he lost the title to Tigran Petrosian, by 9½–12½ in Moscow.<ref name="WeeksBotvinnikTal1961b">{{cite web | url=http://www.mark-weeks.com/chess/6163$wix.htm
 | title=World Chess Championship: 1963 Petrosian-Botvinnik Title Match | author=Weeks, M. }}</ref> FIDE had by then altered the rules, and he was not allowed a rematch. The rematch rule had been nicknamed the "Botvinnik rule" because he twice benefited from it.

Though ranking as formal World Champion, Botvinnik had a relatively poor playing record in the early 1950s: he played no formal competitive games after winning the 1948 match tournament until he defended his title, then struggled to draw his 1951 championship match with Bronstein, placed only fifth in the 1951 Soviet Championship, and tied for third in the 1952 Géza Maróczy Memorial tournament in [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]]; and he had also performed poorly in Soviet training contests.<ref name="CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991" /><ref name="avlerchessChessOlympiad1952">{{cite web | url=http://www.avlerchess.com/chess-misc/USSR_first_entered_Chess_Olympiad_in_1952_287587.html | title=USSR first entered Chess Olympiad 1952}}</ref> However, he lost only five of over thirty games in the two tournaments; three of the four who finished ahead of him in the 1951 championship were future world champions Smyslov and Petrosian and a leading world championship contender (and winner in both tournaments) Paul Keres; and he finished ahead of Petrosian and even with Smyslov in 1952. Botvinnik did not play in the Soviet team that won the 1952 Chess Olympiad in Helsinki: the players voted for the line-up and placed Botvinnik on second board, with Keres on top board; Botvinnik protested and refused to play.<ref name="Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers" /><ref name="BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970">{{cite book | author=Botvinnik, M.M. | translator=Bernard Cafferty|year=1972 | title=Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970 | publisher=Batsford | isbn=978-0-7134-0537-8}}</ref> Keres' playing record from 1950 to early 1952 had been outstanding.<ref name="CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991" /><ref name="avlerchessChessOlympiad1952" />

Botvinnik won the 1952 Soviet Championship (joint first with Mark Taimanov in the tournament, won the play-off match).<ref name="CreeSovietChampionship1920To1991" /> He included several wins from that tournament over the 1952 Soviet team members in his book ''Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970'', writing "these games had a definite significance for me".<ref name="BotvinniksBestGames1947To1970" /> In 1956, he tied for first place with Smyslov in the 1956 Alexander Alekhine Memorial in Moscow, despite a last-round loss to Keres.

== Team tournaments ==
[[File:Szabo Botwinnik Oberhausen 1961 high-quality.jpg|340px|thumb|Botvinnik (right) vs. Szabo, Oberhausen 1961]]
Botvinnik was selected for the Soviet Olympiad team from 1954 to 1964 inclusively, and helped his team to gold medal finishes each of those six times. At Amsterdam 1954 he was on board one and won the gold medal with 8½/11. Then at home for Moscow 1956, he was again board one, and scored 9½/13 for the bronze medal. For Munich 1958, he scored 9/12 for the silver medal on board one. At Leipzig 1960, he played board two behind Mikhail Tal, having lost his title to Tal earlier that year, but he won the board two gold medal with 10½/13. He was back on board one for Varna 1962, scored 8/12, but failed to win a medal for the only time at an Olympiad. His final Olympiad was Tel Aviv 1964, where he won the bronze with 9/12, playing board 2 as he had lost his title to Petrosian. Overall, in six Olympiads, he scored 54½/73 for an outstanding
74.6 percent.<ref name="olimpbasePlayerList">{{cite web|url=http://www.olimpbase.org/players2.html |title=Player list |publisher=olimpbase.org |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219230247/http://www.olimpbase.org/players2.html |archive-date=2009-02-19 }} Click Botvinnik's name and a pop-up appears that summarises his Olympiad playing record.</ref>

Botvinnik also played twice for the USSR in the European Team Championship. At Oberhausen 1961, he scored 6/9 for the gold medal on board one. But at [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]] 1965, he struggled on board two with only 3½/8. Both times the Soviet Union won the team gold medals. Botvinnik played one of the final events of his career at the Russia (USSR) vs Rest of the World match in [[Place:Belgrade|Belgrade]] 1970, scoring 2½/4 against Milan Matulović, as the USSR narrowly triumphed.

== Late career ==
After losing the world title for the final time, to Tigran Petrosian in Moscow in 1963, Botvinnik withdrew from the following World Championship cycle after FIDE declined, at its annual congress in 1965, to grant a losing champion the automatic right to a rematch. He remained involved with competitive chess, appearing in several highly rated tournaments and continuing to produce memorable games.

Botvinnik retired from competitive play in 1970, aged 59, preferring instead to occupy himself with the development of [[Software:Computer chess|computer chess]] programs and to assist with the training of younger Soviet players, earning him the nickname of "Patriarch of the Soviet Chess School" (see below).

Botvinnik's autobiography, ''K Dostizheniyu Tseli'', was published in Russian in 1978, and in English translation as ''Achieving the Aim'' ({{ISBN|0-08-024120-4}}) in 1981. A staunch Communist, he was noticeably shaken by the collapse of the Soviet Union and lost some of his standing in Russian chess during the Boris Yeltsin era.

In the 1980s, Botvinnik proposed a computer program to manage the Soviet economy. However, his proposals did not receive significant attention from the Soviet government.

During the last few years of his life, Botvinnik personally financed his economic computer project that he hoped would be used to manage the Russian economy. He kept actively working on the program until his death and financing the work from the money he made for the lectures and seminars he attended, despite prominent health problems.

Botvinnik died of [[Medicine:Pancreatic cancer|pancreatic cancer]] in May 1995.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/extra/sosonko.htm |title=Extra Chess: Genna Sosonko, Russian Silhouettes |access-date=2008-11-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719083028/http://www.scr-kuppenheim.de/extra/sosonko.htm |archive-date=2011-07-19 }}</ref> According to his daughter, Botvinnik remained active until the last few months of his life, and continued to go to work until March 1995 despite blindness in one of his eyes (and extremely poor vision in the other).

== Political controversies ==
The Soviet Union regarded chess as a symbol of Communist superiority, and hence the Soviet chess world was extremely politicized.<ref name="Kingston2001BotvinnikKeresRevisited">{{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles165.pdf
 | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=2001
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
}}</ref><ref name="MouleNye2006DidSovietsCollude">{{cite web 
 |url=http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/PElunch/sovietchesscartel.pdf 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100612191439/http://weber.ucsd.edu/~jlbroz/PElunch/sovietchesscartel.pdf
 |archive-date=2010-06-12
 |title=Did the Soviets Collude?: A Statistical Analysis of Championship Chess 1940–64 
 |author1=Moul, C. 
 |author2=Nye, J.V.C. 
 |publisher=Washington University in St. Louis 
 |year=2006 
 |url-status=dead
 }}</ref> As Botvinnik was the first world-class player produced by the Soviet Union, everything he said or did (or did not say or do) had political repercussions, and there were rumors that Soviet opponents were given hints that they should not beat him.

David Bronstein wrote that Boris Verlinsky had won the 1929 Soviet Championship and was granted the first Soviet Grandmaster title for this achievement, yet he was later stripped of it, when it was thought more politically correct to make Botvinnik the first official Soviet GM (as distinct from the then-nonexistent FIDE grandmaster title).<ref name=Sorcerer/>

Botvinnik wrote that before the last round of the 1935 Moscow tournament, Soviet Commissar of Justice [[Biography:Nikolai Krylenko|Nikolai Krylenko]], who was also in charge of Soviet chess, proposed that Ilya Rabinovich should deliberately lose to Botvinnik, to ensure that Botvinnik took first place. Botvinnik refused, saying "... then I will myself put a piece ''en prise'' and resign".<ref name="Botvinnik1981AchievingAim">{{cite book
 | author=Botvinnik, M.M.
 | title=Achieving the Aim
 | publisher=Pergamon Press
 | year=1981
 | isbn=0-08-024120-4
}} This is the English translation. The Rabinovich incident is summarized at {{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb2.pdf
 | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=1998
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
}}</ref> The game was drawn, and Botvinnik shared first place with Salo Flohr.

