View source for Biography:Robert Noyce

{{Infobox person
|image=Robert Noyce with Motherboard 1959.png
|name=Robert Noyce
|birth_name=Robert Norton Noyce
|birth_place=Burlington, Iowa
|death_date={{death date and age|1990|6|3|1927|12|12|mf=y}}
|death_place=Austin, {{wipe|Texas}}
|spouse=Elizabeth Bottomley<br/>Ann Bowers
|children= William B. Noyce<br/ >Pendred Noyce<br/ >Priscilla Noyce<br/ >Margaret Noyce
|parents=Ralph Brewster Noyce <br/ > Harriet May Norton
|occupation=Co-founder of [[Company:Fairchild Semiconductor|Fairchild Semiconductor]] and [[Company:Intel|Intel]]
|alma_mater=[[Organization:Grinnell College|Grinnell College]] <br/ > [[Organization:Massachusetts Institute of Technology|Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
|awards= Faraday Medal  {{small|(1979)}}<br>Harold Pender Award <small>(1980)</small><br>John Fritz Medal {{small|(1989)}}
|party         = 
|residence     = 
|signature     = 
|salary=
|networth=
|website=
}}

'''Robert Norton Noyce''' (December 12, 1927 – June 3, 1990), nicknamed "the Mayor of Silicon Valley," was an American physicist who co-founded [[Company:Fairchild Semiconductor|Fairchild Semiconductor]] in 1957 and Intel Corporation in 1968. He is also credited (along with [[Biography:Jack Kilby|Jack Kilby]]) with the realization of the first [[Engineering:Integrated circuit|integrated circuit]] or microchip that fueled the personal computer revolution and gave Silicon Valley its name.<ref name="Lécuyer,129">Lécuyer, p. 129</ref><ref group="nb">While Kilby's invention was six months earlier, neither man rejected the title of co-inventor.</ref>

==Early life==
Robert Noyce was born on December 12, 1927, in Burlington, Iowa<ref name=Jones86>Jones, 86</ref><ref name=Jones142>Jones, 142</ref><ref name="Berlin,10">Berlin, p. 10</ref><ref name=Burt71>Burt, 71</ref><ref name="Welles Gaylord,130">Welles Gaylord, p. 130</ref> the third of four sons<ref name="Berlin,10"/> of the Rev. Ralph Brewster Noyce.<ref name="Jones625">Jones, p. 625</ref> His father graduated from Doane College, [[Organization:Oberlin College|Oberlin College]], and the Chicago Theological Seminary and was also nominated for a Rhodes Scholarship.<ref name="Berlin,14">Berlin, p. 14</ref> In the 1930s and 1940s, the Reverend Noyce worked as a Congregational clergyman and as the associate superintendent of the Iowa Conference of Congregational Churches.

His mother, Harriet May Norton, was the daughter of the Rev. Milton J. Norton, a Congregational clergyman, and Louise Hill. She was a graduate of Oberlin College and prior to her marriage, she had dreams of becoming a missionary.<ref name="Berlin,9">Berlin, p. 9</ref> She has been described{{by whom|date=March 2014}} as an intelligent woman with a commanding will.<ref name="Wolfe1">{{cite journal
 |last        = Wolfe
 |first       = Tom
 |title       = The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce
 |journal    = Esquire Magazine
 |date        = December 1983
 |pages       = 346–74
 |url         = http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html
 |accessdate  = 2010-05-07
 |deadurl     = yes
 |archiveurl  = https://web.archive.org/web/20090227111808/http://www.stanford.edu/class/e140/e140a/content/noyce.html
 |archivedate = February 27, 2009
 |df          = mdy-all
}}</ref>

Noyce had three siblings: Donald Sterling Noyce, Gaylord Brewster Noyce and Ralph Harold Noyce.<ref name="Berlin,10"/><ref name="Berlin,12">Berlin, p. 12</ref> His earliest childhood memory involved beating his father at ping pong and feeling absolutely shocked when his mother reacted to the thrilling news of his victory with a distracted "Wasn't that nice of Daddy to let you win?" Even at the age of five, Noyce felt offended by the notion of intentionally losing at anything. "That's not the game", he sulked to his mother. "If you're going to play, play to win!"<ref name="Berlin,12"/>

