View source for Biography:Samar Mubarakmand

{{Short description|Pakistani physicist (born 1942)}}
{{EngvarB|date=September 2014}}
{{Infobox scientist
| name              = Dr. Samar Mubarakmand
| native_name       = ڈاکٹر ثمر مبارک مند
| native_name_lang  = Ur
| image             = Dr-Samar-251x300.jpg
| image_size        = 
| alt               = 
| caption           = Mubarakmand in 1998
| birth_date        = {{Birth date and age|df=yes|1942|09|17}}
| birth_place       = [[Place:Rawalpindi|Rawalpindi]], Punjab Province, British India
| death_date        = 
| death_place       = 
| nationality       = Pakistani
| fields            = Nuclear Physics
| workplaces        = [[Organization:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]]<br />Government College University<br />Planning Commission
| spouse            = Khalida Samar
| alma_mater        = Government College University<br />[[Organization:University of Oxford|University of Oxford]]
| doctoral_advisor  = D. H. Wilkinson
| doctoral_students = 
| academic_advisors = 
| known_for         = Nuclear deterrence program<br />Integrated missile program<br />Gamma ray spectrometer
| awards            = Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2004)<ref name=Dawn5>{{cite news | url=https://www.dawn.com/news/135087/awards-for-civilians-announced | title=Awards for civilians announced | newspaper=Dawn | date=14 August 2003 | accessdate=10 April 2022}}</ref><br />Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)<br />Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1992)
| footnotes         = 
}}

'''Dr. Samar Mubarakmand''' ([[Social:Urdu|Urdu]]: {{URDU|ثمر مبارک مند}}; b. 17 September 1942; {{small|NI, HI, SI, FPAS}}) is a Pakistani nuclear physicist known for his research in [[Physics:Gamma spectroscopy|gamma spectroscopy]] and experimental development of the linear accelerator.<ref name="N.M. Butt international Congress on Radiation Education"/>

He came to public attention as the director of the test teams responsible for the performing the Pakistan's first atomic tests (see ''Chagai-I'' and ''Chagai-II'') at the Ras Koh Hills, located in Balochistan Province, Pakistan.<ref>{{Cite web
  | last = Sheikh
  | first =F.D.
  | title =The galaxy of Pakistani scientists:Eminent scientists in the field of Physics; Dr Samar Mubarakmand
  | website =F.D. Sheikh
  | date =9 July 2009
| url =http://fdsheikh.wordpress.com/2009/07/09/the-galaxy-of-pakistani-scientists/
  | access-date =26 December 2016 }}</ref> Prior to that, he was the project director of the Pakistani missile research and development program and supervised development of the [[Engineering:Shaheen-I|Shaheen-I]] ballistic missile, and the Babur cruise missile programs. Mubarakmand was the founding chairman of the National Engineering and Scientific Commission (Nescom) from 2001 until 2007. He was subsequently appointed by the Government of Pakistan to assist the Thar coalfield project.<ref name="Pakistan Academy of Sciences"/><ref name="Dawn News, Kiani">{{cite news|last1=Kiani|first1=Khaliq|title=Breakthrough in coal power|url=http://www.dawn.com/news/1077175|access-date=4 June 2015|agency=Dawn News|publisher=Dawn News, Kiani|date=4 June 2015}}</ref> He is Voluntarily Heading the Mineral Exploration work in district Chiniot as Chairman Board of Directors Punjab Mineral Company, (M&M Deptt) Government of Punjab.