Botvinnik sent an effusive telegram of thanks to {{wipe|Joseph Stalin}} after his victory at the great tournament in Nottingham in 1936.{{cn|date=May 2023}}

Botvinnik played relatively poorly in the very strong 1940 Soviet Championship, finishing in a tie for fifth/sixth places, with 11½/19, two full points behind Igor Bondarevsky and Andor Lilienthal. With World War II under way by this time, and the strong possibility of little or no chess practice for some time in the future, Botvinnik seems to have prevailed upon the Soviet chess leadership to hold another tournament "in order to clarify the situation".<ref>{{cite book | author=Varnusz, E. | title=Paul Keres' Best Games, Volume 1: Closed Games
 | location=London | publisher=Cadogan | year=1994 | isbn=1-85744-064-1
 | page=xi}} (translated by Andras Barabas)</ref> This wound up being the 1941 Absolute Championship of the USSR, which featured the top six finishers from the 1940 event, playing each other four times. After a personal appeal to the defence minister, Vyacheslav Molotov, Botvinnik was exempted from war work for three days a week in order to concentrate on chess preparations.<ref name="Hartston1995BotvinnikObit">{{cite web
 | url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950508/ai_n13981379
 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081011190222/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950508/ai_n13981379
 | url-status=dead
 | archive-date=October 11, 2008
 | title=Obituary : Mikhail Botvinnik
 | author=Hartston, W.
 | work=The Independent
 | date=May 8, 1995}}</ref> He won this tournament convincingly, and thus reclaimed his position as the USSR's top player.
      
Bronstein claimed that at the end of the 1946 Groningen tournament, a few months after the death of reigning world champion Alexander Alekhine, Botvinnik personally invited Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine, Max Euwe, Vasily Smyslov, and Paul Keres to join him in a tournament to decide the new world champion,<ref name="Sorcerer" /> but other evidence suggests that FIDE (the "governing body" of chess), had already proposed a World Championship tournament before the Groningen tournament began, and at this stage the Soviet Union was not a member and therefore took no part in framing that proposal.<ref name="Winter2003Interregnum"/>

Since Keres lost his first four games against Botvinnik in the 1948 World Championship tournament, winning only in the final cycle after the outcome of the tournament had been decided, suspicions have sometimes been raised that Keres was forced to "throw" games to allow Botvinnik to win the Championship. Chess historian Taylor Kingston investigated all the available evidence and arguments, and concluded that: Soviet chess officials gave Keres strong hints that he should not hinder Botvinnik's attempt to win the World Championship; Botvinnik only discovered this about half-way through the tournament and protested so strongly that he angered Soviet officials; Keres probably did not deliberately lose games to Botvinnik or anyone else in the tournament.<ref name="KingstonBotvinnikKeres">Kingston wrote a 2-part series: {{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb1.pdf
 | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part I
 | author=Kingston, T. | year=1998 | publisher=The Chess Cafe }} and {{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb2.pdf | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II | author=Kingston, T. | year=1998 | publisher=The Chess Cafe }} Kingston published a further article, {{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles165.pdf | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence | author=Kingston, T. | year=2001 | publisher=The Chess Cafe }} after the publication of further evidence which he summarizes in his third article. In a subsequent two-part interview with Kingston, Soviet grandmaster and official Yuri Averbakh said that: Stalin would not have given orders that Keres should lose to Botvinnik; Smyslov would probably have been the candidate most preferred by officials; Keres was under severe psychological stress as a result of the multiple invasions of his home country, Estonia, and of his subsequent treatment by Soviet officials up to late 1946; and Keres was less tough mentally than his rivals – {{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1 | author=Kingston, T. | year=2002 | publisher=The Chess Cafe }} and {{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles183.pdf | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2 | author=Kingston, T. | year=2002 | publisher=The Chess Cafe }}</ref>

Bronstein insinuated that Soviet officials pressured him to lose in the 1951 world championship match so that Botvinnik would keep the title,<ref name=Sorcerer/> but comments by Botvinnik's second, Salo Flohr, and Botvinnik's own annotations to the critical 23rd game indicate that Botvinnik knew of no such plot.<ref name="chessbaseBronstein23rd">{{cite web | url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=946 | title=Bronstein's fateful 23rd game | date=10 May 2003 | publisher=chessbase.com }}</ref>

In 1956, FIDE changed the world championship rules so that a defeated champion would have the right to a return match. Yuri Averbakh alleged that this was done at the urging of the two Soviet representatives in FIDE, who were personal friends of Botvinnik. Averbakh also claims that Botvinnik's friends were behind FIDE's decision in 1956 to limit the number of players from the same country that could compete in the Candidates Tournament, and that this was to Botvinnik's advantage as it reduced the number of Soviet players he might have to meet in the title match.<ref name="Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2">{{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles183.pdf
 | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=2002
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
}}</ref>

Botvinnik asked to be allowed to play in the 1956 Candidates Tournament, as he wanted to use the event as part of his warm-up for the next year's title match, but his request was refused.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://chessmind.powerblogs.com/posts/1133849392.shtml | title=An interesting tidbit from the latest ''Chess Life'' | author=Monokroussos, D. | date=December 6, 2005 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070807141010/http://chessmind.powerblogs.com/posts/1133849392.shtml | archive-date=August 7, 2007 }} cites the December 2005 issue of ''Chess Life'' as its source.</ref>

Mikhail Tal's chronic kidney problems contributed to his defeat in his 1961 return match with Botvinnik, and his doctors in Riga advised that he should postpone the match for health reasons. Averbakh claimed that Botvinnik would agree to a postponement only if Tal was certified unfit by ''Moscow'' doctors, and that Tal then decided to play.<ref name="Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2" /> The 1961 world championship lasted 21 games and Botvinnik won ten of them, for a total score of +10−5=6, reclaiming the title he had lost a year earlier and becoming the oldest winner of a FIDE world championship match at 50.

In 1963, Botvinnik played his last world championship match against Tigran Petrosian, in a 22-game series. Petrosian, almost 20 years younger, wore out the 52 year old Botvinnik in a series of protracted games, most of them over 40 moves, including six consecutive draws. The defending champion played poorly in games 18 and 19, and the match ended with three short draws. Petrosian thus claimed the world championship with a score of +5−2=15.

