View source for Biography:Richard Stallman

{{Short description|American free software activist and GNU Project founder (born 1953)}}
{{Use list-defined references|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name               = Richard Stallman
| image              = Richard Stallman at LibrePlanet 2019.jpg
| caption            = Stallman in 2019
| birth_name         = Richard Matthew Stallman
| birth_date         = {{birth date and age|1953|03|16}}
| birth_place        = {{wipe|New York City}}, New York, US
| other_names        = rms (RMS)
| education          = {{unbulleted list|[[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] (BS)|[[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (attended)}}
| occupation         = {{hlist|Activist|programmer}}
| title              = 
| known_for          = {{hlist|[[Free software movement]]|[[Software:GNU|GNU]]|[[Software:GNU Emacs|GNU Emacs]]|[[Software:GNU Compiler Collection|GNU Compiler Collection]]|[[Software:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]]|[[Copyleft|copyleft]]|[[Organization:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]}}
| awards             = {{ubl
 |MacArthur Fellowship
 |ACM Grace Murray Hopper Award
 |EFF Pioneer Award
 |ACM Software System Award
 |Internet Hall of Fame
 }}
| website            = {{official URL}}
| signature          = RMS's Signature.png
}}

'''Richard Matthew Stallman''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|s|t|ɔː|l|m|ən}}; born March 16, 1953), also known by his initials, '''rms''',<ref name="initials"/> is an American [[Free software movement|free software movement]] activist and [[Programmer|programmer]]. He campaigns for software to be distributed in such a manner that its users have the freedom to use, study, distribute, and modify that software. Software that ensures these freedoms is termed [[Free software|free software]]. Stallman launched the [[GNU Project]], founded the [[Organization:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]] (FSF) in October 1985,<ref name="fsfbio"/> developed the [[Software:GNU Compiler Collection|GNU Compiler Collection]] and [[Software:GNU Emacs|GNU Emacs]], and wrote all versions of the [[Software:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License]].

Stallman launched the [[Software:GNU|GNU]] Project in September 1983 to write a [[Unix-like]] computer [[Operating system|operating system]] composed entirely of free software.<ref name="initialgnu"/> With this, he also launched the [[Free software movement|free software movement]]. He has been the GNU project's lead architect and organizer, and developed a number of pieces of widely used GNU software including, among others, the [[Software:GNU Compiler Collection|GNU Compiler Collection]],<ref name="gcc-contribs"/> [[Software:GNU Debugger|GNU Debugger]],<ref name="RIT"/> and [[Software:GNU Emacs|GNU Emacs]] text editor.<ref name="multic"/>

Stallman pioneered the concept of [[Copyleft|copyleft]], which uses the principles of copyright law to preserve the right to use, modify, and distribute free software. He is the main author of [[Free software license|free software license]]s which describe those terms, most notably the [[Software:GNU General Public License|GNU General Public License (GPL)]], the most widely used free software license.<ref name="wheeler"/>

In 1989, he co-founded the [[League for Programming Freedom]]. Since the mid-1990s, Stallman has spent most of his time advocating for free software, as well as campaigning against software patents, [[Engineering:Digital rights management|digital rights management]] (which he refers to as digital ''restrictions'' management, calling the more common term misleading), and other legal and technical systems which he sees as taking away users' freedoms. This has included [[End-user license agreement|software license agreements]], [[Social:Non-disclosure agreement|non-disclosure agreement]]s, [[Product activation|activation keys]], [[Software protection dongle|dongles]], [[Copy protection|copy restriction]], [[Proprietary format|proprietary format]]s, and [[Binary file|binary]] [[Executable|executable]]s without [[Source code|source code]].

In September 2019, Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his [[Visiting scholar|visiting scientist]] role at [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] after making controversial comments about the Jeffrey Epstein sex trafficking scandal. Stallman remained head of the GNU Project, and in 2021 returned to the FSF board of directors.

== Early life ==
Stallman was born March 16, 1953,<ref name="AutoLO-2"/> in {{wipe|New York City}}, to a family of Jewish heritage.<ref name="stallman-jewish-source-1"/> He had a troublesome relationship with his parents and did not feel he had a proper home.<ref name="stallman-jewish-source-1"/> He was interested in computers at a young age; when Stallman was a pre-teen at a summer camp, he read manuals for the IBM 7094.<ref name="mgro"/> From 1967 to 1969, Stallman attended a Columbia University Saturday program for high school students.<ref name="mgro"/> Stallman was also a volunteer laboratory assistant in the [[Biology:Biology|biology]] department at Rockefeller University. Although he was interested in mathematics and [[Physics:Physics|physics]], his supervising professor at Rockefeller thought he showed promise as a biologist.<ref name="freeasinfreedom-chap3"/>

His first experience with actual computers was at the IBM New York Scientific Center when he was in high school. He was hired for the summer in 1970, following his senior year of high school, to write a numerical analysis program in [[Fortran]].<ref name="mgro"/> He completed the task after a couple of weeks ("I swore that I would never use FORTRAN again because I despised it as a language compared with other languages") and spent the rest of the summer writing a text editor in [[APL (programming language)|APL]]<ref name="Berättar"/> and a [[Preprocessor|preprocessor]] for the PL/I [[Programming language|programming language]] on the IBM System/360.<ref name="emac6"/>

=== Harvard University and MIT ===
As a first-year student at [[Organization:Harvard University|Harvard University]] in fall 1970, Stallman was known for his strong performance in [[Math 55]].<ref name="freeasinfreedom-chap4"/> He was happy: "For the first time in my life, I felt I had found a home at Harvard."<ref name="mgro"/>

In 1971, near the end of his first year at Harvard, he became a programmer at the [[Organization:MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory|MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory]],<ref name="Maracke_2019"/> and became a regular in the hacker community, where he was usually known by his initials, ''RMS'', which he used in his computer accounts.<ref name="initials"/><ref name="Lih2009"/> Stallman received a bachelor's degree in physics (''magna cum laude'') from Harvard in 1974.<ref name="Bio"/>

Stallman considered staying on at Harvard, but instead decided to enroll as a graduate student at the [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]] (MIT). He pursued a doctorate in physics for one year, but left that program to focus on his programming at the MIT AI Laboratory.<ref name="mgro"/><ref name="emac6"/>

While working (starting in 1975) as a research assistant at MIT under [[Biography:Gerald Jay Sussman|Gerry Sussman]],<ref name="emac6"/> Stallman published a paper (with Sussman) in 1977 on an AI truth maintenance system, called ''dependency-directed backtracking''.<ref name="AI9"/> This paper was an early work on the problem of intelligent backtracking in [[Constraint satisfaction problem|constraint satisfaction problem]]s. {{As of|2009}},{{needs update|date=June 2022}} the technique Stallman and Sussman introduced is still the most general and powerful form of intelligent backtracking.<ref name="russell"/> The technique of [[Constraint learning|constraint recording]], wherein partial results of a search are recorded for later reuse, was also introduced in this paper.<ref name="russell"/>

As a hacker in MIT's AI laboratory, Stallman worked on software projects such as [[Software:TECO (text editor)|TECO]] and [[Software:Emacs|Emacs]] for the [[Software:Incompatible Timesharing System|Incompatible Timesharing System]] (ITS), as well as the [[Lisp machine]] operating system (the [[Lisp machine#Initial development|CONS]] of 1974–1976 and the CADR of 1977–1979—this latter unit was commercialized by [[Company:Symbolics|Symbolics]] and [[Company:Lisp Machines|Lisp Machines]], Inc. (LMI) starting around 1980).<ref name="Lih2009"/> He would become an ardent critic of restricted computer access in the lab, which at that time was funded primarily by the Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA). When MIT's Laboratory for Computer Science (LCS) installed a password control system in 1977, Stallman found a way to decrypt the passwords and sent users messages containing their decoded password, with a suggestion to change it to the empty string (that is, no password) instead, to re-enable anonymous access to the systems. Around 20 percent of the users followed his advice at the time, although passwords ultimately prevailed. Stallman boasted of the success of his campaign for many years afterward.<ref name="Levy"/>

== Events leading to GNU ==
In the late 1970s and early 1980s, the [[Social:Hacker culture|hacker culture]] that Stallman thrived on began to fragment. To prevent software from being used on their competitors' computers, most manufacturers stopped distributing [[Source code|source code]] and began using copyright and restrictive software licenses to limit or prohibit copying and redistribution. Such [[Proprietary software|proprietary software]] had existed before, and it became apparent that it would become the norm. This shift in the legal characteristics of software was a consequence triggered by the US Copyright Act of 1976.<ref name="Cringely"/>

When [[Biography:Brian Reid (computer scientist)|Brian Reid]] in 1979 placed [[Software:Time bomb|time bombs]] in the [[Scribe (markup language)|Scribe]] markup language and word processing system to restrict unlicensed access to the software, Stallman proclaimed it "a crime against humanity".<ref name="emac6"/> During an interview in 2008, he clarified that it is blocking the user's freedom that he believes is a crime, not the issue of charging for software.<ref name="unplugged"/> Stallman's [[Software:Texinfo|texinfo]] is a [[GPL]] replacement, loosely based on Scribe;<ref name="AutoLO-3"/> the original version was finished in 1986.<ref name="AutoLO-4"/>

In 1980, Stallman and some other hackers at the AI Lab were refused access to the source code for the software of a newly installed laser printer, the Xerox 9700. Stallman had modified the software for the Lab's previous laser printer (the XGP, Xerographic Printer), so it electronically messaged a user when the person's job was printed, and would message all logged-in users waiting for print jobs if the printer was jammed. Not being able to add these features to the new printer was a major inconvenience, as the printer was on a different floor from most of the users. This experience convinced Stallman of people's need to be able to freely modify the software they use.<ref name="freeasinfreedom-Chap1"/>

[[Biography:Richard Greenblatt (programmer)|Richard Greenblatt]], a fellow AI Lab hacker, founded [[Company:Lisp Machines|Lisp Machines, Inc.]] (LMI) to market [[Lisp machine]]s, which he and Tom Knight designed at the lab. Greenblatt rejected outside investment, believing that the proceeds from the construction and sale of a few machines could be profitably reinvested in the growth of the company. In contrast, the other hackers felt that the [[Finance:Venture capital|venture capital]]-funded approach was better. As no agreement could be reached, hackers from the latter camp founded [[Company:Symbolics|Symbolics]], with the aid of Russ Noftsker, an AI Lab administrator. Symbolics recruited most of the remaining hackers including notable hacker [[Biography:Bill Gosper|Bill Gosper]], who then left the AI Lab. Symbolics also forced Greenblatt to resign by citing MIT policies. While both companies delivered proprietary software, Stallman believed that LMI, unlike Symbolics, had tried to avoid hurting the lab's community. For two years, from 1982 to the end of 1983, Stallman worked by himself to clone the output of the Symbolics programmers, with the aim of preventing them from gaining a monopoly on the lab's computers.<ref name="Levy"/>

Stallman argues that software users should have the freedom to share with their neighbors and be able to study and make changes to the software that they use. He maintains that attempts by proprietary software vendors to prohibit these acts are antisocial and unethical.<ref name="OpenSources"/> The phrase "software wants to be free" is often incorrectly attributed to him, and Stallman argues that this is a misstatement of his philosophy.<ref name="Salus"/> He argues that freedom is vital for the sake of users and society as a moral ''value'', and not merely for pragmatic reasons such as possibly developing technically superior software.<ref name="AutoLO-5"/> Eric S. Raymond, one of the creators of the open-source movement,<ref name="AutoLO-6"/> argues that moral arguments, rather than pragmatic ones, alienate potential allies and hurt the end goal of removing code secrecy.<ref name="esr"/>

In February 1984, Stallman quit his job at MIT to work full-time on the GNU project, which he had announced in September 1983. Since then, he had remained affiliated with MIT as an unpaid<ref name="AutoLO-7"/> "visiting scientist" in the Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory.<ref name="AutoLO-8"/> Until "around 1998", he maintained an office at the Institute that doubled as his legal residence.<ref name="Lifestyle"/>

== GNU project ==
{{main|GNU Project}}
Stallman announced the plan for the GNU operating system in September 1983 on several [[Engineering:ARPANET|ARPANET]] mailing lists and USENET.<ref name="initialgnu"/><ref name="newunix"/> He started the project on his own and describes: "As an operating system developer, I had the right skills for this job. So even though I could not take success for granted, I realized that I was elected to do the job. I chose to make the system compatible with Unix so that it would be portable, and so that Unix users could easily switch to it."<ref name="gnuproject"/>

[[File:Richard Stallman 00.jpg|thumb|left|Stallman in 2003 at the opening ceremony of NIXAL (a GLUG) at Netaji Subhash Engineering College, Kolkata, India]]
In 1985, Stallman published the [[GNU Manifesto]], which outlined his motivation for creating a free operating system called GNU, which would be compatible with [[Software:Unix|Unix]].<ref name="Lih2009"/> The name GNU is a [[Recursive acronym|recursive acronym]] for "GNU's Not Unix".<ref name="Lih2009"/> Soon after, he started a nonprofit corporation called the Free Software Foundation to employ free software programmers and provide a legal infrastructure for the free software movement. Stallman was the nonsalaried president of the FSF, which is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization founded in {{wipe|Massachusetts}}.<ref name="DuBois"/>

Stallman popularized the concept of ''copyleft'', a legal mechanism to protect the modification and redistribution rights for free software. It was first implemented in the GNU Emacs General Public License, and in 1989 the first program-independent GNU General Public License (GPL) was released. By then, much of the GNU system had been completed.