==Biography==

===Early life and education===
Samar Mubarakmand was born in [[Place:Rawalpindi|Rawalpindi]] on 17 September 1942 to a Punjabi family from Hoshiarpur, East Punjab.<ref name="Pakistan Academy of Sciences"/> He gained his education in Lahore and matriculated from St. Anthony's High School in 1956.<ref name="Pakistan Academy of Sciences">{{Cite web
 |author     = <!--Not stated-->
 |title      = Samar Mubarakmand
 |website    = Pakistan Academy of Sciences
 |url        = http://www.paspk.org/fellow-profile/?fellowID=82
 |access-date = 7 September 2019
}}</ref> After passing the university entrance exams, he enrolled at Government College University (GCU) where he studied physics under Tahir Hussain.<ref name="Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust">{{cite web|last1=Asim|first1=Khalid Mahmood|title=Famous Scientists|url=http://www.nazariapak.info/Famous-Pakistani/Scientists.php|publisher=Nazaria-e-Pakistan Trust|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> In 1960, he graduated with a Bachelor of Science (BSc) in [[Physics:Physics|physics]] with a [[Social:Major (academic)|concentration]] in [[Physics:Experimental physics|experimental physics]] and a [[Social:Academic minor|minor]] in mathematics.<ref name="Nust Science Society">{{cite web|last1=Hassan|first1=Osama|title=An Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand|url=http://irnustian.com/2010/06/an-interview-with-dr-samar-mubarakmand/|publisher=Nust Science Society|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref> During his college years, Mubarakmand was an avid swimmer and represented GCU at the National Games of Pakistan.<ref name="Nust Science Society"/>

He conducted research in experimental physics under Hussain and built an experimental apparatus for his master's thesis.<ref name="Nust Science Society"/> His thesis contained detailed work on gamma ray spectrometry and performed an experiment that was witnessed by nuclear physicist Denys Wilkinson as part of his master's program.<ref name="Nust Science Society"/> Wilkinson spoke highly of his work and invited Mubarakmand to visit Oxford University in the United Kingdom to resume studies in experimental physics.<ref name="Nust Science Society"/>

In 1962, Mubarakmand gained a Master of Science (MSc) in physics after publishing his thesis, "''Construction of a gamma-ray spectrometer''," under Hussain.<ref name="N.M. Butt international Congress on Radiation Education">{{cite web|last1=Butt|first1=N.M.|title=Nuclear Radiation & Nuclear Science & Technology in Pakistan|url=http://pakdef.org/nuclear-radiation-education-and-nuclear-science-and-technology-in-pakistan/|publisher=N.M. Butt international Congress on Radiation Education|access-date=2 June 2015|location=Debrecen, Hungary|date=25 August 2002}}</ref> In 1962, he joined the [[Organization:Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission|Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission]] (PAEC) and gained a scholarship to study at Oxford University. Recommended by Wilkinson, he was admitted there and joined the group led by Wilkinson.<ref name="Nust Science Society"/> At Oxford Mubarakmand participated in preparing a 22 million [[Volt|volt]] [[Physics:Particle accelerator|particle accelerator]] and was part of the team that commissioned it.<ref name="Computer Center of Planning Commission of Pakistan">{{cite news|last1=Planning Commission|author-link1=Planning Commission of Pakistan|title=Dr. Samar Mubarakmand (N.I, H.I, S.I)|url=http://pc.gov.pk/|access-date=4 June 2015|agency=Planning Commission|publisher=Computer Center of Planning Commission of Pakistan|date=26 December 2008|location=Islamabad Pakistan|pages=1}}</ref>

During his time at Oxford, Mubarakmand learned about linear accelerators, and after returning to Pakistan he built one.<ref name="Computer Center of Planning Commission of Pakistan"/> Apart from studying, Mubarakamand played cricket and fast bowled for the Oxford University Cricket Club.<ref name="Nust Science Society"/> In 1966, Mubarakmand completed his doctoral thesis under Wilkinson and was awarded a [[Social:Doctor of Philosophy|Doctor of Philosophy]] (DPhil) in experimental particle physics.<ref name="Special report, Jang">{{cite web|last1=Shaikh|first1=F.D|title=The galaxy of Pakistani scientists|url=http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2009-weekly/us-10-07-2009/p5.htm|publisher=Special report, Jang|access-date=3 June 2015|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304191314/http://jang.com.pk/thenews/jul2009-weekly/us-10-07-2009/p5.htm|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref><ref name="Pakistan Herald">{{cite news| url=http://pakistanherald.com/Profile/Dr-Samar-Mubarak-Mand-1283 | work=Pakistan Herald | title=Dr. Samar Mubarakmand }}</ref><ref name="Nust Science Society, 2012">{{cite web|last1=Nust Science Society, 2012|title=Dr. Samar Mubarakmand|date=29 August 2012 |url=https://nustscienceblog.wordpress.com/2012/08/29/dr-samar-mubarakmand-1942-onwards/|publisher=Nust Science Society, 2012|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