In 1954, he wrote an article about inciting socialist revolution in western countries, aiming to spread communism without a third world war.<ref name="Kingston2002InterviewAverbakhPart2" /> And in 1960 Botvinnik wrote a letter to the Soviet Government proposing economic reforms that were contrary to party policy.<ref name="KharitonOrwellOrBotvinnik">{{cite web | url=http://www.chessbanter.com/rec-games-chess-politics-chess/3483-orwell-botvinnik-200-words-lev.html | title=Orwell or Botvinnik? | author=Khariton, L. }}</ref>

In 1976, Soviet grandmasters were asked to sign a letter condemning Viktor Korchnoi as a "traitor" after Korchnoi [[Social:Defection|defected]]. Botvinnik evaded this "request" by saying that he wanted to write his own letter denouncing Korchnoi. By this time, however, his importance had waned and officials would not give him this "privilege", so Botvinnik's name did not appear on the group letter – an outcome Botvinnik may have foreseen.<ref name="KharitonRememberingBotvinnik">{{cite web | url=http://www.chessbanter.com/rec-games-chess-misc-chess/7721-lev-khariton-english-lessons-remembering.html | title=English Lessons (Remembering M.M.Botvinnik) | author=Khariton, L. | publisher=chessbanter.com }}</ref> Bronstein and Boris Spassky openly refused to sign the letter.<ref name="Bronstein2007ChessforDadsJailers">{{cite web
 | url=http://main.uschess.org/content/view/8042/365
 | title=Bronstein: I Played Chess For My Dad's Jailers
 | author=Saidy, A.
 | publisher=United States Chess Federation
 | date=December 3, 2007
}}</ref><!-- Useful refs – keep until used!!
http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_19950508/ai_n13981379 B's obit in Independent
<ref name="Kingston2002AverbakhInterview2">{{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles183.pdf
 | title=Yuri Averbakh, An Interview with History, Part 2
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | publisher=chesscafe.com
 | year=2002|format=PDF}}</ref>

<ref name="KingstonBotvinnikKeres">Kingston wrote a 2-part series: {{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb1.pdf
 | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part I
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=1998
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
}} and {{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb2.pdf
 | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence – Part II
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=1998
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
}} Kingston published a further article, {{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles165.pdf
 | title=The Keres–Botvinnik Case Revisited: A Further Survey of the Evidence
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=2001
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
|format=PDF}} after the publication of further evidence which he summarizes in his third article. In a subsequent 2-part interview with Kingston, Soviet grandmaster and official Yuri Averbakh said that: Stalin would not have given orders that Keres should lose to Botvinnik; Smyslov would probably have been the candidate most preferred by officials; Keres was under severe psychological stress as a result of the multiple invasions of his home country, Estonia, and of his subsequent treatment by Soviet officials up to late 1946; and Keres was less tough mentally than his rivals – {{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf
 | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 1
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=2002
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
|format=PDF}} and {{cite web
 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles183.pdf
 | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History – Part 2
 | author=Kingston, T.
 | year=2002
 | publisher=The Chess Cafe
|format=PDF}}</ref>
--><!-- Old content – keep until we're happy with new content
David Bronstein, in his 1995 book ''The Sorcerer's Apprentice'', makes a number of allegations about Botvinnik's use of Soviet politics to bolster his position.

Botvinnik, as a staunch communist, who had won his first Soviet championship at age 20, established himself as not only an outstanding player, but as the main Soviet Communist hope from the early 1930s to win the World Championship back from Alekhine, who was of Russian descent. Alekhine was of noble background, with a father who was a member of the Fourth Duma. He was one of the top players in the world at the time of the Russian Revolution of 1917, won the first official Soviet Championship in 1920, then fled Moscow for good shortly afterwards in 1921. This was seen as a shameful repudiation of his homeland, and few crimes were more serious in Soviet eyes at that time. Botvinnik's Nottingham 1936 victory, the first by a Soviet master outside his homeland, earned him the government's favour.

The head of the Soviet Chess Federation in the early-to-mid 1930s was Nikolai Krylenko, also the State prosecutor who had run the infamous Show Trials of the late 1920s and early 1930s. When Botvinnik lost for the third time (without winning) to Fedor Bogatyrchuk, Krylenko told Bogatyrchuk, "You will never beat Botvinnik again." That proved to be true as the two never played each other again.

Boris Verlinsky had won the 1929 Soviet Championship and was granted the first Soviet Grandmaster title for this achievement, yet he was later stripped of it, when it was thought more politically correct to make Botvinnik the first official Soviet GM (not the same thing as the FIDE Grandmaster title).<ref name=Sorcerer/>

Botvinnik did not win the AVRO tournament of 1938, placing third behind Keres and Fine, yet soon afterwards began angling through the Soviet government channels for a match with Alekhine for the World Championship. Botvinnik did win the 1939 Soviet Championship with a dramatic last-round victory over runner-up Alexander Kotov. But he played relatively poorly in the very strong 1940 Soviet Championship, finishing in a tie for 5th–6th places, with 11.5/19, two full points behind Bondarevsky and Lilienthal. How would it look for him to be trying for a world title match, yet doing that poorly in his own national championship? With World War II underway by this time, and the strong possibility of little or no chess for some time in the future, Botvinnik seems to have prevailed upon the Soviet chess leadership to hold another tournament "in order to clarify the situation".<ref>Egon Varnusz: "Paul Keres' Best Games, Volume 1: Closed Games" (London, Cadogan 1994, translated by Andras Barabas, ISBN 1-85744-064-1), page xi.</ref> This wound up being the 1941 Absolute Championship of the USSR, which featured the top six finishers from the 1940 event, playing each other four times. Botvinnik won this tournament convincingly, to reclaim his prominence.

The Soviet Union entered World War II with the German invasion in 1941. From 1941 to 1943, Botvinnik gave all of his time to his work as an engineer, visiting and testing power stations, as well as repairing insulations. By the beginning of 1943, he was able to take up chess again on a limited basis, studying and playing two days per week. He won the strong Sverdlovsk 1943 tournament, and played hors concours in the 1943 Moscow Championship, winning with 13.5/16.

Immediately following the end of the 1946 Groningen tournament, with Alekhine having died earlier that year, and with no set system for choosing the new world champion, Botvinnik personally invited Samuel Reshevsky, Reuben Fine, Max Euwe, Vasily Smyslov, and Paul Keres to join him in a tournament to decide the new world champion.<ref name=Sorcerer/>

FIDE, the World Chess Federation, was set to take over the system for choosing the world champion, following Alekhine's death. One proposal then was to either declare former champion Euwe the new champion, or to hold a match between Euwe and Reshevsky, with the winner becoming the new champion.<ref>''Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–70'', by Mikhail Botvinnik; introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, page 1.</ref> But at this stage, the Soviet chess organization was not even a member of FIDE, so how could they influence its decisions!? The Soviets joined FIDE in 1947, and their proposal for the new world championship format (the one originally put forth by Botvinnik the year before in an informal fashion at Groningen) was accepted. Fine eventually declined to play, but otherwise, this wound up being the format used in 1948 to select the new champion, who turned out to be Botvinnik.

Bronstein, in his book, writing in 1995, argues that certain other exceptionally strong players, who had emerged during the war years, perhaps could have been invited as well to the 1948 World Championship tournament, especially since Fine had withdrawn. He mentions Miguel Najdorf, Isaac Boleslavsky, Gideon Stahlberg and himself. Najdorf had defeated Botvinnik quite drastically at their first meeting, Groningen 1946.

Bronstein also criticized the timing and sequencing of the two 1948 major events. The World Championship tournament was held early in 1948, beginning in March, and then the Interzonal tournament (which Bronstein won) was held later the same year. Bronstein suggests that a fairer method would have been to reverse the order, with the top players from the Interzonal, held first, advancing to the World Championship tournament.

