View source for Biography:Nikolay Kobozev (scientist)

{{Short description|Russian chemist (1903–1974)}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Nikolay Ivanovich Kobozev
| native_name       = Никола{{acute}}й Ива{{acute}}нович Ко{{acute}}бозев
| native_name_lang  = Ru
| birth_name        = {{nowrap|Nikolay Ivanovich Kobozev}}
| birth_date        = {{birth-date|12 May 1903}}
| birth_place       = [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]], [[Place:Russian Empire|Russian Empire]]
| death_date        = {{death-date and age|24 February 1974|12 May 1903}}
| death_place       = Moscow, [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]]
| fields            = [[Chemistry:Physical chemistry|Physical chemistry]]
| workplaces        = Moscow State University
| alma_mater        = Moscow State University
| doctoral_advisor  = Evgeny Shpitalsky
| doctoral_students = 
| known_for         = Electrocatalysis
| spouse            = Esther (Ekaterina) Halbreich
| children          = 1
| image             = Kobozev Nikolay Ivanovich.png
| image_size        = 
| academic_advisors = [[Biography:Nikolay Zelinsky|Nikolay Zelinsky]]
}}

'''Nikolay Ivanovich Kobozev''' (Russian: Никола{{acute}}й Ива{{acute}}нович Ко{{acute}}бозев; May 12, 1903, [[Place:Moscow|Moscow]] – February 24, 1974, Moscow) was a [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[Chemistry:Physical chemistry|physico-chemist]], one of the pioneers of [[Chemistry:Electrocatalyst|electrocatalysis]], founder of the Department of [[Chemistry:Catalysis|Catalysis]] and Gas [[Chemistry:Electrochemistry|Electrochemistry]] at Moscow State University.

== Background and personal life ==
Kobozev was born in a wealthy family of a Kharkov [[Social:Lawyer|lawyer]]. His father, Ivan Josefovich Kobozev (1874, Kharkov – 1943, Moscow) graduated from Kharkov Imperial University. His mother, Sophia Adolfovna Feist (d. 1952) was a granddaughter of the German-born Taganrog watchmaker Franz Feist (1805–1888).<ref>[http://cemetery.su/people/1784#grave-info Franz Feist//Taganrog Old Cemetery]</ref> Her family was [[Religion:Lutheranism|Lutheran]]. Her father, Adolf Feist, was first a teacher of German; in 1891 he became a member of the board of Kharkov Land Bank.<ref name=":0">Масленков Игорь Витальевич. [http://samlib.ru/m/maslenkow_i_w/i03-1.shtml Из истории семьи. Кобозевы]. samlib.ru.</ref> His mother's aunt, Maria Feist, was a sweetheart of Alexander Chekhov.<ref name=":0" />

Nikolay's grandfather, Josef Alekseevich Kobozev (1846, Belgorod – July 18, 1901, Kharkov) moved to Kharkov in the 1860s where he got engaged in textile and flour trade. In 1889 he became a board member of the Second Kharkov Society of Mutual Credit. In 1892 he was elected to the Kharkov city duma.<ref name=":0" />

According to independent researcher Igor Maslenkov, Kobozev's earliest ancestor was a serf peasant of a Belgorod boyar scion Artyom Pischyulin, settled at the village of Melehovo.<ref>[https://forum.vgd.ru/2971/122782/ <nowiki>Масленков И. В. О происхождении Н. И. Кобозева [Текст]/И. В. Масленков // Социально-культурные и исторические аспекты развития региона: история и современность: материалы [сборник] /СКФУ. - Ставрополь, 2021. - Вып. 18. 4.1. - с. 254-267.</nowiki>]</ref> His grandson, Dmitry Kosmin syn Kobyzev (1697–1752) became a [[Finance:Merchant|merchant]] in Belgorod. His wife, Agrafena Fedotovna Maslova (1689–1770) was the daughter of a local poor nobleman. Their son, Stepan, was a merchant too; he was married to the daughter of another Belgorod merchant, Stephanida Rodionovna Dubinina. Stepan's brother, Ivan Dmitrievich Kobozev, was the salt head in Belgorod since 1778. Yakov Stepanovich Kobozev was a Belgorod merchant and ratman. The latter's son, Nikolay Yakovlevich (1781–1834), was a merchant too, but his son, Aleksey Nikolayevich (1804–?) left the merchant guild for the status of an ordinary burger in 1858.<ref name=":0" />