After returning to Pakistan, Mubarakmand rejoined PAEC, and also joined the faculty of GCU as an [[Social:Assistant professor|assistant professor]] of physics in 1966.<ref name="Computer Center of Planning Commission of Pakistan"/> From 1974 to 1977, he taught physics at GCU and {{clarify span|was an instrumental engaging research|date=June 2020}} during his tenure as professor.<ref name="GCU Press">{{cite web|last1=GCU Press|title=Center For Advance Studies In Physics|url=http://www.gcu.edu.pk/casp.htm|publisher=GCU Press|access-date=2 June 2015}}</ref>

==Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission (PAEC)==

Upon returning to Pakistan, Mubarakmand did fundamental work on [[Physics:Neutron spectroscopy|neutron spectroscopy]] but later moved on to the [[Organization:Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology|Pakistan Institute of Nuclear Science and Technology]] (PINSTECH) to do post-doctoral research and joined the physics department led by Naeem Ahmad Khan in 1966.<ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=179–180}}</ref> In 1967, he joined the 'Nuclear Physics Group' (NPG) formed by Naeem Ahmad that consisted of [[Biography:Sultan Bashiruddin Mahmood|Bashiruddin Mahmood]] and Hafeez Qureshi, a mechanical engineer.<ref name="Khan 2012 81–82">{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=81–82}}</ref>

At PAEC, Mubarakmand additionally worked towards applications involving [[Chemistry:Chemical engineering|chemical engineering]] where he built his reputation among his senior scientists.<ref name="Nust Science Society" /> The NPG worked towards engineering problems involving reactor physics and methods involving [[Physics:Gas centrifuge|gas centrifuge]]s, but the group did not last long together when Qureshi went to join the Radiation and Isotope Applications Division (RIAD) in 1971.<ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=85–86}}</ref>

===1971 war and atomic bomb project===

In January 1972, Mubarakmand was assigned to the Nuclear Physics Division (NPD), led by [[Biography:Ishfaq Ahmad|Ishfaq Ahmad]], where he immersed himself in work on the physics calculations of implosion method nuclear weapons.<ref name="Khan 2012 81–82"/> After India announced the surprise 'Smiling Buddha' nuclear test in 1974, PAEC accelerated the program by establishing the Fast Neutron Physics Group (FNPG) on the advice of [[Biography:Abdus Salam|Abdus Salam]].<ref name="Khan 2012 180"/> [[Biography:Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad Khan]] made Mubarakmand its first director due to his expertise in chemical engineering and [[Physics:Experimental physics|experimental physics]].<ref name="Khan 2012 180">{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|p=180}}</ref> The FNPG generated work calculating the [[Physics:Neutron temperature|neutron temperature]], neutron initiator, and helping design the [[Physics:Neutron reflector|neutron reflector]].<ref name="Khan 2012 180"/>

{{Reduced pull quote|right|My eyes were set on the mountain in which the test was to be conducted. I experienced a halt in my heartbeat on seeing nothing happening after 32 seconds. But all of a sudden it was a big jolt! We had triumphed....!|Samar Mubarakmand's describing the [[Physics:Nuclear weapon yield|blast yield]] in 1998.|Cited source<ref>{{Cite web
 |last         = (NPT)
 |first        = Nazari-a-Pakistan
 |title        = Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand
 |website      = Khalid Mahmood Asim
 |publisher    = Nazaria-i-Pakistan Trust and Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
 |url          = http://nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/Scientists.html#Mand
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113154236/http://www.nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/Scientists.html#Mand
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-date = 13 January 2010
|access-date   = 26 December 2016
}}</ref>}}