Bronstein's allegations are difficult to evaluate. Chess historian Taylor Kingston writes,<ref>[http://www.chesscafe.com/text/kb2.pdf The Keres–Botvinnik Case: A Survey of the Evidence, Part II], Taylor Kingston, 1998</ref>
<blockquote>
''Bronstein in sum paints a very unflattering picture of Botvinnik: a petty, pompous egoist who reveled in his role as a tin god of Socialist Culture, and who had few if any scruples about reaching and maintaining himself on that pedestal. What to make of this? It could be dismissed as the catty cheap shots of a disgruntled has-been, and some of Bronstein's book does smack of sour grapes and fogeyism. Yet Bronstein has always been respected for his integrity, and the accuracy of his memory. Clearly on the Najdorf veto, either he or Botvinnik is wrong or lying... And it is clear that Bronstein and Botvinnik cannot both be taken at face value.''
</blockquote>
The notion that Botvinnik was an orthodox member of the Soviet system is refuted by the fact that he was one of only three grandmasters (Bronstein and Spassky were the others) who refused to sign a condemnation of Korchnoi's defection to the West.
-->

== Assessment ==

=== Playing strength and style ===
Reuben Fine, writing in 1976, observed that Botvinnik was at or near the top of the chess world for thirty years—from 1933, when he drew a match against Flohr, to 1963, when he lost the world championship for the final time, to Petrosian—"a feat equaled historically only by [[Biography:Emanuel Lasker|Emanuel Lasker]] and Wilhelm Steinitz".<ref>{{cite book|last=Fine|first=R.|title=The World's Great Chess Games|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1976|edition=2|pages=263|isbn=0-486-24512-8}}</ref> The statistical rating system used in Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky's book ''Warriors of the Mind'' concludes that Botvinnik was the fourth strongest player of all time: behind Garry Kasparov, Anatoly Karpov and [[Biography:Bobby Fischer|Bobby Fischer]] but ahead of José Raúl Capablanca, Lasker, Viktor Korchnoi, Boris Spassky, Vasily Smyslov and Tigran Petrosian.<ref name="KeeneDivinskyWarriors">''Warriors of the Mind'', Raymond Keene and Nathan Divinsky, 1989.</ref> The Chessmetrics system is sensitive to the length of the periods being compared but places Botvinnik third in a comparison of players' best individual years (1946 for Botvinnik) and sixth in a comparison of fifteen-year periods (1935–1949 in Botvinnik's case).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100 |title=Peak Average Ratings: 1 year peak range |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309155451/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSS1S000000000000111000000000000010100 |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref><ref name="chessmetrics15Years">{{cite web|url=http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100 |title=Peak Average Ratings: 15 year peak range |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309154756/http://chessmetrics.com/cm/CM2/PeakList.asp?Params=199510SSSSSFS000000000000111000000000000010100 |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref> In 2005, Chessmetrics' creator Jeff Sonas wrote an article which examined various ways of comparing the strength of "world number one" players, some not based on Chessmetrics; and Botvinnik generally emerged as one of the top six (the greatest exceptions were in criteria related to tournament results).<ref>{{cite web | url=http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=2409 | title=The Greatest Chess Player of All Time – Part IV |author=Sonas, J. | publisher=Chessbase | year=2005}} Part IV gives links to the three earlier parts</ref> FIDE did not adopt the Elo rating system until 1970, by which time Botvinnik's strength had been declining for several years. According to unofficial calculations by [[Biography:Arpad Elo|Arpad Elo]], Botvinnik was the highest-rated player from 1937 to 1954, peaking about 2730 in 1946.<ref>Elo (1978), p. 89</ref>

This may seem surprising in the light of Botvinnik's results in the 1950s and early 1960s, when he failed to win a world championship match outright (as reigning champion) and his tournament results were patchy. But after the FIDE world championship cycle was established in 1948, reigning champions had to play the strongest contender every three years, and successful title defenses became less common than in the pre-World War II years, when the titleholder could select his challenger. Despite this, Botvinnik held the world title for a longer period than any of his successors except Garry Kasparov. Botvinnik also became world champion at the relatively late age of 37, because World War II brought international competition to a virtual halt for six years; and he was 52 years old when he finally lost his title (only Wilhelm Steinitz and Emanuel Lasker were older when they were defeated). Botvinnik's best years were from 1935 to 1946;<ref name="chessmetrics15Years" /> during that period he dominated Soviet chess;<ref>Yuri Averbakh, referring to the late 1940s, said "Botvinnik was a killer in chess." – {{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles181.pdf | title=Yuri Averbakh: An Interview with History, Part 1 }}</ref> and the USSR's 15½–4½ win in the 1945 radio match against the US proved that the USSR's top players were considerably better than those from the US (who had dominated international team competitions in the 1930s).<ref name="WallUSAVsUSSRRadioMatch1945">{{cite web | url=http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/radio.htm | title=USA vs USSR radio match, 1945 | author=Wall, W. |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091028082845/http://www.geocities.com/SiliconValley/Lab/7378/radio.htm|archive-date=2009-10-28}}</ref>

{{Chess diagram small
| tright
| Stolberg vs. Botvinnik, <br />USSR Ch. 1940
|  |  |  |  |  |bd|kd|  
|  |pd|__|  |  |  |pd|  
|pd|pl|  |__|__|pd|__|__
|pl|qd|  |pd|nd|pl|__|__
|__|__|__|__|  |__|__|__
|__|rd|__|__|__|__|__|pl
|rl|nl|  |bl|rd|  |pl|  
|  |  |ql|rl|  |  |  |kl
|  {{hidden|ta1=left|fw1=normal| Black to move | After tying up White's pieces on the {{chessgloss|queenside}}, Botvinnik won with a sudden {{chessgloss|kingside}} attack: 1...Rxh3+ 2.gxh3 d4 and White resigned, as he could not stop ...Qd5 and mate next move.}}
}}

Botvinnik generally sought tense positions with chances for both sides;<ref>{{cite book|last=Chernev|first=I.|title=Combinations: the heart of chess|publisher=Courier Dover|year=1967|pages=194–195|chapter=Superb Strategist: Mikhail Botvinnik|isbn=0-486-21744-2|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=so6Tikr2bXYC&q=mikhail+botvinnik&pg=PA194|access-date=2009-08-14}}</ref> hence his results were often better with the Black pieces as he could avoid lines that were likely to produce draws.<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik" /><ref name="ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician" /> He had a strong grasp of long-term strategy, and was often willing to accept weaknesses that his opponent could not exploit in exchange for some advantage that he could exploit.<ref name="ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician" /><ref name="Golombek1954GameOfChess">{{cite book | title=The Game of Chess | author=Golombek, H. | publisher=Penguin Books | year=1954 }}</ref> He confessed that he was relatively weak in tactical calculation, yet many of his games feature sacrifices – often long-term positional sacrifices whose purpose was not to force an immediate win, but to improve his position and undermine his opponent's. Botvinnik was also capable of all-out sacrificial attacks when he thought the position justified it.<ref>See the list of Botvinnik's games, especially [http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032787 Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968]</ref> Botvinnik saw himself as a "universal player" (all-rounder), in contrast to an all-out attacker like Mikhail Tal or a defender like Tigran Petrosian.<ref name="KeeneDivinskyWarriors" /> Reuben Fine considered Botvinnik's collection of best games one of the three most beautiful up to the mid-1950s (the other two were Alexander Alekhine's and Akiba Rubinstein's).<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik" />

Kasparov quotes Tigran Petrosian as saying, "There was a very unpleasant feeling of inevitability. Once in a conversation with Keres I mentioned this and even compared Botvinnik with a bulldozer, which sweeps away everything in its path. Keres smiled and said: 'But can you imagine what it was like to play him when he was young?'"<ref name="KasparovGreatPredecessors2" />