Stallman was responsible for contributing many necessary tools, including a [[Software:Text editor|text editor]] ([[Software:GNU Emacs|GNU Emacs]]), [[Compiler|compiler]] ([[Software:GNU Compiler Collection|GCC]]), [[Debugger|debugger]] ([[Software:GNU Debugger|GNU Debugger]]), and a [[Software:Build automation|build automator]] (GNU make). The notable omission was a [[Software:Kernel (operating system)|kernel]]. In 1990, members of the GNU project began using Carnegie Mellon's Mach [[Microkernel|microkernel]] in a project called [[Software:GNU Hurd|GNU Hurd]], which has yet to achieve the maturity level required for full POSIX compliance.

In 1991, Linus Torvalds, a Finnish student, used the GNU's development tools to produce the free [[Monolithic kernel|monolithic]] [[Software:Linux kernel|Linux kernel]]. The existing programs from the GNU project were readily ported to run on the resultant platform. Most sources use the name ''[[Software:Linux|Linux]]'' to refer to the general-purpose operating system thus formed, while Stallman and the FSF call it ''GNU/Linux''. This has been a longstanding naming controversy in the free software community. Stallman argues that not using GNU in the name of the operating system unfairly disparages the value of the GNU project and harms the sustainability of the free software movement by breaking the link between the software and the free software philosophy of the GNU project.

Stallman's influences on hacker culture include the name [[POSIX]]<ref name="PE"/> and the [[Software:Emacs|Emacs]] editor. On [[Software:Unix|Unix]] systems, GNU Emacs's popularity rivaled that of another editor [[Software:Vi (text editor)|vi]], spawning an [[Editor war|editor war]]. Stallman's take on this was to [[Religion:Canonization|canonize]] himself as St. IGNUcius of the Church of Emacs<ref name="Takver"/><ref name="Church"/> and acknowledge that "vi vi vi is the [[Unsolved:Number of the beast|editor of the beast]]", while "using a free version of vi is not a [[Philosophy:Sin|sin]]; it is a [[Religion:Penance|penance]]".<ref name="faif"/>

In 1992, developers at [[Company:Lucid Inc.|Lucid Inc.]] doing their own work on Emacs clashed with Stallman and ultimately forked the software into what would become [[Software:XEmacs|XEmacs]].<ref name="lemacs"/> The technology journalist Andrew Leonard has characterized what he sees as Stallman's uncompromising stubbornness as common among elite computer programmers:
{{blockquote|There's something comforting about Stallman's intransigence. Win or lose, Stallman will never give up. He'll be the stubbornest mule on the farm until the day he dies. Call it fixity of purpose, or just plain cussedness, his single-minded commitment and brutal honesty are refreshing in a world of spin-meisters and multimillion-dollar marketing campaigns.<ref name="leonard"/>}}

In 2018, Stallman instituted "Kind Communication Guidelines" for the GNU project to help its mailing list discussions remain constructive while avoiding explicitly promoting diversity.<ref name="AutoLO-9"/>

In October 2019, a public statement signed by 33 maintainers of the GNU project asserted that Stallman's behaviour had "undermined a core value of the GNU project: the empowerment of all computer users" and called for "GNU maintainers to collectively decide about the organization of the project".<ref name="guix"/> The statement was published soon after Stallman resigned as president of the FSF and left his "visiting scientist" role at MIT in September 2019.<ref name="AutoLO-1"/><ref name="explains-why-hes-willing-to-quit"/> In spite of that, Stallman remained head of the GNU project.<ref name="phoronix.com"/><ref name="Stallman"/>

== Activism ==
Stallman has written many essays on software freedom, and has been an outspoken political campaigner for the free software movement since the early 1990s.<ref name="Lih2009"/> The speeches he has regularly given are titled ''The GNU Project and the Free Software Movement'',<ref name="zagreb"/> ''The Dangers of Software Patents'',<ref name="IFSO"/> and ''Copyright and Community in the Age of Computer Networks''.<ref name="copyright-and-globalization"/> In 2006 and 2007, during the eighteen month public consultation for the drafting of version 3 of the GNU General Public License, he added a fourth topic explaining the proposed changes.<ref name="gpl3"/>

Stallman's staunch advocacy for free software inspired the creation of the Virtual Richard M. Stallman ([[Software:Vrms|vrms]]), software that analyzes the packages currently installed on a Debian GNU/Linux system, and reports those that are from the non-free tree.<ref name="vrms"/> Stallman disagrees with parts of Debian's definition of free software.<ref name="debbug"/>

In 1999, Stallman called for development of a free online encyclopedia through the means of inviting the public to contribute articles.<ref name="free-encyclopedia"/> The resulting GNUPedia was eventually retired in favour of the emerging [[Wikipedia]], which had similar aims and was enjoying greater success.<ref name="encyclopedia"/> Stallman was on the Advisory Council of Latin American television station teleSUR from its launch<ref name="chaveztv"/> but resigned in February 2011, criticizing pro-Gaddafi propaganda during the [[Social:Arab Spring|Arab Spring]].<ref name="politics-feb"/>

[[File:NicoBZH - Richard Stallman (by-sa) (10).jpg|thumb|left|Stallman giving a speech on "Free Software and Your Freedom" at the ''biennale du design'' of Saint-Étienne (2008)]]

In August 2006, at his meetings with the government of the Indian State of Kerala, he persuaded officials to discard proprietary software, such as Microsoft's, at state-run schools. This has resulted in a landmark decision to switch all school computers in 12,500 high schools from [[Software:Microsoft Windows|Windows]] to a free software operating system.<ref name="kerala"/>

After personal meetings, Stallman obtained positive statements about the free software movement from the then-president of India, {{nowrap|A. P. J. Abdul Kalam}},<ref name="president-india"/> French 2007 presidential candidate Ségolène Royal,<ref name="stallman-royal"/> and the president of Ecuador Rafael Correa.<ref name="latin-america"/>

Stallman has participated in protests about software patents,<ref name="kpoe"/> [[Engineering:Digital rights management|digital rights management]],<ref name="mpaa"/><ref name="protest-france"/> and [[Proprietary software|proprietary software]].

Protesting against proprietary software in April 2006, Stallman held a "Don't buy from [[Company:ATI Technologies|ATI]], enemy of your freedom" placard at an invited talk given by an ATI compiler architect in the building where Stallman worked, resulting in the police being called.<ref name="protest-ati"/> [[Engineering:AMD|AMD]] has since acquired ATI and has taken steps to make their hardware documentation available for use by the free software community.<ref name="amd-open"/>

[[File:Richard Matthew Stallman working on his Lemote Machine.JPG|thumb|Stallman using his Lemote machine at Indian Institute of Technology Madras, Chennai]]
Stallman has characterized [[Biography:Steve Jobs|Steve Jobs]] as having a "malign influence" on computing because of Jobs' leadership in guiding Apple to produce [[Closed platform|closed platform]]s.<ref name="Clarke"/><ref name="Jobs"/> According to Stallman, while Jobs was at [[Company:NeXT|NeXT]], Jobs asked Stallman if he could distribute a modified GCC in two parts, one part under GPL and the other part, an [[Objective-C]] preprocessor under a proprietary license. Stallman initially thought this would be legal, but since he also thought it would be "very undesirable for free software", he asked a lawyer for advice. The response he got was that judges would consider such schemes to be "subterfuges" and would be very harsh toward them, and a judge would ask whether it was "really" one program, rather than how the parts were labeled. Therefore, Stallman sent a message back to Jobs which said they believed Jobs' plan was not allowed by the GPL, which resulted in NeXT releasing the Objective-C front end under GPL.<ref name="AutoLO-14"/>{{Primary source inline|date=November 2023|reason=The entire Jobs anecdote is sourced to Stallman's own emails in violation of WP:OR}}

For a period of time, Stallman used a notebook from the [[Organization:One Laptop per Child|One Laptop per Child]] program. Stallman's computer is a refurbished ThinkPad X200 with [[Libreboot]], a free [[BIOS]] replacement, and Trisquel GNU/Linux.<ref name="AutoLO-15"/> Before the ThinkPad X200, Stallman used a Thinkpad T400s with Libreboot and Trisquel GNU/Linux.<ref name="AutoLO-16"/> And before the T400s, Stallman used a ThinkPad X60, and even further back in time, a [[Company:Lemote|Lemote]] Yeeloong [[Engineering:Netbook|netbook]] (using the same company's [[Company:Loongson|Loongson]] processor) which he chose because, like the X200, X60 and the T400s, it could run with free software at the [[BIOS]] level, stating "freedom is my priority. I've campaigned for freedom since 1983, and I am not going to surrender that freedom for the sake of a more convenient computer."<ref name="usesthis"/> Stallman's Lemote was stolen from him in 2012 while in Argentina.<ref name="argentina"/> Before Trisquel, Stallman has used the [[Software:GNewSense|gNewSense]] operating system.<ref name="AutoLO-17"/><ref name="AutoLO-18"/>

=== Copyright reduction ===
Stallman has regularly given a talk entitled "Copyright vs. Community" where he reviews the state of digital rights management (DRM) and names many of the products and corporations which he boycotts. His approach to DRM is best summed up by the FSF [[Defective by Design]] campaign. In the talks, he makes proposals for a "reduced copyright" and suggests a 10-year limit on copyright. He suggests that, instead of restrictions on sharing, authors be supported using a tax, with revenues distributed among them based on cubic roots of their popularity to ensure that "fairly successful non-stars" receive a greater share than they do now (compare with [[Finance:Private copying levy|private copying levy]] which is associated with proponents of strong copyright), or a convenient anonymous [[Finance:Micropayment|micropayment]] system for people to support authors directly. He indicates that no form of non-commercial sharing of copies should be considered a copyright violation.<ref name="tech-help-share"/><ref name="elpais-leysinde"/> He has advocated civil disobedience in a comment on Ley Sinde.<ref name="elpais-leysinde"/><ref name="dontobey"/>

Stallman has also helped and supported the International Music Score Library Project in getting back online, after it had been taken down on October 19, 2007, following a [[Social:Cease and desist|cease and desist]] letter from Universal Edition.<ref name="IMSLP"/>