During the same time, he collaborated with Hafeez Qureshi to assist in designing the [[Engineering:Tamper (nuclear weapon)|tamper]] and further helped conclude the calculation of the neutron energy's [[Physics:Neutron temperature#Neutron energy distribution ranges|distributive ranges]] and the [[Physics:Power|power]] produced by the neutrons, after the detonation process.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society">{{cite web|last1=Mubarakmand|first1=Samar|title=A Science Odyssey|url=http://pakdef.org/a-science-odyssey-pakistans-nuclear-emergence/|access-date=3 June 2015|ref=Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society|date=30 November 1998}}</ref> In 1973, Mubarakmand commenced the work on calculations involving the '[[Physics:Relativity of simultaneity|relativity of simultaneity]]'– a key concept involving investigating detonation of the weapon from several points at the same time.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society"/> However, the work was passed to the Theoretical Physics Group (TPG) as {{clarify span|it felt that the calculations would be better off,|date=June 2020}} as it involved complex ideas of [[Physics:Theoretical physics|theoretical physics]] and [[Biography:Albert Einstein|Albert Einstein]]'s [[Physics:Special relativity|Special]] and [[Physics:General relativity|General relativity]].<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society"/>

In 1978, Mubarakmand built a [[Physics:Linear particle accelerator|linear particle accelerator]] at PINSTECH to conclude solutions in the [[Physics:Neutron generator|neutron generator]].<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society"/> He later witnessed the establishment of domestically developed [[Supercomputer|supercomputer]] facilities at PINSTECH to help conduct the subcritical testing.<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society"/> Due to his foremost experience in [[Physics:Experimental physics|experimental physics]], Mubarakmand was appointed director of the Diagnostic Group– a secretive division at PAEC that was charged with conducting experimental tests of atomic weapons and responsible for the countdown of the detonation process.<ref name="Khan 2012 185–186">{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=185–186}}</ref> A comprehensive work of [[Engineering:Civil engineering|civil engineering]] that took place for potential tests sites was completed in a span of five to six years. A milestone was reached on 11 March 1983 when Mubarakmand led the testing teams to supervise the secretive Kirana-I, their first 'cold' test.<ref name="PakDef, Hamid Mir">{{cite web|last1=Hamid Mir|title=Geo TV Capital Talk Special: Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand|url=http://pakdef.org/geo-tv-capital-talk-special-interview-with-dr-samar-mubarakmand-n-i-h-i-s-i-chairman-nescom/|publisher=PakDef, Hamid Mir|access-date=3 June 2015|date=3 May 2004}}</ref> Although the countdown and experiment was supervised by Mubarakmand, the [[Physics:Nuclear weapon yield|blast effect]] was eventually determined by the Theoretical Physics Group.<ref>{{harvtxt|Khan|2012|pp=191–192}}</ref>