=== Influence on the game ===
Botvinnik's example and teaching established the modern approach to preparing for competitive chess: regular but moderate physical exercise; analysing very thoroughly a relatively narrow repertoire of openings; annotating one's own games, those of past great players and those of competitors; publishing one's annotations so that others can point out any errors; studying strong opponents to discover their strengths and weaknesses; ruthless objectivity about one's own strengths and weaknesses.<ref name="KramnikSteinitzToKasparov" /><ref name="BotvinnikBotvinnikVsBronstein1951">{{cite book | title=Botvinnik vs Bronstein, Moscow 1951 | author=Botvinnik, M.M. | publisher=Olms | year=2004 | isbn=3-283-00459-5 | url=http://www.bcmchess.co.uk/reviews/bcmrev0410.html | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080117073208/http://www.bcmchess.co.uk/reviews/bcmrev0410.html | archive-date=2008-01-17 }} The URL links to a review.</ref> Botvinnik also played many short training matches against strong grandmasters including Salo Flohr, Yuri Averbakh, Viacheslav Ragozin, and Semion Furman – in noisy or smoky rooms if he thought he would have to face such conditions in actual competition.<ref name="NYTBotvinnikObit" /><ref name="Timman2006Secret Matches">{{cite book | title=Secret Matches: The Unknown Training Games of Mikhail Botvinnik | author=Timman, J. | publisher=Hardinge Simpole | year=2006 | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/secretmatches.pdf | isbn=1-84382-178-8 | author-link=Jan Timman}}</ref><ref name="UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr">{{cite web|url=http://www.chessville.com/misc/History/PastPawns/UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050310002758/http://www.chessville.com/misc/History/PastPawns/UnfortunateFateofSaloFlohr.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-03-10 |title=The Unfortunate Fate of Salo Flohr |access-date=2008-06-10 }}</ref> Vladimir Kramnik said, "Botvinnik's chess career was the way of a genius, although he was not a genius", meaning that Botvinnik was brilliant at making the best use of his talents.<ref name="KramnikSteinitzToKasparov">{{cite web | url=http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61 | title=Kramnik Interview: From Steinitz to Kasparov | publisher=Vladimir Kramnik | author=Kramnik, V. | year=2005 | access-date=2008-01-27 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512052013/http://www.kramnik.com/eng/interviews/getinterview.aspx?id=61 | archive-date=2008-05-12 | url-status=dead }}</ref>

Botvinnik used almost exclusively {{chessgloss|queenside}} pawn openings with the white pieces. In his eight World Championship matches, he never started a game with an e4-opening, and his usual choices as White were the English Opening or Queen's Gambit. When playing the black pieces, he preferred the French Defense or Sicilian Defense in response to 1.e4, and the Slav Defense or Nimzo-Indian Defence in response to 1.d4. While Botvinnik did not use a wide range of openings, he made major contributions to those he did use, for example: the Botvinnik Variation of the Semi-Slav Defense in the Queen's Gambit Declined, the Kasparov/Botvinnik system in the Exchange Variation of the Queen's Gambit Declined, the Caro–Kann Defence (both the Panov–Botvinnik Attack for White and various approaches for Black), the Winawer Variation of the French Defense, the Botvinnik System in the English Opening. In his openings research Botvinnik did not aim to produce tactical tricks that would only be effective once, but rather systems in which he aimed to understand typical positions and their possibilities better than his rivals.<ref name="KeeneDivinskyWarriors" /><ref name="ByrneNYTimesJan2006ImaginativeTactician">{{Cite news | author=Byrne, R. | title= An Imaginative Tactician Who Was at Ease in Complexity | newspaper=New York Times | date=January 27, 2008 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CE7DD173BF934A35756C0A963958260 | }}</ref> His advice to his pupils included "My theory of the openings fitted into one notebook" and "You don't have to know that which everyone knows, but it is important to know that which not everyone knows." In fact he used different notebooks in different periods, and copied a few analyses from one notebook to the next.<ref>{{cite book
 |author=Botvinnik, I. 
 |chapter=Mikhail Botvinnik's Opening Course 
 |year=2004 
 |title=Return Match for the World Chess Championship: Mikhail Botvinnik – Mikhail Tal, Moscow 1961 
 |editor=Neat, K. 
 |publisher=Edition Olms 
 |isbn=3-283-00459-5 
 |chapter-url=http://www.chessville.com/reviews/BotvinnikBronstein1951BotvinnikTal1961.htm 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061010054203/http://www.chessville.com/reviews/BotvinnikBronstein1951BotvinnikTal1961.htm 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-date=2006-10-10 
 |access-date=2008-09-16 
}}</ref> The "Soviet School of Chess" that dominated competition from 1945 to about 2000 followed Botvinnik's approach to preparation and to openings research; and, although Soviet players had their own preferred styles of play, they adopted his combative approach and willingness to ignore "classical" principles if doing so offered credible prospects of a lasting advantage.<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedGames">{{cite book |title=One Hundred Selected Games |author=Botvinnik, M.M. |year=1960 |publisher=Courier Dover Publications |isbn=0-486-20620-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwriu9JqfPQC&q=botvinnik+%22soviet+school+of+chess%22&pg=PA12 }} Note the preface "The Russian and Soviet School of Chess"</ref><ref name="Goldberg2007StrategiesOfSovietSchool">{{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/review605.pdf | title=Strategies of the Soviet School | author=Goldberg, S. | year=2007 }}</ref>

In 1963, Botvinnik founded his own school within the Soviet coaching system, and its graduates include world champions Anatoly Karpov, Garry Kasparov and Vladimir Kramnik, and other top-class players such as Alexei Shirov, Vladimir Akopian and Jaan Ehlvest.<ref name="HendersonInterviewKramnik"/><ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.chessville.com/reviews/StoryofaChessPlayer.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050501084303/http://www.chessville.com/reviews/StoryofaChessPlayer.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=2005-05-01 |title=The Story of a Chess Player |author=Ehlvest, J. |publisher=Arbiter Publishing, Inc. |year=2004 |isbn=0-9763891-0-X |author-link=Jaan Ehlvest }}</ref> Botvinnik was not an infallible spotter of chess talent: although he said of the 11-year-old Kasparov, "The future of chess lies in the hands of this young man", he said on first seeing Karpov, "The boy doesn't have a clue about chess, and there's no future at all for him in this profession."<ref name="NYTBotvinnikObit">{{Cite news | title= Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83 | author= Thomas, R. McG. Jr. | newspaper=New York Times | date=May 7, 1995 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDC173BF934A35756C0A963958260 }}</ref> But Karpov recounts fondly his youthful memories of the Botvinnik school and credits Botvinnik's training, especially the homework he assigned, with a marked improvement in his own play.<ref name="KarpovOnKarpov">{{cite book | title=Karpov on Karpov: A Memoirs of a Chess World Champion | author=Karpov, A. | publisher=Atheneum | year=1992 | isbn=0-689-12060-5 | author-link=Anatoly Karpov}}</ref> Kasparov presents Botvinnik almost as a kind of father figure, going some way towards balancing the common public perception of Botvinnik as dour and aloof;<ref name="KasparovGreatPredecessors2">{{cite book | author=Kasparov, G.K. | year=2003 | title=My Great Predecessors, part II | publisher=Everyman Chess|isbn =1-85744-342-X | title-link=My Great Predecessors }}</ref> and Kasparov inherited Botvinnik's emphasis on preparation, research and innovation.<ref name="RussellInterviewKasparovPart1">{{cite web | url=http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles208.pdf | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717062022/http://www.chesscafe.com/text/skittles208.pdf | title=Interview with Garry Kasparov – Part 1 | author=Russell, H.W. | archive-date=2011-07-17 }}</ref> Botvinnik was still playing a major teaching role in his late 70s, when Kramnik entered the school, and made a favorable impression on his pupil.<ref name="KramnikSteinitzToKasparov" /><ref name="HendersonInterviewKramnik">{{cite web|url=http://www.chess.co.uk/wcc2000/kramint.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020918085758/http://www.chess.co.uk/wcc2000/kramint.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2002-09-18 |title=Boy from the Black Sea |author=Henderson, J. }} interview with Vladimir Kramnik</ref>