When Noyce was 12 years old in the summer of 1940, he and his brother built a boy-sized aircraft, which they used to fly from the roof of the Grinnell College stables. Later he built a radio from scratch and motorized his sled by welding a propeller and an engine from an old washing machine to the back of it.<ref name="Berlin,7">Berlin, p. 7</ref> His parents were both religious but Noyce became an agnostic and irreligious in later life.<ref>
{{cite book
|title=The Man Behind The Microchip: Robert Noyce And The Invention Of Silicon Valley
|year=2005
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|isbn=9780195163438
|author=Leslie Berlin
|page=235
|quote=The minister, who had hidden himself in a closet, stepped forward to marry the couple in a ceremony from which Bowers had excised every reference to God. "Bob agreed to that. Neither of us could decide about God," Bowers says. "I remember Bob saying, 'Some people who believe in God are good, and some people who believe in God are not good. So where does that leave you?' He had [also] looked around and decided that religion is responsible for a lot of trouble in the world." Noyce, always pushing against the limits of accepted knowledge, told Bowers that what bothered him most about organized religions was that "people don't think in churches."
}}
</ref>

==Education==
Noyce grew up in Grinnell, Iowa. While in high school, he exhibited a talent for mathematics and science and took the [[Organization:Grinnell College|Grinnell College]] freshman physics course in his senior year. He graduated from Grinnell High School in 1945 and entered Grinnell College in the fall of that year. He was the star diver on the 1947 Midwest Conference Championship swim team.<ref name="Wolfe1" /> While at Grinnell College, Noyce sang, played the oboe and acted. In Noyce’s junior year, he got in trouble for stealing a 25-pound pig from the Grinnell mayor's farm and roasting it at a school luau. The mayor sent a letter home to Noyce’s parents stating that “In the agricultural state of Iowa, stealing a domestic animal is a felony which carries a minimum penalty of a year in prison and a fine of  one dollar.” So essentially, Noyce would have to be expelled from school.  Grant Gale, Noyce’s physics professor and president of the college, did not want to lose a student with Robert's potential. They were able to compromise with the mayor so that Grinnell would compensate him for the pig, Noyce would only be suspended for one semester, and no further charges would be pressed. He returned in February 1949.<ref>Berlin, Leslie. "Adrenaline and Gasoline." ''The Man behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley.'' Oxford: Oxford UP, 2005. 22-23. Print.</ref> He graduated Phi Beta Kappa with a BA in [[Physics:Physics|physics]] and [[Mathematics|mathematics]] in 1949. He also received a signal honor from his classmates: the Brown Derby Prize, which recognized "the senior man who earned the best grades with the least amount of work".<ref name="Berlin,27">Berlin, [https://books.google.com/books?id=YLd3RBUrDlkC&pg=PA27#v=onepage&q&f=false p. 27]</ref>

While Noyce was an undergraduate, he was fascinated by the field of physics and took a course in the subject that was taught by professor [[Biography:Grant O. Gale|Grant Gale]]. Gale obtained two of the very first transistors ever to come out of [[Organization:Bell Labs|Bell Labs]] and showed them off to his class. Noyce was hooked.<ref name="Wolfe1" /><ref name="Berlin,22">Berlin, p. 22</ref><ref name="Berlin,24">Berlin, p. 24</ref> Gale suggested that he apply to the doctoral program in physics at MIT, which he did.<ref name="Berlin,106">Berlin, p. 106</ref>

Noyce had a mind so quick that his graduate school friends called him "Rapid Robert."<ref name="Berlin,1">Berlin, p. 1</ref> He received his [[Social:Doctor of Philosophy|doctorate]] in [[Physics:Physics|physics]] from MIT in 1953.

==Career==
[[File:Robert Noyce and Gordon Moore at SC1 1970.png|300px|thumbnail|Noyce and Gordon Moore in front of the Intel SC1 building in Santa Clara in 1970.]]
After graduating from MIT in 1953, Noyce took a job as a research engineer at the [[Company:Philco|Philco]] Corporation in Philadelphia. He left in 1956 to join [[Biography:William Shockley|William Shockley]], a co-inventor of the transistor and eventual Nobel Prize winner, at the [[Organization:Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory|Shockley Semiconductor Laboratory]]<ref name="Shurkin,170">Shurkin, p. 170</ref> in Mountain View, California. 