In 1987, Mubarakmand was posted at the secretive Directorate for Technical Development (DTD)— a secret directorate that developed the [[Engineering:Explosive lens|explosive lens]]es and triggering mechanism for the fission weapon.<ref name="Khan 2012 185–186"/> He collaborated with Hafeez Qureshi and Zaman Sheikh. He once described them: "These ([[Engineering:Engineering|Engineering]]) people at DTD were really smart. They were trained very thoroughly in the development of a weapon's necessary materials at very low cost."<ref name="Pakistan Defence Journal, Khwarzimic Society" /> After a 3-dimensional [[Earth:Geological survey|geological survey]] was completed in 1978, Mubarakmand first visited the Chagai Hills in 1981 with [[Biography:Ishfaq Ahmad|Ishfaq Ahmad]] and other scientists from divisions.<ref name="Arms control"/> In 1998, he was appointed as [[Engineering:Chief technology officer|Member (Technical)]] at PAEC, and guided the Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif on experimental physics and test preparations.<ref name="Arms control">{{Cite web
  | title = pakistan became a nuclear state in 1983-dr. samar", the nation,(islamabad) may 2, 2003 accessed on august 6, 2009
  | publisher =Arms control
  | date =20 May 2009
| url =http://www.armscontrolwonk.com/2371/aq-khan-and-samar-mubarakmand
  | access-date =26 December 2016 }}</ref> Mubarakmand assisted the government in evaluating the Pokhran-II tests conducted by India in 1998 and supervised test preparations at the Chagai. At the National Security Council's Cabinet Committee on National Security, Mubarakmand backed [[Biography:Abdul Qadeer Khan|Abdul Qadeer Khan]]'s strong advocacy for conducting the tests, immediately calling for the decision to test.<ref name="RMS Azam, Defence Journal">{{cite web|last1=Azam|first1=Rai Muhammad Saleh|title=When Mountains Move – The Story of Chagai|url=http://www.defencejournal.com/2000/june/chagai.htm|publisher=RMS Azam, Defence Journal|access-date=3 June 2015|date=3 June 2000}}</ref> On 19–20 May 1998, Mubarakmand led some 140 experimental physicists to oversee the preparations in Chagai, Balochistan, Pakistan where he personally supervised the complete assembly of all five nuclear devices.<ref name="RMS Azam, Defence Journal"/> Mubarakmand walked a total of 5&nbsp;km back and forth in the hot tunnels checking and re-checking the devices and cables which would be forever buried under the concrete.<ref name="RMS Azam, Defence Journal"/> On 28 May 1998, Mubarakmand led the countdown of the tests, codename Chagai-I.<ref name="Arms control"/>
[https://dnd.com.pk/youm-e-takbir/130179 Samar Mubarakmand was called by PM Nawaz to Prime Minister House just after India conducted Pokhran II and PM Nawaz asked him the status of preparedness of Pakistan] and (Mubarakmand) assured Prime Minister Nawaz that scientists were ready and Pakistan could go for its first nuclear test.

On 30 May 1998, [[Biography:Ishfaq Ahmad|Ishfaq Ahmad]] cleared{{clarify|date=June 2020}} with the Prime Minister, and Mubarakmand led the very small team of academic scientists that supervised the country's [[Chemistry:Plutonium|plutonium]] fission weapon – codename Chagai-II.<ref name="PakDef, Hamid Mir"/><ref name="Geo News"/>

In 2005, Mubarakmand eulogised his memories in an interview with Hamid Mir's ''Capital Talk'' television show and said:

{{blockquote|text=I visited the first weapon-testing laboratories (WTL) at (Chagai District) for the first time in 1981.... When the science experiments were to be conducted, our science teams went there on 20th May, and again on 28th May, in the early morning, the WTL iron-steel tunnels were (electronically) plugged in and the preparation for the tests' experiments were complete, and on 28th May, around 15:15hrs, was the time selected for testings. So, at that time, at around 14:45hrs, some of our high profiled guests arrived to witness the (science) experiments that were soon to be tests, and Qadeer Khan was also one of them.... It was the first visit of his life to any of Chagai's Weapon-testing laboratories. (Abdul Qadeer) came at the invitation of the Chairman of the PAEC, [[Biography:Ishfaq Ahmad|Ishfaq Ahmad]], and (Abdul Qadeer) arrived 15 minutes prior to the (science) experiments that were to be conducted...|sign=Samar Mubarakmand, <small>commenting on Abdul Qadeer Khan's role in atomic bomb project</small>|source=<ref name="PakDef, Hamid Mir" /><ref name="Geo News">{{cite AV media | people =Hamid Mir | title =Capital Talk: Interview with Dr. Samar Mubarakmand | medium =Television production | publisher =Geo News | location =Islamabad, Pakistan  | date =3 May 2005 | url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=TvAvsNaG7cE }}</ref>}}

Recalling [[Biography:Munir Ahmad Khan|Munir Ahmad Khan]] and PAEC's role and its relation to the atomic bomb project priority dispute, Mubarakmand later said that:

{{blockquote|text=As many as nineteen steps were involved in the making of a nuclear weapon ranging from exploration of uranium to the finished device and its trigger mechanism.The technological and manpower infrastructure for eighteen out of these nineteen steps were provided by PAEC under the leadership of Munir Ahmad Khan who led it for nearly two decades from 1972 to 1991. Today all the major key scientific organizations linked to the country's security like PAEC, the Kahuta Research Labs and the strategic production complex were run and operated by Pakistani professionals produced by the policies of PAEC both under him and Usmani of producing indigenous trained manpower. Pakistan's nuclear capability was confirmed the day in 1983 when PAEC carried out cold nuclear tests under the guidance and stewardship of Munir Ahmad Khan.  The tests however, were not publicly announced because of the international environment of stiff sanctions against countries, which sought to acquire nuclear capability....|sign=Samar Mubarakmand, <small>Eulogizing Munir Khan's and PAEC's role on the development of the atomic bomb project</small>|source=<ref>{{cite news|last=Mubarakmand|first=Samar|title=Pakistan Became a Nuclear State in 1983|newspaper=The Nation|date=6 August 2009}}</ref>}}

==Government work and political advocacy==

===Space programme===

In 1990s, Mubarakmand took special initiatives in the advancement of the space program and led a team of engineers to successfully develop the ''[[Engineering:Shaheen-I|Shaheen-I]]'' missile.<ref>{{Cite news
 |last         = NTI
 |first        = Nuclear Threat Initiative
 |author2      = Lexis-Nexis
 |title        = See: 17 December 2003 (Pakistan to Test Latest Engine for Ghauri IV Missile)
 |newspaper    = BBC
 |url          = http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Missile/3068_4693.html
 |access-date   = 26 December 2016
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100411113421/http://www.nti.org/e_research/profiles/Pakistan/Missile/3068_4693.html
 |archive-date = 11 April 2010
|url-status   = dead
 |df           = dmy-all
}}</ref> He was the founding director of the [[Company:National Defence Complex|National Defence Complex]] (NDC) bureau that initiated the work on the Shaheen-I and gathered support for the program.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS">{{cite web|last1=Khalid|first1=Hanif|title=How Shaheen Was Developed|url=http://fas.org/news/pakistan/1999/fbis-nes-1999-0422.htm|publisher=Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS|access-date=4 June 2015|date=19 April 1999}}</ref> Necessary funding for the program was secured by the military. Mubarakmand oversaw the development of the solid-fuel rocket booster.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS"/> Initiated in 1987 by the Pakistan Ministry of Defence in response to India's [[Engineering:Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme|Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme]], Pakistan's spin-off missile program was aggressively pursued by Prime Minister Benazir Bhutto in 1993.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS"/> The Shaheen-I missile was successfully test fired in 1999 by a team of engineers led by Mubarakmand.<ref name="Khalid Hanif, special report on Jang, published by FAS"/> Key strategic weapon systems, such as the ''Babur'' and ''[[Engineering:Ghaznavi (missile)|Ghaznavi]]'' missiles, were also built by his team.<ref>{{Cite video
  | people =Samar Mubarak Mand
  | title =Samar Mubarakmand- Babur Cruise Missile
  | url =https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-8OnJLoRhmo
  | medium =TV-Series
  | publisher =Geo TV
  | location =[[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]]
  | date = 2006}}</ref>

In 2008, Mubarakmand joined the Planning Commission of Pakistan where he strongly advocated for peaceful usage of their space program. In 2009, he revealed the work on Paksat-1R, the nation's first geostationary satellite that was launched in 2011.<ref>{{Cite news
  | last =The Staff Reporter
  | title =Pakistan's first satellite to be launch on April 2011: Dr. Samar
  | newspaper =The News International
  | location =[[Place:Islamabad|Islamabad]]
  | publisher =The news international
  | date =18 August 2009
| url = http://www.thenews.com.pk/updates.asp?id=85207
  | access-date =26 December 2016 }}
</ref>

The satellite was described as being able to monitor agricultural programs, minerals programs and weather conditions and quoted that there were sufficient funds for the defence, nuclear and space programs.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.globalsecurity.org/space/world/pakistan/pakistan-shaheen-iii-space-booster.htm|title=Launch Vehicles: Pakistan Shaheen-III Space Booster Development|website=www.globalsecurity.org|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> The satellite was launched in 2011 from  the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre in China.<ref name="Dawn, 2011">{{cite news|url=http://www.dawn.com/2011/08/11/pakistans-first-communications-satellite-paksat-1r-launched.html|title=Pakistan's First Communications Satellite PakSat-1R Launched.|last1=APP|date=11 August 2011|access-date=4 June 2015|publisher=Dawn, 2011|agency=Dawn}}</ref> His relations with Abdul Qadeer Khan often remained tense over several scientific issues. He sees Mubarakmand as "no authority over materials as he is an expert on electromagnetism."<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.thenewstribe.com/2012/05/14/dr-mubarakmands-intellectual-dishonesty-ruins-thar-coal-dr-qadir/|title=Dr. Samar's intellectual dishonesty ruins Thar Coal Project: Dr. Qadir|date=14 May 2012|website=The News Tribe|language=en-US|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref>