== Other achievements ==

=== Electrical engineering ===
Engineering was as much of a passion for Botvinnik as chess – at Nottingham in 1936, where he had his first major tournament win outside the USSR, he said "I wish I could do what he's done in electrical engineering" (referring to [[Biography:Milan Vidmar|Milan Vidmar]], another grandmaster).<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik" /> He was awarded the Order of the Badge of Honour for his work on power stations in the Urals during World War II (while he was also establishing himself as the world's strongest chess player). He earned his [[Social:Doctorate|doctorate]] in electrical engineering in 1951.<ref>''Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970'', by Mikhail Botvinnik, introduction by Viktor Baturinsky, translated by Bernard Cafferty, Batsford Publishers, London 1972</ref> In 1956, he joined the Research Institute for Electrical Energy as a senior research scientist.<ref name="McCauley1997WhosWhoInRussia">{{cite book
 | title=Who's Who in Russia Since 1900 | chapter=Botvinnik, Mikhail Moiseevich | page=46 | author=McCauley, M. | publisher=Routledge
 | isbn=0-415-13898-1 | year=1997 | chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4A6rFD_AXOEC&q=mikhail+botvinnik&pg=PA205 | access-date=2009-06-05 }}</ref>  
In 1960 he published a book on Asynchronized Synchronous Machines <ref>M.M. Botvinnik: Asynchronized Synchronous Machines: 1960 Moscow, Translated by L.A.Thompson,International Series of Monographs on Electronics and Instrumentation, Pergamon Press 1964</ref>

=== Computer chess ===
In the 1950s Botvinnik became interested in computers, at first mainly for playing [[Software:Computer chess|computer chess]] but he later also co-authored reports on the possible use of [[Artificial intelligence|artificial intelligence]] in managing the Soviet economy.<ref name="unimaasPublicationsComputerGames">{{cite web|url=http://www.cs.unimaas.nl/links/ReferentiesICGAJournal.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040919184448/http://www.cs.unimaas.nl/links/ReferentiesICGAJournal.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2004-09-19 |title=Publications in Computer Games }}</ref> Botvinnik's research on chess-playing programs concentrated on "selective searches", which used general chess principles to decide which moves were worth considering. This was the only feasible approach for the primitive computers available in the Soviet Union in the early 1960s, which were only capable of searching three or four [[Software:Ply (game theory)|half-moves]] deep (i.e. A's move, B's move, A's move, B's move) if they tried to examine every variation. Botvinnik eventually developed an [[Algorithm|algorithm]] that was reasonably good at finding the right move in difficult positions, but it often missed the right move in simple positions, e.g. where it was possible to checkmate in two moves. This "selective" approach turned out to be a dead end, as computers were powerful enough by the mid-1970s to perform a [[Brute-force search|brute-force search]] (checking all possible moves) several moves deep and today's vastly more powerful computers do this well enough to beat human world champions.<ref name="Brudno2000Computer Chess">{{cite web
 | url=http://www.cs.toronto.edu/~brudno/essays/cchess.pdf | access-date=2008-11-18
 | title=Competitions, Controversies, and Computer Chess
 | author=Brudno, Michael
 |date=May 2000
}}</ref><ref name="Laramée2000ChessProgrammingPart3">{{cite web | url=http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1126.asp | access-date=2008-11-18 | title=Chess Programming Part III: Move Generation | author=Laramée, F.D. | publisher=gamedev.net | date=July 2000 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090212125435/http://www.gamedev.net/reference/articles/article1126.asp | archive-date=2009-02-12 }}</ref> However, his PIONEER program contained a generalized method of decision-making that, with a few adjustments, enabled it to plan maintenance of power stations all over the USSR.<ref>{{cite book|last=Abramson|first=B.|title=Digital phoenix: why the information economy collapsed and how it will rise|publisher=MIT Press|year=2005|pages=[https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra/page/89 89–90]|chapter=The Artificial Science|isbn=978-0-262-01217-1|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HmyqbzrlVpkC&q=mikhail%20botvinnik&pg=PA89|access-date=2009-08-14|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/digitalphoenixwh00abra/page/89}}</ref> On September 7, 1991 Botvinnik was awarded an honorary degree in mathematics of the University of Ferrara (Italy) for his work on computer chess.<ref name="UnProgrammaIntelligente">{{cite web
 |url=http://matematica.unibocconi.it/interventi/botvinnik/scacchi_botvinnik.htm 
 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060103174324/http://matematica.unibocconi.it/interventi/botvinnik/scacchi_botvinnik.htm 
 |url-status=dead 
 |archive-date=2006-01-03 
 |title=Michail Botvinnik: un programma "intelligente" per giocare a scacchi 
 |author=Santi, Ettore 
 |year=2006 
}}</ref>

== Writings ==

=== Chess ===
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=One Hundred Selected Games|publisher=Courier Dover|year=1960|isbn=0-486-20620-3|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Mwriu9JqfPQC&q=mikhail+botvinnik|access-date=2009-08-14}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Botvinnik's best games, 1947–1970|editor=Cafferty, B.|publisher=Batsford|year=1972|isbn=0-7134-0357-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Soviet chess championship, 1941: Complete text of games with detailed notes & an introduction|editor=Garry, S.|publisher=Dover Publications|year=1973|isbn=0-486-22184-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=World Championship: The Return Match Botvinnik vs. Smyslov 1958|publisher=Chess Digest Magazine|year=1973}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Alekhine vs. Euwe return match 1937|publisher=Chess Digest|year=1973}}
*{{cite book|last=Matanovic|first=A.|author2=Kazic, B. |author3=Yudovich, M. |author4=Botvinnik, M.M. |title=Candidates' matches 1974|publisher=Centar Za Unapredivanje Saha|year=1974}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Anatoly Karpov: His Road to the World Championship|publisher=Elsevier|year=1978|isbn=0-08-021139-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|author2=Estrin, Y.|title=The Gruenfeld Defense|publisher=Rhm Pr|year=1980|isbn=0-89058-017-0}}
*{{cite book|author=Botvinnik, M.M.|title=Achieving the Aim|translator=Cafferty, B.|publisher=Pergamon Press|year=1981|isbn=0-08-024120-4}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Selected Games: 1967–1970|publisher=Pergamon|year=1981|isbn=0-08-024123-9}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Fifteen Games and Their Stories|editor=Marfia, J.|publisher=Chess Enterprises|location=Coraopolis, Pennsylvania, U.S.A|year=1982|isbn=0-931462-15-0}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Botvinnik on the Endgame|publisher=Chess Enterprises|year=1985|isbn=0-931462-43-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Half a Century of Chess|editor=Neat, K. |editor2=Stauss, E.|publisher=Cadogan Books|year=1996|isbn=1-85744-122-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 1: 1925–1941|editor=Neat, K.|publisher=Moravian Chess|year=2000|isbn=978-80-7189-317-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 2: 1942–1956|editor=Neat, K.|publisher=Moravian Chess|year=2000|isbn=80-7189-370-6}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title= Botvinnik's Best Games Volume 3: 1957–1970 – Analytical & Critical Works|editor=Neat, K.|publisher=Moravian Chess|year=2000|isbn=80-7189-405-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Championship Chess : Match Tournament for the Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR, Leningrad-Moscow 1941|publisher=Hardinge Simpole|year=2002|isbn= 978-1-84382-012-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Match for the World Chess Championship Mikhail Botvinnik-David Bronstein Moscow 1951|publisher=Edition Olms|year=2004|isbn=3-283-00459-5}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=World Championship Return Match: Botvinnik V. Tal, Moscow 1961|editor=Botvinnik, I.|publisher=Olms|year=2004|isbn=978-3-283-00461-3}}