[[File:Richard M Stallman Swathanthra 2014 kerala.jpg|thumb|left|Stallman at [[Swatantra 2014|Swatantra 2014]], a conference organized by ICFOSS in Kerala, India]]
Stallman mentions the dangers some e-books bring compared to paper books, with the example of the [[Engineering:Amazon Kindle|Amazon Kindle]] [[E-reader|e-reader]] that prevents the copying of e-books and allows Amazon to order automatic deletion of a book. He says that such e-books present a big step backward with respect to paper books by being less easy to use, copy, lend to others or sell, also mentioning that Amazon e-books cannot be bought anonymously. His short story "[[Social:The Right to Read|The Right to Read]]" provides a picture of a dystopian future if the right to share books is impeded. He objects to many of the terms within typical [[End-user license agreement|end-user license agreement]]s that accompany e-books.<ref name="elpais-leysinde"/><ref name="IMSLP"/><ref name="ebook"/>

Stallman discourages the use of several storage technologies such as DVD or Blu-ray video discs because the content of such media is encrypted. He considers manufacturers' use of encryption on non-secret data ([[Social:User operation prohibition|to force the user to view certain promotional material]]) as a conspiracy.<ref name="AutoLO-19"/>

He recognized the [[Social:Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal|Sony BMG copy protection rootkit scandal]] to be a criminal act by Sony. Stallman supports a general boycott of [[Company:Sony|Sony]] for its legal actions against George Hotz.<ref name="Sony"/>

Stallman has suggested that the United States government may encourage the use of [[Software as a service|software as a service]] because this would allow them to access users' data without needing a search warrant.<ref name="chromeos"/><ref name="nochrome"/><ref name="boston-review"/><ref name="examples"/>

He denies being an anarchist despite his wariness of some legislation and the fact that he has "advocated strongly for user privacy and his own view of software freedom".<ref name="pro-state gland"/>

=== Terminologies ===
[[File:Richard Stallman by gisleh 01.jpg|thumb|Stallman, in costume as St. IGNUcius, wears a halo consisting of the platter of an old hard disk drive.<ref name="Church"/> (Monastir, Tunisia, 2012)]]
Stallman places great importance on the words and labels people use to talk about the world, including the relationship between software and freedom. He asks people to say ''free software'' and ''GNU/Linux'', and to avoid the terms ''intellectual property'' and ''piracy'' (in relation to copying not approved by the publisher). One of his criteria for giving an interview to a journalist is that the journalist agrees to use his terminology throughout the article.<ref name="wired"/>

Stallman argues that the term ''intellectual property'' is designed to confuse people, and is used to prevent intelligent discussion on the specifics of [[Copyright|copyright]], [[Social:Patent|patent]], [[Social:Trademark|trademark]], and other areas of law by lumping together things that are more dissimilar than similar.<ref name="torino"/> He also argues that by referring to these laws as property laws, the term biases the discussion when thinking about how to treat these issues, writing:
{{blockquote|These laws originated separately, evolved differently, cover different activities, have different rules, and raise different public policy issues. Copyright law was designed to promote authorship and art, and covers the details of a work of authorship or art. Patent law was intended to encourage publication of ideas, at the price of finite monopolies over these ideas – a price that may be worth paying in some fields and not in others. Trademark law was not intended to promote any business activity, but simply to enable buyers to know what they are buying.<ref name="mirage"/>}}

==== Open source and Free software ====
His requests that people use certain terms, and his ongoing efforts to convince people of the importance of terminology, are a source of regular misunderstanding and friction with parts of the free software and open-source communities. After initially accepting the concept,<ref name="AutoLO-23"/> Stallman rejects a common [[Alternative terms for free software|alternative term]], ''[[Open-source software|open-source software]]'', because it does not call to mind what Stallman sees as the value of the software: freedom.<ref name="free-open"/> He wrote, "Free software is a political movement; open source is a development model."<ref name="words-to-avoid-open"/> Thus, he believes that the use of the term will not inform people of the freedom issues, and will not lead to people valuing and defending their freedom.<ref name="why-open"/> Two alternatives which Stallman does accept are ''software libre'' and ''unfettered software'', but ''free software'' is the term he asks people to use in English. For similar reasons, he argues for the term ''[[Proprietary software|proprietary software]]'' or ''non-free software'' rather than ''closed-source software'', when referring to software that is not free software.

==== Linux and GNU ====
Stallman asks that the term ''GNU/Linux'', which he pronounces {{IPAc-en|ɡ|n|uː|_|s|l|æ|ʃ|_|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|ə|k|s}} {{respell|GNOO|_|SLASH|_|LIN|əks}}, be used to refer to the operating system created by combining the GNU system and the kernel Linux. Stallman refers to this operating system as "a variant of GNU, and the GNU Project is its principal developer".<ref name="linux gnu"/> He claims that the connection between the GNU project's philosophy and its software is broken when people refer to the combination as merely Linux.<ref name="in-a-name"/> Starting around 2003, he began also using the term ''GNU+Linux'', which he pronounces {{IPAc-en|ɡ|n|uː|_|p|l|ʌ|s|_|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|ə|k|s}} {{respell|GNOO|_|PLUS|_|LIN|əks}}, to prevent others from pronouncing the phrase ''GNU/Linux'' as {{IPAc-en|ɡ|n|uː|_|ˈ|l|ɪ|n|ə|k|s}} {{respell|GNOO|_|LIN|əks}}, which would erroneously imply that the kernel Linux is maintained by the GNU project.<ref name="rms-kernel-trap-interview"/> The creator of Linux, Linus Torvalds, has publicly stated that he objects to modification of the name, and that the rename "is their [the FSF] confusion not ours".<ref name="AutoLO-26"/>

=== Surveillance resistance ===
Stallman professes admiration for Julian Assange<ref name="Silicon_2011"/> and Edward Snowden.<ref name="AutoLO-21"/> He has spoken against government and corporate surveillance on many occasions.<ref name="AutoLO-22"/><ref name="Stallman_2013_Surveillance"/><ref name="Stallman_2018_Safe"/>

He refers to mobile phones as "portable surveillance and [[Earth:Mobile phone tracking|tracking devices]]",<ref name="gpl3-22june"/> refusing to own a cell phone due to the lack of phones running entirely on free software.<ref name="infoweek"/> He also avoids using a key card to enter his office building<ref name="shaggygod"/> since key card systems track each location and time that someone enters the building using a card. He usually does not browse the web directly from his personal computer. Instead, he uses GNU Womb's grab-url-from-mail utility, an email-based proxy which downloads the webpage content and then emails it to the user.<ref name="stallman-computing"/><ref name="strawmen"/> More recently, he stated that he accesses all websites via [[Software:Tor (anonymity network)|Tor]], except for Wikipedia (which generally disallows editing from Tor unless users have an IP block exemption).<ref name="SchuesslerInterview"/><ref name="SchuesslerNewspaper"/>

== Personal life ==
Stallman resides in Boston, {{wipe|Massachusetts}}, having moved there after living in Cambridge for many years.<ref name="Lifestyle"/> He speaks English, French, Spanish and some Indonesian.<ref name="Lifestyle"/> He has said that he is "an atheist of Jewish ancestry"<ref name="stallman-jewish-source-1"/> and often wears a button that reads "Impeach God".<ref name="freeasinfreedom-chap4"/><ref name="Proulx"/> He denies having [[Medicine:Asperger syndrome|Asperger]]'s, but has sometimes speculated whether he could have a "shadow"<ref name="Brody_1997" /> version of it.<ref name="stallman-jewish-source-1" /><ref name="FF_CH5" /> He has said he is [[Social:Voluntary childlessness|voluntarily childless]].{{r|Stallman, Why It Is (2012)}}

Stallman has written a collection of filk music and parody songs.<ref name="doggerel"/>

In September 2023, while giving his keynote presentation at the GNU 40th anniversary event, Stallman revealed he had been diagnosed with follicular lymphoma, a form of [[Medicine:Cancer|cancer]].<ref>{{cite web |date=2023-09-29 |title=Richard Stallman is Battling Cancer 😔 |url=https://news.itsfoss.com/richard-stallman-battling-cancer/ |access-date=2023-09-30 |website=It's FOSS News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Proven |first=Liam |date=September 29, 2023 |title=Free software pioneer Stallman reveals cancer diagnosis |url=https://www.theregister.com/2023/09/29/richard_stallman_cancer/ |access-date=September 30, 2023 |website=The Register |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Richard Stallman's Personal Page |url=https://stallman.org/ |access-date=2023-12-26 |website=stallman.org}}</ref>

== Controversies ==
{{Criticism section|date=July 2023}}
In September 2006, Stallman wrote, "I am skeptical of the claim that voluntarily [sic] pedophilia harms children. The arguments that it causes harm seem to be based on cases which aren't voluntary, which are then stretched by parents who are horrified by the idea that their little baby is maturing."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Free Software Pioneer Quits MIT Over His Comments On Epstein Sex Trafficking Case |url=https://www.npr.org/2019/09/17/761718975/free-software-pioneer-quits-mit-over-his-comments-on-epstein-sex-trafficking-cas |website=NPR}}</ref>{{better source|date=December 2023|reason=The editing of this article seems untrustworthy: further in the article, it clips the "entirely willing" quotation, removing context essential to interpret it as intended.}} In 2019, he announced that he had changed his opinion in the past years after conversations with victims, holding that it does cause harm.<ref>{{cite web |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |date=2021-03-22 |title=Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/03/richard-stallman-returns-to-fsf-18-months-after-controversial-rape-comments/ |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2023}}<ref>{{cite web |title=2006: May – August Political Notes – Richard Stallman |url=https://stallman.org/archives/2006-may-aug.html#05%20June%202006%20(Dutch%20paedophiles%20form%20political%20party) |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=stallman.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Stallman |first1=Richard |title=Political Notes |url=https://stallman.org/archives/2019-sep-dec.html#14_September_2019_(Sex_between_an_adult_and_a_child_is_wrong) |access-date=20 May 2023}}</ref>

In September 2018, Stallman again attracted controversy when he wrote on his website, "However, it is normal for adults to be physically attracted to adolescents", in a defense of convicted sex offender Cody Wilson.<ref>{{Cite web |title=2018: July – October Political Notes – Richard Stallman |url=https://www.stallman.org/archives/2018-jul-oct.html#23_September_2018_(Cody_Wilson) |access-date=2022-12-03 |website=www.stallman.org}}</ref>{{better source|date=October 2023}}

In August and September 2019, it was learned that Jeffrey Epstein had made donations to MIT, and in the wake of this, [[Organization:MIT Media Lab|MIT Media Lab]] director [[Biography:Joi Ito|Joi Ito]] resigned.{{cn|date=October 2023}} An internal MIT CSAIL listserv mailing list thread was started to protest the coverup of MIT's connections to Epstein.<ref name="Ongweso_2019" /> In the thread, discussion had turned to deceased MIT professor [[Biography:Marvin Minsky|Marvin Minsky]], who was named by Virginia Giuffre as one of the people that Epstein had directed her to have sex with.{{cn|date=October 2023}} Giuffre, a minor at the time, had been caught in Epstein's underage sex trafficking ring.{{cn|date=October 2023}} In response to a comment stating that Minsky "is accused of assaulting one of Epstein's victims", Stallman objected to the inaccurate wording. Minsky was not accused of "assault", and from the victims' testimonies it was not clear whether Minsky had committed "assault", and Stallman argued that "the most plausible scenario is that she presented herself to him as entirely willing. Assuming she was being coerced by Epstein, he would have had every reason to conceal that from most of his associates".<ref name="Lee_2019" /> When challenged by other members of the mailing list, he added "It is morally absurd to define 'rape' in a way that depends on minor details such as which country it was in or whether the victim was 18 years old or 17", holding that this is not relevant to the harm that was done to the victim.<ref name="Lee_2019" />{{better source|date=October 2023}} 