Noyce left a year later with the "traitorous eight"<ref name="Shurkin,181">Shurkin, p. 181</ref>upon having issues with Shockley's management style, and co-founded the influential [[Company:Fairchild Semiconductor|Fairchild Semiconductor]] corporation. According to [[Biography:Sherman Fairchild|Sherman Fairchild]], Noyce's impassioned presentation of his vision was the reason Fairchild had agreed to create the semiconductor division for the traitorous eight.

Noyce and Gordon Moore founded [[Company:Intel|Intel]] in 1968 when they left Fairchild Semiconductor.<ref name="Berlin,1"/><ref name="Shurkin,184">Shurkin, p. 184</ref> Arthur Rock, the chairman of Intel's board and a major investor in the company, said that for Intel to succeed, the company needed Noyce, Moore and Andrew Grove. And it needed them in that order. Noyce: the visionary, born to inspire; Moore: the virtuoso of technology; and Grove: the technologist turned management scientist.<ref name="Tedlow,405">Tedlow, p. 405</ref> The relaxed culture that Noyce brought to Intel was a carry-over from his style at Fairchild Semiconductor. He treated employees as family, rewarding and encouraging teamwork. Noyce's management style could be called "roll up your sleeves". He shunned fancy corporate cars, reserved parking spaces, private jets, offices, and furnishings in favor of a less-structured, relaxed working environment in which everyone contributed and no one received lavish benefits. By declining the usual executive perks he stood as a model for future generations of Intel CEOs.

At Intel, he oversaw Ted Hoff's invention of the [[Engineering:Microprocessor|microprocessor]], which was his second revolution.<ref>One-time Intel CEO Andy Grove on the other hand, believed in maximizing the productivity of his employees, and he and the company became known for his guiding motto: "Only the paranoid survive". He was notorious for his directness in finding fault and would question his colleagues so intensely as occasionally to border on intimidation.</ref><ref>{{cite journal
  | last = Garten
  | first = Jeffrey E.
  | title = Andy Grove Made The Elephant Dance
  | journal = Business Week
  | date = April 11, 2005
  | url = http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_15/b3928036_mz007.htm
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2010-05-07 }}</ref><!-- <ref>Grove considered Noyce to be a "nice guy" but ineffectual.  Noyce was, in Grove's estimation, essentially anti-competitive. This difference in styles reputedly caused some degree of friction between Noyce and Grove.</ref> -->

==Personal life==
In 1953, Noyce married Elizabeth Bottomley.<ref name=vast >{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1996/09/20/us/elizabeth-b-noyce-65-benefactor-of-maine-with-vast-settlement-from-her-divorce.html | work={{wipe|The New York Times}} | title=Elizabeth B. Noyce, 65, Benefactor of Maine With Vast Settlement From Her Divorce | date=September 20, 1996 | accessdate=April 10, 2010}}</ref> She was a 1951 graduate of [[Organization:Tufts University|Tufts University]]. While living in Los Altos, California they had four children: William B., Pendred, Priscilla, and Margaret.  Elizabeth loved New England, so the family acquired a 50-acre coastal summer home in Bremen, Maine. Elizabeth and the children would summer there.<ref name="Berlin">{{cite book |last=Berlin |first=Leslie |title=The Man behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley |year=2005 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-516343-8}}, pp.&nbsp;{{page needed|date=June 2013}}</ref> Robert would visit during the summer, but he continued working at Intel during the summer. The couple divorced in 1974.