=== Computers ===
*{{cite book|last= Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Computers, Chess and Long-Range Planning |publisher=Springer Verlag|year=1970|isbn= 0-387-90012-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Botvinnik|first=M.M.|title=Computers in Chess: Solving Inexact Search Problems|publisher=Springer-Verlag|year=1984|isbn=0-387-90869-2}}

== Tournament results ==
The following table gives Botvinnik's placings and scores in tournaments.<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedResults">{{cite book |last=Botvinnik |first=M.M. |author2=Garry, S. |title=One Hundred Selected Games |publisher=Dover |orig-year=1949; translation pub. 1960 |year=1960 |pages=269–270 |chapter=Results in Tournaments and Matches}}</ref> The first "Score" column gives the number of points on the total possible. In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
! Date !! Location !! Tournament !! Placing !! class="unsortable" colspan="2"|Score !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|- valign="top"
| 1923 ||align=left| Leningrad || align=left|School championship || — || — || — || align=left | Botvinnik estimates "about 10th out of 16".<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedResults" />
|- valign="top"
| 1924 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left|School championship || 1st  || 5/6 || +5−1=0  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1924 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left|non-category || 1st  || 11½/13 || +11−1=1  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1924 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 2B and 3rd Categories || 1st  || 11½/13 || +11−1=1  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1924 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 2A Category || — || — || — || align=left | Tournament unfinished<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedResults" />
|- valign="top"
| 1925 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 2A and 1B Categories || 1st  || 10/11 || +10−1=0  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1925 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 1st Category || 3rd  || 7½/11 || +7−3=1  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1925 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 1st Category || — || — || — || align=left | Tournament unfinished<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedResults" />
|- valign="top"
| 1926 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Leningrad Championship, Semi-finals || 1st  || 11½/12 || +11−0=1  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1926 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Leningrad Championship || 2nd=  || 7/9 || +6−1=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1926 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Northwest Provincial Championship, Semi-finals || 2nd=  || 9/11 || +8−1=2  || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1926 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Northwest Provincial Championship || 3rd  || 6½/10 || +4−1=5 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1927 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Tournament of "Six" || 2nd  || 7½/10 || +6−1=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1927 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 5th USSR Chess Championship || 5th=  || 12½/20 || +9−4=7 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1928 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Regional Metalworkers' Committee Championship || 1st  || 8½/11 || +7−1=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1929 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Regional Committee of Educational Workers' Championship || 1st  || 11½/14 || +9−0=5 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1929 || align=left| Odessa || align=left| 6th USSR Chess Championship, Quarter-finals || 1st  || 7/8 || +6−0=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1929 || align=left| Odessa || align=left| 6th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals || 3rd=  || 2½/5 || +2−2=1 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1930 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Masters' Tournament || 1st  || 6½/8 || +6−1=1 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1931 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Leningrad Championship || 1st  || 14/17 || +12−1=4 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1931 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 7th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals || 2nd  || 6½/9 || +6−2=1 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1931 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 7th USSR Chess Championship || 1st  || 13½/17 || +12−2=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1932 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Leningrad Championship || 1st  || 10/11 || +9−0=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1932 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Masters' Tournament in House of Scientists || 1st  || 7/10 || +6−2=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1933 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Masters' Tournament || 1st=  || 10/13 || +7−0=6 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1933 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 8th USSR Chess Championship || 1st  || 14/19 || +11−2=6 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1934 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| Tournament including Euwe and Kmoch || 1st  || 7½/11 || +5−1=5 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1934 || align=left| Hastings || align=left| Hastings International Chess Congress || 5th= || 5/9 || +3−2=4 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1935 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 2nd International Tournament || 1st=  || 13/19 || +9−2=8 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1936 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 3rd International Tournament || 2nd  || 12/18 || +7−1=10 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1936 || align=left| Nottingham || align=left| International Tournament || 1st=  || 10/14 || +6−0=8 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1938 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 11th USSR Chess Championship, Semi-finals || 1st  || 14/17 || +12−1=4 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1938 || align=left| [[Place:Amsterdam|Amsterdam]], etc. || align=left| AVRO tournament || 3rd  || 7½/14 || +3−2=9 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1939 || align=left| Leningrad || align=left| 11th USSR Chess Championship || 1st  || 12½/17 || +8−0=9 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1940 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 12th USSR Chess Championship || 5th=  || 11½/19 || +8−4=7 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1941 || align=left| Leningrad, Moscow || align=left| Absolute Chess Championship of the USSR || 1st  || 13½/20 || +9−2=9 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1943 || align=left| Sverdlovsk || align=left| Masters' Tournament || 1st  || 10½/14 || +7−0=7 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1943 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| Moscow Championship || 1st  || 13½/16 || +12−1=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1944 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 13th USSR Chess Championship || 1st  || 12½/16 || +11−2=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1945 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| 14th USSR Chess Championship || 1st  || 15/17 || +13−0=4 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1946 || align=left| Groningen || align=left| International Tournament || 1st  || 14½/19 || +13−3=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1947 || align=left| Moscow || align=left| Tchigorin Memorial Tournament || 1st  || 11/15 || +8−1=6 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
| 1948 || align=left| [[Place:The Hague|The Hague]], Moscow || align=left| World Chess Championship Tournament || 1st  || 14/20 || +10−2=8 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1951 || align=left| Moscow ||align=left| 19th USSR Chess Championship || 5th  || 10/17 || +6−3=8 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1952 || align=left| [[Place:Budapest|Budapest]] ||align=left| Maroczy Jubilee || 3rd=  || 11/17 || +7−2=8 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1952 || align=left| Moscow ||align=left| 20th USSR Chess Championship || 1st=  || 13½/19 || +9−1=9 || align=left | Defeated Taimanov in a play-off for first place.
|- valign="top"
|1955 || align=left| Moscow ||align=left| 22nd USSR Chess Championship || 3rd=  || 11½/19 || +7−3=9 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1956 || align=left| Moscow ||align=left| Alekhine Memorial || 1st=  || 11/15 || +8−1=6 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1958 || align=left| Wageningen ||align=left| International Tournament || 1st  || 4/5 || +3−0=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1961/2 || align=left| Hastings ||align=left| International Chess Congress (Premier) || 1st  || 8/9 || +7−0=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1962 || align=left| [[Place:Stockholm|Stockholm]] ||align=left| International Tournament || 1st  || 8½/9 || +8−0=1 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1965 || align=left| Noordwijk ||align=left| International Tournament || 1st  || 6/7 || +5−0=2 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1966 || align=left| Amsterdam ||align=left| IBM Tournament || 1st  || 7½/9 || +7−1=1 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1966/7 || align=left| Hastings ||align=left| International Chess Congress (Premier) || 1st  || 6½/9 || +5−1=3 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1967 || align=left| Palma de Mallorca ||align=left| International Tournament || 2nd=  || 12½/17 || +9−1=7 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1968 || align=left| Monte Carlo ||align=left| International Tournament || 2nd  || 9/13 || +5−0=8 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1969 || align=left| Wijk aan Zee ||align=left| Hoogovens (Grandmaster Section) || 1st=  || 10½/15 || +6−0=9 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1969 || align=left| [[Place:Belgrade|Belgrade]] ||align=left| International Tournament || 7th  || 8½/15 || +5−3=7 || &nbsp;
|- valign="top"
|1970 || align=left| Leiden ||align=left| Quadrangular Tournament || 3rd=  || 5½/12 || +1−2=9 || align=left | Four players. Each opponent was played four times.
|}

=== Match results ===
Here are Botvinnik's results in matches.<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedResults" /> In the second "Score" column, "+" indicates the number of won games, "−" the number of losses, and "=" the number of draws.