In 1903 his father moved to Moscow, where he worked as a lawyer ({{transl|ru|prisjazhny poverenny}}) at the Administration of Moscow Vindavo-Rybinsk Railroad. After the October Revolution of 1917, he served as a lawyer at the Ministry of Transport.<ref name=":0" />

Nikolay's brother, Vsevolod (1905–1939), was an engineer at the Soviet Ministry of Transport, the head of the electrification department. He was married to the daughter of Vissarion Karandeev, the professor of Moscow higher women's courses. For successful electrification of the Yaroslavl railways {{wipe|Joseph Stalin}} granted him with a golden watch. But in 1937 he was arrested and, in 1939, executed by shooting.<ref name=":0" />

His other brother, Boris was a musician; he died in 1918 from Spanish flu.<ref name=":0" /> He also had a sister named Inna, who was seriously ill for most of her life.<ref name=":0" />

Kobozev was married to Esther (Ekaterina in Russian Orthodoxy) Efimovna Halbreich of [[Religion:Jews|Jewish]] background. In 1946 they had a son named Aleksey (1946–2015), who had a daughter. His brother's lineage is continued in the male line.<ref name=":0" />

Since early childhood, Kobozev was ill with [[Medicine:Polio|polio]]mielitis.<ref name=":0" /> Since the 1920s, he had had a number of serious diseases, including complications of the polio. At some point in his life, he was wheelchaired and had to meet with his students at home.<ref name=":9">Солженицын А. Бодался теленок с дубом//Николай Иванович Кобозев. М.: Согласие, 1996. С. 417.</ref> He had long periods of staying at hospitals or was down in bed recovering.<ref name=":9" /> In 1973 he was completely bed-bound.<ref name=":10">Солженицын А. Бодался теленок с дубом//Николай Иванович Кобозев. М.: Солгасие, 1996. С. 442.</ref> His wife had stayed loyal and supportive throughout his life.<ref name=":9" />

== Scientific accomplishments ==
In 1924 Kobozev graduated from the [[Physics:Physics|Physics]] and [[Mathematics]] Department of Moscow State University (MSU). The same year he entered the [[Social:Postgraduate education|post-graduate studies]] at the Scientific Research Institute of Chemistry under mentorship of professor Evgeny Shpitalsky.<ref name=":5">[https://docplayer.ru/62396708-Nash-solnechnyy-dom.html Лаборатория катализа и газовой электрохимии. К 60-летию лаборатории]/Кафедра физической химии/МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. М., 2007. С. 107.</ref> Since 1929 he was a lecturer at the Physical Chemistry Department of MSU.<ref name=":5" /> In 1935 he started to organize the laboratory of inorganic catalysis at Moscow State University.<ref name=":5" /> The same year he received the [[Social:Doctorate|doctoral degree]] in chemical studies, the rank of [[Social:Professor|professor]] and became an active member of MSU's Institute of Chemistry, without [[Thesis|dissertation]] defense.<ref name=":5" /> Between 1925 and 1935 he promoted advanced scientific ideas at conferences, organized a special catalysis workshop at MSU's Physical Chemistry Department, and a catalysis sector at the State Institute of Nitrogen, attracting many students.<ref name=":5" />

=== Theories ===
====Catalysis====

Kobozev's main focus was on [[Chemistry:Catalysis|catalysis]] and [[Physics:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]]. The main problem in catalysis development has been the lack of a single generalized theory. Kobozev believed that the catalysis theories of his time were incapable of producing a common mechanism because they failed to explain the nature and structure of the active centers.<ref name=":12">Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). P. 145.</ref> He saw the main issue of the contemporary catalysis theories in the concept of crystalline nature of catalytic activity.<ref name=":12" /> In 1934 he introduced the term ''electrocatalysis''.