Stallman remained critical of Epstein and his role, stating "We know that Giuffre was being coerced into sex – by Epstein. She was being harmed."<ref name="Bekiempis_2019" />
Stallman's comments along with a compilation of accusations against him were published via [[Software:Medium (website)|Medium]] by Selam Gano,<ref name="Gano_2019" /> and who outlined MIT alumnae claims of sexual harassment and contributions to a hostile environment by Stallman.{{cn|date=October 2023}} ''Vice'' published a copy of the email chain on September 13, 2019.<ref name="Ongweso_2019" /><ref name="Svrluga_2019" /> Stallman's writings from 2013 and earlier related to underage sex and child pornography laws resurfaced, increasing the controversy.<ref name="Lee_2019" /> Tied to his comments regarding Minsky, this led to several calling for Stallman's resignation.<ref name="Svrluga_2019" /><ref name="Ongweso_2019" /> On September 14, Stallman acknowledged that since the time of his past writings, he had learned that there were problems with underage sex, writing on his blog: "Through personal conversations in recent years, I've learned to understand how sex with a child can harm per<!-- This is not a typo! It's a gender-neutral pronoun. --> psychologically. This changed my mind about the matter: I think adults should not do that."<ref name="Engadget_2019" />{{better source|date=October 2023}}

On September 16, Stallman announced his resignation from both MIT and FSF, "due to pressure on MIT and me over a series of misunderstandings and mischaracterizations".<ref name="Levy2019"/> In a post on his website, Stallman asserted that his posts to the email lists were not to defend Epstein, stating "Nothing could be further from the truth. I've called him a 'serial rapist', and said he deserved to be imprisoned. But many people now believe I defended him—and other inaccurate claims—and feel a real hurt because of what they believe I said. I'm sorry for that hurt. I wish I could have prevented the misunderstanding."<ref name="Lee_2019"/> In 2021, he apologized for tone-deafly failing "to acknowledge as context the injustice that Epstein did to women or the pain that caused".<ref name="Claburn_2021"/>

===Return to FSF===
In March 2021, at [[LibrePlanet|LibrePlanet2021]], Stallman announced his return to the FSF board of directors.<ref name=":0"/><ref name=":1"/> Shortly thereafter, an open letter was published on [[GitHub]] asking for Stallman's removal, along with the entire FSF board of directors, with the support of prominent open-source organizations including GNOME and Mozilla. The letter includes a list of accusations against Stallman.<ref name="OL_1"/><ref name="Brodkin_2021"/><ref name="Tor_2021"/> In response, an open letter asking for the FSF to retain Stallman was also published, arguing that Stallman's statements were mischaracterized, misunderstood and that they need to be interpreted in context.<ref name="OL_2"/><ref name="Varghese_2021_2"/> The FSF board on April 12 made a statement re-affirming its decision to bring back Richard Stallman.<ref name="FSF_2021_1"/> Following this, Stallman issued a statement explaining his poor social skills and apologizing.<ref name="FSF_2021_2"/>

Multiple organizations criticized, defunded and/or cut ties with the FSF,<ref name="OL_3"/> including: [[Company:Red Hat|Red Hat]],<ref name="Salter_2021"/> the [[Organization:Free Software Foundation Europe|Free Software Foundation Europe]],<ref name="FSF_2021_3"/> the [[Organization:Software Freedom Conservancy|Software Freedom Conservancy]],<ref name="Conserv_2021"/> [[Company:SUSE|SUSE]],<ref name="Suse_1"/><ref name="Suse_2"/> the [[Organization:Open Source Initiative|OSI]],<ref name="OSI"/> the [[Organization:The Document Foundation|Document Foundation]],<ref name="DocFound_2021"/> the [[Organization:Electronic Frontier Foundation|EFF]],<ref name="OBrien_2021"/> and the [[Organization:The Tor Project|Tor Project]].<ref name="Tor_2"/> [[Software:Debian|Debian]] declined to issue a statement after a community vote on the issue.<ref name="Varghese_2"/> However, the FSF claims this had relatively little financial impact, as it has stated that direct financial support from corporations accounted for less than 3% of its revenue in the most recent fiscal year.<ref name="FSF_FAQ"/>

== {{anchor|Honors and awards}} Honors and awards ==
* 1986: Honorary lifetime membership of the Chalmers University of Technology Computer Society<ref name="CUT"/>
* 1990: Exceptional merit award MacArthur Fellowship ("genius grant")<ref name="macfound"/>
* 1990: The Association for Computing Machinery's Grace Murray Hopper Award "For pioneering work in the development of the extensible editor EMACS (Editing Macros)"<ref name="acmawards"/>
* 1996: Honorary doctorate from Sweden's Royal Institute of Technology<ref name="Hedersdoktorer"/>
* 1998: Electronic Frontier Foundation's Pioneer Award<ref name="pioneer"/>
* 1999: Yuri Rubinsky Memorial Award<ref name="ahref"/>
* 2001: The Takeda Techno-Entrepreneurship Award for Social/Economic Well-Being ({{lang|ja|武田研究奨励賞}})<ref name="takeda"/><ref name="takeda-mit-2001-10-17"/>
* 2001: Honorary doctorate, from the [[Organization:University of Glasgow|University of Glasgow]]<ref name="glasgow"/>
* 2002: US National Academy of Engineering membership "for starting the GNU project, which produced influential, non-proprietary software tools, and for founding the free software movement"<ref name="NAE"/>
* 2003: Honorary doctorate, from the {{lang|nl|Vrije Universiteit Brussel|italic=no}}<ref name="VUB"/>
* 2004: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Nacional de Salta<ref name="UNSA"/>
* 2004: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú<ref name="UNI"/>
* 2007: Honorary professorship, from the {{ill|Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega|es|Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega}} Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega<ref name="UIGV"/>
* 2007: First Premio Internacional Extremadura al Conocimiento Libre<ref name="20minutos"/>
* 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad de Los Angeles de Chimbote<ref name="AutoLO-33"/>
* 2007: Honorary doctorate, from the [[Organization:University of Pavia|University of Pavia]]<ref name="unipv"/>
* 2008: Honorary doctorate from the Universidad Nacional de Trujillo, in Peru<ref name="Cebe_1"/>
* 2009: Honorary doctorate, from Lakehead University<ref name="Lakehead"/><ref name="Agora"/>
* 2011: Honorary doctorate, from National University of Córdoba<ref name="UNC"/>
* 2012: Honorary professorship, from the Universidad César Vallejo de Trujillo, in Peru<ref name="Cebe_2"/>
* 2012: Honorary doctorate, from the Universidad Latinoamericana Cima de Tacna, in Peru<ref name="Biography"/>
* 2012: Honorary doctorate, from the {{ill|Universidad José Faustino Sánchez Carrión|es|Universidad Nacional José Faustino Sánchez Carrión}}, in Peru<ref name="Biography"/>
* 2014: Honorary doctorate, from Concordia University, in Montréal<ref name="Concordia"/>
* 2015: ACM Software System Award "For the development and leadership of GCC"<ref name="acmawards"/>
* 2016: Honorary doctorate, from Pierre and Marie Curie University<ref name="UPMC"/>
* 2016: Social Medicine award, from [[Organization:GNU Solidario|GNU Solidario]]<ref name="gnuhealthcon2016"/>

== Selected publications ==
'''Manuals'''
* {{cite book |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=1980 |title=EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Self-Documenting Display Editor |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA |publisher=MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory publication |id=AIM-519A |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=2002 |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/manual/ |title=GNU Emacs Manual |location=Boston, Massachusetts, USA |publisher=GNU Press |isbn=1-882114-85-X |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |author-last1=Stallman |author-first1=Richard M. |author-last2=McGrath |author-first2=Roland |author-last3=Smith |author-first3=Paul D. |date=2004 |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/make/manual/ |title=GNU Make: A Program for Directed Compilation |location=Boston, Massachusetts, USA |publisher=GNU Press |isbn=1-882114-83-3 |ref=none}}
* {{Cite book |last=Stallman |first=Richard |title=GNU C Language Introduction and Reference Manual |publisher=[[Software:GNU|GNU]] |year=2023 |language=en}}

'''Selected essays'''
* {{cite book |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=2015 |title=Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman |title-link=Free Software, Free Society |edition=Third |location=Boston, Massachusetts, USA |publisher=GNU Press |isbn=978-0-9831592-5-4 |ref=none}}

== See also ==
<!-- Please keep entries in alphabetical order WP:SEEALSO. -->
{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* [[Astronomy:9882 Stallman|9882 Stallman]]
* ''Free as in Freedom'', a biography by Sam Williams
* [[Free Software Street]]
* [[History of free and open-source software]]
* [[Lisp Machine Lisp]]
* ''[[Revolution OS]]''
* [[Software:Vrms|vrms]]
* [[Organization:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]]
{{div col end}}
{{clear}}

== References ==
{{reflist|refs=

<ref name="20minutos">{{cite web |url=http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/197555/0/richard/stallman/linux/ |title=El padre del software libre, Premio Internacional Extremadura |date=February 2007 |publisher=20minutos.es |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="acmawards">{{cite web |url=http://awards.acm.org/award_winners/stallman_9380313.cfm |title=Richard Stallman – Award Winner |website=ACM Awards |publisher=[[Organization:Association for Computing Machinery|Association for Computing Machinery]] |access-date=April 28, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="Agora">{{cite web |url=http://agora.lakeheadu.ca/agora.php?st=327 |title=Honorary Degree Recipients |publisher=Agora.lakeheadu.ca |date=May 21, 2009 |access-date=March 27, 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130821115904/http://agora.lakeheadu.ca/agora.php?st=327 |archive-date=August 21, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="ahref">{{cite web |url=http://www.ahref.com/guides/industry/199907/0727piou2.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816100041/http://www.ahref.com/guides/industry/199907/0727piou2.html |archive-date=August 16, 2000 |url-status=dead |title=ahref.com > Guides > Industry > WWW8 Notes: Open-Source Software and Software Patents |access-date=April 2, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="AI9">{{cite web |author-last1=Stallman |author-first1=Richard M. |author-last2=Sussman |author-first2=Gerald J. |date=1977 |title=Forward Reasoning and Dependency-Directed Backtracking in a System for Computer-Aided Circuit analysis |publisher=Artificial Intelligence 9 |pages=135–196 |url=http://dspace.mit.edu/bitstream/handle/1721.1/6255/AIM-380.pdf?sequence=4}}</ref>