===Thar Coal project===

In 2013, Mubarakmand assisted the Provincial Government of Balochistan in mineral extraction.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://nation.com.pk/31-Jan-2013/balochistan-set-to-undertake-reko-diq-project|title=Balochistan set to undertake Reko Diq project|date=31 January 2013|website=The Nation|language=en|access-date=17 June 2019}}</ref> He lobbied heavily for the implementation of the Thar coal project initiated by the Provincial Government of Sindh despite strong public criticism by Abdul Qadeer Khan, which described it as "intellectual dishonesty".<ref name=":0"/> In 2015, a breakthrough in the Thar coal project was reported by the media.<ref name="Dawn News, Kiani"/>  According to Dr Samar, a massive coal reserve in Thar can provide affordable power for the next 600 years. When speaking to a large crowd at Cadet College Fateh Jang, he said that he had developed a solution to the growing power outage and was now waiting for the government to put it into action. [https://www.samaaenglish.tv/news/354831]

===Misstatements===

The Tethyan Cooper Company (TCC) has approached the High Court of Justice in the British Virgin Islands for the enforcement of the $5.97 billion award against Pakistan by the International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes (ICSID) in the Reko Diq case in Dec-20.<ref name="Dawn News">{{cite news|title=Mining firm moves Virgin Islands court for enforcement of Reko Diq award against Pakistan|url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1597596/mining-firm-moves-virgin-islands-court-for-enforcement-of-reko-diq-award-against-pakistan|access-date=24 December 2020|agency=Dawn News|publisher=Dawn News|date=24 December 2020}}</ref>

A senior official revealed that the "misstatement" of scientist, Dr Samar Mubarakmand before the Supreme Court tribunal,  in 2011, was one of the main reasons behind the Supreme Court Decision On 7 January 2013, when a three-member bench of the apex court, headed by then Chief Justice Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry, declared Chejva "illegal, void" and non-binding, causing ICSID slapping the heavy penalty on Pakistan. Dr Samar had claimed that the Reko Diq gold mines would fetch the country around $2.5 billion annually. He had also maintained Reko Diq and other gold reserves in the country will bring in $131 billion to the national exchequer. The tribunal relied on his statement.<ref>{{cite news|title=Reko Diq case:Ex-CJP's verdict costs Pakistan $6b|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/2013028/1-reko-diq-case-ex-cjps-verdict-costs-pakistan-6b|access-date=24 December 2020|agency=The Express Tribune|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=14 July 2019}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Reko Diq mines: Pakistan can earn $2b a year, scientist tells court|url=https://tribune.com.pk/story/103120/reko-diq-mines-pakistan-can-earn-2b-a-year-scientist-tells-court|access-date=25 December 2020|agency=The Express Tribune|publisher=The Express Tribune|date=13 January 2011}}</ref>
<ref>{{cite news|title=Magic mountains: The Reko Diq gold and copper mining project|url=https://herald.dawn.com/news/1153283|access-date=25 December 2020|agency=The Express Herald|publisher=Herald|date=29 September 2017}}</ref>