On November 27, 1974, Noyce married Ann Schmeltz Bowers. Bowers, a graduate of [[Organization:Cornell University|Cornell University]],<ref>{{cite journal
  | last = 
  | first = 
  | title = Class notes 1950-1959
  | journal = Cornell Alumni Magazine
  | date = Sep–Oct 2007
  | url = http://cornellalumnimagazine.com/Archive/2007sepoct/notes/1950to1959.asp
  | doi =
  | accessdate = 2012-01-04 }}</ref> also received an honorary Ph.D. from Santa Clara University, where she was a trustee for nearly 20 years. She was the first Director of Personnel for Intel Corporation and the first Vice President of Human Resources for [[Company:Apple Inc.|Apple Inc.]] She currently serves as Chair of the Board and the founding trustee of the Noyce Foundation.<ref name="Noyce Foundation: About Us">{{cite web|title=Noyce Foundation: About Us|url=http://noycefdn.org/aboutus.php|accessdate=2 January 2012}}</ref>

Noyce kept active his entire life. He enjoyed reading Hemingway, and he flew his own airplane and also participated in hang-gliding and scuba diving.  Noyce believed that [[Engineering:Microelectronics|microelectronics]] would continue to advance in complexity and sophistication well beyond its current state; this led to the question of what use society would make of the technology.  In his last interview, Noyce was asked what he would do if he were "emperor" of the United States.  He said that he would, among other things, "…make sure we are preparing our next generation to flourish in a high-tech age. And that means education of the lowest and the poorest, as well as at the graduate school level."<ref>{{citation
| title = Spice In Science 
|author=K. Krishna Murty
|publisher=Pustak Mahal
|year=2005
|isbn=978-81-223-0900-3
|page=192
| accessdate = 2011-12-12
| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jXaqNB2V6RcC&pg=PA129 
}}</ref>

===Death===
Noyce suffered a heart attack at age 62 at home on June 3, 1990, and later died at the Seton Medical Center in Austin, Texas.<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.nytimes.com/1990/06/04/obituaries/an-inventor-of-the-microchip-robert-n-noyce-dies-at-62.html?sec=&spon=&pagewanted=all | work=The New York Times | title=An Inventor of the Microchip, Robert N. Noyce, Dies at 62 | first=Constance L. | last=Hays | date=June 4, 1990 | accessdate=April 10, 2010}}</ref>

==Awards and honors==
In July 1959, he filed for {{US Patent|2981877}} "Semiconductor Device and Lead Structure", a type of [[Engineering:Integrated circuit|integrated circuit]]. This independent effort was recorded only a few months after the key findings of inventor [[Biography:Jack Kilby|Jack Kilby]]. For his co-invention of the integrated circuit and its world-transforming impact, three presidents of the United States honored him.

Noyce was a holder of many honors and awards. President Ronald Reagan awarded him the National Medal of Technology in 1987.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uspto.gov/about/nmti/recipients/1987.jsp |title=The National Medal of Technology and Innovation Recipients - 1987 |publisher=United States Patent and Trademark Office |accessdate=January 4, 2012}}</ref> Two years later, he was inducted into the U.S. Business Hall of Fame sponsored by Junior Achievement,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ja.org/hof/viewLaureate.asp?id=138&induction_year=1989 |title=U.S. Business Hall of Fame - Robert N. Noyce |publisher=Junior Achievement |accessdate=January 4, 2012 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20120904210416/http://www.ja.org/hof/viewLaureate.asp?id=138&induction_year=1989 |archivedate=September 4, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> during a black tie ceremony keynoted by President George H. W. Bush.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-7111902.html |title=President Bush to honor Noyce and other laureates at U.S. Business Hall of Fame induction ceremony tonight in Colorado Springs |publisher=PR Newswire |date=March 16, 1989 |accessdate=January 4, 2012}}</ref> In 1990 Noyce{{spaced ndash}}along with, among others, [[Biography:Jack Kilby|Jack Kilby]] and transistor inventor [[Biography:John Bardeen|John Bardeen]]{{spaced ndash}}received a "Lifetime Achievement Medal" during the bicentennial celebration of the Patent Act.