In 1939, connecting the [[Physics:Kinetic theory of gases|kinetic]] analysis method with the [[Chemistry:Heterogeneous catalysis|heterogenous catalysis]],<ref name=":6">[https://docplayer.ru/62396708-Nash-solnechnyy-dom.html Лаборатория катализа и газовой электрохимии. К 60-летию лаборатории]/Кафедра физической химии/МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. М., 2007. С. 108.</ref> he introduced the theory of ''active ensembles'' which regarded how many [[Physics:Atom|atom]]s of [[Chemistry:Metal|metal]] catalyst can produce a catalytically active center.

In his research he had estimated the minimal number of catalytically active atoms in aggregates for some chemical reactions.<ref name=":13">Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). p. 8.</ref> He argued that the active centers were factored by energy rather than crystalline structures.<ref name=":15"/>

He called the minimal group of atoms showing catalytic activity ''active ensemble''.<ref name=":13" /> However, he believed that the motion of such active ensembles was limited by special ''migration areas''.<ref name=":13" /> Kobozev showcased how the number of atoms in an active ensemble and the average rate of a migration area could be determined by a change in specific activity  I  on the spread of a catalyst over the surface of a carrier.<ref name=":13" /> His study had revealed a connection between the typical heterogenous catalysis and the activity of complex [[Biology:Enzyme catalysis|enzymatic catalysts]].<ref name=":13" /> In 1936 together with A. M. Dubrovskaya, Kobozev demonstrated that regular promoters on the surface of a catalyst are in larger concentration, than inside the phase, while in some cases promoter's presence on the surface brings about decline in catalytic activity.<ref name=":12" />

It had been discovered that in heterogenous catalysis a solid body engages in the reaction not by the entire surface but by a small part of some active surface elements acting in the background of the large inactive crystalline mass of a catalyst.<ref name=":12" /> Kobozev had noticed that for some catalysts active surface was only 0.05%, therefore, he had supposed that such active centers were not crystalline but small groups of random atoms.<ref name=":12" /> Consequently, he had concluded that catalytic activity takes place not in the crystalline, but the amorphous, precrystalline, phase.<ref name=":12" />

He had also noticed that the crystalline phase was made of a cellular, or mosaic, structure – an aggregate made of closed cells ('migration areas') surrounded by energetic and geometrical barriers impermeable to atoms of the surface, thus remaining isolated.<ref name=":12" /> Getting into migration area, as if hollows, atoms gather at the bottom, i.e. in place of maximum [[Chemistry:Adsorption|adsorbsion]] potential, creating ensembles.<ref name=":12" /> So formed ensembles of atoms of a certain composition, are active centers on an inactive catalytic carrier<ref name=":14">Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). P. 146.</ref> Kobozev had studied dissolution of active substance on an inert carrier and found out that increased [[Chemistry:Solvation|dissolution]] resulted in rise in catalytic activity, while minimum of active substance brought about formation of maximally active catalysts.<ref name=":14" /> Kobozev had also proposed a formula calculating the number of atoms engaged in active centers.<ref>Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). p. 147.</ref>

Kobozev's research showed that the most active ensembles consisted of 2 or 3 atoms, which corresponded with Balandin's theory.<ref name=":15">Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). p. 148.</ref>

Kobozev and his students argued that activation of catalyst particles for the reaction has two factors: [[Chemistry:Adsorption|adsorbsion]], i.e. interaction of an ion or atom with particles of a catalyst, and formation of an active center, i.e. interaction of catalyst's particles,<ref name=":15" /> which can, however, play separately.

Catalyst's activity can be significantly increased by including larger and thermadynamically unstable masses, which he named ''aggravation'' (1946)<ref name=":16">Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). p. 149.</ref> when increase of catalyst's activity is factored by complication of its molecule (increase of molecular mass).<ref name=":16" /> So he and his co-workers tried to explain superactivity of [[Biology:Enzyme catalysis|enzymes]] in catalysis.<ref name=":16" />

Kobozev's theory of active ensembles contradicted the contemporary works on the relationship between activity and [[Chemistry:Dispersion|dispersion]] in catalysis <ref name=":16" /> which argued that catalytic activity of a solid body was higher with rise in the level of dispersion.<ref>Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). p. 150.</ref>