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center; margin:1em auto 1em auto;"
! Date !! Opponent !! Result !! class="unsortable" | Location !! class="unsortable" colspan="2"|Score !! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| 1933 || align=left| Salo Flohr || Tied || align=left| Moscow, Leningrad || 6/12 || +2−2=8 || Challenge
|-
| 1937 || align=left| Grigory Levenfish || Tied || align=left| Moscow, Leningrad || 6½/13 || +5−5=3 || Challenge
|-
| 1940 || align=left| Viacheslav Ragozin || Won || align=left| Moscow, Leningrad || 8½/12 || +5−0=7 || Training
|-
| 1951 || align=left| David Bronstein || Tied || align=left| Moscow || 12/24 || +5−5=14 || World title
|-
| 1952 || align=left| Mark Taimanov || Won || align=left| Moscow || 3½/6 || +1−0=5 || USSR Ch playoff
|-
| 1954 || align=left| Vasily Smyslov || Tied || align=left| Moscow || 12/24 || +7−7=10 || World title
|-
| 1957 || align=left| Vasily Smyslov || Lost || align=left| Moscow || 9½/22 || +3−6=13 || World title
|-
| 1958 || align=left| Vasily Smyslov || Won || align=left| Moscow || 12½/23 || +7−5=11 || Rematch
|-
| 1960 || align=left| Mikhail Tal || Lost || align=left| Moscow || 8½/21 || +2−6=13 || World title
|-
| 1961 || align=left| Mikhail Tal || Won || align=left| Moscow || 13/21 || +10−5=6 ||  Rematch
|-
| 1963 || align=left| Tigran Petrosian || Lost || align=left| Moscow || 9½/21 || +2−5=14 || World title
|-
|}

== Notable games ==
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1031877 Botvinnik vs. Chekhover, Moscow 1935, Réti Opening, 1–0]<ref name="ChernevTwelveGreatChessPlayers" />
*Botvinnik vs. Capablanca, AVRO 1938, Nimzoindian Defense, 1–0<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik">{{cite book|author=Fine|first=Reuben|title=The World's Great Chess Games|publisher=André Deutsch (now as paperback from Dover)|year=1952|isbn=|location=|pages=234–43|chapter=Mikhail Botvinnik|}}</ref> At first sight Botvinnik's opening play looks unpromising, but he knew how his attack would develop.
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032050 Keres vs. Botvinnik, USSR Absolute Championship 1941, Nimzoindian Defense, 0–1]<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik" /> Playing as Black, Botvinnik demolishes a world title contender in 22 moves.
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032104 Tolush vs. Botvinnik, USSR Championship 1944, 0–1]<ref name="Fine1952Botvinnik" /> Long-term {{chessgloss|positional sacrifices}}.
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032119 Denker vs. Botvinnik, US vs USSR radio match 1945, 0–1] Botvinnik uses the Botvinnik System in the Semi-Slav Defense to bulldoze US champion Arnold Denker.
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032736 Botvinnik vs. Keres, Alekhine Memorial Tournament Moscow 1966, 1–0] Botvinnik shows his superior understanding of {{chessgloss|closed game|closed positions}}, and when to open them.
*[http://www.chessgames.com/perl/chessgame?gid=1032787 Botvinnik vs Portisch, Monaco 1968, 1–0] A fireworks display starting with an exchange sacrifice on the c-file, a tactic on which Botvinnik wrote the book.<ref name="Botvinnik100SelectedGames" />

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==See also==
* List of Jewish chess players

== References ==
* {{Cite book
 |title=The Rating of Chessplayers, Past and Present
 |year=1978
 |publisher=Arco
 |isbn= 0-668-04721-6
 }}
*{{Cite book
| author=Hartston, William R.
| title=Kings of Chess
| publisher=Pavilion
| year=1986
| isbn=1-85145-075-0
}}
*{{cite book
 |last1=Hooper 
 |first1=David  
 |last2=Whyld 
 |first2=Kenneth 
 |title=The Oxford Companion to Chess
 |publisher=[[Organization:Oxford University Press|Oxford University Press]]
 |edition=2nd
 |year=1996
 |orig-year=First pub. 1992
 |isbn=0-19-280049-3|title-link=The Oxford Companion to Chess 
 }}
*{{Cite book
| author=Sunnucks, Anne
| title=The Encyclopaedia of Chess
| publisher=Hale
| year=1970
| isbn=0-7091-1030-8
*{{Cite book
| author=Winter, Edward G. (ed.)
| title=World chess champions
| publisher=Pergamon
| year=1981
| isbn=0-08-024094-1
}}
*{{Cite book
| author=Di Felice, Gino
| title=Chess Results 1951–1955
| publisher=McFarland & Co.
| year=2010
| isbn=978-0-7864-4801-2 }}
*{{Cite book
| author=Di Felice, Gino
| title=Chess Results 1956–1960
| publisher=McFarland & Co.
| year=2010
| isbn=978-0-7864-4803-6 }}

== Further reading ==
*{{Cite book |first=Irving |last=Chernev |year=1995 |title=Twelve Great Chess Players and Their Best Games |location=New York |publisher=Dover |isbn=0-486-28674-6 |pages=109–126 }}
*{{Cite book |author=Kirillov, Valentin |year=2017 |title=Team Tal: An Inside Story |location=Moscow |publisher=Elk and Ruby Publishing House |isbn=978-5-950-04330-7 }}
*{{cite book | author= Hurst, Sarah | title=Curse of Kirsan: Adventures in the Chess Underworld | publisher=Russell Enterprises | year=2002 | isbn=1-888690-15-1}}
*{{cite book | author=Botvinnik, Mikhail|translator= Stephen Garry| title=One Hundred Selected Games | publisher=Dover | orig-year=1961| year=1981 | isbn=0-486-20620-3}}
*{{cite book | author=Botvinnik, Mikhail | title=Botvinnik's Best Games 1947–1970 |translator= Bernard Cafferty| publisher=Batsford | year=1972 | isbn=978-0-7134-0537-8}}
*{{Cite book
|year=2003
|title=My Great Predecessors, part II
|publisher = Everyman Chess
|isbn=1-85744-342-X
|title-link=My Great Predecessors}}
*{{Cite book
|year=2017
|title=The Rise and Fall of David Bronstein
|publisher = Elk and Ruby Publishing House
|isbn=978-5-950-04331-4
}}
* {{cite web
 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=990CEEDC173BF934A35756C0A963958260
 | title= Mikhail Botvinnik, Chess Champion and Teacher of Champions, Dies at 83
 | author=Thomas, R.M.
 | date=May 7, 1995
 | work=New York Times
}}

== External links ==
*{{chessgames player|id=11207}}
*[http://www.chessbase.com/newsdetail.asp?newsid=7465 Mikhail Moiseyevich Botvinnik – hundredth anniversary] ChessBase.com
* [http://www.beeldengeluid.nl/media/7535/simultaan-schaken Film newsreel about a simultaneous display of Salo Flohr and Mikhail Botvinnik, Hilversum (NL), 1 January 1964]

{{s-start}}
{{s-ach|ach}}
|-
{{s-vac | last = Alexander Alekhine | reason = Interregnum of World Chess Champions}}
{{s-ttl | title = World Chess Champion | years = 1948–1957}}
{{s-aft | after = Vasily Smyslov}}
{{s-bef | before = Vasily Smyslov}}
{{s-ttl | title = World Chess Champion | years = 1958–1960}}
{{s-aft | after = Mikhail Tal }}
{{s-bef | before = Mikhail Tal}}
{{s-ttl | title = World Chess Champion | years = 1961–1963}}
{{s-aft | after = Tigran Petrosian }}
{{s-end}}



{{DEFAULTSORT:Botvinnik, Mikhail}}
[[Category:Artificial intelligence researchers]]

{{Sourceattribution|Mikhail Botvinnik}}