Noyce received the Franklin Institute's Stuart Ballantine Medal in 1966.<ref name="BallantineMedal_Laureates">{{cite web |url=http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=BAL++&sy=1965&ey=1967&name=Submit |title=Franklin Laureate Database - Stuart Ballantine Medal 1966 Laureates |publisher=Franklin Institute |accessdate=December 6, 2011 |deadurl=yes |archiveurl=https://archive.is/20121210143948/http://www.fi.edu/winners/show_results.faw?gs=&ln=&fn=&keyword=&subject=&award=BAL++&sy=1965&ey=1967&name=Submit |archivedate=December 10, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}</ref> He was awarded the IEEE Medal of Honor in 1978 "for his contributions to the silicon integrated circuit, a cornerstone of modern electronics."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/documents/moh_rl.pdf |title=IEEE Medal of Honor Recipients |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ieeeghn.org/wiki/index.php/Robert_Noyce |title=Robert Noyce |author= |date= |website=IEEE Global History Network |publisher=IEEE |accessdate=July 18, 2011}}</ref> In 1979, he was awarded the National Medal of Science. Noyce was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1980.<ref name=AAAS>{{cite web|title=Book of Members, 1780-2010: Chapter N|url=http://www.amacad.org/publications/BookofMembers/ChapterN.pdf|publisher=American Academy of Arts and Sciences|accessdate=April 20, 2011}}</ref> The National Academy of Engineering awarded him its 1989 Charles Stark Draper Prize.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.draperprize.org/recipients/php |title=Recipients of The Charles Stark Draper Prize |publisher=National Academy of Engineering |accessdate=December 6, 2011}}</ref>

The science building at his alma mater, [[Organization:Grinnell College|Grinnell College]], is named after him.

On December 12, 2011, Noyce was honored with a Google Doodle celebrating the 84th anniversary of his birth.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/blogs/comic-riffs/post/robert-noyce-google-doodle-logo-conducts-tribute-to-intel-co-founder-and-mayor-of-silicon-valley/2011/12/12/gIQAxkwSpO_blog.html |title=Robert Noyce Google Doodle: Logo conducts tribute to Intel co-founder and 'mayor of Silicon Valley'|work={{wipe|The Washington Post}} |date=December 12, 2011 |accessdate=December 12, 2011 }}</ref>

December 8, 2000 According to the book 'The Innovators' Noyce was mentioned/credited as the honorary co-recipient in the Nobel Prize acceptance speech given by Kilby http://www.nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/2000/kilby-lecture.html

==Legacy==
The '''Noyce Foundation''' was founded in 1990 by his family. The foundation was dedicated to improving public education in mathematics and science in grades K-12.<ref name="Noyce Foundation: About Us"/> The foundation announced that it would end operations in 2015.<ref>http://www.noycefdn.org/news.php, retrieved 22 July 2015</ref>

==Patents==
Noyce was granted 15 patents.
*{{US patent|2875141}} ''Method and apparatus for forming semiconductor structures'', filed August 1954, issued February 1959, assigned to Philco Corporation
*{{US patent|2929753}} ''Transistor structure and method'', filed April 1957, issued March 1960, assigned to Beckmann Instruments
*{{US patent|2959681}} ''Semiconductor scanning device'', filed June 1959, issued November 1960, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor
*{{US patent|2968750}} ''Transistor structure and method of making the same'', filed March 1957, issued January 1961, assigned to Clevite Corporation
*{{US patent|2971139}} ''Semiconductor switching device'', filed June 1959, issued February 1961, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor
*{{US patent|2981877}} ''Semiconductor Device and Lead Structure'', filed July 1959, issued April 1961, assigned to Fairchild Semiconductor
*{{US patent|3010033}} ''Field effect transistor'', filed January 1958, issued November 1961, assigned to Clevite Corporation
*{{US patent|3098160}} ''Field controlled avalanche semiconductive device'', filed February 1958, issued July 1963, assigned to Clevite Corporation
*{{US patent|3108359}} ''Method for fabricating transistors'', filed June 1959, issued October 1963, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
*{{US patent|3111590}} ''Transistor structure controlled by an avalanche barrier'', filed June 1958, issued November 1963, assigned to Clevite Corporation
*{{US patent|3140206}} ''Method of making a transistor structure'' (coinventor William Shockley), filed April 1957, issued July 1964, assigned to Clevite Corporation
*{{US patent|3150299}} ''Semiconductor circuit complex having isolation means'', filed September 1959, issued September 1964, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
*{{US patent|3183129}} ''Method of forming a semiconductor'', filed July 1963, issued May 1965, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
*{{US patent|3199002}} ''Solid state circuit with crossing leads'', filed April 1961, issued August 1965, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.
*{{US patent|3325787}} ''Trainable system'', filed October 1964, issued June 1967, assigned to Fairchild Camera and Instrument Corp.