Further research of the relationship between dispersion and catalytic activity showed that crystalline structures, indeed, had catalystic activity,<ref name=":17">Berkman S., Morrel J.C. Egloff G. Catalysis, Inorganic and organic. Chicago, 1940. Book 1. [Russian Edition; 1949). p. 151.</ref> and his theory hadn't been accepted.<ref name=":17" /> Kobozev's catalysts had been proved to be of little production potential, while crystalline catalysts used in industry were fully accepted for their high output.<ref name=":17" />

Kobozev's theory is believed to be practically implemented only if the amount of metal catalyst is small and the object has a block shape.<ref name=":1">{{Cite web|url=https://poznayka.org/s87596t1.html|title = Гетерогенный катализ. Теории гетерогенного катализа}}</ref>

Kobozev expressed the idea of ''recuperation of energy'' that, held by the group of atoms connected to the active center, can partly activate molecules of a new substrate contacting the catalyst.<ref name=":6" />

Kobozev took part in developments by professor Shpitalsky regarding the theory of intermediate products in the [[Chemistry:Homogeneous catalysis|homogenous catalysis]].<ref name=":5" /> Based on catalytic and enzymatic degradation of [[Chemistry:Hydrogen peroxide|hydrogen peroxide]], Kobozev showcased how studying the results of kinetic research can reveal the chemical composition and physical properties of those intermediate products that had before been only vaguely assumed in literature.<ref name=":5" />

====Thermodynamics====

Kobozev actively studied [[Physics:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]] and [[Physics:Entropy|etropy]]. He believed that neither cells or [[Physics:Molecule|molecule]]s, nor atoms could factor [[Philosophy:Reason|reason]]ing.<ref name=":3">Михеев А. [http://xn--c1a8aza.xn--p1ai/kobozev.htm О работе Николая Ивановича Кобозева «Исследование в области термодинамики процессов информации и мышления»]. [Электронный ресурс]</ref> In order to explain it, he introduced the concept of special particles called ''psychons''.<ref name=":3" /> In 1948<ref name=":6" /> he also introduced the concept of ''vector-[[Brownian motion|brownian motion]]'' aimed at finding out what in the nerve system rules living being's behavior.<ref name=":4" /> His work on the vector-brownian motion is believed to be the predecessor of [[Cybernetics|cybernetics]].<ref name=":6" />

Kobozev had a specific concept of time in regards to life and death relationship. He classified time into ''translational'' (time of collective development) and ''dispersional'' (time of personal development).<ref name=":4" /> He believed that human's [[Philosophy:Reason|reason]]ing is tightly connected to the current time, while death is a person's disconnection from the 'knot' ''(klubok'') of the current time.<ref name=":4" /> In 1954 he developed the concept of ''advanced complex'' (''operezhayuschiy kompleks'') in chemical kinetics and worked on the problem of time in [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]].<ref name=":7" />

Regarding reasoning, Kobozev believed it cannot be evolved from information, and it is given to a human with birth.<ref name=":4" /> He also believed that every ethnicity (race) has had its own symbolic means of communication expressed in language from creation rather than developed it during evolution.<ref name=":4" />

He introduced the terms of ''negative [[Physics:Entropy|entropy]]'', which he thought was essential part of logic, and ''anti-entropy'', which blocked systemic thinking.<ref name=":4" />

====Applied studies====

In the 1930s, Institute of Nitric Industry at Moscow State University was founded, and Kobozev was invited there to be the head of the department of catalysis.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://kutol.narod.ru/KOBOZ/chapter1.htm|title = Многогранное научное творчество и научные интересы Николая Ивановича охватывают ряд областей физической химии}}</ref> His work was focused on [[Chemistry:Nitrogen|nitrogen]] oxidation, [[Chemistry:Methane|methane]] electro-cracking to [[Chemistry:Acetylene|acetylene]], methane explosion conversion, as well as [[Chemistry:Ozone|ozone]] synthesis and synthesis of [[Chemistry:Peroxide|peroxide]] from [[Chemistry:Hydrogen|hydrogen]] in discharge. Together with his co-workers, Kobozev had developed the methods of studying [[Physics:Kinetic energy|kinetic]] reaction and introduced the energy catalysis theory explaining the mechanism of activation in the reaction in discharge, as well as the mechanism of reaction activating additives, such as [[Chemistry:Mercury (element)|mercury]] vapor in methane electro-cracking or nitrogen in ozone synthesis. The laboratory had managed to synthesize [[Chemistry:Nitric acid|nitric acid]], nitroleum and nitric [[Chemistry:Anhydrite|anhydride]].<ref name=":2" /> Kobozev initiated the first in the [[Place:Soviet Union|Soviet Union]] synthesis of acetylene from natural methane.<ref name=":2" /> Kobozev suggested using electric discharge to obtain active gases in hydrogen plasma, products of water dissociation, etc. Under Kobozev's mentoring, there were carried out experiments that resulted in the first generation of 100% ozone.<ref name=":2" /> In 1960 he initiated the first all-Soviet conference dedicated to ozone.<ref name=":7">[https://docplayer.ru/62396708-Nash-solnechnyy-dom.html Лаборатория катализа и газовой электрохимии. К 60-летию лаборатории]/Кафедра физической химии/МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. М., 2007. С. 110.</ref>