<ref name="amd-open">{{cite web |url=http://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/enterprise-linux/amd-will-deliver-open-graphics-drivers/ |title=AMD will deliver open graphics drivers |publisher=Itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com |date=May 9, 2007 |access-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181205060711/https://itknowledgeexchange.techtarget.com/enterprise-linux/amd-will-deliver-open-graphics-drivers/ |archive-date=December 5, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="argentina">{{cite web |author-last=Rauch |author-first=Guillermo |url=http://www.devthought.com/2012/06/09/richard-stallman-robbed-in-argentina/ |title=Richard Stallman has his bag stolen in Argentina |publisher=Devthought.com |date=June 9, 2012 |access-date=July 22, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120718014725/http://www.devthought.com/2012/06/09/richard-stallman-robbed-in-argentina/ |archive-date=July 18, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-1">{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/computer-scientist-richard-stallman-resigns-from-mit-after-jeffrey-epstein-comments/|title=Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after Jeffrey Epstein comments |author-last=Musil |author-first=Steven |website=CNET |language=en |access-date=October 1, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-14">{{cite web |url=https://sourceforge.net/p/clisp/clisp/ci/default/tree/doc/Why-CLISP-is-under-GPL |title=I hate to have to play this role with a fellow hacker, but ... |publisher=Clisp.cvs.sourceforge.net |access-date=August 17, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-15">{{cite web |url=https://stallman.org/stallman-computing.html |title=How I do my Computing |website=stallman.org |access-date=September 16, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-16">{{cite web |url=https://stallman.org/stallman-computing.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410035339/https://stallman.org/stallman-computing.html |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |title=How I do my Computing |date=April 10, 2016 |access-date=September 16, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-17">{{cite web |url=http://richard.stallman.usesthis.com/ |title=An interview with Richard Stallman |publisher=Richard.stallman.usesthis.com |date=January 23, 2010 |access-date=July 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175618/http://richard.stallman.usesthis.com/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-18">{{cite web |title=GNU/Linux Meeting 2014: Richard Stallman è approdato a Palermo |language=it |url=http://www.html.it/articoli/gnulinux-meeting-2014-richard-stallman-e-approdato-a-palermo/ |website=HTML.it |date=April 3, 2014 |access-date=July 17, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-19">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/licenses/rms-why-gplv3.html |title=Why Upgrade to GPLv3 |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |website=GNU Project |publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=October 16, 2014 |quote=Under the [DMCA] and similar laws, it is illegal ... to distribute DVD players unless they restrict the user according to the official rules of the DVD conspiracy}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-2">{{cite web |url=https://stallman.org/biographies.html#serious |title=Biography |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |website=stallman.org |access-date=April 13, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-21">{{cite web |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/rwwhxWH1sgb1ZdYQycTuWO/Richard-Stallman-surveillance-is-incompatible-with-democrac.html |title=Richard Stallman: surveillance is incompatible with democracy |publisher=Livemint.com |date=January 22, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-22">[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9c3sv30w158 Facebook is surveillance monster feeding on our personal data], Richard Stallman, Russia Today Youtube Channel.</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-23">{{cite web |author-last=Tiemann |author-first=Michael |title=History of the OSI |publisher=Open Source Initiative |access-date=April 16, 2014 |url=http://www.opensource.org/history |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140412040818/http://opensource.org/history |archive-date=April 12, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="words-to-avoid-open">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/words-to-avoid.html#Open |title=Words to Avoid (or Use with Care) Because They Are Loaded or Confusing |publisher=Free Software Foundation |access-date=July 17, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="rms-kernel-trap-interview">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/rms-kernel-trap-interview.en.html |title=Interview with Richard Stallman, KernelTrap.org, 2005 |author-last=Andrews |author-first=Jeremy |publisher=GNU |date=2005 |access-date=September 10, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-26">{{cite web |author-last=Torvalds |author-first=Linus |title=LKML: Linus Torvalds: Re: GPLv3 Position Statement |url=https://lkml.org/lkml/2006/9/25/161 |website=lkml.org |publisher=Linux Kernel Mailing List |access-date=March 24, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="doggerel">{{cite web |url=http://www.stallman.org/doggerel.html |title=Doggerel – Richard Stallman |website=www.stallman.org}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="Register2018">{{cite web |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2018/05/09/gnu_glic_abort_stallman/ |work=theregister.co.uk |date=May 9, 2018 |access-date=April 17, 2020 |title=You have GNU sense of humor! Glibc abortion 'joke' diff tiff leaves Richard Stallman miffed}}</ref> -->

<ref name="Lee_2019">{{Cite web |author-last=Lee |author-first=Timothy B. |date=September 17, 2019 |title=Richard Stallman leaves MIT after controversial remarks on rape |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2019/09/richard-stallman-leaves-mit-after-controversial-remarks-on-rape/ |access-date=August 5, 2020 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-3">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/texinfo |title=Texinfo – GNU Documentation System – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF) |publisher=Gnu.org |date=February 19, 2015 |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="FSF-resign-2019">{{cite web|url=https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns |title=Richard M. Stallman resigns |publisher=Free Software Foundation |date=September 19, 2019 |access-date=September 19, 2019}}</ref> -->

<!-- <ref name="Ellement2019">{{cite news |author-last1=Sweeney |author-first1=Emily |author-last2=Ellement |author-first2=John R. |url=https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/09/17/richard-stallman-resigns-from-mit-after-comments-about-jeffrey-epstein/MCj0sxJQCJiBoajIkijA3L/story.html |title=Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after comments about Jeffrey Epstein |work=The Boston Globe |date=September 17, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2019}}</ref> -->

<ref name="AutoLO-33">{{cite book |author-last=Steele |author-first=Guy L. Jr. |title=The Hacker's Dictionary: A Guide to the World of Computer Wizards |date=1991 |url=https://archive.org/details/newhackersdictio00raym |url-access=registration}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-4">[https://www.gnu.org/bulletins/bull1.txt Gnu Status], by Richard M. Stallman. 5. Documentation system. I now have a truly compatible pair of programs which can convert a file of texinfo format documentation into either a printed manual or an Info file. Documentation files are needed for many utilities., February 1986, GNU's Bulletin, Volume 1 No.1</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-5">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/pragmatic.html |title=Copyleft: Pragmatic Idealism |publisher=Gnu.org |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-6">{{cite web |url=http://opensource.org/history |title=History of the Open Source Initiative |date=September 19, 2006 |publisher=Opensource.org |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-7">{{cite news |url=https://news.mit.edu/2001/stallman-1017 |title=Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M |newspaper=Mit News &#124; Massachusetts Institute of Technology}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-8">{{cite web |url=https://www.csail.mit.edu/person/richard-stallman |title=Richard Stallman – MIT CSAIL |website=www.csail.mit.edu |access-date=January 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190917081124/https://www.csail.mit.edu/person/richard-stallman |archive-date=September 17, 2019 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="AutoLO-9">{{cite web |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90254836/linus-torvalds-is-back-at-linux-while-gnus-stallman-unveils-a-kindness-policy |title=Linus Torvalds is back at Linux while GNU's Stallman unveils a "kindness policy" |author-first=Steven |author-last=Melendez |publisher=Fast Company |date=October 22, 2018 |access-date=September 24, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="Berättar">{{cite web |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |url=http://www.lysator.liu.se/history/garb/txt/87-2-rms.txt |title=RMS Berättar |access-date=September 22, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="explains-why-hes-willing-to-quit">{{cite web |author-last1=Bort |author-first1=Julie |title=A programmer explains why he's willing to quit rather than work with industry legend Richard Stallman, who resigned from MIT after controversial remarks on Jeffrey Epstein |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/gnu-programmers-call-for-richard-stallman-to-quit-2019-10 |website=businessinsider.com |publisher=Business Insider |date=October 10, 2019 |access-date=August 11, 2021}}</ref>

<!-- <ref name="black-and-white">{{cite web |url=http://torvalds-family.blogspot.com/2008/11/black-and-white.html |title=Black and white |publisher=Linus' blog |date=November 2, 2008 |access-date=October 9, 2011}}</ref> -->

<ref name="boston-review">{{cite web |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard |title=Who does that server really serve? |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/who-does-that-server-really-serve.html |publisher=[[Software:GNU|GNU]], Boston Review |access-date=January 15, 2012 |date=September 20, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="chaveztv">{{cite news |url=https://www.theguardian.com/international/story/0,3604,1535981,00.html |title=Chavez TV beams into South America |work=The Guardian |location=London |date=July 26, 2005 |access-date=May 22, 2010 |author-first=Alfonso |author-last=Daniels}}</ref>

<ref name="chromeos">{{cite web |author-last=Arthur |author-first=Charles |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/blog/2010/dec/14/chrome-os-richard-stallman-warning |title=Google's ChromeOS means losing control of data, warns GNU founder Richard Stallman |work=guardian.co.uk |publisher={{wipe|The Guardian}} |date=December 14, 2010 |access-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Clarke">{{cite web |author-last=Clarke |author-first=Gavin |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2011/10/10/stallman_glad_jobs_gone |title=Stallman: Jobs exerted 'malign influence' on computing |publisher=Theregister.co.uk |date=October 10, 2011 |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Concordia">{{Cite web |url=http://www.concordia.ca/content/shared/en/news/main/stories/2014/10/01/concordia-awardshonorarydoctoratestoaquebecbusinessleaderaninter.html |title=Concordia awards 3 new honorary doctorates |website=www.concordia.ca}}</ref>

<ref name="copyright-and-globalization">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/copyright-and-globalization.html |title=Copyright and Globalization in the Age of Computer Networks – GNU Project – Free Software Foundation (FSF) |access-date=January 17, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="Cringely">Robert X. [https://www.pbs.org/cringely/nerdtv/shows/#4 Cringely's interview with Brewster Kahle], around the 46th minute</ref>

<ref name="debbug">{{cite web |url=http://bugs.debian.org/cgi-bin/bugreport.cgi?bug=221807 |title=#221807 – "vrms and RMS disagree sometimes... AND depends on non-free section presence..." – Debian Bug report logs |publisher=Bugs.debian.org |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="dontobey">{{cite web |url=http://torrentfreak.com/richard-stallman-opts-to-disobey-anti-piracy-law-110610/ |title=Richard Stallman Opts to Disobey Anti-Piracy Law |publisher=TorrentFreak.com |date=June 10, 2011 |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="DuBois">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/working-together/profiles/free-software-foundation/ |title=Free Software Foundation |author-first=Steven |author-last=DuBois |date=October 15, 2010 |access-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="ebook">{{cite web |url=https://gnu.org/philosophy/the-danger-of-ebooks.en.html |title=The Danger of E-Books |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard |publisher=[[Organization:Free Software Foundation|Free Software Foundation]] |date=2011–2013 |access-date=March 27, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="elpais-leysinde">{{cite news |url=http://cultura.elpais.com/cultura/2011/06/08/actualidad/1307484020_850215.html |title=La 'ley Sinde' es tan injusta que debería ser desobedecida |author-last=Mora |author-first=Miguel |work=El País |publisher=Ediciones El País, S.L. |language=es |date=June 8, 2011 |access-date=April 1, 2013}}</ref>

<ref name="emac6">{{cite book |author-last=Williams |author-first=Sam |title=Free as in freedom: Richard Stallman's crusade for free software |date=2002 |publisher=O'Reilly |location=Beijing, China |isbn=0-596-00287-4 |edition=2nd |chapter=Chapter 6 – The Emacs Commune |url=https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will}}</ref>

<ref name="encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/encyclopedia.html |access-date=October 15, 2011 |title=The Free Encyclopedia Project |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M.}}</ref>

<ref name="esr">{{cite web |url=http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4386 |title=Why I think RMS is a fanatic, and why that matters |work=Esr.ibiblio.org |date=June 11, 2012 |access-date=July 14, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324053917/http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=4386 |archive-date=March 24, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="examples">{{cite web |author-last=Hill |author-first=Benjamin Mako |title=Show Me the Code |url=http://revealingerrors.com/show_me_the_code|work=Revealing Errors |access-date=January 15, 2012 |date=February 1, 2009}}</ref>

<ref name="faif">{{cite book |author-last=Williams |author-first=Sam |title=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=March 15, 2002 |isbn=0-596-00287-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will |access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="free-encyclopedia">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html |access-date=October 15, 2006 |title=The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M.}}</ref>

<ref name="free-open">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/free-software-for-freedom.html |title=Why "Free Software" is better than "Open Source" |publisher=Gnu.org |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="freeasinfreedom-chap4">{{cite book |author-last=Williams |author-first=Sam |title=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |url=https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=2002 |isbn=0-596-00287-4}}</ref>

<ref name="fsfbio">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/about/leadership/ |title=The Free Software Foundation Management |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=March 7, 2011 |work=Free Software Foundation |at=Richard M. Stallman, President |access-date=July 21, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="gcc-contribs">{{Cite web |url=https://gcc.gnu.org/onlinedocs/gcc/Contributors.html |title=Contributors (Using the GNU Compiler Collection (GCC)) |website=gcc.gnu.org}}</ref>

