View source for Biography:Richard Becker (physicist)

{{short description|German physicist}}
{{Infobox scientist/Wikidata | fetchwikidata=ALL}}
'''Richard Becker''' ({{IPA-de|ˈʁɪçaʁt ˈbɛkɐ}}; 3 December 1887 &ndash; 16 March 1955) was a German theoretical [[Physicist|physicist]] who made contributions in [[Physics:Thermodynamics|thermodynamics]], [[Physics:Statistical mechanics|statistical mechanics]], [[Physics:Superconductivity|superconductivity]], and [[Physics:Quantum electrodynamics|quantum electrodynamics]].

==Early life==
Becker was born in [[Place:Hamburg|Hamburg]]. His studies in [[Biology:Zoology|zoology]] started in 1906 at the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg, where he earned his doctorate in 1909 under [[Biography:August Weismann|August Weismann]]. After hearing lectures by [[Biography:Arnold Sommerfeld|Arnold Sommerfeld]] at the Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Becker turned his professional interest to physics. He also studied physics under [[Biography:Max Born|Max Born]] at the Georg-August University of Göttingen, and [[Biography:Max Planck|Max Planck]] and [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]] at the Humboldt University of Berlin. Becker competed his [[Social:Habilitation|Habilitation]] in 1922 under Planck.<ref name="Becker">[http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Richard_Becker Becker] – biologie.de</ref><ref name="Author Catalog: Becker">[http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ Author Catalog: Becker] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070205234854/http://www.amphilsoc.org/library/guides/ahqp/ |date=5 February 2007 }} – American Philosophical Society</ref><ref name="Hentschel 1996">Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entry for Richard Becker.</ref>

During [[Social:World War I|World War I]], Becker worked in German industrial organizations, including the Kaiser-Wilhelm Institut für physikalische Chemie und Elektrochemie and the lighting manufacturer Osram.<ref name="Becker"/><ref name="Author Catalog: Becker"/>

In 1919, Sommerfeld recommended three of his students as qualified to become physics assistant to the mathematician [[Biography:David Hilbert|David Hilbert]] at Göttingen. The list included [[Biography:Adolf Kratzer|Adolf Kratzer]], Becker, and Franz Pauer. Kratzer, first on the list, went to Göttingen.<ref>[http://www.lrz-muenchen.de/~Sommerfeld/KurzFass/06107.html Becker] – Hilbert assistant position, 2 September 1919</ref><ref>Reid, 1996, p. 153.</ref>

==Career==
Upon Habilitation, Becker became a [[Social:Privatdozent|Privatdozent]] at the University of Berlin. In 1926, he became ordinarius professor at Technische Hochschule Berlin (Today: [[Organization:Technical University of Berlin|Technische Universität Berlin]].) and head of the new physics department there.<ref name="Author Catalog: Becker"/><ref name="Hentschel 1996"/><ref>[http://www.tu-berlin.de/presse/doku/200jahre/ausstellung/2.etage/flure/nr.18/nr18.2.2.htm Bekcer] – TU Berlin</ref>

In 1935 [[Biography:Arnold Sommerfeld|Sommerfeld]], the theoretician who helped to usher in [[Physics:Quantum mechanics|quantum mechanics]] and educated a new generation of physicists to carry on with the revolution, reached the age for which he could achieve emeritus status. The Munich Faculty drew up a candidate list to replace him as ordinarius professor of theoretical physics and head of the Institute for Theoretical Physics. There were three names on the list: [[Biography:Werner Heisenberg|Werner Heisenberg]], who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1932, [[Biography:Peter Debye|Peter Debye]], who would receive the Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1936, and Becker - all former students of Sommerfeld. The Munich Faculty was firmly behind these candidates. However, academic supporters of [[Physics:Deutsche Physik|Deutsche Physik]] and elements in the Reichserziehungsministerium (Acronym: REM, and translation: Reich Education Ministry) had their own list of candidates and the battle commenced.<ref>Beyerchen, 1977, pp. 153–167.</ref>