In 1947 he founded the Laboratory of Catalysis and Gas Electrochemistry aimed at secret research for the government.<ref name=":8">[https://docplayer.ru/62396708-Nash-solnechnyy-dom.html Лаборатория катализа и газовой электрохимии. К 60-летию лаборатории]/Кафедра физической химии/МГУ им. М.В. Ломоносова. М., 2007. С. 85.</ref> First, the laboratory was charged with tasks regarding rocket fuel, but later on professor Kobozev had managed to initiate fundamental research in catalysis, gas [[Chemistry:Electrochemistry|electrochemitry]] and [[Physics:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]].<ref name=":8" /> In 1950 the laboratory head and his staff were awarded with the state prize.<ref name=":8" />

In total, Kobozev was the author of 12 concepts.<ref name=":4">Кутолин С.А. [http://rusphysics.ru/articles/777/ БЛАЖЕННЫ ЧИСТЫЕ СЕРДЦЕМ. Сказание о Николае Ивановиче Кобозеве]//Химический дизайн. Контекст-хроника как опыт рефлексии в естествознании.(к биографии Н.И.Кобозева) Новосибирск: Изд.-во Chem.Lab.NCD, 1999</ref> Kobozev had published about 400 academic works.<ref name=":6" /> Out of his students, 12 received the doctoral degree.<ref name=":6" />

==Criticism and support==

For being a somewhat unconventional scientist he was severely criticized by some of his colleagues. In 1950, the Soviet chemist V. Goldansky published an article entitled "Pseudoscience of professor N. I. Kobozev", in which Kobozev's studies were called 'quasi-science', while he was compared with physical idealists. The author of the publication expressed concern that Kobozev's concepts could have negative impact on his students and colleagues averting them from 'real science'.<ref name=":4" />

Amongst opponents of Kobozev was the electrochemist and academician [[Biography:Alexander Frumkin|Alexander Frumkin]]. The polemic between the two reflected the political and scientific schism between the Soviet academic scientists focused on inventing the [[Engineering:Nuclear weapon|nuclear bomb]] and the Moscow university scientists. Their conflict was summed up by attempts to prove the other wrong on fundamental points.<ref>https://temkin-76.ucoz.ru/VITA/electrochimiy.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> However, it was A. Frumkin who suggested that Kobozev would get employed with the Karpov Institute of Physical Chemistry and abandon the Moscow University, which Kobozev declined.<ref name=":4" />

In 1938 old and famed Russian scientists [[Biography:Nikolay Zelinsky|N. D. Zelinsky]] and N. S. Kurnakov recommended the 34-year-old Kobozev for the full membership in the Soviet Academy of Sciences, but he was rejected. There had been four or five attempts.<ref name=":4" /> According to Kobozev's wife, either Frumkin or [[Biography:Alexander Nesmeyanov|Nesmeyanov]] said that since Kobozev was ill he wouldn't attend the meetings and his candidacy was never considered again.<ref name=":4" />

In 1946 N. D. Zelinsky so said about Kobozev, "Soviet science can be proud of Kobozev's work ... as a great success. I personally recommend works of professor N. I. Kobozev for the Stalin prize in chemistry and believe that they deserve such a high award."<ref name=":4" /> Kobozev rejected the initiative himself; in his letter from March 23, 1954, he explained why his candidacy for the Stalin prize should be declined by that he had not submitted academic writings for 1953 and did not go through the assessment at the Academic Board of the Moscow University.<ref name=":4" />