<ref name="glasgow">{{cite web |url=http://www.gla.ac.uk/news/archive/2001/february/headline_29920_en.html |title=University of Glasgow :: University news :: Archive of news :: 2001 :: February :: University announces honorary degrees to celebrate 550th anniversary |publisher=Gla.ac.uk |date=February 1, 2001 |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="gnuhealthcon2016">{{Cite web |url=http://www.gnuhealthcon.org/2016-las_palmas/awards.html |title=GNU Health CON 2016 – I International GNU Health Conference |website=www.gnuhealthcon.org |access-date=August 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181208001924/http://www.gnuhealthcon.org/2016-las_palmas/awards.html |archive-date=December 8, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="gnuproject">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html |title=The GNU Project |author-first=Richard M. |author-last=Stallman |date=1998 |work=Free Software Foundation |access-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="gpl3">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/#transcripts |title=GPLv3 – GNU General Public License, version 3 |access-date=January 17, 2008 |work=FSFE}}</ref>

<ref name="gpl3-22june">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/barcelona-rms-transcript.ca.html#draft2-preview |title=GPLv3 – Transcript of Richard Stallman from the third international GPLv3 conference, Barcelona; 2006-06-22 |language=ca |publisher=Fsfeurope.org |date=June 22, 2006 |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="guix">{{cite web |title=Joint statement on the GNU Project |url=https://guix.gnu.org/blog/2019/joint-statement-on-the-gnu-project/ |website=guix.gnu.org |date=October 7, 2019 |access-date=May 3, 2020}}</ref>

<ref name="Hedersdoktorer">{{cite web |url=http://www.kth.se/en/om/fakta/fame/hedersdoktorer/hedersdoktorer-vid-kth-1.3974 |title=KTH &#124; Honorary doctors at KTH |publisher=Kth.se |date=November 19, 2014 |access-date=March 27, 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-17  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150417073005/http://www.kth.se/en/om/fakta/fame/hedersdoktorer/hedersdoktorer-vid-kth-1.3974 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="IFSO">{{cite web |url=http://www.ifso.ie/documents/rms-2004-05-24.html |title=IFSO: Richard Stallman: The Dangers of Software Patents; 2004-05-24 (transcript) |publisher=Ifso.ie |access-date=January 17, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190701172056/https://www.ifso.ie/documents/rms-2004-05-24.html |archive-date=July 1, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="IMSLP">{{cite web |url=http://imslp.wikidot.com/ |title=Main page of the IMSLP |publisher=wikidot.com |date=December 6, 2011 |access-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080415201349/http://imslp.wikidot.com/ |archive-date=April 15, 2008}}</ref>

<ref name="in-a-name">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html |title=What's in a name? by Richard Stallman |publisher=Gnu.org |date=September 20, 2000 |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="infoweek">{{cite web |url=http://www.informationweek.com/news/175802222?pgno=4 |title=A Rare Glimpse into Richard Stallman's World |publisher=Informationweek.com |date=January 6, 2006 |access-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-date=2012-04-03  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403073315/http://www.informationweek.com/news/175802222?pgno=4 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="initialgnu">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/gnu/initial-announcement.html |title=Initial GNU announcement |date=September 27, 1983 |access-date=November 20, 2008 |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M.}}</ref>

<ref name="initials">{{cite web |work=Richard Stallman's 1983 biography |quote='Richard Stallman' is just my mundane name; you can call me 'rms' |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |title=Humorous Bio |publisher=First edition of "The Hacker's Dictionary" |access-date=November 20, 2008 |url=https://stallman.org/biographies.html#humorousbio}}</ref>

<ref name="Jobs">{{cite web |url=https://stallman.org/archives/2011-jul-oct.html#06_October_2011_%28Steve_Jobs%29 |title=06 October 2011 (Steve Jobs) |author-first=Richard M. |author-last=Stallman |work=Political notes from 2011: July–October |publisher=Stallman.org |access-date=February 16, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="kerala">{{cite web |url=http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=138464 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061208075556/http://www.financialexpress.com/fe_full_story.php?content_id=138464 |archive-date=December 8, 2006 |title=Kerala logs Microsoft out |publisher=The Financial Express |access-date=March 12, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="kpoe">{{cite web |url=http://wien.kpoe.at/news/article.php/20050803081612703 |title=Protest in Brussels against software patents |publisher=Wien.kpoe.at |access-date=March 27, 2015 |archive-date=2017-12-26  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226104412/http://wien.kpoe.at/news/article.php/20050803081612703 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Lakehead">{{cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TRVzZogu3qU  |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/TRVzZogu3qU |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live |title=RMS Given Honorary Degree at Lakehead |publisher=YouTube.com |date=May 31, 2009 |access-date=March 27, 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="latin-america">{{cite web |url=https://rudd-o.com/linux-and-free-software/c2a1success-for-free-software-in-latin-america <!-- Updated on July 25, 2016 from original: http://rudd-o.com/archives/2006/12/13/success-for-free-software-in-latin-america --> |title=Success for free software in Latin America! |access-date=April 20, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171226104358/https://rudd-o.com/linux-and-free-software/c2a1success-for-free-software-in-latin-america |archive-date=December 26, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="lemacs">{{cite web |url=http://www.jwz.org/doc/lemacs.html |title=The Lemacs/FSFmacs Schism |access-date=December 12, 2009 |archive-date=November 30, 2009 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091130093142/http://www.jwz.org/doc/lemacs.html}}</ref>

<ref name="Levy">{{Cite book |last=Levy |first=Steven |title=Hackers: heroes of the computer revolution |date=2001 |publisher=Penguin Books |isbn=978-0-14-100051-0 |edition=Updated afterword |location=New York, N.Y}}</ref>

<ref name="Lifestyle">{{cite web |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=2018 |title=Lifestyle |url=https://stallman.org/rms-lifestyle.html |website=Richard Stallman's Personal Site |access-date=August 30, 2018}}</ref>

<ref name="Lih2009">{{cite book |author-last=Lih |author-first=Andrew |date=2009 |title=The Wikipedia Revolution |publisher=Hyperion |location=New York City, New York, USA |isbn=978-1-4013-0371-6 |oclc=232977686 |url=https://archive.org/details/wikipediarevolut00liha}}</ref>

<ref name="linux gnu">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/linux-gnu-freedom.html |title=Linux, GNU, Freedom by Richard M. Stallman |publisher=Gnu.org |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="macfound">[http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142703/k.787E/Fellows_List__August_1990.htm ] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120307004157/http://www.macfound.org/site/c.lkLXJ8MQKrH/b.1142703/k.787E/Fellows_List__August_1990.htm |date=March 7, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="mgro">{{cite web |author-last=Gross |author-first=Michael |title=Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-Certified Genius |url=http://mgross.com/writing/books/the-more-things-change/bonus-chapters/richard-stallman-high-school-misfit-symbol-of-free-software-macarthur-certified-genius/|work=The More Things Change |access-date=April 9, 2014 |format=interview transcript |date=1999}}</ref>

<ref name="mirage">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/not-ipr.en.html |title=Did You Say "Intellectual Property"? It's a Seductive Mirage |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |publisher=GNU.org |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="mpaa">{{cite web |url=http://www.mccullagh.org/image/d30-23/richard-stallman-and-flag.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20020803023102/http://www.mccullagh.org/image/d30-23/richard-stallman-and-flag.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=August 3, 2002 |title=Protest outside and inside MPAA meeting on DRM |publisher=Mccullagh.org |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="multic">{{cite web |url=https://www.multicians.org/mepap.html#secii |date=April 8, 1996 |title=Multics Emacs: The History, Design and Implementation |author-last=Greenberg |author-first=Bernard S.}}; {{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/software/emacs/emacs-faq.html#Origin-of-the-term-Emacs |title=GNU Emacs FAQ}}; {{cite web |url=http://www.jwz.org/doc/emacs-timeline.html |title=Emacs Timeline |author-last=Zawinski |author-first=Jamie}}</ref>

<ref name="NAE">{{cite web |url=http://www.nae.edu/MembersSection/Directory20412/30606.aspx |title=NAE Website – Dr. Richard M. Stallman |publisher=Nae.edu |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="newunix">{{cite web |url=http://groups.google.co.uk/group/net.unix-wizards/msg/4dadd63a976019d7?dmode=source |title=new UNIX implementation |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-date=2010-01-25  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100125115446/http://groups.google.co.uk/group/net.unix-wizards/msg/4dadd63a976019d7?dmode=source |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="nochrome">Adhikari, Richard. [http://www.technewsworld.com/story/Why-Richard-Stallman-Takes-No-Shine-to-Chrome-71469.html "Why Richard Stallman Takes No Shine to Chrome"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210123151909/http://www.technewsworld.com/story/Why-Richard-Stallman-Takes-No-Shine-to-Chrome-71469.html |date=2021-01-23}} ''LinuxInsider'', December 15, 2010.</ref>

<ref name="PE">{{cite web |date=February 2, 2006| title=POSIX 1003.1 FAQ Version 1.12 |url=http://www.opengroup.org/austin/papers/posix_faq.html |access-date=July 16, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="phoronix.com">{{Cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Richard-Stallman-GNU-Head |title=Richard Stallman To Continue As Head Of The GNU Project - Phoronix |website=www.phoronix.com}}</ref>

<ref name="pioneer">{{cite web |url=https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php |title=EFF: Torvalds, Stallman, Simons Win 1998 Pioneer Awards |publisher=W2.eff.org |access-date=March 27, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108234837/https://w2.eff.org/awards/pioneer/1998.php |archive-date=November 8, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="politics-feb">{{cite web |url=https://www.stallman.org/archives/2010-nov-feb.html#26%20February%202011%20%28Telesur%20Propaganda%29 |title=26 February 2011 (Telesur Propaganda) |work=Political notes from 2010: November–February |author-first=Richard M. |author-last=Stallman |publisher=Stallman.org |access-date=June 7, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="president-india">{{cite web |url=http://www.gnu.org.in/node/25 |title=Richard Stallman Meets the President of India |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071016191823/http://gnu.org.in/node/25 |archive-date=October 16, 2007}}</ref>

<ref name="pro-state gland">{{cite web |url=http://www.networkworld.com/article/2900305/opensource-subnet/stallman-joins-the-internet-talks-net-neutrality-patents-and-more.html |title=Stallman joins the Internet, talks net neutrality, patents and more |date=March 23, 2015 |publisher=Network World}}</ref>

<ref name="protest-ati">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/blogs/community/rms-ati-protest.html |title=Protest against ATI nearly led to the arrest of RMS| publisher=Free Software Foundation page}}</ref>

<ref name="protest-france">{{cite web |url=http://stopdrm.info/index.php?2006/06/11/89-on-remet-ca-paris |title=Protest in France against DRM |publisher=Stopdrm.info |access-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702062335/http://stopdrm.info/index.php?2006%2F06%2F11%2F89-on-remet-ca-paris |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="Proulx">{{cite web |author-first=François |author-last=Proulx |url=https://www.flickr.com/photos/francois/23625436/ |title=Richard Stallman |date=July 3, 2005 |publisher=Flickr |access-date=September 2, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="RIT">{{cite web |title=Richard Stallman lecture at the Royal Institute of Technology, Sweden |date=October 30, 1986 |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/stallman-kth.html |website=gnu.org |access-date=September 21, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Salus">{{cite web |url=http://www.groklaw.net/article.php?story=20050513135545766 |title=The Daemon, the GNU and the Penguin |author-first=Peter H. |author-last=Salus |publisher=Groklaw.net |date=May 13, 2005 |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="SchuesslerInterview">{{Cite web |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fkkDvKGcNSo&t=38m01s |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211221/fkkDvKGcNSo |archive-date=2021-12-21 |url-status=live |title=Richard Stallman: Apple fanboys are foolish people |date=February 22, 2016 |via=YouTube}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