<ref name="Dawn News"/>

==State honours==

Mubarakmand has been conferred with state honors for his services to the country by the Government of Pakistan. He is the recipient of the: Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993); Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998); and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2003), which is the highest civil honor of Pakistan.<ref name="Pakistan Academy of Sciences" /><ref>{{Cite web
 |last         = Asim
 |first        = Khalid Mahmood
 |title        = Dr. Samar Mubarak Mand
 |website      = Prominent Scientists of Pakistan (Urdu)
 |publisher    = K.M. Asim
 |url          = http://nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/Scientists.html#Mand
 |archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20100113154236/http://www.nazariapak.info/famous-pakistanis/Scientists.html#Mand
 |url-status   = dead
 |archive-date = 13 January 2010
|access-date   = 26 December 2016
}}</ref> In addition, he is a Fellow of the Pakistan Academy of Sciences (PAS), inducted by Dr. [[Biography:Ishfaq Ahmad|Ishfaq Ahmad]] in 2000.<ref name="Pakistan Academy of Sciences" />

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Nishan-e-Imtiaz (2004)<ref name=Dawn5/> 
*Hilal-e-Imtiaz (1998)
*Sitara-e-Imtiaz (1993)
*PAS Nazir Ahmad Award (2005)
*International Scientist of the Year (2007)
*Life Member, Pakistan Nuclear Society
*Roll of Honour GCU (1962)
*Fellow, Pakistan Mathematical Society (2003)
{{div col end}}

==Scientific journals and papers==

===Conference papers===
* "A Science Oddyssey: Pakistans Nuclear Emergence", Samar Mubarakmand, Khalil Qureshi, Masoor Beg, [[Biography:Masud Ahmad|Masud Ahmad]].

===Research publications===
* Aspects of a-emission from the bombardment of <sup>58</sup>[[Chemistry:Nickel|Ni]] with 14.7 MeV neutrons, by Naeem Ahmad Khan, Samar Mubarakmand and Masud Ahmed, journal of Nuclear physics, PINSTECH.
*Cross-section measurements with a neutron generator by Samar Mubarakmand, Masud Ahmad, M. Anwar and M. S. Chaudhry.
*Some characteristic differences between the etch pits due to <sup>86</sup>[[Chemistry:Radon|Rn]] and <sup>232</sup> Th α particles in CA80–15 and LR–115 cellulose nitrate track detectors, by Hameed Ahmad Khan, M. Afzal, P. Chaudhary, Samar Mubarakmand, F. I. Nagi and A.Waheed, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1977).
*Application of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in the measurement of the <sup>[[Physics:Charged particle|+]]</sup> particle fission cross–section of uranium, by Samar Mubarakmand, K. Rashid, P. Chaudhry and Hameed Ahmad Khan, Methods of Nuclear Instrumentation. (1977)
*Etching of glass solid state nuclear track detectors in aqueous solutions of (<sup>4</sup>[[Chemistry:Ammonium|NH]])<sup>2</sup>[[Chemistry:Hydrogen fluoride|HF]], [[Chemistry:Sodium hydroxide|NaOH]] and [[Chemistry:Potassium hydroxide|KOH]], by Hameed Ahmad Khan, R. A. Akbar, A. Waheed, P. Chaudhry and Samar Mubarakmand, journal of Isotopic Radiation, PINSTECH (1978).

==See also==
*[[Engineering:Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction|Pakistan and weapons of mass destruction]]
*Shaheen (missile)
*Chagai-I
*Chagai-II
*Kirana Hills

==References==
{{reflist}}

===Biographical annotations===
<sub>*{{cite book|last1=Khan|first1=Feroz Hassan|title=Eating grass the making of the Pakistani bomb|date=2012|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|isbn=978-0804784801|pages=552|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yGgrNAsKZjEC&dq=samar+mubarakmand+naeem+ahmad+khan&pg=PA82|access-date=2 June 2015}}</sub>

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20100430053322/http://www.pc.gov.pk/memst_profile.htm Samar Mubarakmand]
* http://cerncourier.com/cws/article/cern/28142/1/people11_12-99
* https://web.archive.org/web/20090507090152/http://www.ciitlahore.edu.pk/PL/News/VisitDrSamar110209.html

{{Military of Pakistan}}


{{DEFAULTSORT:Mubarakmand, Samar}}
[[Category:Experimental physicists]]
[[Category:Fluid dynamicists]]
[[Category:Nuclear weapons scientists and engineers]]

{{Sourceattribution|Samar Mubarakmand}}