Adolf Hitler had come to power in Germany on 30 January 1933 and [[Biography:Max Born|Max Born]] had taken leave as director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics at the Georg-August University of Göttingen on 1 July of that year and emigrated to England. In 1934, [[Biography:Fritz Sauter|Fritz Sauter]], while only a [[Social:Privatdozent|Privatdozent]], was brought into Göttingen as acting director of the Institute of Theoretical Physics (ITP) and lecturer on theoretical physics; Born was officially retired under the Nuremberg laws on 31 December 1935. Sauter, who had been an assistant to Becker at the Technische Hochschule Berlin, continued as the acting director of the ITP until 1936, when Becker was appointed director of the ITP and ordinarius professor of theoretical physics, after the REM eliminated Becker's position at Berlin and reassigned him to Göttingen.<ref>Richard Becker was forced to make the transfer from Berlin as part of the general anti-theoretical policies promoted under [[Physics:Deutsche Physik|Deutsche Physik]] - his position at Technische Hochschule Berlin was eliminated - and on the basis of the Law on the Retirement and Transfer of Professors as a Result of the Reorganization of the German System of Higher [Education?], an ordinance passed in 1935 and related to the Law for the Restoration of the Professional Civil Service. See Hentschel, 1996, pp. 340–341, and Hentschel, 1996, pp. 96–97.</ref> Becker remained there as director until his death in Bad Schwalbach in 1955.<ref name="Becker"/><ref name="Author Catalog: Becker"/><ref name="Hentschel 1996"/><ref>Hentschel, 1996, Appendix F; see the entries for Fritz Sauter and Richard Becker.</ref><ref>Beyerchen, 1977, pp. 38–39.</ref>

In 1954, Becker became president of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft.<ref>
[http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft DPG] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927211507/http://www.biologie.de/biowiki/Deutsche_Physikalische_Gesellschaft |date=27 September 2007 }} – biologie.de</ref>

Becker's students included [[Biography:Eugene Wigner|Eugene Wigner]], who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1963, [[Biography:Rolf Hagedorn|Rolf Hagedorn]],<ref>{{Cite thesis|type=PhD|last=Hagedorn|first=R.|year=1952|title=Statisches Modell von Bariumtitanat bei Zimmertemperatur|url=http://link.springer.com/10.1007/BF01333389|journal=Zeitschrift für Physik|language=de|volume=133|issue=3|pages=394–421|doi=10.1007/BF01333389|issn=1434-6001}}</ref> [[Biography:Wolfgang Paul|Wolfgang Paul]] and [[Biography:Hans Georg Dehmelt|Hans Georg Dehmelt]], who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1989, and [[Biography:Herbert Kroemer|Herbert Kroemer]], who received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2000.<ref name="Becker"/>

==Books==
*Richard Becker ''Theorie der Elektrizität. neubearbeitung des Werkes von M. Abraham'' (Teubner, 1933)
*Richard Becker ''Theorie der Wärme'' (Springer, 1950, 1966, and 1985)
*Richard Becker ''Vorstufe zur Theoretischen Physik'' (Springer, 1950)
*Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor ''Theorie der Elektrizität. Bd. 1. Einführung in die Maxwellsche Theorie'' (Teubner, 1957, 1962, 1964, and 1969)
**Richard Becker, author, Fritz Sauter, editor, and Ivor De Teissier, translator ''Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions, Volume I: Electromagnetic Theory and Relativity'' (Blaisdell, 1964)
*Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor ''Theorie der Elektrizität. Bd. 2. Einführung in die Quantentheorie der Atome und der Strahlung'' (Teubner, 1959, 1963, 1970, and 1997)
**Richard Becker, author, Fritz Sauter, editor, and Ivor De Teissier, translator ''Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions, Volume II: Quantum Theory of Atoms and Radiation'' (Blaisdell, 1964)
*Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor ''Electromagnetic Fields and Interactions'' Revised in 1964, and in a single volume. (Dover) {{ISBN|0-486-64290-9}}
*Richard Becker, author and Fritz Sauter, editor ''Theorie der Elektrizität. Bd. 3. Elektrodynamik der Materie'' (Teubner, 1969)

==References==
<references/>

==Further reading==
*Beyerchen, Alan D. ''Scientists Under Hitler: Politics and the Physics Community in the Third Reich'' (Yale, 1977) {{ISBN|0-300-01830-4}}
*Hentschel, Klaus, editor and Ann M. Hentschel, editorial assistant and Translator ''Physics and National Socialism: An Anthology of Primary Sources'' (Birkhäuser, 1996) {{ISBN|0-8176-5312-0}}
*Constance Reid ''Hilbert'' (Springer, 1996) {{ISBN|0-387-94674-8}}


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