<ref name="SchuesslerNewspaper">{{Cite news |url=https://www.tagesanzeiger.ch/digital/internet/freiheitskaempfer-rebell-und-papst/story/25800176 |title=Freiheitskämpfer, Rebell und Papst |author-first=Matthias |author-last=Schüssler |newspaper=Tages-Anzeiger |date=February 17, 2016 |via=www.tagesanzeiger.ch}}</ref>

<ref name="shaggygod">{{cite web |url=http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_shaggy_god/ |title=The Shaggy God |publisher=Bostonmagazine.com |access-date=July 22, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120105024409/http://www.bostonmagazine.com/articles/the_shaggy_god/ |archive-date=January 5, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Sony">{{cite web |url=http://www.defectivebydesign.org/sony |title=Boycott Sony |publisher=Defectivebydesign.org |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Stallman, Why It Is (2012)">{{cite web |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |title=Why It Is Important Not to Have Children |date=September 2012 |website=Stallman.org |url=https://stallman.org/articles/children.html |access-date=December 27, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102070833/https://stallman.org/articles/children.html |archive-date=November 2, 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

<ref name="stallman-computing">{{cite web |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160410035339/https://stallman.org/stallman-computing.html |archive-date=April 10, 2016 |url=https://stallman.org/stallman-computing.html |title=How I do my computing |access-date=June 11, 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="stallman-jewish-source-1">{{cite web |title=The Basement Interviews-Freeing the Code |publisher= IA |date=March 21, 2006 |url=https://archive.org/download/The_Basement_Interviews/Richard_Stallman_Interview.pdf |access-date=April 25, 2013}}</ref>

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<ref name="stallman-royal">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsf.org/news/stallman-royal.html |title=Meeting between Ségolène Royal and Richard Stallman |publisher=Fsf.org |access-date=July 22, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="strawmen">{{cite web |url=http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.os.openbsd.misc/134336/focus=134979 |title=Real men don't attack straw men |access-date=March 24, 2009 |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard |date=December 15, 2007 |publisher=OpenBSD 'misc' Mailing List |quote=For personal reasons, I do not browse the web from my computer |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116045202/http://thread.gmane.org/gmane.os.openbsd.misc/134336/focus=134979 |archive-date=November 16, 2018 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="takeda">{{cite web |url=http://www.takeda-foundation.jp/en/aboutus/topics/p20010911.html |title=The Takeda Foundation |publisher=Takeda-foundation.jp |access-date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="takeda-mit-2001-10-17">{{cite web |title=Stallman shares Takeda award of nearly $1M |publisher=MIT |date=October 17, 2001 |url=http://web.mit.edu/newsoffice/2001/stallman-1017.html |access-date=November 26, 2006}}</ref>

<ref name="Takver">[https://web.archive.org/web/20090601054752/http://melbourne.indymedia.org/news/2004/10/80957.php "Richard Stallman: GNU/Linux and a free society" article by Takver Sunday October 10, 2004 on ''Melbourne Indymedia'' site.] Hosted on the [[Wayback Machine]].</ref>

<ref name="tech-help-share">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2012/apr/17/sharing-ebooks-richard-stallman |title=Technology should help us share, not constrain us |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=April 17, 2012 |publisher=The Guardian: Guardian News and Media Limited}}</ref>

<ref name="torino">{{cite web |url=http://www.fsfeurope.org/projects/gplv3/torino-rms-transcript.en.html#note-on-ip |title=Transcript of Richard Stallman speaking on GPLv3 in Torino |date=March 18, 2006 |quote=Everyone who uses the term intellectual property is either confused himself or trying to confuse you.}}</ref>

<ref name="UNC">{{cite web |url=http://www.unc.edu.ar/seccion/novedades/2011/agosto/honoris-causa-para-richard-stallman-el-guru-del-software-libre |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111024041223/http://www.unc.edu.ar/seccion/novedades/2011/agosto/honoris-causa-para-richard-stallman-el-guru-del-software-libre |url-status=dead |archive-date=October 24, 2011 |trans-title=Honoris Causa for Richard Stallman, Free Software guru |title=Honoris Causa para Richard Stallman, el gurú del software libre |website=National University of Córdoba |language=es |date=August 16, 2011}}</ref>

<ref name="unipv">{{cite web |url=http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/Ateneo/Organidigoverno/Rettore/articolo1229.html |title=Laurea in Ingegneria Informatica a Richard Stallman. |website=University of Pavia |access-date=April 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111004234138/http://www.unipv.eu/on-line/Home/Ateneo/Organidigoverno/Rettore/articolo1229.html |archive-date=October 4, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="unplugged">{{cite web |url=http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/12068_3737586_3/Richard-Stallman-Live-and-Unplugged.htm |title=Richard Stallman, Live and Unplugged |quote=Q: You once said "the prospect of charging money for software was a crime against humanity". Do you still believe this? A: Well, I was not distinguishing the two meanings of free. |access-date=June 4, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170629211002/http://www.datamation.com/osrc/article.php/12068_3737586_3/Richard-Stallman-Live-and-Unplugged.htm |archive-date=June 29, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="UNSA">{{cite web |url=http://bo.unsa.edu.ar/cs/R2004/R-CS-2004-0204.html |title=RESOLUCIÓN CS N° 204/04 |publisher=Bo.unsa.edu.ar |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110531174108/http://bo.unsa.edu.ar/cs/R2004/R-CS-2004-0204.html |archive-date=May 31, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="UPMC">{{cite web |url=http://www.upmc.fr/en/university/history_and_famous_people/doctors_honoris_causa/the_dhc_ceremony_at_the_sorbonne/the_2016_dhc.html |title=Cérémonie des docteurs honoris causa 2016}}</ref>

<ref name="usesthis">{{cite web |url=http://richard.stallman.usesthis.com/ |title=the setup is a bunch of nerdy interviews: What do people use to get the job done? |publisher=Richard.stallman.usesthis.com |date=January 23, 2010 |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717175618/http://richard.stallman.usesthis.com/ |archive-date=July 17, 2011 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="vrms">{{cite web |url=http://vrms.alioth.debian.org/ |title=The Virtual Richard M. Stallman package |access-date=January 17, 2008 |work=[[Software:Debian|Debian]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160823192755/http://vrms.alioth.debian.org/ |archive-date=August 23, 2016 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="VUB">{{cite web |url=http://www.vub.ac.be/english/home/DHC/overview.html |title=Vrije Universiteit Brussel |publisher=Vub.ac.be |access-date=March 27, 2015 |archive-date=2015-04-02  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402140640/http://www.vub.ac.be/english/home/DHC/overview.html |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="wheeler">{{cite web |url=http://www.dwheeler.com/essays/gpl-compatible.html |title=Make Your Open Source Software GPL-Compatible. Or Else. |access-date=November 20, 2008 |author-last=Wheeler |author-first=David A.}}</ref>

<ref name="why-open">{{cite web |url=https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/shouldbefree.html |title=Why Software Should Be Free |date=April 24, 1992 |publisher=gnu.org |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M.}}</ref>

<ref name="wired">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/11.11/linus_pr.html |title=Leader of the Free World, ''Wired'' Magazine, Issue 11.11, November 2003 |magazine=Wired |publisher=Wired.com |date=September 17, 1991 |access-date=July 22, 2012 |author-last=Rivlin |author-first=Gary}}</ref>

<ref name="zagreb">{{cite web |url=http://fsfeurope.org/documents/rms-fs-2006-03-09.en.html |title=Transcript of Richard Stallman on the Free Software movement, Zagreb; 2006-03-09 |access-date=January 17, 2008 |work=FSFE}}</ref>

<ref name="Bio">{{cite web |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |title=Serious Bio |url=https://www.stallman.org/biographies.html#serious |access-date=July 17, 2015}}</ref>

<ref name="Church">{{cite web |url=https://www.stallman.org/saint.html |title=St IGNUcius web page at www.stallman.org |publisher=Stallman.org |access-date=March 12, 2010}}</ref>

<ref name="CUT">{{cite web |title=Event details: Talk by Richard rms Stallman |url=http://www.ait.gu.se/aktuellt/kalendarium/Aktuellt_detalj/?eventId=1775246748 |publisher=Chalmers University of Technology |access-date=April 8, 2012 |archive-date=2018-11-06  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181106195703/https://ait.gu.se/aktuellt/kalendarium/Aktuellt_detalj/?eventId=1775246748 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="freeasinfreedom-Chap1">{{cite book |author-last=Williams |author-first=Sam |title=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=2002 |isbn=0-596-00287-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/freeasinfreedomr00will}} Chapter 1. Available under the GFDL in both the initial [http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ch01.html O'Reilly edition] (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated [http://www.faifzilla.org/ch01.html FAIFzilla edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181009092801/http://www.faifzilla.org/ch01.html |date=October 9, 2018}}. Retrieved October 27, 2006.</ref>

<ref name="freeasinfreedom-chap3">{{cite book |author-last=Williams |author-first=Sam |title=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |title-link=Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=2002 |isbn=0-596-00287-4}} Chapter 3. Available under the GFDL in both the initial [http://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ch03.html O'Reilly edition] (accessed on October 27, 2006) and the updated [http://www.faifzilla.org/ch03.html FAIFzilla edition] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181116000104/http://www.faifzilla.org/ch03.html |date=November 16, 2018}}. Retrieved October 27, 2006.</ref>

<ref name="leonard">{{cite web |url=http://www.salon.com/2002/04/02/stallman/ |author-last=Leonard |author-first=Andrew |title=Code free or die|work=Salon.com |date=April 3, 2002 |access-date=April 20, 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="OpenSources">{{cite book |author=Various |title=Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution |publisher=O'Reilly Media |date=1999 |isbn=1-56592-582-3 |chapter=Stallman chapter |chapter-url=http://www.oreilly.com/catalog/opensources/book/stallman.html |url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781565925823}}</ref>

<ref name="russell">{{cite book |title=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach |edition=3rd |date=2009 |author-last1=Russell |author-first1=Stuart |author-last2=Norvig |author-first2=Peter |title-link=Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach |author-link2=Peter Norvig |page=229}}</ref>

<ref name="UIGV">{{cite web |title=Universidad Garcilaso realizó Conferencia Magistral a cargo del Dr. Richard Stallman |url=http://www.uigv.edu.pe/relaciones-publicas/3108_conferenciastallman.php |work=Noticias Garcilasinas |publisher=Universidad Inca Garcilaso de la Vega |access-date=April 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623143602/http://www.uigv.edu.pe/relaciones-publicas/3108_conferenciastallman.php |archive-date=June 23, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="UNI">{{cite web |title=Richard Matthew Stallman ofrecerá conferencia orientada al uso del software libre |url=http://www.uni.edu.pe/sitio/novedades/2008/np_081114_stallman.htm|work=Nota de Prensa |publisher=Universidad Nacional de Ingeniería del Perú |access-date=April 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120707171139/http://www.uni.edu.pe/sitio/novedades/2008/np_081114_stallman.htm |archive-date=July 7, 2012}}</ref>

<ref name="Stallman">{{cite web |url=http://www.stallman.org/ |title=Richard Stallman's Personal Site |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |access-date=March 18, 2021 |quote="I continue to be the Chief GNUisance of the GNU Project. I do not intend to stop any time soon."}}</ref>

<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |author-last=Brodkin |author-first=Jon |date=March 22, 2021 |title=Richard Stallman returns to FSF 18 months after controversial rape comments |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/03/richard-stallman-returns-to-fsf-18-months-after-controversial-rape-comments/ |access-date=March 23, 2021 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

<ref name=":1">{{cite web |author-last=Clark |author-first=Mitchell |date=March 22, 2021 |title=Richard Stallman returns to the Free Software Foundation after resigning in 2019 |url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/22/22344910/richard-stallman-returns-free-software-foundation-board-comments |access-date=March 22, 2021 |work=[[The Verge]]}}</ref>