==Notes==
{{reflist|group="nb"}}

==Citations==
{{Reflist|40em}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*Berlin, Leslie ''The man behind the microchip: Robert Noyce and the invention of Silicon Valley '' Publisher Oxford University Press US, 2005 {{ISBN|0-19-516343-5}}
*Burt, Daniel S. ''The chronology of American literature: America's literary achievements from the colonial era to modern times'' Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2004. {{ISBN|0-618-16821-4}}
*Jones, Emma C. Brewster. ''The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.'' New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
*Lécuyer, Christophe. ''Making Silicon Valley: Innovation and the Growth of High Tech, 1930-1970'' Published by MIT Press, 2006.{{ISBN|0262122812}}
*Shurkin, Joel N.. ''Broken Genius: The Rise and Fall of William Shockley, Creator of the Electronic Age ''Publisher Palgrave Macmillan, 2007 {{ISBN|0-230-55192-0}}
*Tedlow, Richard S. ''Giants of enterprise: seven business innovators and the empires they built'' Publisher Harper Collins, 2003 {{ISBN|0-06-662036-8}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*Gaylord, Mary M. Welles. [https://books.google.com/books?id=PvYEAAAAYAAJ&printsec=frontcover&dq=Life+and+labors+of+Rev.+Reuben+Gaylord&source=bl&ots=jiAnKaPNAn&sig=GN6jFJ0CqKHtFivtBTv0eIrV3hQ&hl=en&ei=VVDkS_anIp_WtAO2n-i6DQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CBIQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Life and Labors of Rev. Reuben Gaylord''] Omaha: Rees Printing Company, 1889.
*Jones, Emma C. Brewster. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110718052212/http://www.williambrewster.com/brewstergenealogy.htm ''The Brewster Genealogy, 1566-1907: a Record of the Descendants of William Brewster of the "Mayflower," ruling elder of the Pilgrim church which founded Plymouth Colony in 1620.''] New York: Grafton Press, 1908.
*Wolfe, Tom. [https://books.google.com/books?id=_O-7s31ficcC&dq=hooking+up+and+tom+wolfe&printsec=frontcover&source=bn&hl=en&ei=vIDkS6XvAZSwswPDuP3cBQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=4&ved=0CCMQ6AEwAw#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Hooking Up''] New York. Publisher: Macmillan, 2001.
**Wolfe, Tom. [https://web.archive.org/web/20161022004425/http://www.brightboys.org/PDF/Wolfe_Noyce.pdf ''The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce''], How the Sun Rose on the Silicon Valley, Esquire Magazine, December 1983, pp. 346-374. 
{{refend}}

==External links==
*[https://www.pbs.org/transistor/album1/addlbios/noyce.html Noyce biography on PBS.org]
*[http://www.ideafinder.com/history/inventors/noyce.htm Noyce biography on IdeaFinder.com]
*[http://www.noycefdn.org/ Noyce Foundation website]
*[http://content.cdlib.org/view?docId=kt3m3nc61v&&chunk.id=did-1.3.1&brand=oac Guide to the Robert Noyce Papers at Stanford University]
*[http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2004/11/08_noyce.shtml Obituary of Donald Noyce, brother of Robert Noyce.]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20090818155859/http://www.yale.edu/divinity/news/090813_news_noyce.shtml Obituary of Pro. Rev. Gaylord Brewster Noyce, brother of Robert Noyce.] He is also among the seven Freedom Riders of 1961, and a friend of Martin Luther King, Jr.

{{s-start}}
{{s-bus}}
{{s-bef | before=Company founded}}
{{s-ttl | title=Intel CEO | years=1968–1975}}
{{s-aft | after=Gordon Moore}}
{{s-end}}

{{Intel}}
{{Winners of the National Medal of Science|engineering}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Noyce, Robert}}
[[Category:American physicists]]

{{Sourceattribution|Robert Noyce|1}}