Kobozev had found himself in conflict with the famous physicist [[Biography:Lev Landau|Lev Landau]]. At one of the conferences, Landau severely criticized the presentation of V.K. Semenchenko. Later Kobozev declared that he wouldn't give the speech if Landau failed to apologize.<ref name=":4" /> Landau followed Kobozev's demand, but the latter had since faced strong opposition from the Soviet society of physicists, which negatively affected his academic career.<ref name=":4" />

== Kobozev and Solzhenitsyn ==
[[Biography:Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn|Alexander Solzhenitsyn]] met Kobozev in August 1960 through {{ill|Natalia Reshetovskaya|ru|Решетовская, Наталья Алексеевна}}, former post-graduate student of Kobozev and the first wife of A. Solzhenitsyn. Reshetovskaya brought Solzhenitsyn's manuscript (later entitled "One day of Ivan Denisovich") to her former professor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://old.topos.memo.ru/node/891|title = Квартира Николая Кобозева}}</ref> Kobozev had developed much interest in Solzhenitsyn's ideas and asked his wife for an introduction.<ref name=":11">Солженицын А. Бодался теленок с дубом//Николай Иванович Кобозев. М.: Солгасие, 1996. С. 418.</ref> The family of Kobozev's executed brother kept all Solzhenitsyn's primary manuscripts between 1962 and 1969.<ref name=":11" />

Due to Kobozev's severe health conditions, they met only at his apartment almost every evening until his death.<ref name=":11" /> Solzhenitsyn confessed in his account that Kobozev had had enormous impact on his views and "was the smartest man he had ever met".<ref name=":9" /> Solzhenitsyn made multiple attempts to help the professor with his health, including finding doctors and foreign medicines, but nothing ever helped.<ref name=":10" />

In Solzhenitsyn's English-language memoir ''Invisible Allies'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Solzhenitsyn|first=Aleksandr |date=1995 |title=Invisible Allies |pages=26–31 |chapter=Nikolai Ivanovich Kobozev |isbn=978-1-887178-08-2 }}</ref> a profile of Kobozev and their friendship comprises Chapter 2.

== Bibliography ==

* Kobozev N. I. Studying thermodynamics of information and reasoning. Moscow State University, 1971.[Russian]
*Kobozev N. I. The Problems of Order and Disorder in Chemical Thermadynamics, 1961.<ref name=":7" />[Russian]
*Kobozev N. I. On physico-chemical modeling of information and reasoning processes//the Journal of Physical Chemistry. # 2, 1996.[Russian]
*Kobozev N. I. Thinking paradox, 1971.[Russian]
*Kobozev N. I., Zubovich I.A. Problem of microdoses in chemistry and biology (growth substances as activators of catalytic systems//Biokhimiya, December, 1951.[Russian]
*Filipov Yu. V., Kobozev N.I. Electrical synthesis of ozone. Effect of electrode temperature on the formation of ozone//Russkij Zhurnal Phisiko-khimiji. #35, 1961.[Russian]
*Kobozev N. I. Catalyst and enzyme. Problem of superactivity of organic substances// Moscow State University Digest (''Uchennye zapiski MGU''). Inorganic and physical chemistry. #174, 1955, pp.&nbsp;125–153.[Russian]
*Kobozev N. I. Selected works in 2 volumes. Moscow State University, 1978.[Russian]
*Kobozev N.I. Adsorbsion catalysts and theory of active centers//Sovremennye problemy fizicheskoy chimii. Moscow State University, 1968. Volume 3, pp.&nbsp;3–60.
*Vigdorovich V.I., Tsygankova L.E., Vigdorovich M.V. Using the theory of active ensembles to explain the logic of hydrogen diffusion through a membrane//Vestnik TGU (Tomsk State University), Volume 7, Issue 3, 2002. pp.&nbsp;329–335.
*Frumkin AN, Jofa ZA. Bagotsky VS (1952) N.I. Kobozev: adsorption theory of overvoltage// Zhurnal Fizicheskoy Khimii. 26:1854–1870 [In Russian]

== References ==
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[[Category:Electrochemists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Nikolay Kobozev (scientist)}}