<ref name="Maracke_2019">{{Cite journal |author-last=Maracke |author-first=Catharina |date=2019-02-25 |title=Free and Open Source Software and FRAND‐based patent licenses: How to mediate between Standard Essential Patent and Free and Open Source Software |journal=The Journal of World Intellectual Property |language=en |volume=22 |issue=3–4 |pages=78–102 |doi=10.1111/jwip.12114 |s2cid=159111696 |issn=1422-2213|doi-access=free}}</ref>

<ref name="Silicon_2011">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2011 |title=Stallman: Only Victims Of Tyranny Should Use Facebook {{!}} Silicon UK Tech News |url=https://www.silicon.co.uk/workspace/stallman-only-victims-of-tyranny-should-use-facebook-23600/amp |access-date=January 15, 2021 |website=Silicon UK |language=en-GB}}</ref>

<ref name="Stallman_2013_Surveillance">{{Cite magazine |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=October 14, 2013 |title=Stallman: How Much Surveillance Can Democracy Withstand? |magazine=Wired |url=https://www.wired.com/2013/10/a-necessary-evil-what-it-takes-for-democracy-to-survive-surveillance/ |access-date=August 3, 2020 |issn=1059-1028}}</ref>

<ref name="Stallman_2018_Safe">{{cite news |author-last=Stallman |author-first=Richard M. |date=April 3, 2018 |title=A radical proposal to keep your personal data safe {{!}} Richard Stallman |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/apr/03/facebook-abusing-data-law-privacy-big-tech-surveillance |access-date=August 3, 2020 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>

<ref name="Brody_1997">{{cite news |author-last=Brody |author-first=Jane E. |date= February 4, 1997|title=Quirks, Oddities May Be Illnesses |language= |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1997/02/04/science/quirks-oddities-may-be-illnesses.html |access-date= |issn= |quote=Dr. John J. Ratey, a psychiatrist, has named shadow syndrome, a mild form of a well-recognized neuropsychiatric disorder like [...] autism.}}</ref>

<ref name="FF_CH5">{{cite web |title=Free as in Freedom: Chapter 5 |url=https://www.oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/ch05.html |access-date=March 25, 2021 |website=www.oreilly.com}}</ref>

<ref name="Ongweso_2019">{{cite news |author-last=Ongweso |author-first=Edward Jr. |title=Famed Computer Scientist Richard Stallman Described Epstein Victims As 'Entirely Willing' |url=https://www.vice.com/en_us/article/9ke3ke/famed-computer-scientist-richard-stallman-described-epstein-victims-as-entirely-willing |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |work=Vice |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Bekiempis_2019">{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2019/sep/17/mit-scientist-emails-epstein |title=MIT scientist resigns over emails discussing academic linked to Epstein |author-first=Victoria |author-last=Bekiempis |date=September 17, 2019 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |work={{wipe|The Guardian}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Gano_2019">{{cite web |author-last1=Gano |author-first1=Selam |title=Remove Richard Stallman And everyone else horrible in tech |url=https://medium.com/@selamjie/remove-richard-stallman-fec6ec210794 |website=Medium |publisher=Selam Gano |access-date=October 4, 2020}}</ref>

<!--(this citation is not used in content and was thus giving a cite error)
<ref name="StallmanSupport_2021">{{cite web |author=anonymous |title=Explaining the Events that Led to Richard Stallman's Resignation Part II - CSAIL Emails |url=https://stallmansupport.org/explaining-events-that-led-to-stallman-resignation-csail-emails.html |website=Stallman Support |access-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref-->

<ref name="Claburn_2021">{{cite web |author-last=Clauburn |author-first=Thomas |title=FSF doubles down on Richard Stallman's return: Sure, he is 'troubling for some' but we need him, says org |url=https://stallmansupport.org/explaining-events-that-led-to-stallman-resignation-csail-emails.html |publisher=The Register |date=April 12, 2021 |access-date=October 2, 2023}}</ref>

<ref name="Svrluga_2019">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/education/2019/09/17/computer-scientist-richard-stallman-resigns-mit-after-comments-about-epstein-scandal/ |title=Computer scientist Richard Stallman resigns from MIT after comments about Epstein scandal |author-first=Susan |author-last=Svrluga |date=September 13, 2019 |access-date=August 5, 2020 |newspaper={{wipe|The Washington Post}}}}</ref>

<ref name="Engadget_2019">{{cite web |title=GNU founder Richard Stallman resigns from MIT, Free Software Foundation |url=https://www.engadget.com/2019-09-17-rms-fsf-mit-epstein.html |access-date=2021-10-25 |website=Engadget |date=September 17, 2019 |language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name="Levy2019">{{cite magazine |url=https://www.wired.com/story/richard-stallman-and-the-fall-of-the-clueless-nerd/ |title=Richard Stallman and the fall of the clueless nerd |author-first=Steven |author-last=Levy |magazine=Wired |date=September 18, 2019 |access-date=September 18, 2019}}</ref>

<ref name="OL_1">{{cite web |title=An open letter to remove Richard M. Stallman from all leadership positions |url=https://rms-open-letter.github.io/ |access-date=March 26, 2021 |website=rms-open-letter.github.io |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Brodkin_2021">{{cite web |author-last=Brodkin |author-first=Jon |date=March 23, 2021 |title=Free software advocates seek removal of Richard Stallman and entire FSF board |url=https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2021/03/free-software-advocates-seek-removal-of-richard-stallman-and-entire-fsf-board/ |access-date=March 24, 2021 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

<ref name="Tor_2021">{{Cite web |title=Mozilla and Tor join calls to oust Richard Stallman from Free Software Foundation |url=https://www.fastcompany.com/90618666/mozilla-and-tor-join-calls-to-oust-richard-stallman-from-free-software-foundation |access-date=March 27, 2021 |website=Fast Company |date=March 24, 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref>

<ref name="OL_2">{{Cite web |title=An open letter in support of RMS |url=https://rms-support-letter.github.io |access-date=March 25, 2021 |language=en-us}}</ref>

<ref name="Varghese_2021_2">{{Cite web |author-last=Varghese |author-first=Sam |title=iTWire - Pro-Stallman group issues open letter, wants him to stay on FSF board |url=https://itwire.com/open-source/pro-stallman-group-issues-open-letter,-wants-him-to-stay-on-fsf-board.html |access-date=March 25, 2021 |website=itwire.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

<ref name="FSF_2021_1">{{Cite web |date=April 12, 2021 |title=Statement of FSF board on election of Richard Stallman |url=https://www.fsf.org/news/statement-of-fsf-board-on-election-of-richard-stallman |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210412151531/https://www.fsf.org/news/statement-of-fsf-board-on-election-of-richard-stallman |archive-date=April 12, 2021 |access-date=April 16, 2021 |website=Free Software Foundation}}</ref>

<ref name="FSF_2021_2">{{Cite web |title=RMS addresses the free software community — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software |url=https://www.fsf.org/news/rms-addresses-the-free-software-community |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=www.fsf.org}}</ref>

<ref name="OL_3">{{Cite web |title=Statements by other organizations on the reappointment of RMS to the FSF board |url=https://rms-open-letter.github.io/statements.html |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=rms-open-letter.github.io |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Salter_2021">{{Cite web |author-last=Salter |author-first=Jim |date=March 29, 2021 |title=Red Hat withdraws from the Free Software Foundation after Stallman's return |url=https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2021/03/red-hat-withdraws-from-the-stallman-led-free-software-foundation/ |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=Ars Technica |language=en-us}}</ref>

<ref name="FSF_2021_3">{{Cite web |title=Statement on Richard Stallman rejoining the FSF board - FSFE |url=https://fsfe.org/news/2021/news-20210324-01.html |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=FSFE - Free Software Foundation Europe |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Conserv_2021">{{Cite web |title=On the Recent Announcement by FSF's Board of Directors |url=https://sfconservancy.org/blog/2021/mar/23/outreachy-fsf/ |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=Software Freedom Conservancy|language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Suse_1">{{Cite web |url=https://itwire.com/open-source/suse-joins-open-source-bodies-calling-for-stallman-to-go.html |title=ITWire - SUSE joins open source bodies calling for Stallman to go}}</ref>

<ref name="Suse_2">{{Cite web |title=A Message from the openSUSE Board |url=https://news.opensuse.org/_posts/2021-04-12-a-message-from-the-opensuse-board.md |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=openSUSE News |language=en |archive-date=2021-08-14  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210814095110/https://news.opensuse.org/_posts/2021-04-12-a-message-from-the-opensuse-board.md |url-status=dead }}</ref>

<ref name="OSI">{{Cite web |title=OSI Response to RMS's reappointment to the Board of the Free Software Foundation {{!}} Open Source Initiative |url=https://opensource.org/OSI_Response |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=opensource.org |archive-date=2021-03-24  |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210324084416/https://opensource.org/OSI_Response |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<ref name="DocFound_2021">{{Cite web |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Statement about Richard M. Stallman and the Free Software Foundation |url=https://blog.documentfoundation.org/blog/2021/03/25/statement-on-rms-and-fsf/ |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=The Document Foundation Blog |language=en-GB}}</ref>

<ref name="OBrien_2021">{{Cite web |author-last=O'Brien |author-first=Danny |date=March 24, 2021 |title=Statement on the Re-election of Richard Stallman to the FSF Board |url=https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2021/03/statement-re-election-richard-stallman-fsf-board |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=Electronic Frontier Foundation |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Tor_2">{{Cite web |title=The Tor Project is joining calls for Richard M. Stallman to be removed from board… |url=https://twitter.com/torproject/status/1374754834050654212 |access-date=May 9, 2021 |website=Twitter |language=en}}</ref>

<ref name="Varghese_2">{{Cite web |author-last=Varghese |author-first=Sam |title=iTWire - Debian votes for no statement on Stallman's move back to FSF board |url=https://itwire.com/open-source/debian-votes-for-no-statement-on-stallman-s-move-back-to-fsf-board.html |access-date=April 20, 2021 |website=itwire.com |language=en-gb}}</ref>

<ref name="FSF_FAQ">{{Cite web |title=FSF board frequently asked questions (FAQ) — Free Software Foundation — Working together for free software |url=https://www.fsf.org/news/fsf-board-frequently-asked-questions-faq#FSFfinancialstatus |access-date=July 11, 2021 |website=www.fsf.org}}</ref>

<ref name="Cebe_1">{{Cite web |url=http://cebexpo.net/richard-stallman/ |title=Richard Stallman |date=March 30, 2014}}</ref>

<ref name="Cebe_2">{{Cite web |date=March 30, 2014 |title=Richard Stallman |url=http://cebexpo.net/richard-stallman/ |access-date=April 18, 2021 |website=CEBE: Central European Bitcoin Expo|language=en-US}}</ref>

<ref name="Biography">{{Cite web |title=Biography |url=https://stallman.org/biographies.html |access-date=September 26, 2021 |website=stallman.org}}</ref>

}}

== External links ==
* [https://stallmansupport.org/ In Support of Richard Stallman], a website which advocates for Stallman.
* {{IMDb name}}
* {{Curlie|Computers/History/Pioneers/Stallman%2C_Richard}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=771}}
* {{Internet Archive author|sname=Richard Matthew Stallman}}
* [https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/ Essays on the ''Philosophy of the GNU Project''], almost all written by Stallman
* [https://www.gnu.org/doc/fsfs3-hardcover.pdf Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman 3rd edition, free pdf book], written by Stallman
* [https://figshare.com/articles/preprint/A_Whitean_Reading_of_Richard_Stallman_Literary_Dimensions_in_The_GNU_Operating_System_and_the_Free_Software_Movement_/24796665 A Whitean Reading of Richard Stallman: Literary Dimensions in “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement”]

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{{Sourceattribution|Richard Stallman}}